A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? what? (patriot, cosmonaut, duty officer, Olympics, youth, sports, banner, planetarium, Moscow, Vladivostok, whiteness, walking, joy).
Note. The subject in grammar is everything that you can ask who is it? what is it?, for example: who is it? - student, what is it? - book.
By meaning, nouns are divided into proper (Lev, Tolstoy, Leningrad, Bulgaria, Kashtanka, "Aurora") and common nouns (textbook, harvester, Komsomol member, collective farm), animated (student, Petya, Tanya, Natasha, agronomist, elk, pike) and inanimate (house, city, village, newspaper, magazine, Volga, Baikal).
Nouns are masculine (engineer, young naturalist), feminine (neighborhood, journalism) or neuter (generation, fatherland).
Note. Nouns by gender do not change.
. Nouns change by case (bread, bread, bread, bread, about bread; discipline, discipline, discipline, discipline, about discipline) and by numbers (singular: detachment, land; plural: detachments, lands).
initial form noun - nominative singular.
In a sentence, nouns are most often subject and object, as well as inconsistent definition, application, circumstance and nominal part compound predicate, For example:

1. The book makes a person the master of the universe (P. Pavlenko) - the subject of the book is expressed by a noun; 2) The whole life of mankind settled in the book (A. Herzen) - the addition in the book is expressed by a noun with a preposition; 3) The book is a repository of knowledge (B. Polevoy) - the nominal part of the compound predicate repository is expressed by a noun;

1. Dampness from the ground began to cool the side (A. Gaidar) -

an inconsistent definition from earth is expressed by a noun with a preposition; 5) Over the gray plain of the sea, the wind gathers clouds (M. Gorky) - the circumstance of the place over the plain is expressed by a noun with a preposition; b) The people will not forget the winner of their selfless heroes (V. Lebedev-Kumach) -
application winner is expressed by a noun.
Nouns in the nominative case can act as an address: Thank you; Motherland, for happiness with you to be on your way! (A. Tvardovsky) - the appeal of Rodin is expressed by a noun.

More on the topic MEANING AND GRAMMATIC FEATURES OF A NOUN:

1. § 39. Interaction of grammatical and lexical meanings in the structure of a noun
2. §39. Interaction of grammatical and lexical meanings in the structure of a noun
3. MEANING AND GRAMMATIC FEATURES OF THE NAME OF THE ADJECTIVE
4. MEANING AND GRAMMATIC SIGNS OF THE NAME OF THE NUMBER
5. 6.5. The meaning of a noun, its morphological features and syntactic functions
6. 112. The meaning of a noun, its morphological features and syntactic functions
7. 9. Noun as a part of speech: semantics and grammatical categories. Syntactic functions of the noun.

• A noun is an independent part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? what? (and case questions)

• General grammatical meaning A noun is the meaning of an object. The subject of grammar is everything that can be asked: who is this? or what is it?

• By meaning, nouns are divided into the following groups :

• concrete - name specific objects of animate or inanimate nature: magazine, brother

• real - name various substances: air, water, capron, oil

• abstract - name the phenomena perceived mentally: running, novelty, joy, endurance

• collective - call a lot of identical objects as a whole: foliage, kids

• Morphological features of nouns - gender, number, case, declension.

• Syntactic features of nouns : in a sentence, the noun is most often the subject or object, but it can also be other members of the sentence - definitions and even predicates.

• common nouns nouns that name homogeneous objects: forest, table, book, textbook

• animated nouns call objects of wildlife (who?): girl, bird

gender of a noun .

• The gender of a noun can be determined by adding to the noun the pronoun my (m.r.), my (f.r.), my (cf.): (my) bow, (my) pumpkin, (my) sun.

• some nouns experience fluctuations in gender: tulle-this tulle, this tulle; shampoo - this shampoo, this shampoo

• A special group is made up of nouns of the general gender, which can denote both male and female people: an orphan, a bully, a bully, a crybaby, a slob, a slob, a dirty one (What a bully you are! - about a boy. What a slob you are! - about a girl)

• Bow - m.r. Sun - cf. Pumpkin - f.r.

• Nouns have two numbers:

• singular and plural

• Nouns in the singular form denote one object, in the plural form - many: book-books

• By numbers, specific nouns change. The change in numbers is transmitted using the endings: month-months

• Abstract, real, collective nouns do not change in numbers. They have one form - singular or plural.

The number of the noun.

• Only the singular form has:

• Real nouns: milk, sour cream

• Abstract nouns: love, friendship

• Collective nouns: leaves

• Proper nouns: Caucasus, Ural

Case of nouns

There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own name and meaning. Each case has its own questions. All cases, except for the nominative, are called indirect. Cases show the relation of a noun to other words in a sentence. To determine the case, you need to find the word on which the noun depends and ask a case question from this word to the noun.

Noun declension

• Changing nouns in cases and numbers is called declension. Nouns are divided into three types of declension.

• The 1st declension includes nouns f.r., m.r. with the ending -a, -i.

• The 2nd declension includes nouns m. with a null ending, as well as nouns cf. R. with the ending -o, -e.

• The 3rd declension includes nouns f.r. with a null ending. They have a soft sign at the end of the base.

Inflected nouns

• When changing in cases and numbers, some nouns have endings of different declensions, so they are called inconsistent. These include:

• -nouns in -mya: burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown

• -masculine noun way

Immutable nouns

• Some nouns in Russian do not change in cases and numbers.

• Invariable nouns include:

• - common nouns and proper nouns of foreign origin: soda, cocoa, coffee, coat, radio, subway, kangaroo, chimpanzee ...

• - names of a girl or a married woman: lady, miss, mrs, madam, fraulein, frau

• - compound words: Moscow State University, Computer, Nuclear Power Plant

• The number and case of such nouns can be determined in phrases and sentences. Prepositions can indicate the case of such nouns.

the meaning of the subject. Depending on the specific meaning, several groups of nouns are distinguished: ko and kreg and e (magazine, pine, crow)", material (oil, sugar, water); abstract (reading, courage, kindness, blueness); collective (children, youth, students).
Morphological (or grammatical) features of a noun: gender, number, case, declension.
Syntactic features: can be any member of the sentence.
Indicate1 to which group (concrete, personal, abstract, collective) these1 nouns belong according to ph.tex and co-grammatical meaning.
House, ocean, work, time, beauty, child, silver, dawn. jam, ink, youth, courage, hero, heroism, singing, intelligentsia, collection, powder, water, joy, animal, summer, oil, children, heaven, children, spirits, crocodile. birch, foliage, greenery, berry, raspberry, fish.
Read an excerpt from L. Pushkin's posture. Name her. Determine syntactic role had nouns in this verse passage.
Winter! The peasant, triumphant, renews the path on the 11 logs: Where the horse, spending the night in the snow, Weaves at a trot somehow; Exploding fluffy reins, A daring wagon flies; In a sled - "Zhuchka®" having planted, Transforming himself into a hoard.
The scamp has already frozen his finger: It hurts and it's funny, And his mother threatens him through the window ...
Distribute nouns according to lexical and grammatical groups.
2. Define the words according to the way they originate.
137. Read a poem by A. Akhmatova. Make a complete morphological analysis of nouns. I asked the cuckoo. How many years will I live... The tops of the pines trembled, A yellow beam fell into the grass.
11o pi sound in the thicket fresh ... I'm going home,
And the cool wind undead My hot forehead. Choose from the studied works of literature examples of the use of nouns in the role various members sentences: subject, predicate, secondary members.
Read and write the text, insert the missing punctuation marks. Indicate the author and title of the work.
Which artistic details used in the text, did you pay attention? How do they characterize the characters in this text?
Let's see what category of milk. .nourishing .x belongs to ..t this person g..v..ril the next day Arkad ..yu Bazarov, rising with him but, tes? ic .. hotels ... in which Odintsova stayed. my nose is right there (not. pi) well.
I wonder you! - v.khlikknul Arkady, - How? You, you, Bazarov, hold on to that narrow morality... which...
What a freak you are! - (no, nn) ​​interrupted Bazarov carelessly. - Do you (don't, ni) know that in our dialect., and for your brother "not okay" means "okay"? Please..you have, then. (No, pi) yourself (whether) you said since today that she was stra (n, nn) ​​about married (?). Although, in my opinion, marrying a rich old ..ka is (neither, not) a little (not, nor) strange, but, on the contrary, good .. reasonable. I believe in urban rumors (not, not); but I like to think as the educated governor tells us that they are fair.
Arkady (neither, not) answered anything (neither, not) and p.. knocked on the door of the room. A young servant in livery..1 introduced both friends..lei into big room furnished (n, nn) ​​badly like all the rooms of Russian cities, but tired (n, nn) ​​with flowers. Soon, Odintsova herself appeared in a simple morning (and.! -sh) we "pay, She seemed even younger .. in light .. weight (and, nnkto eo? nza. Arkady pr .. gave her Bazarov and with with secret surprise, he noticed that he seemed (as if) embarrassed, while Odintsova remained perfectly calm (but) yesterday.
D, 1 1- Select from the given text 2-3 words of significant Ifc ^ J parts of speech and make І with their morphological analysis.
2. What types of types can be attributed to the selected ЇЇ text expression? Give your examples.
Write out the nouns in groups depending on their lexicographical magical meaning: real, concrete, abstract, collective.
Prepare to write under the dictation of this text.
The division into animate and inanimate entities does not always coincide with the division of everything that exists in nature into living and non-living things. So. the words doll, dead, thuja, jack, trump card, wood goblin, idol are referred to as animated. And the words people, crowd, children, flock, group, youth, peasantry, company - to the inanimate.
The names of the heavenly bodies are inanimate nouns, but the same words as the names of the gods are animate: to study Jupiter, to honor Jupiter.
140. Determine the gender of nouns. Name the words of the general gender, make phrases or sentences with them in two versions: referring to female and male persons.
Joy, tulle, depot, coffee, name, mouse, teacher, work, little house, insect, rentier, smart girl, chimpanzee, engineer, doctor, hairdresser, attache, master, bully, kangaroo, touchy, professor, ledp, Baku, Kaprp, muddler, jury, popsicle, Sochi, personally, comrade, turkey, Mississippi, university..
D] "! Most indeclinable nouns are L-LJ words of the neuter gender, naming inanimate objects (cocoa, cafes, menus). K masculine the words denoting males (maestro, entertainer) refer to the female female (miss, lady). The genus of foreign geographical names is determined by the generic concept or by the reference word of the abbreviation: Ontario - lake, Peru - state, avenue ¦ - street, kol-rabi - a variety of cabbage.
The genus of compound words is determined according to the genus of the leading word: AND TA - news and television agency.
74
From these words, write out the nouns that have the form: a) only the plural: b) only the singular.
Money, twilight, honey, youth, day, bills, gates, cold, porcelain, enmity, youth, milk, yeast, games, holidays, glasses, seekers, grief, whitewash, skates, stockings, scissors, psaltery, goats, windows, cabbage soup, abacus, relatives, teachers. humidity, laughter, linen, dream, happiness.
Learn to distinguish between the endings -с, -and v of nouns of different declensions.
The ending -i is written:
in the first declension of the genus. hope: from a song;
in the III declension, genus., dates. and suggestion. cases: from envy, in life;
in noun prepositions. case units hours, if the ending is preceded by the letter and: in a sanatorium, about the army;
in nouns ending in -mya in dates. and suggestion. cases: to the flame, about the flame.
The ending -e is written:
j 1) in the I declension of dates. and suggestion. hopes (except for the noun on j lla): to the hut, about the gallery:
j 2) in the II declension of the preposition. case (except for the noun in -y, -we): j in the house, about the sea.
Write down, explain the spelling case endings-e, -and for nouns.
On a sandbar .., from a birch grove .., in my notebook .., the name of an interesting book .., in a large building .. conservatory .., call me by name .., was in the library .., served in the army .., went to an overcoat .., ra..skaz..val about ra..vedk... new building.., went to the main square..d.. capitals.., nodosh..l to the site.. , on the cover .. of notebooks .., on the first page., of books .., on the bottom., branches .. green ate .., on the bottom vegv .., unala from branches .., participated in the competition .. vani .. , in the championship ... was in school ... in the theater .., on the streets .., walked on the ox .., in the city .., was in the planetarium .., flew in the sky .., swam in the sea .. , needed bread .., in sol .., you can buy .., in nutrition and .., I thought about interesting places.., forgot about sadness .., about no-nri .. know .., about sad news .., from weeks .. to weeks .., strength in united .., all in poses .. lot .., pa native sides to ... was on the trees .., stood at the banners .., told about the captain ... about his bitterness .., lay on the decks .., drew from pictures .., beside himself with joy .. . was in Romania .., love for Rodin .. .
75
f 11 To check the spelling of noun endings L^J, select words of the same declension, but with an accent on the ending, and substitute them in the place of the word being checked. For example: to the height .. - cherry - earth - to the earth - to the cherry; in a notebook .. - notebook - steppe - in the steppe - in a notebook. Masculine and neuter nouns have the same case endings.
Determine the theme of the proverb. Which one is the most significant for you? Using this rule, check the spelling of the endings.
1. The word source .. penitent .. from the heart
In a smart b..sed.
Kind silence is better than a bad grumble. 5. Where there are many weeds, there is little bread, where there are many words, there is little wisdom. 7. The wound from the saber .. ignites .. and the brine from the tongue bleeds.
Put the nouns in the genitive case m and o gesture in c and o number.
Apricot, apple, contract, tangerine, towel, fable, tomato, poker, saucer, boot, rail, saber, northerner, gram, soldier, Tatar, Minsker, Tajik, sock, son, friend, chicken, kilogram, nobleman, gorge, dress, leaf, prince, husband, log.
145*. Put these nouns into instrumental. Find the difference in endings. Formulate a rule.
Poet A. S. Pushkin, city of Pushkin, composer A. P. Borodin, nole Borodino, writer A. P. Chekhov, city of Chekhov, A. I. Herzen, Charles Darwin, stirrup, mother, way, neighbor, time.
Let's name some suffixes of nouns: the meaning of a person by type of activity; tools, devices
abstract value 11 not 3) -ishk(a), -shch(e),
-burn(P).
diminutive
-vnok(?), -ushk(a), -chik(a), -enk(a)
The most common prefixes are listed in the "Word Formation" section.
146. Write down 2-3 nouns with suffixes meaning: a) profession, person; b) diminutive: c) object; d) distracted. Select the stem and all morphemes of the word. Determine the declension of written nouns.
147. Read verse passages from the works of Russian poets. Name their authors. Highlight the noun suffixes. What meaning do they give to words? What do these texts have in common? Find comparisons in the texts of TT and III, open them and expressive meaning will be depicted. I. Girls, beauties,
Darlings, girlfriends2, Play around, girls; Take a walk, darlings! Tighten the song, The cherished song, Lure he mod od i w To our round dance. How do we lure the young man
As we see from afar, Run away, dear, Throw cherries, cherries, raspberries, red currant, lie go eavesdrop on the cherished songs, don't go spy on our girlish games. P. In holy Russia, our mother,
Do not find, do not find such a beauty: Walks smoothly - like a swan; Looks sweet - like a dove; He says a word - the nightingale sings; Her ruddy cheeks are burning, Like the dawn in God's heaven; Fair-haired, golden braids, Braided in bright ribbons, Running over the shoulders, wriggling, Kissing with white breasts. In the family she was born a merchant, Nicknamed Alena Dmitrevna. III. This morning, together with the sun Already out of those dark thickets, A snow-white swan floated out like a dawn.
Near the green coast, Tilting their gentle heads, Lilies whispered With low-pitched brooks.
Behind, a slender band of swans moved,
II the mirror-like surface was crushed into emerald rings.
^ ""Ch 1. Produce phonetic. derivational and mor-
phological analysis of selected words.
2. Find words in which there is a spelling: spelling of vowels after hissing and c. Explain their spelling.
General grammatical meaning adjective - LLJ sign of the subject.
Morphological features - change in gender, numbers, cases. Agrees with the noun.
Syntactic signs - in a sentence it can be a definition or a predicate.
Three categories of adjectives are distinguished according to their meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.
Qualitative ones are called "a sign by size (large), age (old), color (white), weight (light), appearance(beautiful), inner qualities (kind), etc.
Relative ones indicate the material from which the object is made (glass wall), indicate the sign of the object in relation to the place (Moscow streets), to the time (winter morning), to the purpose of the object ( sportswear), to action) (washer).
Possessives designate the sign of an object by its belonging to any person or animal (father's hat, fox tail).
Their suffixes are: -ii (-yn), -ov (-ev), -ig/ (-i).
An adjective can change its meaning. So, relative adjective bearish in the phrase bear coat can become a quality bear walk, possessive - a bear lair.
149*. I. Form irrelatives from the indicated words, make phrases with them, using them in the meaning of qualitative, relative, possessive (where possible).
Sample: squirrel - squirrel; squirrel hollow, squirrel coat.
Bird, tree, fox, pearl, silver, apple tree, old man, rain, brother, fog, gold, sailor.
II. Distribute phrases depending on the category of adjectives.
Clay jug, velvet curtain, velvet voice, cordial meeting, heartache, winter evening, steep mountain, cool character, gray dress, gray performance, sport shoes, athletic gait, dense forest, dense man, swan fluff, swan song, bear service, bear lana, bear fur coat, green hat, blue sky, blue dreams, blue eyes.
fy! Kachssgvennys adjectives have - the bottom of the form - full k "n short (old - old, beautiful - beautiful).
Relative adjectives have only full form(winter, yesterday).
Possessive adjectives in nominative hope only have short form, in other cases both forms.
In short adjectives, after hissing at the end of the word, the word is not written b: good, odorous, hot.
Short adjectives do not change gyu cases.
150. Read an excerpt from the story of V. Korolenko "The forest is noisy." Write out the phrases “adjective + noun*, indicate the gender, number, case of adjectives. Name adjectives according to their grammatical ranks. Write a miniature essay “Hello, light stars of the fluffy, first snow” (11. Turgenev), use all categories of adjectives.
The forest roared...
There was always noise in this forest - rovit.li. lingering, as otg. dalyg boards. ringing, calmer and embarrassing .. th, how quiet .. I am a song without words, no matter how (ne, ne) yasp .. a memory of the past. "4
There was always a noise in it, because it was an old ... dense .. boron, which (not, np) to .. sit still drinking and so .. since the forest-peak? young lady. Tall, centennial pines from the edge., mighty, about the oxen and stood gloomy;., the army, tightly closing at the top of the green. (B) it was quiet below, it smelled of tar; through the canopy of pine trees. , pi) moveable, (neither, not) move in a leaf. In the damp, the corners stretched tall, green stems, ladders; white, porridge bent over with heavy heads. as (as if) in a quiet, languor. And (in) the top, (without) a koitsa and a break, pulled with a lei., Noise, as if disturbing., Sighs of the old.
Before the suffix -k-, after the consonant (except for й and shi- LU of the sleeping one), a fluent vowel o (low - low) appears, in other cases - e (clear. - clear). Adjectives are sharp, cunning, strong, smart, you need to remember, like adjectives without fluent vowels: brave, kind, cheerful, generous, wise, quick, swarthy, etc.
Pa-snen form form - adjectives with a stressed suffix -enn (th) (except for timely - timely and blissful blapsen).
151. Form short forms from the given adjectives. Group the adjectives according to the method of forming a short degree. Make a conclusion. Can all adjectives be shortened?
Good, bright, hot, smart, friendly, clear, wise, red, flying, cunning, sonorous, boring, evil, interesting, friendly, sharp, powerful, strong, blessed. red, elegant, small, ordinary, timid, lilac, mysterious, majestic, buckskin, thief .. sing, instant, peppy, soft, useful, unchanged, ancient, native.
152". Read the text from M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin's story "The History of a City". What words and phrases do you consider key here?
Briefly describe that part of the history of the city of Gdunov, which is associated with Alena Osinova. Give your interpretation of the ending of the chapter "Hungry City", where this passage is taken from. Insert missing punctuation marks.
The fact is that at this very time to leave., from the city, in the sl..bod. a tin of that sweet Russian k., beauties., at a glance .. on which a person (not, pi) sunbaths? With an average height, she was plump, white and ruddy; had large .. gray .. bulging eyes. ., cherry., lips, thick .., well-defined (and, and) eyebrows, (dark) blond braid to toe and walked the streets., "gray duck ..y" Her husband, Dmitry Prokofiev, was engaged in a yamshchina6 and was also a match for women ..: he was young, strong and handsome. He went in and foxes ..6 putting on a k..g> and in fireworks. (no, no) looked for a shower., in Aleik .., and Alenka (no, no) looked for a shower., in Dmitr... spread songs together there. agree, life.
153. Indicate where these passages come from. Write out the phrases “adjective + noun” from the texts. Determine the gender, number, case of adjectives.
Give a description of short adjectives, indicate their stylistic and syntactic role in the sentence.
I. So, she was called Tatyana. Neither by the beauty of her sister, nor by the freshness of her ruddy face, would she attract the eyes. Dika, sad, silent, Like a timid doe in the forest, She seemed to be a stranger in her own family.
P. To tell the truth, young woman Indeed, she was a queen: Tall, slender, white, And with her mind, and took everything; But she is proud and stubborn. Selfish and jealous.
III. How i om but he was silent. How ardently eloquent, How careless in heartfelt letters!
How swift and gentle his gaze was, Bashful and impudent...
The spelling of adjective endings is checked with
The power of the question: you need to find the noun on which it depends, and from this noun ask a question to the adjective. The ending of the question will tell you the ending of the adjective:
what? ym (-im)
(in, about) what? ohm (-em)
to a to o g o? -th (-his)
Adjectives in the masculine gender in them. and wine. cases in an unstressed ending is written -y (-y).
154. Check the endings of adjectives with questions: if the question is what? - define gender.
Not frail .. cricket .. to behind the stove
I would like a transparent river to run through my native land. Bud..t morning will sound like a sedge. The earth will straighten up. I would like to stand high as a mountain .. In the border .. region. Surrounded by .. colorful expanses, Blessed .. thankful .. of human love, I would like a wheat .. field To the horizon pr .. fall cheek ...
(S. Ostr o v o d.)
Form 5 adjectives in the following ways: 1) only by adding a prefix: 2) using suffixes; 3) in a prefixed-suffixal way: 4) by adding the bases. Select all morphemes in words.
gooch When prefixes are added not-, without-, de-, anti- to nri- Li-J adjectives, they get a meaning opposite to the meaning of the original word, as a result antonyms appear.
By adding a prefix, a word with a meaning close to “very” is transformed.
Write down at least 10 phraseological expressions containing adjectives from any phraseological dictionary. Give them a complete morphological description.
157*. Write out from explanatory dictionary Russian language (any edition) phrases with adjectives: golden, wolf, swan, copper, lead, in which these adjectives would be first relative, then qualitative. To quality adjective choose synonyms.
Nn is written in adjectives:
LA^ 1) formed from nouns with the help of suffixes -enn-, -oni-, cranberry, artificial, pension:
formed from adjectives with the help of the suffix -enn-: tall, hefty;
formed from nouns with a basis on n + suffmks -k-: length + n - long, true + n - true;
formed from nouns in -mya: time - temporary, flame - fiery (from the indirect case - "/.);
5) formed from prefixed verbs: worn coat, accelerated pace.

Noun is a part of speech that names an object and answers questions "who what?". Nouns have a number of features with which you can classify all nouns by type.

The main features of the noun.

• The grammatical meaning of a noun- the general meaning of the subject, everything that can be said about this subject: this what ? Or who ? This part of speech can mean the following:

1) The name of objects and things ( table, ceiling, pillow, spoon);

2) Names of substances ( gold, water, air, sugar);

3) Names of living beings ( dog, person, child, teacher);

4) Names of actions and states ( murder, laughter, sadness, sleep);

5) The name of the phenomena of nature and life ( rain, wind, war, holiday);

6) Names of features and abstract properties ( white, fresh, blue).

• Syntactic sign of a noun is the role it occupies in the sentence. Most often, a noun acts as a subject or object. But in some cases, nouns can also act as other members of the sentence.

Mum cooks very delicious borscht (subject).

Borscht is prepared from beets, cabbage, potatoes and others vegetables (addition).

Beet is vegetable red, sometimes purple (nominal predicate).

Beet from the garden- the most useful (definition).

Mum- chef knows how to surprise his household at the table, mom- friend able to listen and comfort (Appendix).

Also, a noun in a sentence can act as appeals:

Mum, I need your help!

• By lexical Nouns can be of two types:

1. Common nouns are words that mean general concepts or name a class of objects: chair, knife, dog, earth.

2. Proper names- these are words meaning single objects, which include names, surnames, names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains (and other geographical names), animal names, titles of books, films, songs, ships, organizations, historical events etc: Barsik, Weaver, Titanic, Europe, Sahara and etc.

Features of proper names in Russian:

1. Proper names are always capitalized.
2. Proper names have only one number form.
3. Proper names can consist of one or more words: Alla, Viktor Ivanovich Popov, "Loneliness in the Net", Kamensk-Uralsky.
4. Titles of books, magazines, ships, films, paintings, etc. written in quotation marks and capitalized: "Girl with Peaches", "Mtsyri", "Aurora", "Science and Technology".
5. Proper names can become common nouns, and common nouns can move into the category of proper names: Boston - Boston (a type of dance), though - the Pravda newspaper.

• By type of item nouns are divided into two categories:

1. animated names nouns- those nouns that denote the names of wildlife (animals, birds, insects, people, fish). This category of nouns answers the question "who?": father, puppy, whale, dragonfly.

2. inanimate names nouns- those nouns that refer to the real and answer the question "what?": wall, board, machine, ship and etc.

• By value Nouns can be divided into four types:

Real- kind of nouns naming substances: air, dirt, ink, sawdust etc. This kind of nouns has only one form of number - the one that we know. If a noun is singular, then it cannot be plural, and vice versa. The number, size, volume of these nouns can be adjusted using cardinal numbers: few, many, few, two tons, cubic meter and etc.

Specific- nouns that name specific units of objects of living or inanimate nature: man, pole, worm, door. These nouns change in number and combine with numerals.

Collective- these are nouns that generalize many identical objects into one name: many warriors - an army, a lot of leaves - foliage etc. This category nouns can only exist in singular and does not combine with cardinal numbers.

Abstract (abstract)- these are nouns that name abstract, non-existent in material world, concepts: suffering, joy, love, grief, fun.

Lecture 19 Noun

In this lecture, the noun is systematically considered as a part of speech.

Noun

In this lecture, the noun is systematically considered as a part of speech.

Lecture plan

19.1. The general meaning of a noun.

19.2. Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns.

19.3. Grammatical meanings of gender, number, case of nouns.

19.4. Declension of nouns.

19.5. The transition of words of other parts of speech into a noun.

19.1. General value noun

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? or what ?, has signs of gender, number and case, in a sentence it is most often the subject or object.

19.2. Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns

common nouns	Generalized denominations similar items ( rain, city, alley)	Most of common nouns has both singular and plural (city - cities, garden - gardens)
Own	Names individuals, animals, phenomena, events, single objects ( Alexander, Moscow, Dnepr, "Youth")	Usually, proper nouns are used in the form of only one number - or singular ( Ural, "Seagull"), or plural ( Karpaty, "News")
Specific	The names of individual objects of inanimate nature and living beings, as well as specific manifestations of actions, states of processes that can be counted ( book, bear, jump, evening)	Concrete nouns are used both in the singular and in plural (book - books, evening - evenings)
Distracted	The names of various abstract concepts - qualities, actions, states ( mercy, openness, embodiment)	Abstract, collective, material nouns refer to common nouns, inanimate (or stand outside the distinctions of animation-inanimateness), denote objects and phenomena that cannot be counted. These nouns, as a rule, are used in the form of only one case - or the only one ( humanity, wax, happiness), or plural ( finance, seedlings, sawdust)
Collective	The names of the totality of living beings or objects as a whole (children, students, foliage)
Real	Names of substances homogeneous in composition (minerals, chemical compounds, medicines, materials, food products) that can be measured but not counted ( gold, oil, milk, cement)
animated	They call living beings - persons and animals ( child, doctor, elephant, dolphin)	Grammatically, the meaning of animate-inanimate is expressed in the accusative plural. In the animate V.p. pl. h. = R.p. pl. h. Inanimate V.p. pl. h = Im. n. pl. h. Im.p. friends, apples R.p. friends, apples V.p. friends, apples
inanimate	Name inanimate objects window, earth, contract)

The principles for highlighting the lexical and grammatical categories of nouns are different, so one noun belongs to several categories at the same time. For example:

19.3. Grammatical meanings of gender, number and case of nouns

Determining gender for nouns

Among the words ending in -а (-я), there are nouns that can be assigned, depending on the gender, either to masculine or to feminine: He's so touchy - She's so touchy. Such words are called words of the general gender (cry-baby, self-taught, slob, razin, fox, fidget, bully, ignorant, touchy, goody, sweet, etc.).

Number - inflectional grammatical category noun, which indicates the number of animate and inanimate objects. The category of number is formed by the grammatical meanings of the singular and plural.

Determining the meaning of a number in nouns

words are used in the meaning of both numbers	words are used only in the meaning of the singular.	words are used only in the meaning of plural. h.
1.names of specific items and different concepts to be counted (fire, board, decision)	1. own nouns ( Natalia, Odessa, Caucasus), 2.collective nouns (children, youth, greens), 3.real nouns (blueberries, cabbage, copper); 4.abstract nouns (capacity, mercy, poetry)	1. names of paired objects or objects consisting of several parts (sleigh, glasses, scissors, trousers, scales, mansions, rakes), 2. names of abstract actions, games, rituals (debates, elections, hide and seek, name days, christenings, hide and seek), 3.names of certain time periods (weekdays, twilight, holidays), 4. names of substances, materials (yeast, ink, pasta, blush), 5. proper nouns (Athens, Carpathians, Hawaii)

Case is an inflectional grammatical category that expresses the syntactic relations of a noun to other words in a phrase and sentence.

19.4. Noun declension

Table 1 reveals the content of the concept declination in the first value, table 2 - in the second.

Table 1

table 2

19.5. Transition of words of other parts of speech into a noun

The transition to the category of nouns of other parts of speech is called substantiation.

Compare: children's clothing - equipped children's

doctor on duty - dining room attendant

child studying at school - school student

Date: 2010-05-18 10:43:01

Views: 3197