Basic functional styles. An example of artistic speech

Texts in Russian differ significantly in the choice of words and information content. How the text will look, what impression it will make, depends on what style of speech we have chosen. Let's talk about speech styles.

What are speech styles

Correctly call them functional styles speech. Already by the name, we can conclude that the style depends on what function the text will have to perform. Depending on whether it is necessary to convey information scientifically, officially, or simply to tell some story from life, who is the addressee of the utterance, we choose the appropriate style.

Let's talk briefly about speech styles.

scientific style

It's encyclopedia style. It is characterized by accuracy and concreteness, unambiguity, evidence. Usually the text contains some facts, figures. It is customary to use different terms.

scientific style used in encyclopedias, textbooks, scientific articles, answers in lessons. Approximate values ​​and general words are not allowed in this style.

Formal business style

Document style. As a rule, it is also used in written speech. Approximate and abstract reasoning is also unacceptable in it. This is the most regimented style. The creation of texts in this style is taught to schoolchildren in the Russian language lessons of the 7th grade.

The writer knows where and what to write, and such a clear structure is necessary to make it easier for people working with documents to navigate through a variety of papers, and also to avoid the possibility of double understanding and interpretation. The standard form, language clichés, etc. are used.

An example of a text in a formal business style can be a statement or a memorandum.

Journalistic style

Newspaper style. He has a special kind of excitement. Its purpose is to influence the reader or listener. Expressive vocabulary, rhetorical figures (questions, exclamations, appeals, etc.) are used. Texts are created in this style public speaking, articles “on the topic of the day”, etc. Anyone who uses a journalistic style seeks to convince us of something, to form public opinion. This is a rather aggressive style; harsh statements, generalizations, puns, assessments, etc. are appropriate in it.

Conversational style

Conversation style. It uses a lot of colloquial words (but not curses, etc., as this is a style literary language, and slang, obscene language lie outside it). The topics of the conversational style are the most ordinary, the sentences are short and expressive, the vocabulary is relaxed, capacious and colorful. The conversational style we meet mainly in oral speech, his favorite form is dialogue. The signs of conversational style include a significant role not language tools expressiveness: facial expressions, intonation and the like.

Fiction style

Its purpose is to create an artistic image. Literary works are created in this style. It also affects the reader, but not through the mind, but through an aesthetic experience. The writer seeks to choose the most accurate and expressive words, uses various tropes, unusual syntax.

Style fiction may include, depending on the author's intention, elements of any style, or several styles, or even non-literary words (for example, slang).

How to define text style

Studied speech styles special section linguistics - stylistics.

• To determine the style of speech in Russian, you need to pay attention to several features: the purpose of the statement;
• vocabulary;
• form and genre;
• is it oral or written;
• who is the recipient of the text.

In addition, each style has some features.

The table below shows the styles of speech and their features.

Speech style	goal	peculiarities	where used
Official business	Create document	Significant uniformity; special words - clericalisms	document
	Communicate scientific information	Accurate numbers, a lot of information, terms	encyclopedia, textbook
Colloquial	to tell about something	Colloquial vocabulary, short sentences, simple syntax	oral speech
journalistic	Convince the reader	Rhetorical figures, expressive vocabulary	newspaper, oral presentation
Art	Create an artistic image	Expressive means, there is an image	literary work

What have we learned?

There are several functional styles in Russian. Each of them has its own goals and objectives, genres and addressees, goals and language means. In order not to make a mistake in determining the style, it is necessary to take into account all these factors. The style of fiction stands apart, in which many styles are combined.

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Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The scope of this style is science and scientific journals, the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field; the authors of the texts this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, learning, etc.

Its main function is the communication of information, as well as the proof of its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, a lot of abstract and real nouns.

Scientific style exists mainly in written monologue speech. His genres are scientific article, educational literature, monograph, school essay etc. style features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (uniqueness).

Formal business style

Business style is used for communication, informing in an official setting (the field of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to decorate documents: laws, orders, resolutions, characteristics, protocols, receipts and certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat and just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations.

This style exists more often in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public.

Style features - imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, accurate selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct order words.

Journalistic style

Publicistic style serves to influence people through means mass media. It occurs in genres article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality.

This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee.

It is characterized by abstract words with a socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, publicity, peace-loving).

The task is to provide information about the life of the country, to influence the masses, to form a certain attitude towards public affairs.

Style features - logic, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, appeal.

Conversational style

The colloquial style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. Differs in great semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives speech liveliness and expressiveness.

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Language means of conversational style: emotionality, expressiveness of colloquial vocabulary, words with subjective evaluation suffixes; use incomplete sentences, introductory words, address words, interjections, modal particles, repetitions. Genres - dialogue, personal letters, personal notes, telephone.

Art style

Artistic style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

Genres - epic, lyric, drama, epic, novel, story, story, fairy tale, fable, ode, anthem, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message, poem, ballad, tragedy, comedy.

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….

1. Style. General characteristics of functional speech styles …………

2. Formal business style speech ……………………………………….

3. Scientific style ………………………………………………………………

4. Journalistic ………………………………………………………..

5. Artistic ………………………………………………………….

6. Conversational …………………………………………………………………

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….

Appendix …………………………………………………………………

List of used literature ………………………………………..

INTRODUCTION

§one. General understanding of styles

The Russian language is a broad, comprehensive concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language. The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre. However, it is necessary to use language resources skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the statement, its targeting. How different, for example, in style are a private letter and a memorandum addressed to the boss! The same information receives a different language expression.

What is style?

The word style comes from the Latin language (stilus), where it meant a pointed stick for writing. At present, the word style, in short, means the manner of writing. In linguistics, there are more detailed definitions of the term.

1) Style - a kind of language, fixed in a given society by tradition for one of the most common areas of social life and partially different from other varieties of the same language in all basic parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics.

2) Style - the generally accepted manner, the usual way of performing any particular type of speech act: oratory, newspaper article, scientific lecture, judicial speech, household dialogue.

3) Style - an individual manner, the way in which a given speech act or literary and artistic work is performed.

§3. Functional styles of speech ( general characteristics)

Our speech in a formal setting (lecturing, speaking at a scientific conference or at a business meeting) differs from that used in an informal setting (speaking festive table, friendly conversation, dialogue with relatives).

Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, language means are selected. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles .

Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially fixed systems of speech means used in a particular area of ​​communication or professional activity.

In the modern Russian literary language, there are bookstores functional styles:

scientific,

formal business,

publicist,

Literary and artistic

which appear primarily in written language, and

· colloquial , which is characterized mainly by the oral form of speech.

Each of the five styles has a number of specific speech characteristics.

In the field of scientific activity (when writing scientific articles, term papers and theses, monographs and dissertations) it is customary to use scientific style, the main properties of which are the clarity and logic of presentation, as well as the lack of expression of emotions.

Formal business style serves to convey information in the field of management. The official business style is used in statements, powers of attorney, business letters, orders and laws. For him, even more than for the scientific style, clarity and unemotional presentation are important. Another important property official business style - standard. People who draw up statements, orders or laws are obliged to follow tradition and write as they wrote before them, as is customary.

Another bookish style of literary language - journalistic. It is used in cases where it is necessary not only to convey information, but also to influence the thoughts or feelings of people in a certain way, to interest them or to convince them of something. Journalistic style is the style of informational or analytical broadcasts on television and radio, the style of newspapers, the style of speaking at meetings. Unlike the scientific and official-business style, the journalistic style is characterized by expressiveness and emotionality.

As opposed to all book styles, as mentioned above, conversational style. This is the style that is used in informal household, everyday communication between people in previously unprepared oral speech. Therefore, its characteristic features are incompleteness of expression and emotionality.

In a special way correlates with all listed styles style fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of human life, it can use the means of any styles of the literary language, and if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, jargons and vernacular. The main function of the language of fiction is aesthetic.

main feature the stylistics of artistic speech becomes the search for the specifics of a literary text, creative expression word artist.

§4. Genres of functional speech styles

Functional styles of speech are realized in various genres.

1. Scientific: textbooks on the specialty, monograph, scientific article, abstract, abstract, synopsis, theses, term paper, lecture, diploma work.

2. Official business: documents, business letters, reports, orders, orders, contracts, decrees, business conversations.

3.journalistic: parliamentary speech, reports, interview, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, informational note.

4. Art Key words: novel, short story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad.

5.Colloquial: conversations in the family, showdown, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote.

TOPIC 2. OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF SPEECH

§one. Official business style of speech (general characteristics)

Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in public institutions, court, as well as in various types of business oral communication.

Among book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is the language stamps, or the so-called clichés (French. clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.

Formal business style- this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

§2. Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech

Lexical features of the official business style of speech

The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to common book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (stationery, cliches) : raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the deadline.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms : I hereby certify this document.

In the official business style, the use of polysemantic words, as well as words in figurative meanings, is unacceptable, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidization and etc.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In an official document, preference is given to generic terms, for example: arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.), vehicle(instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.), locality (instead of village, town, village etc.), etc.

Morphological features of the official business style of speech

TO morphological features This style includes the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). Among them are the following:

1) nouns - names of people on the basis of the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);

2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, Inspector Ivanova);

3) verbal nouns with a particle not- (deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);

4) derivative prepositions ( in connection with, on account of, due to);

5) infinitive constructions: ( check, help);

6) present tense verbs in the meaning of a commonly performed action ( behind non-payment will be fined …).

7) Difficult words formed from two or more bases ( tenant, employer, logistics, maintenance, above, below etc.).

The use of these forms is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation.

Syntactic features of the official business style of speech

TO syntactic features official business style include:

1) the use of simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the rows of these homogeneous members can be very common (up to 8-10), for example: ... fines as an administrative penalty may be established in accordance with the legislation of Russia for violation of safety and labor protection rules in industry, construction, transport and agriculture ;

2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);

3) stringing the genitive case, i.e. the use of a chain of nouns in the genitive case: ( the results of the activities of the tax police …);

4) the predominance of complex sentences, especially complex ones, with conditional clauses: If there is a dispute about the amounts due to the dismissed employee, the administration is obliged to pay the compensation specified in this article if the dispute is resolved in favor of the employee .

§3. Genre diversity of the official business style of speech

According to the theme and variety of genres in the style under consideration, two varieties are distinguished: I - official documentary style and II- casual business style .

In turn, in the official documentary style, j is the language of legislative documents related to the activities government agencies(Constitution of the Russian Federation, laws, statutes), and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations (memorandum, communiqué, convention, statement). In everyday business style, j is the language of official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and k is the language of private business papers, on the other.

All genres of everyday business style: official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence) and business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol, statement, power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, etc.) are characterized by a well-known standardization that facilitates their compilation and use and designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy (see details 4.2; 4.3; 4.4).

THEME 3. SCIENTIFIC SPEECH

§one. Scientific style of speech (general characteristics)

Style-forming features of the scientific style

scientific style is a style that serves scientific field social activities. It is designed to convey scientific information to a trained and interested audience.

Scientific style has a number of common features, general conditions functioning and linguistic features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. These common features include: 1) preliminary consideration of the statement; 2) the monologic nature of the statement; 3) strict selection of language means; 4) attraction to normalized speech.

Stages of scientific activity. Forms of existence scientific speech

Science is one of the most effective ways obtaining new knowledge about the world, one of the most advanced forms of accumulation and systematization of knowledge and experience.

In scientific activity, a person faces two main tasks: � to obtain new knowledge about the world (ie, to make a discovery) and  to make this knowledge public (ie, to communicate his discovery). Accordingly, two stages in human scientific activity should be distinguished: 1) stage making a discovery and 2) stage opening design .

The scientific style of speech refers to the second stage of scientific activity - the stage of speech processing of the acquired new knowledge.

The content side makes its own demands on the form of existence of scientific speech. Aboriginal the form the existence of scientific speech written, and this is no coincidence. Firstly, the written form fixes information for a long time (namely, this is what science requires, reflecting the stable connections of the world). Secondly, it is more convenient and reliable for detecting the slightest informative inaccuracies and logical violations (which are irrelevant in everyday communication, but in scientific communication can lead to the most serious distortions of the truth). Thirdly, the written form is economical, as it gives the addressee the opportunity to set his own pace of perception. So, for example, a scientific report that takes 40 minutes orally, a well-prepared addressee in this field can be perceived in writing in 5 minutes (reading "diagonally"). Finally, fourthly, the written form allows you to access information repeatedly and at any time, which is also very important in scientific work.

Of course, and oral form is also often used in scientific communication, but this form is secondary in scientific communication: a scientific work is often first written, working out an adequate form of transferring scientific information, and then in one form or another (in a report, lecture, speech) is reproduced in oral speech. The primacy of the written form leaves a noticeable imprint on the structure of scientific speech.

Terminology of each science

Every branch of science has its terminology. term (lat. terminus- "border, limit") is a word or phrase that is the name of the concept of any sphere of production, science, art). In the terminology of each science, several levels can be distinguished depending on the scope of use and on the nature of the content of the concept. TO first level are most general concepts, equally relevant for all or for a significant number of sciences. For example: system, function, value, element, process, set, part, size, condition, movement, property, speed, result, quantity, quality. They constitute the general conceptual foundation of science as a whole.

Co. second level include concepts that are common to a number of related sciences that have common objects of study. For example: vacuum, vector , generator, integral, matrix, neuron, ordinate, radical, thermal, electrolyte etc. Such concepts usually serve as a link between the sciences of one more or less broad profile (natural, technical, physical and mathematical, biological, sociological, aesthetic, etc.), and they can be defined as profile-special.

TO third level should include highly specialized concepts that are characteristic of one science (sometimes two or three close ones) and reflect the specificity of the subject of research, for example: phoneme, morpheme, inflection, lexeme, derivative and other linguistic terms.

Symbol language. scientific graphics

specific property language of science is that scientific information can be presented not only in the form of text. She happens and graphic- these are the so-called artificial (auxiliary) languages: 1) graphics, drawings, drawings, 2) mathematical, physical symbols, 3) names of chemical elements, mathematical signs, etc. For example:  - infinity, - integral,  - sum,  - root, etc.

Symbol language is one of the most informative languages ​​of science.

Text, on the one hand, and formulas and symbols, graphic illustrations and photographs, on the other hand, are in a certain relationship in different fields of science.

§2. Linguistic features of the scientific style of speech

Lexical features of the scientific style of speech

1. The abstract, generalized nature of a scientific text is manifested at the lexical level in the fact that words with an abstract meaning are widely used in it: function, disposition, sequester. Words of a household nature also acquire a generalized, often terminological meaning in a scientific text, such are technical terms. coupling, glass, tube and many others.

2. A characteristic feature of the scientific style is its high terminology - saturation with terms (as discussed above).

3. The language of science is characterized by the use of borrowed and international models ( macro, micro, meter, inter-, count etc.): macrocosm, intercom, polygraph .

4. In the scientific style, nouns and adjectives with a certain type of lexical meaning and morphological characteristics are frequent. Among them:

a) nouns expressing the concept of a sign, state, change on -nie, -ost, -stvo, -ie, -tion (frequency, culmination, construction, property, inertia, fluidity, exemplarity);

b) nouns in - body, denoting a tool, tool, manufacturer of action ( land surveyor);

c) adjectives with a suffix -ist in the meaning of "containing a small amount of a certain impurity" ( clayey, sandy).

Morphological features of the scientific style of speech

The abstractness of the scientific style of speech is also manifested at the morphological level - in the choice of forms of parts of speech.

1. Specifically used in scientific style verb. Imperfect verbs are often used in scientific texts. Forms of the present tense are formed from them, which have a timeless generalized meaning (for example: in this industry used this connection). Perfective verbs are used much less often, often in stable turns ( consider …; prove, what…; let's do conclusions; show by examples etc.).

2. The scientific style is often used reflexive verbs(with suffix -sya) in a passive (passive) sense. The frequency of using the passive form of the verb is explained by the fact that when describing a scientific phenomenon, attention is focused on itself, and not on the producer of the action: In modern philosophy and sociology, the norm defines Xia as a means of regulating the activities of society as a whole; In this sense, the norm understands Xia as a law of activity, a rule.

3. Short passive participles are very common in scientific texts, for example: Theorem proof on the ; The equation amounted to but right .

4. In scientific speech, more often than in other styles of speech, they use short adjectives, for example: variety us And ambiguous us the functions of these elements.

5. The category of a person is peculiarly manifested in the language of science: the meaning of a person is usually weakened, indefinite, generalized. In scientific speech, it is not customary to use the pronoun of the 1st person singular. h. I. It is replaced by the pronoun we(author's we). It is generally accepted that the use of the pronoun we creates an atmosphere of authorial modesty and objectivity: we researched and found...(instead of: I researched and found...).

6. In scientific speech, there are often plural forms of nouns that are not found in other types of speech: they are used to denote a) a variety or type of real nouns ( clay, steel, resin, alcohol, oils, petroleum, teas); b) some abstract concepts ( powers, capacities, mathematical transformations, cultures) and concepts expressing quantitative indicators ( depth, length, warmth); c) orders and families of the animal and flora (artiodactyls, predators).

Syntactic features of scientific style

1. The modern scientific style is characterized by the desire for syntactic compression - to compress, increase the amount of information while reducing the amount of text. Therefore, it is characterized by phrases of nouns, in which the genitive case of the name acts as a definition ( exchange substances, box gear, device for mounting ).

2. Typical for this style is the use of a nominal predicate (rather than a verb), which contributes to the creation of the nominal character of the text. For example: Savings - part disposable income that is not spent on final consumption of goods and services; The action is security .

3. Widely used in scientific syntax are sentences with short participles type can be used (this method can be used in the production of "smart bombs").

4. Interrogative sentences perform specific functions in scientific speech related to the desire of the writer to draw attention to what is being stated ( What are the benefits of using plastic cards? )

5. The style in question is characterized by wide use impersonal sentences of various types, since in modern scientific speech the personal manner of presentation has given way to the impersonal ( One can say, there is an unspoken competition of projects for the future social reorganization. To modern man this easy to understand on the model of transition to the market).

6. Scientific texts are characterized by clarification of causal relationships between phenomena, therefore they are dominated by complex sentences with different types of unions ( despite the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, due to the fact that, while, meanwhile, while and etc.).

7. Used in scientific speech and a group of introductory words and phrases containing an indication of message source (according to our opinion, according to belief, according to the concept, according to information, according to the message, from the point of view, according to the hypothesis, definition and etc.). For example: Answer, according to the author, is always ahead of its true reason– a goal rather than following an external stimulus .

8. For scientific works, the compositional connectedness of the presentation is characteristic. The interconnection of individual parts of a scientific statement is achieved with the help of certain connecting words, adverbs, adverbial expressions and other parts of speech, as well as combinations of words ( so, thus, therefore, now, so, in addition, besides, also, also, nevertheless, still, nevertheless, meanwhile, besides, moreover, however, in spite of, above all, in first of all, at first, in the end, finally, therefore).

Expressive means of the language of science

It is often said about the language of scientists that it is distinguished by "dryness", devoid of elements of emotionality and figurativeness. Such an opinion is erroneous: often in scientific works, in particular polemical ones, emotionally expressive and figurative means of language are used, which, being an additional device, stand out noticeably against the background of a purely scientific presentation and give scientific prose more persuasiveness: our outstanding linguists, when working with hydrocyanic acid, you need to be extremely careful, you can check with very curious experience and etc.

The linguistic means of creating an expressive, emotional tone of scientific speech are: 1) superlative forms of adjectives expressing comparison ( the brightest representatives of the species); 2) emotionally expressive adjectives ( Development, innovation , progress – wonderful , in fact, phenomena); 3) introductory words, adverbs, amplifying and restrictive particles ( Pisarev believed even that thanks to this, Russia can recognize and appreciate Comte much more precisely than Western Europe ); 4) "problematic" issues that attract the attention of the reader ( What is the unconscious?).

§3. Genre diversity of the scientific style of speech

The scope of the scientific style is very wide. This is one of the styles that has a strong and versatile influence on the literary language. The scientific and technological revolution taking place before our eyes introduces a huge number of terms into general use. Computer, display, ecology, stratosphere, solar wind - these and many other terms have passed from the pages of special editions into everyday use. If earlier explanatory dictionaries were compiled on the basis of the language of fiction and, to a lesser extent, journalism, now the description of the developed languages ​​of the world is impossible without taking into account the scientific style and its role in the life of society. Suffice it to say that out of 600,000 words of the most authoritative English vocabulary Webster (Webster) 500,000 is a special vocabulary.

The wide and intensive development of the scientific style led to the formation of the following varieties (substyles) within its framework: 1) actually scientific (monographs, dissertations, scientific articles, reports); 2) popular science (lectures, articles, essays); 3) educational and scientific (textbooks, teaching aids, programs, lectures, abstracts); 4) scientific and business (technical documentation, contracts, test reports, instructions for enterprises); five) scientific and informative (patent descriptions, informative abstracts, annotations); 6) scientific reference (dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories, catalogs). Each substyle and genre has its own individual stylistic features, which, however, do not violate the unity of the scientific style, inheriting its common features and features.

TOPIC 5. PUBLICISTIC STYLE OF SPEECH

§one. Journalistic style of speech (general characteristics)

Latin has a verb public are- "make public, open to all" or "explain publicly, make public". The word is connected with it by origin. journalism . Publicism- this is a special type of literary work, which highlights, explains topical issues social and political life, moral problems are raised.

The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone.

Journalistic style used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, comments on documentaries, the language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is a speech activity in the field of politics in all its variety of meanings. The main means of journalistic style are designed not only for the message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).

The characteristic features of journalistic works are the relevance of the issue, political passion and imagery, sharpness and brightness of presentation. They are due to the social purpose of journalism - reporting facts, forming public opinion, actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person.

Publicistic style is represented by many genres :

1. newspaper- essay, article, feuilleton, reportage;

2. television– analytical program, information message, live dialogue;

3. public speaking- speech at a rally, toast, debate;

4. communicative- press conference, "no tie" meeting, teleconferences;

§2. Functions of journalistic style

One of the important features of the journalistic style is the combination of two language functions within its framework: message functions(informative) and impact functions(expressive).

Message function consists in the fact that the authors of journalism texts inform a wide range of readers, viewers, listeners about problems that are significant for society.

The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in a journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, in its sources and addressees. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about the daily life of citizens.

The method of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes the facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, moods of the authors, contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. Another difference in the provision of information is related to the fact that the publicist tends to write selectively - first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience.

Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - impact functions. The goal of the publicist is not only to tell about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open tendentiousness, polemicism, emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position).

In various journalistic genres, one of the two named functions can act as a leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not crowd out the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.

§3. Linguistic signs of a journalistic style of speech

Lexical signs

1. In the journalistic style, there are always ready-made standard formulas (or speech clichés), which are not of an individual authorial, but of a social nature: hot support, lively response, harsh criticism, putting things in order etc. As a result of repeated repetitions, these clichés often turn into boring (erased) clichés: radical transformation, radical reforms.

Speech patterns reflect the nature of time. Many clichés are already outdated, for example: sharks of imperialism, growing pains, servants of the people, enemy of the people. On the contrary, newfangled for the official press of the late 90s. became words and expressions: elite, struggle of elites, elite of the criminal world, top financial elite, promote, virtual, image, iconic figure, power pie, child of stagnation, wooden ruble, lie injection.

Numerous examples of speech clichés became part of the so-called journalistic phraseology, which allows you to quickly and accurately give information: peaceful offensive, force of dictate, ways of progress, security issue, package of proposals.

2. The relationship between the sender and the addressee in a journalistic style is similar to the relationship between the actor and the audience. "Theatrical" vocabulary – the second striking feature of the journalistic style. It permeates all journalistic texts: political show , on the political arena , behind the scenes wrestling, role leader, dramatic events known in politics trick, nightmarish scenario and etc.

3. characteristic feature journalistic style is emotional-evaluative vocabulary. This assessment is not individual, but social in nature. For example, positive words: asset, mercy, thoughts, dare, prosperity; negative words: plant, philistine, sabotage, racism, depersonalization.

4. In a journalistic style special place belongs to the book layers of vocabulary, which have a solemn, civil-pathetic, rhetorical coloring: dare, erect, self-sacrifice , army, homeland. The use of Old Church Slavonicisms also gives the text a pathetic tone: accomplishments, power, guardian etc.

5. In the texts of the journalistic style, military terminology is often present: guards, height assault, forward edge, line of fire, direct fire, strategy, reserve mobilization. But it is used, of course, not in its direct meaning, but figuratively (the texts with these words can talk, for example, about harvesting, commissioning new production facilities, etc.).

6. As an evaluative tool in journalism, words of a passive vocabulary- archaic. For example: dollar and his healers . Military profits are growing .

Morphological features

The morphological features of the journalistic style include the frequent use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech. This:

1) the singular of a noun in the plural sense: Russian man has always been resilient ; Teacher always knows student ;

2) genitive case of a noun: time change, package proposals, reform prices, exit from crisis and etc.;

3) imperative forms of the verb: stay with us on the first channel!

4) present tense of the verb: in Moscow opens, April 3 starts ;

5) participles on ohmy: driven, weightless, drawn ;

6) derivative prepositions: in the field, on the way, on the base, in the name of, in the light, in the interests of, taking into account.

Syntactic signs

The syntactic features of the journalistic style include frequently repeated, as well as specific types of sentences (syntactic constructions). Among them:

1) rhetorical questions: Will the Russian man survive? Do Russians want wars?

2) exclamatory sentences: All to the polls!

3) proposals with modified reverse order: The army is at war with nature(cf.: The army is at war with nature).The exception was mining enterprises(compare: Enterprises were an exception);

4) headings of articles, essays that perform an advertising function: Small troubles of a large fleet. Winter is the hot season.

Headlines often use a specific language technique – " connection of the incompatible". It makes it possible to reveal the internal inconsistency of an object or phenomenon with minimal linguistic means: a toiling parasite, repeated inimitable, gloomy merriment, eloquent silence.

APPENDIX

Functional styles of the modern Russian language

No. p / p	functional style	Sphere of communication	Style Genres	Basic form of speech
		scientific activity	specialty textbooks, monograph, scientific article, abstract, abstract, synopsis, theses, term paper, lecture, thesis, dissertation, report	written
	Official business	communication between citizens and institutions	documents, business letters, reports, orders, orders, contracts, decrees, business conversations	written
	journalistic	ideology, politics, agitation and mass activity	parliamentary speech, reports, interview, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, information note	written and oral
	Literary and artistic	verbally- artistic creativity	novel, short story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad	written
	Colloquial	communication between people at home	conversations in the family, showdown, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote

List of used literature:

Blokhina N.G. Modern Russian language. Text. Speech styles. A culture of speech: tutorial for universities / N.G. Blokhin. Tambov, 2006. 122 p.

Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language / I.B. Golub. - 2nd ed., Rev. M.: Rolf, 1999. 448 p.

Speech styles- these are systems of speech means, historically established and socially fixed, which are used in communication, depending on the sphere of communication or the sphere of professional activity.

There are five main styles of speech in Russian.

1. Scientific style. 2.Publicistic style. 3. Official business style. 4. . . Literary and artistic 5. Conversational

Scientific style is used in the field of scientific activity. The genres in which it is implemented are the writing of dissertations, term papers, tests or theses, scientific articles, lectures, abstracts, abstracts, theses. The main characteristic of this style of speech is logic, clarity and the absence of any manifestation of emotions on the part of the author.

journalistic the style of speech, like the previous one, refers to the book style and is used not only to convey this or that information, but also to influence the feelings and thoughts of listeners or readers who need to be convinced or interested in something. The journalistic style is typical for speeches at various meetings, newspaper articles, analytical and informational radio and television programs. This style is characterized by emotionality and expressiveness.

Official business style is characterized by several basic properties. This is clarity, lack of emotional presentation, standardity and conservatism. It is used when writing laws, orders, memorandums, statements, business letters and various legal documents. Standard writing is expressed in writing these documents according to the established scheme - template. Specific vocabulary and morphology are used.

Literary and artistic style - differs from other book styles in that when writing his works, the author can use almost any of the above styles. And since literature reflects all spheres of human life, vernacular, dialects, jargon are also used here. It is also characterized by emotionality. Literary and artistic style is used in fiction.

Colloquial the style of speech is not bookish. It is used in everyday communication between people in various everyday situations. Since when speaking, speech is not prepared in advance, characteristic features is the incompleteness of the expressed thought and emotionality.

Ticket

1, The direct meaning of a word is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately causes an idea of ​​them and is least dependent on the context. Words often appear in the direct meaning.

The figurative meaning of a word is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.
Examples:
steel nail - direct meaning
nerves of steel - figurative meaning

2. Compound predicates- these are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (time and mood) are expressed different words. Lexical meaning expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (time and mood) - in the auxiliary part.

If in the combination "verb + infinitive" the verb is significant, then it alone is simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence.

Wed: Shesat down (for what purpose?) relax.

Speech styles are a system of speech means that are used in any area of ​​communication, as well as a kind of literary language that performs a function in communication.

scientific style- a special kind of literary style, used both in oral and written speech. The main function of the scientific style of speech is the accurate presentation of scientific information. Careful preliminary consideration of the utterance and a strict selection of linguistic means distinguish the scientific style from the rest. Scientific speech is characterized by the use of special terms and neutral vocabulary. The scientific style is also characterized by its own grammatical features. Scientific texts often use gerunds, participles, verbal nouns. Singular nouns can be used to denote the plural form. The scientific style is characterized by logic, accuracy, clarity of presentation. Emotion and imagery are rarely used. The direct word order in a sentence is characteristic of scientific speech.

business style used to accurately communicate business information. This style of speech is used mainly in written speech. Used when writing different kind official documents, business papers: memorandums, statements, protocols, etc. The business style is characterized by brevity of presentation, accuracy, use of phraseological stamps, special terminology, abbreviations. IN business speech there are no words of limited consumption and emotional vocabulary. Business texts use complex sentences, strict word order in a sentence, impersonal constructions. The business style is characterized by the use of verbal nouns and imperative verbs.

Scope of application journalistic style- these are periodicals, news feeds, texts of speeches to the public for propaganda purposes. The main task of texts written in this style of speech is influence, agitation and propaganda. This style is characterized not only by the communication of information, but by the attitude of the author, which complements the text. In a journalistic style, as in a scientific one, the strict logic of presentation and the use of accurate facts are of particular importance, but at the same time, the text may differ in emotional coloring, which is more characteristic of the artistic style. A variety of vocabulary is used in the journalistic style: from dry bookish to emotional colloquial, from terminological to evaluative. Often in journalistic texts, foreign terms, phraseological units of various kinds of figurative and expressive means of speech can be used. This style is characterized by the use of both bookish and colloquial sentence structures. Often there are interrogative and exclamatory sentences.

Application area colloquial style of speech- communication in an informal setting. Used in written and oral forms. Spoken language is not distinguished by a strict selection of linguistic means; speech situation. Spoken language is often emphasized and supplemented by gestures and facial expressions of the people talking. Emphasis, pauses, changes of intonation are used. Accordingly, less stringent requirements apply when using colloquial speech, special emphasis is placed on emotionality, expressiveness of vocabulary. Often found in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, a mark corresponding to the vocabulary of the colloquial style - “colloquial”. When applying this style of speech, non-literary words, incorrect speech (vernacular) may occur. Phraseological units are often used, giving the text greater expressiveness and emotionality. The colloquial style of speech is distinguished by the use of appeals, repetitions of words, introductory and plug-in constructions, incomplete sentences. It is common to use colloquial speech in fiction for the speech characterization of characters or the figurative display of events.

Art style or the style of fiction is used when writing works of fiction: novellas, short stories, novels, essays. The main function is to inform the reader and influence him with the help of emotions. Differs in emotionality, figurativeness, expressiveness. The use of artistic language means and verbal turns is widespread: metaphors, comparisons, epithets. Sometimes, to give the text a solemn, sublime color, a special color, outdated words are used - archaisms and historicisms. The artistic style of speech is distinguished by a high degree of information content, combined with the emotionality and expressiveness of the means of the language. Artistic style is also characterized by the use of combinations of features of other styles of speech. The most commonly used elements of conversational style.