The height of the angle of inclination. Calculation of the angle of inclination of the roof for the attic and mansard roof

The roofs of buildings and structures are divided into two categories: flat and sloping. In this article, we will deal with the second position, or rather, with the angle of inclination of the roof: what characteristics affect this parameter, what roofing materials are laid at what angle of the roof, in what units the angle of inclination of the slopes changes. Having understood the information received, you can easily control the correct construction of the roof of your house.

Ramp angle units

From the school geometry course, everyone knows that the value of any angle is measured in degrees. The slope of the roof in this case is no exception. But it is necessary to indicate that in the technical literature, in GOSTs and reference books, other units of measurement are also found. Namely: percentages and ratios of the parties.

First of all, it is necessary to indicate what is meant by the angle of the roof slope. In the photo below it is marked Latin letter alpha.

In the construction industry, roofs with an angle of inclination above 50° are rare. These include turrets gothic style or lower slopes of mansard roofs. Basically, the maximum setting is 45°.

As for the other two units of measurement, the aspect ratio is the so-called simplified fraction. It is based on two dimensions: the height of the roof, in the photo it is indicated by the letter “H”, and the projection of the slope, indicated by the letter “L”. The ratio should be: N/L.

We add that the projection of the slope length is, in fact, half the width of the house if the roof is gable symmetrical, or full width if the roof is shed. In this case, the angle of inclination is written as a fraction, for example, 1:3.

In some constructions, the notation with a fraction is inconvenient. For example, if it looks like this: 4:13. That is why percentages are used. It is calculated like this:

4:13x100=30.77%

Roof slope in percent and degrees is used professional builders more often than the ratio of the sides, because such a designation is used in reference books and technical literature. That is, these are purely technical units of measurement. Although it is not difficult to convert from one unit of measure to another. The photo below shows the translation from degrees and ratio of sides and vice versa.

The proportions of the ratio of degrees to the dimensions of the roof

If there is a need to convert degrees to percentages, then, based on the figure above, several mathematical calculations can be made. An angle equal to 45° is taken as 100%. Now you can find how many degrees are in one percent. For this you need:

45/100=0.45°. Converting to minutes, it turns out 27 '. That is, 1% is 27 degree minutes.

You can approach the solution of the problem from the other side. That is, convert degrees to percentages. Here's the inverse relationship:

100/45=2,22%

It turns out that there are 2.22% in one degree.

On our website you can find contacts construction companies who offer the service. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".

The dependence of the angle of inclination of the slope and the type of roofing material

We have already mentioned two types of roofs: flat and sloping. But it should be noted that flat roofs also have their own angle, which varies in the range of 0-5 °. Pitched roofs are divided into two subgroups (conditional division):

with a slight slope - from 6 to 30 °;

with a steep slope - more than 30 °.

The distribution of roofing materials according to the steepness of the slope

Each type of roof structure has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, flat ones are a small coverage area, which allows you to save on roofing material (its quantity). But at the same time, such a design will require reinforced waterproofing. Steep slopes - this is a trouble-free convergence of precipitation, but a high windage of the structure, which will require the strengthening of the truss system from its construction.

Given this, it is necessary to strictly approach the choice roofing material. Their manufacturers must inform consumers at what minimum roof slope they can be used. The photo below shows a diagram of the distribution of roofing materials at the corners of the slopes.

As can be seen from the diagram, on flat roofs, roll materials in the form of roofing felt or roofing felt are usually used. Although there are no contraindications for the use of sheet or slab products: slate, corrugated board, sheet iron, assembled in a seam way. But it is better not to use piece roofing material on roofs with a steepness of less than 15 °. There is a high probability of water penetration through the joints of the coating elements.

The value of the roof angle in degrees and percentages in relation to the type of roofing material

Design features of the roof depending on the angle of inclination

If the slope of the roof is given in the project, then it will not be difficult to calculate its height. And this parameter is one of the most important, because it determines the height of the skate. This element of the roof structure is the starting point in the construction of the roof as a whole. Because during construction, the level of the ridge is first set, and lumber is already cut under it: support posts. This is where the length is calculated. rafter legs.

The complexity of the calculation lies in the fact that not everyone remembers trigonometry, the formulas of which are used to calculate the lengths of the elements of a roof structure. Formulas are based on trigonometric functions: sine, cosine, tangent, katangent.

For example, how to determine the height of the ridge (respectively, the roof) through the sine and tangent:

sin α \u003d H / S, where "S" is the length of the slope. Accordingly, the height of the ridge will be equal to: H \u003d S x sin α.

tg α = H/ L, that is, H=l x tg α

In the same way, you can determine the length of the slope, or, knowing both parameters, you can calculate the angle of the roof. All design parameters are interconnected, so that knowing two of them, you can determine the third.

By the way, when determining the parameters of the roof, you can do without the angle of inclination. For this, the Pythagorean formula is used. Here is her formula:

S 2 = H 2 + L 2

Swapping the values, the required value is found.

You may have a question related to the meaning of trigonometric functions. They are freely available, but so that you do not look for them on the Internet and do not waste your time, we offer a table:

Values of trigonometric functions from the magnitude of the angle

We add that trigonometric functions simplify the calculations of roof structures. If you use them correctly and be able to sketch sketches of roofs on paper (having imagination in terms of the constructive arrangement of its elements), then you can easily calculate the dimensions of each element.

This applies not only to one- or two-slope structures. It will also be easy to calculate the elements of hip or mansard roofs. You just have to break their complex designs into simple ones.

The influence of the angle of inclination on the volume of the attic room

If the house is being built with an attic, then the angle of inclination of the slopes acquires applied significance. And here the ratio is direct, that is, the larger the angle, the greater the volume of the attic. To make it clear, in the photo below it is clearly visible.

The ratio of the angle of inclination of the slopes to the volume attic room

Here's an example based on the top figure. Here it is clearly seen that the height of the room depends on the parameters of the slope of the roof. In this case, it should be borne in mind that the optimal height should not be less than 2.5 m. This means that the angle of inclination of the attic slopes should be at least 25 °. But note that with this arrangement of roof elements, the volume of the room is not taken into account. That is, the width of the room will not be more than 3 m. This is despite the fact that the width of the house is 10 m. It turns out that only 30% of the space is used.

So, it is necessary to increase the value of the angle. And the larger it is, the larger the usable attic area. But there is another side of the coin here. Increasing the angle increases the height of the skate. And this is the cost of building materials for the construction of the roof, plus an increase in the windage of the structure. Therefore, it is very important to find golden mean. For example, 40° practically solves all problems.

To get away from these problems once and for all, builders have long used a completely different design. It is complex both in construction and in carrying out calculations, but this option solves the problem of the usable area of \u200b\u200bthe room without increasing the height of the roof.

Video description

Calculation of the height of the ridge and the angle of the roof:

Conclusion on the topic

Carrying out calculations of the roof structure is the prerogative of specialists. Because the correct calculation, the same angle of inclination, is the reliability of the roof as a whole. But navigate some technical terms It will also be useful for owners of houses under construction.

Choosing an ergonomic and comfortable angle of inclination is one of the main tasks when designing stairs. You can make a marching staircase or, conversely, very compact and elegant spiral staircase- everything will depend on the area of \u200b\u200bthe house and the height of its ceilings. Create beautiful design numerous photos on the Internet will help you, but in order to design it correctly, you will have to remember your school years and do math.

When calculating the angle of inclination of the stairs, you need to take into account many nuances - you will learn about them from the article

As a rule, almost all stairs have a slope of 45˚. The width of the step should correspond to the 45th leg size, but not less than 30 cm, so that the person does not fall down. Please note that if you make too wide steps, then you will lose your step, and if the width is excessively reduced, it will make it difficult for you to descend.

In principle, the angle of rise is not so difficult to calculate, knowing the height of the ceilings and the length of the sole of the stairs. There are several ways:

Take all necessary measurements. Just measure with a tape measure the distance between the contact of the ceiling with the wall and the location of the bottom step.
Make a special calculation. Express the length and height of a triangle as legs right triangle, and the length of the staircase will be the calculated hypotenuse.

In the photo - a variant of the stairs with quite comfortable angles of inclination. Despite the fact that the staircase looks unusual, climbing to the second floor is not difficult.

Max Tilt Angle

In order to understand what is the maximum angle a staircase can have, we will divide all their available types into groups with their characteristic angle of inclination:

Household stairs designed for residential premises - the angle of inclination is from 30˚ to 45˚;
Ramps, gentle stairs - the maximum slope is 30 degrees;
Side, steep stairs - from 45˚ to 75˚;
Evacuation, utility stairs have an angle of inclination over 75˚.

But a slope of less than 23˚ for an internal staircase is not even discussed, since no one will spend meters of living space on “laying a lying” staircase. It is even difficult to imagine how long it should be with such a small slope to climb to the next floor, with a ceiling height of 3 meters.

Comfortable tilt angle

The most comfortable tilt angle is 40 - 45˚, however, this design is very cumbersome, so it is usually used in large rooms.

A ladder with a slope angle of 30 - 36˚ is quite compact, but not so comfortable. Climbing such a ladder structure will be convenient, but the descent is quite dangerous, so it is better to do it backwards.

Before you start building stairs, you need to "scan" all the space available in your home. Each room should be used to the maximum, so you need to make calculations and choose an option in which the stairs will not take up much space.

It is imperative to install a railing if there are more than three steps in your design. The width of the steps should be about 0.28 - 0.30 meters, and the height - 0.15 - 0.18 meters. When all the steps are the same size, this increases the safety of its use.

Standard tilt angle

As mentioned earlier, the standard and most optimal angle of inclination ladder construction considered 40 - 45˚. But since such a staircase is very large and takes up a lot of space, many people neglect these recommendations. We give you expert advice on the slope of the march and the size of the steps.

Ideal angle

The span angle, in most cases, is from 20˚ to 50˚. The most ideal is the slope, which ranges from 30 - 45˚. But, unfortunately, not every person has a lot of space to mark out such a convenient staircase.

Notice what less value angle, the more dangerous it will be to move around, and the larger the angle, the more cumbersome it will be.

Important! A comfortable step when climbing stairs with an inclination of more than 45 degrees is almost impossible, but you can safely descend it only with your back forward. Probably not worth it, and talking about children who cannot climb such a ladder.

How to calculate the angle of the stairs

You can calculate the angle of inclination of the stairs by one indicator - the length of the step when calmly walking on a horizontal surface by an adult. The slope of certain marches is calculated separately depending on the number and height of the steps. If you have a finished project, then the angle of the stairs is incredibly easy to determine.

The height of the steps will be ideal at a value of 150 - 180 mm, width - 280 - 300 mm. Adhering to such standards, the angle of inclination can be calculated by the formula: 2x + y \u003d 580/660 mm, where x is the height of the steps, and y is the width. With a step size of less than 145 mm, you need to use a different formula: x + y.

The above formulas use a width that is equal to the average size of a person's foot and a height that is equal to the step size. From this we can conclude that the lower the step, the wider it should be, and vice versa.

The angle of inclination of the stairs according to GOST

When thinking about building stairs in your home, you need to remember that they must be made in accordance with GOST and SNIP, the main provisions of which speak of:

If the house has more than two floors, then the stairs should have one span;
The width of the structure, for the passage of one person, must be at least 80 cm, and for the passage of 2 people - at least 1 meter;
Marches must have at least 3 and no more than 18 steps;

Interesting fact! It is better to make the number of steps in the march odd, since it is more comfortable for people to start and complete the ascent or descent of the stairs with the same foot.

The slope of the ladder structure should be no more than 1:1 (the angle of elevation should be 45 °) and not less than 1:2 (the angle of elevation - 26 ° and 40 ′). When climbing a slope of more than 50˚, use stairs attached type, for climbing a slope less than 5˚ - use ramps. The most convenient are stair structures with a slope of 26 ° 7 '/30 °.

Ladder angle

The attached ladder structure rests against the floor and against the wall with bowstrings so as to fully maintain stability and at the same time provide an opportunity to climb to a hard-to-reach place.

The angle of inclination of the attached ladder structure is about 60 - 75˚, so the ascent and descent of such a structure is rather difficult, and the transfer of any cargo is generally impossible.

Video

From the video you will learn how to properly mount the stairs to the attic, as well as various subtleties that must be considered during installation.

There is nothing difficult in designing stairs. The main thing is to follow the formulas and established rules, correctly calculate the width and length of the structure in general, as well as the number of feet and the angle of inclination. A well-designed and well-installed staircase will serve you for many years.

The roof occupies an important place in the design of any type of building, since it is responsible for providing elementary conditions of comfort and preventing external factors from harming the decoration of the house.

Of course, for a quality shelter, many factors must be taken into account in the design process. One of the main positions in this context is the calculation of the angle of inclination of the roof.

Why is it so important and what you need to know so that the calculation is correct and subsequently you do not have to redo the roof partially, or even completely? We will talk about this in this article.

Roof slope calculation it is best to produce using a special online calculator , which is located below.

Why measure the slope of the coating and on what factors does this value depend

The angle of the roof slope is the geometric formation of the intersection of two planes. By them is meant a horizontal plane and a similar slope surface.

So, why measure the angle of the roof:

Measurement of building azimuth, first of all, allows you to "estimate" the feasibility of a roof device, taking into account the selected roofing material, climatic features, the purpose of the attic and the design of the canopy itself.
In addition, after the calculations, it is possible not only to rationalize the upcoming financial expenses, but also ensure the correctness and reliability of the design, which will not entail losses due to leaks, collapses, cracks in rafters and other incidents.
The slope of the roof is taken depending on two parameters - the first concerns weather conditions and volumes of precipitation, and the second is characterized by the specifics of the type of roof. Accordingly, when we are talking about the northern and snowy areas, then the future roof will have to deal with decent loads. Residents of mountainous regions are familiar with such difficulties firsthand.
Some roofs have to withstand snow cover for 6-8 months a year. In the current conditions, the owners of snow-covered houses have significantly simplified life with a steeper degree of inclination. In turn, such construction bearings allow the hip to rationally deal with precipitation and its consequences in the form of melt water. Also, with this approach, the size of the usable area increases.

Of course, not everything is so good with a sharp rhumb, because by increasing the slope, the need for additional volumes of both roofing materials and structural elements increases proportionally. also becomes topical issue increase the durability of load-bearing parts.

Equally important when calculating the slope is the specificity of the material that will complete the structure of the canopy with outside. It's no secret that each type of roof top element differs in performance and cost.

At the same time, nuances can be provided that are characteristic only for this type of top layer of the roof. For example, additional layers may be required, or high costs for thermal and waterproofing will be required.

The slope angle depends on the wind rose

Perhaps the third most important factor on which the calculated slope depends is establishing operated or non-operated status. The non-exploited surface provides for the exclusion of space at the junction of the ceiling and the external protective structure.

Visually, the interpretation of the concept looks much simpler, because when you see flat hips or if there is a slight slope (in the range of 2-7%), it immediately becomes clear why it got such a name. The exploited attic indicates the presence of attic space.

Calculation of the angle of the roof: calculator

Roof slope in percent and degrees

How to determine the angle of the roof in degrees? oblique angle, like any similar figure according to geometric canons, is measured in degrees.

But in many documents, including SNiPs, this value is displayed as a percentage, so there are no strict requirements and justifications to be guided by only one unit of measurement.

The main thing in this situation is to know the proportions for the ratio, if you suddenly need to convert degrees to percentages and vice versa, for example, for convenience during computational operations.

In general, the degree-to-percentage conversion factor ranges from 1.7 (for 1 degree) to 2 (for 45 degrees). In cases where indicators that are not expressed as a whole percentage are fundamentally important, ppm is used in digital display - hundredths of a%.

If you trust the theory, then the inclinations can reach 60 and even 70 degrees, but in practice this will not look entirely appropriate. And in appearance, the impression is “so-so”, except that your house is located somewhere in the Alps and you need to build a roof that constantly experiences snow loads.

The specifics of flat and pitched roofs

Flat floors are not represented by a purely horizontal surface, no matter how misleading its name. The construction azimuth in this situation also has a slope, although not significant - its the minimum value should be 3 degrees.

As for the optimal values for flat coatings, then the slope of a flat roof fluctuates around 5-7 degrees. This is due to the fact that roofs with an angle of more than 10º can hardly be called flat. In turn, 12-15 degrees in most situations is already interpreted as the minimum threshold for pitched surfaces. The optimal values are wide enough.

Optimum roof slope for snow melting is 40-50 degrees.

flat roof slope

For example, for single-slope canopies, a range of 20 to 30 degrees is assumed, and in the case of gable canopies, this figure rises to 45º. That's just such a volume interval to a greater extent indicates the individual characteristics of the type of roof and climatic features.

Minimum roof slope

Roofing material, which is one of the main elements of the structure of the upper plane, also provides for certain slope recommendations, depending on its type.

In the case of corrugated board, set the angle at 12 degrees, for a metal tile this indicator follows increase to 15º.
Ondulin or soft tiles in common language lay at a slope of 11 degrees. But in this case, there is also one nuance, which is in a complete crate.
When covering ceramic tiles, the slope must be at least 22º. It is also worth considering that the rafter system lends itself to heavy loads in case of a slight inclination of the slope. In order to avoid overloads, this factor should be taken into account during the design.
The most common type of surface coating is slate. When laying asbestos-cement corrugated sheets, the roof slope indicator must not exceed 28%. The same requirements apply to steel planes.
Minimum roof pitch from sandwich panels according to the norms is 5 degrees if windows are planned in panels, then the slope increases to 7 degrees.

According to which SNiP to look at the slope of the roof? You can look at the optimal and minimum slope of the roofing material in SNiP II-26-76 Roofs.

Selection-Slope roofing

How to determine the angle of the roof yourself

To measure the angle of the slope, you can use a miracle device that can get rid of all the computational burden. The name of the device speaks for itself - an inclinometer (goniometer).

In general, you can also turn to a mechanical goniometer for help - a budget option, but additional trouble is not ruled out, especially if you are using such a device for the first time.

However, we will tell the specifics of this device - perhaps, thanks to it, our reader will very soon be in circulation on "you" with this element.

The standard inclinometer without electronic bells and whistles is presented as a rail with an attached frame. At the junction of the planks there is an axis on which the pendulum is fixed. Its original set includes 2 rings, a weight, a plate and a pointer. The device is supplemented with a scale with divisions, which is located in the inner part of the cutout. If the rail is placed horizontally, then the pointer will coincide with the zero divisions of the scale.
Now we turn to the main process, for which the device is intended. Set the goniometer rail perpendicular to the ridge. The pendulum pointer will then display the required value in degrees.
Variant based on carrying out your own calculation task for measuring the inclination by mathematical calculations, unattractive. In any case, we will try to tell you in an accessible way how you can do it yourself. First of all, you need to find out the length of the hypotenuse and legs. When it comes to measuring the slope of the roof, the straight slope is the display of the hypotenuse.
Then we calculate the length of the opposite and adjacent leg. The first of them is presented as a distance separating the ceiling and the ridge, and the size of the second should be taken as the distance between the middle of the ceiling and the cornice overhang of a certain slope.
Now, having already received two values, it will not be difficult to find the third by applying trigonometry. As a result, knowing the sine, cosine or tangent (depending on the size of the components) through an engineering calculator, we calculate the digital value of the slope as a percentage.
Do you have any questions? Watch the video tutorial below or use our online calculator.

The ratio of the height of the ridge to the span

In general, the algorithm for carrying out settlement operations can be divided into four steps.

First, we take into account external natural factors of influence on the future surface layer, compare our building plans with price tags for the necessary resources in online stores, we determine the type of roofing material and do not stop drawing information from specialized sites and, if possible, consult with professionals.

Regarding loads, it is better not to bother with minimal slopes, as this can end badly for a “fresh” roof. But if the roof is flat and there is nowhere to go, then do not neglect the fortification redoubts.

When calculating the cost, also do not ignore such concepts as the mass of the house structure and, again, the load from precipitation - this will help you find not only the right, but also an economically pleasing solution for your wallet.

Roof calculation

If the slope is up to 10 degrees, then gravel surfaces are a suitable option, up to 20º - corrugated board and slate. Steel and copper sheets are already expedient in very "steep" cases, when the upper point indicator reaches 50-60 degrees.

Actually, that's all the information that you need to independently calculate the angle of the roof slope.

Source: http://expert-dacha.pro/stroitelstvo/krysha/ustrojstvo/uklon.html

Calculation of the angle of the roof

The roof of the house must be reliable and beautiful, and perhaps this is with the correct determination of its angle of inclination for this type of roofing material. How to calculate the angle of the roof - in the article.

The purpose of the under-roof space

Before calculating the angle of inclination of the roof, it is necessary to decide how the attic space will be used. If you plan to make it residential, the angle of inclination will have to be made large - so that the room is more spacious and the ceilings are higher.

The second way out is to make a broken, mansard roof. Most often, such a roof is made of a gable roof, but it can also have four slopes.

It’s just that in the second option, the truss system turns out to be very complicated and you simply can’t do without an experienced designer, and most people prefer to do everything on their own, with their own hands.

The higher the ridge, the greater the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe under-roof space. But at the same time, the roof area also increases

When increasing the angle of the roof slope, it is worth remembering a few things:

The cost of roofing materials increases significantly - the area of \u200b\u200bthe slopes increases.
Large slopes are more affected by the wind load. If we compare the load on the same house with an angle of 11 ° and 45 °, in the second case it will be almost 5 times greater. In order for the roof to withstand such loads, the rafter system is made reinforced - they put beams and rafters larger section with smaller steps. And this is an increase in its value.
If the slope angle is greater than 60°, snow loads are not taken into account - precipitation rolls down and does not linger. But when arranging a broken line mansard roof snow loads are taken into account when calculating its upper part - there the planes have a slope of less than 60 °.
Not all roofing materials can be used on steep slopes, so look carefully at the maximum angle of inclination at which these roofs can be used. The angle of inclination is shown as the ratio of the height of the ridge and half the width of the building

This does not mean that low-slope roofs are better. They are cheaper in terms of materials - less area roofs, but have their own nuances:

Require snow retention measures to prevent snow avalanches.
Instead of snow retainers, you can make heating of the roof and drainage system - for the gradual melting of snow and timely drainage of water.
With a small slope, it is likely that moisture will flow into the joints. This entails enhanced waterproofing measures.

So roofs with a small slope are also not a gift. Conclusion: it is necessary to calculate the angle of inclination of the roof in such a way as to find a compromise between the aesthetic component (the house should look harmonious), practical (with residential under-roof space) and material (costs must be optimized).

The angle of inclination depending on the roofing material

The roof on the house can have almost any kind - it can have low slopes, it can be almost sheer. At the same time, it is important to correctly calculate its parameters - the cross section of the rafter legs and the step of their installation. If you want to lay a certain type of roofing material on the roof, you need to take into account such an indicator as the maximum and minimum angle of inclination for this material.

The minimum angles are specified in GOST (see the table above), but manufacturers often give their recommendations, so it is advisable to decide on a specific brand at the design stage.

More often, the angle of the roof slope is often determined based on how they are made by their neighbors.

From a practical point of view, this is correct - the conditions for nearby houses are similar, and if the neighboring roofs are good, they do not leak, their parameters can be taken as a basis.

If there are no roofs in the neighborhood with the roofing material that you plan to use, you can start the calculations with average values. They are shown in the following table.

As you can see, in the “how they do” column, in most cases there is a solid range. So it is possible to vary the appearance of the building even with the same roof. Indeed, in addition to the practical role, the roof is also an ornament.

And when choosing the angle of its inclination, an important role is played by the aesthetic component. It is easier to do this in programs that make it possible to display an object in a three-dimensional image.

If you use this technique, then calculate the angle of the roof in this case - choose it from a certain range.

Influence of climatic factors

The angle of inclination of the roof is affected by the amount of snow that falls during the winter in a particular region. Also, when designing, wind loads are taken into account.

Map of snow loads of the Russian Federation

Everything is more or less simple. According to long-term observations, the entire territory of the Russian Federation is divided into zones with the same snow and wind load. These zones are mapped, shaded different colors so it's easy to navigate. On the map, determine the location of the house, find the zone, according to it - the value of the wind and snow load.

There are two numbers on the snow load map. The first is used when calculating the strength of the structure (our case), the second - when determining the allowable deflection of the beams. Once again: when calculating the angle of inclination of the roof, we use the first digit.

The main task of calculating snow loads is to take into account the planned slope of the roof. The steeper the slope, the less snow can be held on it, respectively, a smaller section of the rafters or a larger step of their installation will be required. To account for this parameter, correction factors are introduced:

the angle of inclination is less than 25° - coefficient 1;
from 25° to 60° - 0.7;
on roofs with a slope of more than 60 °, snow loads are not taken into account - snow is not retained on them in sufficient quantities.

As you can see from the list of coefficients, the value changes only on roofs with a slope angle of 25° - 60°. For the rest, this action does not make sense. So, in order to determine the actual snow load on the planned roof, we take the value found on the map, multiply by the coefficient.

And all this roof must withstand

For example, we calculate the snow load for a house in Nizhny Novgorod, the roof slope is 45 °. According to the map, this is the 4th zone, with an average snow load of 240 kg/m2. A roof with such a slope requires adjustment - we multiply the found value by 0.7. We get 240 kg/m2 * 0.7 = 167 kg/m2. This is only part of the roof slope calculation.

Calculation of wind loads

The effect of snow is easy to calculate - the more snow in the region, the greater the possible loads. Wind behavior is much more difficult to predict. You can only focus on the prevailing winds, the location of the house and its height. These data, when calculating the angle of inclination of the roof, are taken into account using coefficients.

Map of wind loads of the Russian Federation

The position of the house relative to the wind rose is of great importance. If the house is located between taller buildings, the wind loads will be less than when it is located in an open area. All houses are divided into three groups according to the type of location:

Zone "A". Houses located in open areas - in the steppe, desert, tundra, on the banks of rivers, lakes, seas, etc.
Zone "B". The houses are located in a wooded area, in small towns and villages, with a wind obstacle no more than 10 m high.
Zone "B". Buildings located in densely built-up areas with a height of at least 25 m.

A house is considered to belong to this zone if the specified environment is located at a distance of at least 30 times the height of the house. For example, the height of the house is 3.3 meters. If at a distance of 99 meters (3.3 m * 30 = 99 m) there are only small one-story houses or trees, it is considered to belong to zone "B" (even if it is geographically located in a large city).

Depending on the zone, coefficients are introduced that take into account the height of the building (given in the table). Then they are used in calculating the wind load on the roof of the house.

For example, let's calculate the wind load for Nizhny Novgorod, cottage located in the private sector - belongs to group "B". On the map we find the zone of wind loads - 1, the wind load for it is 32 kg / m2. In the table we find the coefficient (for buildings below 5 meters), it is 0.5. We multiply: 32 kg/m2 * 0.5 = 16 kg/m2.

But that is not all. It is also necessary to take into account the aerodynamic components of the wind (under certain conditions, it tends to tear off the roof). Depending on the direction of the wind and its impact, the roof is divided into zones.

Each of them has different loads. In principle, in each zone you can put rafters of different sizes, but they don’t do this - this is unjustified.

Coefficients for taking into account the aerodynamic component of the wind load

The found coefficients are applied to the wind load calculated above. If there are two coefficients - with a negative and a positive component, both values are considered, and then they are summed up.

The found values of wind and snow loads are the basis for calculating the cross section of the rafter legs and their installation step, but not only. The total load (weight of the roof structure + snow + wind) should not exceed 300 kg/m2. If, after all the calculations, the amount you have turned out to be more, you must either choose lighter roofing materials, or reduce the angle of the roof.

Source: http://stroychik.ru/krysha/raschet-ugla-naklona-kryshi

How to calculate the slope of the roof - important features

In order for the roof of a building to be able to fully perform all the functions assigned to it, it is necessary to take into account a number of parameters when creating it. One of the most important parameters of the roof is its slope, which ensures the removal of atmospheric precipitation from its surface and affects the ability to withstand external loads. How to calculate the slope of the roof, and will be discussed in this article.

Determining the slope of the roof - what depends

In order to correctly calculate the roof slope, several factors must be taken into account, among which the following stand out the most:

Wind loads. The slope of the slopes is very strongly influenced by the wind. In order for the roof to be able to normally resist its effects, you need to choose its angle correctly. At too large angles, the load on them will be high, but an excessive decrease in the angle can also be dangerous - a sloping roof can simply be torn off by a strong gust of wind.
Snow and rain loads. With snow, everything is quite simple - increasing the angle of inclination simplifies its convergence from the roof surface. With a roof slope of more than 45 degrees, snow will hardly linger on it. The situation is the same with rainfall - if the angle of inclination of the roof is too low, then water can flow into the joints or even stagnate on the roof surface.

Based on these factors, you can calculate the angle of inclination of the slopes.

In addition, before calculating the angle gable roof, you should pay attention to the recommended indicators: for areas with strong winds, a slope of 15-20 degrees is suitable, and in other cases, the optimal slope is 35-40 degrees. Of course, you need to understand that the roof in each case is calculated individually, and it is simply undesirable to choose average indicators.

Calculation methodology

When designing a roof, it is imperative to carry out a number of calculations, among which there should always be a calculation of the angle of inclination of the slopes.

This parameter directly affects the roof structure: with an increase in the slope, the snow load decreases, but the effect of the wind increases, so the truss system has to be further strengthened.

For arranging slopes at a large angle, you also need large quantity materials, which negatively affects the cost of construction.

Before you know the degree of roof slope, you need to calculate the operational load on the roof, which requires two parameters:

The total mass of the roof structure;
Peak levels of snowfall typical of the region where the construction is taking place.

A simplified calculation algorithm is reduced to the following steps:

First you need to determine the weight of one square meter of roofing cake;
The resulting value is multiplied by the total area of the roof;
The mass of the roof is multiplied by a factor of 1.1.

An example of calculating the roof slope in degrees

For example, the following data will be taken: the crate has a thickness of 2.5 cm, one square meter roofing weighs 15 kg, as thermal insulation material a 10 cm thick insulation is used, a square meter of which has a weight of 10 kg, and an ondulin with a weight of 3 kg per square meter is used for coating.

The calculation of the roof slope is carried out in accordance with the method described above. Substitution of the available data leads to the following expression: (15+10+3)x1.1 = 30.8 kg/sq.m.

The resulting value is quite acceptable - the average load on the roof residential buildings is slightly less than 50 kg/sq.m.

In addition, the formula contains a coefficient of 1.1, which slightly increases the actual weight of the roof structure and allows you to replace the roofing with a heavier one in the future.

How to find out the angle of the roof

There is a direct relationship between the slope of the roof slopes and the snow load. If the angle of the roof is less than 25 degrees, then the snow load factor is 1, and at angles ranging from 25 to 60 degrees, then this factor increases to 1.25. A roof with a large angle of inclination will not be subject to snow loads at all, so they are not taken into account in the calculations.

To determine the angle of the roof, you need to use the Bradis table and a simple technique: the height of the roof structure is divided by the length of the gable, divided by two, after which it remains to find the angle in the table that corresponds to the result obtained.

The height of the roof in the ridge is determined as follows:

The first step is to calculate the width of the span;
The resulting value is divided by 2;
The result of the previous calculation is multiplied by a coefficient corresponding to a certain angle of inclination.

For example, the implementation of such a calculation method looks like this: with a building width of 8 meters and a 25-degree roof slope, the calculation coefficient is 0.47. As a result of substituting the values, an expression of the following form is obtained: 4x0.47 \u003d 1.88 m. The resulting value is the roof height corresponding to the available initial data.

The choice of roofing depending on the slope of the roof

On the market, roofing materials are present in a large assortment, so there will be no particular problems with choosing the right option. Roof coverings differ in characteristics and application possibilities, and all their parameters must be studied before measuring the roof angle - only in this case it will be possible to create a reliable and effective design.

When choosing a material for a roof, it is worth starting from the following recommendations:

If the angle of inclination of the rafters is from 2.5 to 10 degrees, then stone chips or gravel coatings are best suited. In the first case upper layer coating has a thickness of 3-5 mm, and in the second - 10-15 mm.
When tilted more than 10 degrees the best option there will be coarse-grained or rolled materials, supplemented with bituminous waterproofing.
For arrangement pitched roofs with an angle of inclination of not more than 20 degrees, corrugated board or sheet asbestos cement is usually used. All seams and joints between roofing materials must be treated with sealant.
If the angle of the roof is in the range of 20-60 degrees, then it is most often covered metal sheets. Joints of materials in this case must be sealed without fail.

Conclusion

Knowing how to find out the angle of the roof in degrees will greatly simplify the design process and allow you to create the most reliable structure that can well protect the building box from precipitation, wind and cold.

The reliability of the building and the comfort of living in it depend on the quality of the construction of the roof. Its design is chosen optimal for local operating conditions. Of particular importance is such a parameter as the slope of the roof, which will be discussed further.

The angle of the roof slope depends not only on its design and features of the facade of the house, on the selected roofing material, but also on other factors. First of all, it is necessary to take into account the climatic conditions of the area where the building is being built. Where the amount of precipitation falling in winter is high, a large roof slope (within 45-60 degrees) is preferable: this contributes to better snow melting, which means reducing the load on the roof. Also, glaciation of the floor surface becomes less likely due to the compaction of snow covers.

If the building is being built where weather with strong winds prevails, it is advisable to choose a minimum roof slope angle to reduce the windage of the structure. Otherwise, the structure is threatened with rapid destruction. Most often, the tilt range in this case is 9-20 degrees.

The greater the angle of slope of the roof slope, the easier the snow cover comes off it.

But basically, the optimal angle of the roof slope is chosen in average values, that is, from 20 to 45 degrees. It is suitable for almost any type of roofing material, for example, for corrugated board or metal tiles that are very popular today.

In areas with a warm climate, where there are much more sunny days than cloudy days, more acceptable will be flat roofs: their area is smaller than that of other types of structures, which means that heating from sunlight will occur to a lesser extent. But even such a design should not be absolutely horizontal: the slope of a flat roof should be at least 3-5 degrees. The minimum slope of a flat roof will ensure the normal descent of rain and melt moisture.

Types of roof structures

Household and utility buildings are often built with a shed roof: it is simply mounted and does not require large expenditures. In fact, such a building has different heights walls with flooring laid on them. The slope of the ceiling is selected within 9-25 degrees, which is well suited for corrugated board and metal tiles. This design requires a ventilation device for the under-roof space.

But the most popular is the gable: two inclined planes are connected along the ridge line. Other (end) planes are vertical and are called gables. They may have doors leading to a balcony or an outdoor staircase.

There are many options for roofing designs

Hip ceilings, the most popular representatives of which are hipped, are aesthetically very attractive. In such cases, especially for more complex structures, the slopes can be any: it depends on the chosen design and the personal preferences of the developers. Dignity hip roofs- in the absence of restrictions on the use of roofing material.

A variant of the hip structure is attic: the attic is used as a living space, so the requirements for insulation are very high. The free space under the ceiling is formed due to the high angle of inclination of all slopes, in which the presence of skylights.

The dependence of the roof structure on the floor material

Before choosing a roofing material, you should study it specifications: this will help to optimally approach the solution of the issue and choose the most reliable one. In addition, there is a rule that determines the dependence of the angle of inclination of the slopes on the roofing material used.

We list the main ones:

When choosing a slope value, consider strength characteristics roof structure: the safety margin should be enough not only to withstand its own weight and the mass of the roofing material, but also to external loads (gusts of wind, snow). The type of crate for laying most materials also depends on the slope of the slope: with small values of this parameter, either a continuous crate is mounted or with a small step (350-450 mm). When building any roof, and even more so flat, it is necessary to install a system of slopes and drainage. If the area is particularly large, an additional drain will be required.

Calculation of the angle of inclination

The design must meet the following requirements: be strong enough, provide reliable protection from atmospheric precipitation, and have good thermal and sound insulation. It is also important that there is access for repairs and maintenance. How to calculate the angle of inclination of the roof so that all these conditions are met? Experts recommend using simple options its devices, which include single-slope, gable, hip (and half-hip), attic.

Roofs can have a structure of any complexity, with different slope angles

Sheds are most convenient for verandas, outbuildings and outbuildings. The principle of creating a shed is the same as other types: installation of rafters, battens, after which - laying of roofing material. The latter plays a decisive role: for corrugated board, an angle of 8-11 degrees is required (it is better to do 20), for metal tiles - at least 25, for slate and seam roofing - 35 degrees.

If climatic conditions allow, it is better to make a roof with a slope of 45 degrees: this will allow you to neglect the calculations associated with the mass of snow. It's almost perfect shed roof: the angle of inclination will not complicate its installation and facilitate maintenance (snow will not accumulate on its surface). But in this case, it will be necessary to strengthen the rafters and the crate, since the wind pressure on the structure increases by 5 times. It should also be borne in mind that this will require large expenditures on materials - about 1.5 times.

Roofing material must be selected depending on the slope of the roof

As can be seen from the graph, each slope corresponds to a certain group of roofing waterproofing materials. There are 11 of them in total, while the inclined lines correspond to the angle of inclination of the slope. The bold line indicates how the height of the ridge relates to ½ of its inception. It can be seen that the segment h is equal to half of the horizontal segment, indicated by the fraction ½. The numbers at the tops of the semicircular scales correspond to the angle of inclination (in degrees), the vertical scale also indicates in percent. When choosing any roof configuration, you should follow these recommendations and purchase roofing materials suitable for the chosen option.

In order to make it clear how the roof slope angle is calculated, we will give an example of calculating the smallest slope angle of a slab with waterproofing from tiles. On the graph we find a semicircular curve corresponding to this coating: this will be the curve indicated by the number 2. Tracking it to the point of intersection with the vertical scale, we find that the minimum slope of such a roof is 50%.

Considering the fact that the slope of the slope is the ratio of the height of the ridge to ½ of its inception, we calculate the slope. That is, with a ridge height h = 4 m and a laying equal to L = 15 m, the slope will be determined as h: (L / 2) = 4: (15/2) = 0.53. To display as a percentage, multiply the result by 100 and get 53%. This value of this parameter guarantees good drainage of rainwater. The minimum slope in the valley is 1%.

Features of the calculation of a gable roof

A gable roof is the most successful and common design. There are several reasons for this: high reliability, relative simplicity, low cost of construction. When constructing a roof, not everyone correctly chooses the optimal angle of inclination of a gable roof.

In the districts strong winds, it is necessary to calculate the gable roof so that its slope does not cause too strong wind loads. The greater the angle of inclination of the structure, the higher its windage.

You can not reduce it to values less than 25 degrees: precipitation will be worse removed from the roof, and dampness may appear in the under-roof space. Making it large 60 degrees is also not recommended: a strong gust of faith can destroy the roof. The roof does not have to have symmetrical slopes: if you orient the building with a more gentle slope in south side- the roof will dry better after rain.

Conditions for the use of roofing materials depending on the angle of inclination

Usable attic area and drainage system

The useful area of the attic space depends on the design of the roof: the larger the slope angle, the larger the area and vice versa (Figure 2 clearly shows this). When constructing an attic, you have to find a compromise between the area that can be easily used, the cost of building a roof and the strength of the structure.

The method of removing atmospheric precipitation can also be different. Distinguish external or internal organized and unorganized - only external. The latter involves the installation of downpipes and gutters, while wall and suspension systems are mounted on roofs with a slope greater than 15%. The gutters are mounted with a minimum slope of 3 degrees, their sides are made with a height of about 120 mm.

The useful area of the attic depends on the angle of the roof

Between the pipes there should be a distance of no more than 23 m. The cross section of the pipe must ensure normal drainage of water and is selected depending on the area of \u200b\u200bthe slope. Outdoor drains of an organized type are more suitable for areas with a warm climate. Internal gutters used for cold climatic conditions. Such systems consist of a funnel for receiving water, a riser, an outlet and a discharge pipe. The main condition is that water drainage must be provided at any air temperature.

The installation of a roof is a very responsible business that requires the participation of highly qualified workers. Installation errors can cost homeowners dearly. To avoid trouble, work on the construction of the roof should be entrusted to specialists with sufficient experience: this will guarantee the reliability of the building and comfort in it.

Throughout the globe, there are thousands and thousands of architectural traditions in terms of the appearance of roofs. But modern architects have completely changed the idea of country building culture, introducing single-pitched roof shapes as ideally combined with landscape design and varied in execution. Of course, this new fashionable tone was set by the inhabitants of Australia, where the absence of snow at all is like natural phenomenon allows them to create with the architecture of residential buildings whatever their imagination dictates.

But in the snowy regions of Russia, such a roof can be built, but with an appropriate slope and in the right direction. In a word, the main parameter of functionality is the angle of inclination of a shed roof, which we will now teach you to calculate.

Step 1. Calculate permanent and dynamic loads

First of all, calculate the loads on the shed roof. They are usually divided into permanent and dynamic. The first is the weight of the roofing that is always on the roof, installations such as antennas and dishes, a chimney, and so on. Those. everything that will be on the roof day and night.

And dynamic loads, or, as they are also called, variables, are those that happen from time to time: snow, hail, people, repair materials and tools. And also the wind, which, well, loves to tear off pitched roofs due to their windage.

Snow loads

So, if you make a pitched roof slope of 30 °, in winter the snow will press on it with a force of 50 kg per square meter. Just imagine that on your roof there will be one person per meter! Here is such a load.

And if you raise the roof to above 45 °, the snow will most likely not be able to linger at all (it also depends on the roughness of the roofing). But for middle lane In Russia, where snowfalls are moderate, it is enough to make a shed roof within 35-30 °:

The minimum angle that must be in order for the snow to be able to descend from the shed roof itself is 10 °. And the maximum is 60 °, because it makes no sense to make the roof steeper. The same applies to snow, which clings even more to such a roof.

That's why the owners of lean-to outbuildings in winter they often take up a shovel. Only the coverage area saves: the smaller it is, the less likely it is that the snow will be able to bend the material.

Wind loads

But in windy regions, it is impossible to build roofs with steep slopes at all. For comparison, a shed roof slope of 11° experiences exactly 5 times more wind force than a 45° slope. In view of this, please note that a shed roof is always made with a low part to the leeward side.

Combined loads

And be sure to calculate for a shed roof such a value as a combination of the most unfavorable permanent and temporary loads. Those. the critical point that the truss system must be able to withstand. By the way, this is often forgotten! They think that the roof will withstand the snow, the wind too ...

But what if you and your friend have to climb onto the roof in a strong storm and snowfall? Is the structure designed to withstand the snow, the wind, and the feet of at least two people at the same time? This is how trouble happens.

Step 2. We select the slope of the roof

Shed roof slope - in a fairly wide range: from 6 ° to 60 °. It all depends on the terrain in which you are going to build: if you need to successfully dump tons of snow every winter, then make the slope steeper, if you plan to protect yourself from the wind, then more gentle. And from many other factors, including aesthetic ones.

Steep pitched roofs

The larger the angle of such a roof, the faster water flows down it into the gutters. Neither leaves nor dirt will linger here, and therefore the roofing itself will last much longer. In addition, on such a roof, the visual aesthetics of the chosen shingles or a metal profile, which often plays a big role for the owners.

Sloped shed roofs

The speed of flowing rain and melt water on low-slope slopes is much lower, and therefore there is a risk of stagnant water, collecting dirt and ice getting stuck. On such roofs, moss quickly develops and foliage sticks. Especially if the roofing is rough.

As for rainwater, the main requirement for the roof is that the water on it, when snow melts or after rain, does not remain on the surface of the roofing material, but easily rolls off. If it has a too low slope (for a certain area), then the liquid will stand for a long time in all bumps and seams. And the longer - the more chances she has to get inside and create many problems in the form of dampness, deteriorated insulation and corrosion of the metal elements of the roof:

But, if a large roof of the house rises above such a building, then it's okay:

But there is still a plus here: the smaller the angle of inclination of a shed roof, the closer the geometry of the interior to the traditional cube. And, therefore, it is perceived easier and used with greater benefit.

Therefore, the lower the angle of inclination of such a roof, the more it is necessary to take care of its waterproofing so that thawed and rain water could not penetrate the truss system. Therefore, roofing materials such as membranes, rolled insulation or solid sheets are already needed here.

With a standard angle of inclination, a pitched roof is built as follows:

Minimum angle of pitched roof

A shed roof, the angle of which is only 3-5%, is often made inverted. Those. subject it to certain additional loads: walk on it, grow a garden on it, or even use it as an open terrace. Like here:

In addition, at a certain angle, a shed roof directs airflow into the right direction, capturing precipitation and diverting it. Remember this!

Step 3. Decide on the slope requirements

In functional terms, shed roofs are divided into three main types: ventilated, non-ventilated and combined. Let's consider each option in more detail.

Ventilated design

Such equip in buildings closed type. Ventilation is provided by vents and special voids between the insulating layers, through which the air, passing through, captures moisture droplets from the insulation and carries them out.

If such ventilation is not provided, then moisture will remain inside the insulation (and it still gets into it, albeit a little), and the insulation will begin to dampen and deteriorate. And as a result, the entire roofing pie will gradually collapse.

But a ventilated shed roof has its limitations. So, the angle of inclination for it can only be in the range from 5% to 20%, otherwise the air will not be able to effectively pass through the vents.

Non-ventilated design

This type of pitched roof is built on terraces and outbuildings. Typically, the angle of such a roof is in the range of only 3-6%, although there are no restrictions on it.

Ventilation in such roofs is not needed because the air in a room without walls or with wide doors often open (as is the case with a garage) itself ventilates well, carrying any water vapor outside. Which, by the way, by themselves are not particularly formed in such buildings:

Combined design

Such roofs combine the device of both previous types. Here, the desired slope of the roof is given by thermal insulation. It turns out economically, but in winter you will have to constantly clean off the snow.

But the arrangement of such a shed roof is already different, because dynamic loads are now added to variable and static loads. And usually everything looks like this: corrugated board below, on it - two layers of insulation and good waterproofing.

The angle of the shed roof also depends on such parameters as the type of connection of the rafters to the Mauerlat or walls. Let's take a closer look.

Step 4. Calculate the exact slope angle

The angle of a shed roof is called the angle at which the rafters and the slope of the roof are inclined to the horizontal plane of the ceiling. And take this scheme seriously if you want to provide your roof with the correct mechanical strength:

The angle of inclination of the slopes is measured in percent and degrees. But, if degrees are even more or less clear (thanks to the school geometry course), then what are percentages? Percentage is the ratio of the difference in the height of the ridge and the cornice to the horizontal of the slope, multiplied by 100.

There is another interesting point: many architects specifically calculate the angle of a shed roof so that it is equal to the angle of elevation of the sun in a given area in the middle of spring. Then it is possible to calculate to the millimeter when and what kind of shadow will be, which is important for planning terraces in front of the house and other places of recreation.

Step 5. We limit the circle of choice of roofing

Modern roofing materials also have their own requirements for the minimum and maximum angle of inclination of a pitched roof:

Decking: min 8°- max 20°.
Seam roof: min 18°- max 30°.
Slate: min 20°- max 50°.
Soft roof: min 5°- max 20°.
Metal roofing: min 30° – max 35°.

Of course, the smaller the angle, the cheaper materials you can use: roofing material, corrugated board and the like.

You will be surprised, but today the same types of roofing are being developed specifically for low-slope roofs that are usually used with a slope of at least 30 °. What for? Such is the fashion in Germany, which has come down to us: a shed roof is almost flat, and the roof is stylish. But how? It's just that manufacturers improve the quality of the locks, make the overlap area larger and think over the protection against dirt more carefully. That's all the tricks.

Step 6. We decide on the truss system

And from the chosen angle of inclination of the roof and the loads planned for it, we determine the type of fastening of the rafters to the walls. So, there are three such types: hanging rafters, layered and sliding.

hanging rafters

Hanging rafters are the only option when the connection must be rigid, but there is no way for the rafters to be supported between the side supports.

Simply put, you only have external bearing walls, and no partitions inside. Let's say this is a rather complex truss system, and its construction must be approached with responsibility. The whole problem is in large spans and in the pressure that is exerted on the walls:

Or like in this project:

Rafters

Here, the entire roof is already pressing on at least three supports: two external walls and one internal. And the rafters themselves are used here dense, with a section of at least 5x5 cm of bars and 5x15 cm of rafter legs.

sliding rafters

In this rafter system, a log in a ridge serves as one of the supports. And to connect the rafters with it, such special elements as "sliders" are used. This metal elements, which help the rafters move forward a little when the walls shrink to avoid cracks. Very little! And thanks to this device, the roof easily tolerates even a fairly noticeable shrinkage of the log house, without any damage.

The bottom line is simple: the more nodes in the truss system, the more flexible and durable it is. The more a shed roof is able to withstand the pressure of the weight of the roofing and snow, and at the same time not break. But there are truss systems where the connection is generally static:

Step 7 Calculate the Height of a Shed Roof

Here are three of the most popular ways to accurately calculate the desired height of the future roof.

Method number 1. Geometric

Shed roof has the form of a rectangular triangle. The length of the rafter leg in this triangle is the hypotenuse. And, as you remember from the school geometry course, the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the root of the sum of the squares of the legs.

Method number 2. trigometric

Another option for calculating the length of the rafter legs is as follows:

Let A be the length of the rafters.
Let B denote the length of the rafters from the wall to the ridge, or the length of the part of the wall in this area (if the walls of your building are of different heights).
Let X denote the length of the rafters from the ridge to the edge of the opposite wall.

In this case, B \u003d A * tgY, where Y is the angle of the roof, and the length of the slope is calculated as follows:

X \u003d A / sin Y

In fact, all this is not difficult - just substitute desired values, and you will get all the parameters of the future roof.

Method number 3. Online calculators

Calculated? And now we turn to the construction of the roof itself:

We hope you understand everything easily!

home > Agriculture