Structural (or syntactic) principle. The use of punctuation marks is primarily due to the structure of the sentence, its syntactic structure. For example, the use of a dot, which fixes the end of a sentence, is connected with the structure of the sentence; signs between parts of a complex sentence; signs that distinguish various designs in the composition simple sentence(isolated members, homogeneous members, inversions, introductory and other constructions). Nr: Known,1 (what,2 (in order to see in the forest you need a mushroom, 3 a bird * hiding in the branches, 5 a bird's nest, 6 a nut on a branch 7- in a word,8 all),9 (what seldom comes across and anyway hiding from the eyes), 10 must be kept in mind that), (that looking for). Here, punctuation marks reflect the structure of the sentence: 1 - a comma separates the subordinate clause from the main one; 2 - a comma at the junction of unions with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses; 2, 10 - commas highlight the clauses inside another clause with successive subordination; 3, 6 - commas separate homogeneous members connected without union; 4, 5 - commas highlight the participle after the word being defined; 7 - a dash after a homogeneous row before a generalizing word; 8 - a comma highlights the introductory construction; 9, 11 - commas separate the subordinate clauses in sequential subordination; 12 - dot indicates the end of the sentence. These marks are strictly obligatory and cannot be copyrighted.

semantic principle. The syntactic articulation of a text (including a separate sentence) is associated with its semantic articulation and in most cases coincides with it. However, it often happens that the semantic articulation of speech subjugates the structural one and dictates one or another arrangement of punctuation marks (their choice or place). Nr: 1) In the offer The groom was friendly and very important, then - he was not stupid and very wealthy (M. Gorky) a dash indicates that the word Then has the meaning "besides". In the absence of a dash Then would have the meaning "after something", "subsequently", inappropriate in this case. 2) Offer Your application must be reviewed by the commission(without punctuation marks) expresses the speaker's confidence in the authenticity of what is being reported. And the offer Your application must be reviewed by the commission(with an introductory construction) - uncertainty, presumption. Semantic principle allows so-called "author's" signs. Nr: Without a twig in his hand, at night, he, without any hesitation, rode alone on the wolves (I. Turgenev). The first two commas are "author's" signs, they are not required by the sentence structure. But thanks to this author's isolation, the signs that are indicated by the circumstances without a twig in hand, at night, are singled out, their exclusivity is emphasized. In the absence of commas, this shade of meaning, important for the author, disappears.

Thus, in all these examples, signs act as distinguishers of meaning, which determines a certain structure of the sentence.

Intonation principle. For example, intonation determines the choice of a dot or exclamation mark at the end of a sentence (non-exclamatory or exclamatory intonation), the choice of a comma or exclamation mark after treatment, the setting of an intonation dash, etc. However, there is no literal coincidence between punctuation marks and intonation. This is manifested, on the one hand, in the fact that not all pauses correspond to punctuation marks in writing, and on the other hand, in the fact that a comma can be used where in oral speech there is no pause. Nr: 1) In the offer Short speeches / are always more meaningful / and can cause a strong impression (M. Gorky) three pauses and no punctuation marks. 2) In the offer Under his arm, the boy carried some kind of bundle and, turning towards the pier, began to descend along a narrow and steep path (M. Lermontov) between union And and gerunds turning there is a comma, but there is no pause in oral speech; on the contrary, there is a pause before this union, but there is no comma.

Punctuation - this

1) a system of punctuation marks;

2) norms and rules for the use of punctuation marks, historically established in Russian writing;

3) a section of linguistics that studies punctuation marks and the rules for their use in writing.

The main purpose of punctuation is to help the reader understand the written text, its structure, syntactic and semantic. Text written without punctuation marks is read three to five times slower than formal text. (Lecant)

At the heart of the word punctuation lies the root -f-, from which such words as comma, kick, obstacle and others. All these words contain, to one degree or another, the meaning of obstacles, obstacles, conditions, delays. Similarly, punctuation marks coincide with stops in speech, with intonation, with the transition to a new thought, to a new concept.

PUNCTUATION RULE

A punctuation rule is an instruction that specifies the conditions for choosing a punctuation mark (that is, its use or non-use). The conditions for choosing a punctuation mark are the grammatical, semantic and intonational features of sentences and their parts.

Note. The place in the sentence where punctuation is required can be found by identification signs (signs). Identification signs of the application of punctuation rules:

1) morphological: the presence of participles, gerunds, interjections, conjunctions, individual particles;

2) syntactic: the presence of two or more grammatical bases, appeals, introductory words, isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, someone else's speech;

3) sound: pronunciation with vocative and other types of intonations;

4) semantic: expression of reason, etc.

(M.T. Baranov, T. Kostyaeva ... A guide to the Russian language for students)

PRINCIPLES OF PUNCTUATION

1. Intonation principle. (L.V. Shcherba, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.A. Bulakhovsky) Punctuation marks are indicators of the rhythm and melody of speech. (Russian punctuation partly reflects intonation: a dot in place of a large drop in voice and a long pause; interrogative and exclamation marks, intonation dash, in some cases ellipsis, etc.. (...)

The warm wind blowing from the south subsided.

A sharp wind blowing from the west suddenly suddenly verse.

2. Syntactic (grammatical) principle.(Ya. K. Grot) punctuation marks make the syntactic structure of speech clear, highlight individual sentences and their parts. This is reflected in the wording of most of the punctuation rules:

as a dot, fixing the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence (when their delimiting role is meant); signs that highlight various constructions, but are not grammatically related to it, i.e., not being its members (introductory words, word combinations and sentences; insertions, appeals; interjections); signs at homogeneous members suggestions; signs that highlight applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with dependent words, standing directly after the word being defined or torn off from it by other members of the sentence (...)

3. Logical (semantic) principle. Punctuation provides understanding of the text. (But quite often it happens that the semantic articulation of speech subjugates the structural, i.e., the concrete sense dictates the only possible structure.

For example: Three in front of the photo, tense(I. Ilf).

The three are tense in front of the photo.

The semantic principle in the arrangement of punctuation marks is revealed especially clearly when isolation, as well as with the connecting members of the sentence (...) The specific semantic shades fixed in a sentence can (...) vary, and therefore in punctuation based on such a principle, there is always something subjective, individual (...)

CONCLUSIONS: all three principles act in it not in isolation, but in unity (...) Separate principles can now be singled out only conditionally, for the convenience of study (...)

Thus, if we take into account that the syntactic units of speech are created in order to convey thoughts and emotions, then the combination of the action of all three principles in a single punctuation system will become obvious. (Valgina)

Intonation and punctuation are children of the same father - the meaning of speech.

Some cases of inconsistency in intonation and punctuation

1) There is no pause, but there is a comma:

He made several jumps, but, realizing that he could not catch up with them, he fell behind.

It is strange for us to hear that if a person falls ill, he should have money for a doctor.

Upon learning what had happened, they immediately arrived.

Output: writing "by ear" is a source of errors.

2) There is a pause, but there is no comma.

Cut through a centuries-old pine forest, the clearing went far beyond the horizon.

In the fall, the Nazis burned the village for contact with the partisans.

And sailing to other lands on sea water, you will not find another such Russia anywhere.

Punctuation marks and their functions.

11 punctuation marks:

dot (.), question mark (?), exclamation point (!),

ellipsis (...), comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:),

dash (-), brackets (round) (), quotation marks (" ") paragraph (red line)

ZP functions:

Separator (dot, ?, !, ;, ..., :, red line) - separates text segments from each other

Emphasis (brackets, quotation marks, single dashes and commas)

9th-10th grades

Principles of Russian punctuation.
Functions of punctuation marks

Textbook A.I. Vlasenkova, L.M. Rybchenkova
"Russian language. Grammar. Text. Speech styles.
(M.: Enlightenment, 2007)

Goals: improving the ability to use the basic techniques of text information processing; improving the ability to conduct a punctuation analysis of a sentence; determine the belonging of a sentence to a certain syntactic model according to its meaning, intonation and grammatical features.

Lesson structure:

To achieve the goals set, the methods of development technology will be used. critical thinking through reading and writing.

Lesson steps:

II. Understanding the content (obtaining new information)

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Challenge - the awakening of existing knowledge, interest in the information received, the actualization of life experience.

– It is known that until the 15th century there were no punctuation marks in books. And how many punctuation marks are there in the Russian punctuation system at the present time? Are we able to use the opportunities provided by a coherent system of punctuation marks?

Exercise 1

Place punctuation marks in the following phrase (the title of one of the articles in the Arguments and Facts newspaper) to get several options for semantic content.

(An article about the need to carefully study what is written on the product packaging.)

- What were you guided by when arranging punctuation marks?

What is the function of the dash in this sentence? A dash in the BSP, in the second part the opposition is expressed in relation to the content of the 1st part (a union can be inserted between the parts ah, but).

Task 2

IN this poem punctuation marks are placed, but different than in the author's version. Restore original punctuation.

– Have you noticed that the structure of the sentence is, as it were, programmed by a given meaning? Punctuation marks in some cases help to establish semantic relationships between words in a sentence, help to clarify the structure of the sentence.

- What were you guided by when arranging punctuation marks in this case?

Topics for today's lesson:

What principles of Russian punctuation underlie the placement of punctuation marks?

What is the function of each of the 10 punctuation marks?

Let's try to find answers to these questions by conducting a dialogue with the text.

II. Comprehension of the content (obtaining new information).

Work with the text of the textbook (pp. 114–115, no. 225).

Reading to themselves, students make notes with a pencil (insert technique - marking the text with icons as it is read) ("V" - knew (a); "+" - new, "-" - doubtful, "?" - questions along the way reading).

Here is the text (excerpts from the book by S.I. Abakumov "Method of Punctuation"):

The main purpose of punctuation is to indicate the division of speech into parts that are important for expressing thoughts when writing. Punctuation marks, therefore, show how, when writing and reading what is written, it is necessary to divide speech into its component parts, so that each part is meaningful, would be the bearer of a certain meaning.<…>

The use of most punctuation marks in Russian writing is regulated primarily by grammatical (syntactic) rules. This is especially true for commas. The use of a comma with homogeneous members of a sentence, to highlight applications, isolated participles and participles, etc. usually determined by the syntactic structure of the sentence. Partially on a grammatical basis, the rules for using semicolons, colons, especially in complex sentences, dashes are also built. compound predicate with a broken link. However, in all these and similar cases, the rules are still based on the meaning of the statement. Performing the grammatical division of the text, the punctuation mark thereby organizes its semantic division.

Possible questions:

– What are the principles of Russian punctuation? Structural, semantic, intonation.

What is the leading principle?

Students should pay attention to the fact that the real understanding of punctuation, its role in understanding what is written begins when working on a coherent text.

Punctuation marks serve to indicate such a division of written speech that cannot be conveyed either by morphological means or by the arrangement of words.

Modern punctuation has historically developed into a coherent system of signs, perfect and flexible enough to serve its purpose. The consistency of punctuation lies primarily in the interaction of its principles, conditionally dissected - structural, semantic and intonation.

We fill in the table “Functions of punctuation marks”, using as examples the sentences from the text of N. Roerich (exercise No. 208, p. 110).

Comment for the teacher: the proposed table can be presented to students (depending on the level of preparation of the class) partially filled out:

- only listing punctuation marks so that students can remember and write down the functions of punctuation marks and examples on their own;

- enumeration of signs and indication of the functions of dashes and dots, since the lesson is mainly about sentences with these signs;

- filled in completely, except for the column in which it is proposed to enter examples.

We recall that the signs are divided into separating and highlighting. We draw attention to the function of the dash in this text (since 6 out of 10 sentences are organized using this sign). We read the text of N. Roerich, in parallel we fill in the table. Sample comment:

The ellipsis emphasizes the inexhaustibility of the transmitted content. What other function can an ellipsis perform? We explain the absence of a dash in this sentence (the presence of a negative particle and particles only).

2) She is a superstate, an ocean, an element that has not yet taken shape, has not yet lain into its shores intended for it. It means skipping a link in the predicate (subject and predicate are expressed by a noun, numeral, infinitive, phrase with a noun in sp). There is a logical underlining of the predicate, an example of how the structural and semantic principles of Russian punctuation interact.

3) We note the parallelism in the structure of sentences 5–8. A dash also means skipping a link in a predicate (subject and predicate are expressed by a noun, numeral, infinitive, phrase with a noun in sp).

4) In the 9th sentence, the dash performs not a separating, but a separating function - the separation of the application at the end of the sentence, its explanation is given.

III. Reflection (understanding, the birth of new knowledge).

The study of the rules for punctuation marks begins with the first grade. What did today's lesson bring? Come up with a question that could be a topic for an essay-reasoning.

How will this knowledge be useful for completing the exam tasks?

Tasks A21-27 offered in the test allow you to check the punctuation training of graduates: knowledge of the rules and the ability to place punctuation marks in simple sentences complicated by isolated, homogeneous members, introductory constructions, as well as in complex sentences various kinds.

“Armed” with systematized knowledge about the function of the dash, we proceed to perform the test tasks offered during the exam.

Exercise 1

Mark the number of the sentence with a punctuation error.

1) It became completely dark around - the moon went behind the clouds.

2) I looked out the window: stars flared up in a cloudless sky.

3) It was unbearably hot - the streets were deserted.

4) Our task is not to repel the attack, but to destroy the core of the army.

A comment:

1) It became completely dark all around - the moon went behind the clouds. (There must be a colon, since the first predicative part is a consequence of what is said in the second; a union can be inserted between the parts because, because ...)

2) I looked out the window: stars flared up in a cloudless sky. (Via the verb looked a warning is given that a statement of any fact will follow, insertion is allowed and saw that.)

3) It was unbearably hot - the streets were deserted. (Transferring consequence values ​​to BSP.)

4) Our task is not to repel the attack, but to destroy the core of the army. (Means skipping a link in a predicate.)

Task 2

Specify complete and correct explanation punctuation in a sentence:

The earth (1) is round (2) you can’t hide secrets on it.

1) The proposal is complex, non-union. A comma (2) is placed between parts of the sentence. In the first part, a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate (1).

2) The proposal is complex, non-union. A colon (2) is placed between the parts of the sentence. In the first part, a comma separates the qualifying member of the sentence (1).

3) The proposal is complex, non-union. A dash (2) is placed between the parts of the sentence, since the second part contains a consequence, a conclusion from what is said in the first part. No comma is needed in the first part (1).

4) The offer is simple. A dash (2) separates the subject and the predicate. The comma (1) is not needed.

table

Functions of punctuation marks

	Punctuation marks	Sign function	Example
1	Dot
2	Exclamation mark	A. Convey appropriate intonation B. Indicate the purpose of the sentence or its emotional coloring
3	Question mark
4	ellipsis	A. Separating B. Sign emotional stress C. Emphasizes the inexhaustibility of the transmitted content D. Intentional omission signal	1) Russia is not only a state...
5	Comma	A. Dividing the text into grammatically and semantic parts B. Emphasis in a sentence meaningful parts
6	Semicolon	Dividing the text into grammatically and semantic parts
7	Dash	A. Means skipping a link in the predicate (subject and predicate are expressed by a noun, numeral, infinitive, phrase with a noun in sp) B. Means omission of sentence members C. Passing Condition, Time, Comparison, Consequence, Comparison Values ​​in BSP D. Separates homogeneous members from the generalizing word E. Means compositional, intonational, semantic surprise F. Highlighting particularly significant parts in a sentence (separation, highlighting words and combinations that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence)	2) She is a superstate, an ocean... 5) Russia is an ocean of lands... 6) Russia is the seven blue seas ... Russia is a fur bristle ... 7) Russia is endless snow... 8) Russia is a country of… treasures… 9) Russia is a country of Byzantine domes ... and the extinct heir of Rome - Byzantium, the second Rome
8	Colon	Explanatory and explanatory (separates homogeneous members from the generalizing word, the author's words from direct speech, parts of the BSP)
9	Parentheses	Highlighting particularly significant parts in a sentence (separation, highlighting words and combinations that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence)
10	Quotes	Isolation of quotations, "alien speech"

Homework:

1) continue filling in the table “Functions of punctuation marks”, defining the functions of a comma in the text of exercise 208 (text by N. Roerich);

2) write an essay-miniature "The multifunctionality of the dash in the lyrics of M. Tsvetaeva"; "Ellipsis - traces on tiptoe of bygone words" (V.V. Nabokov).

The text of the exercise that is being worked on in the lesson (exercise 208, p. 110).

Read the text. Highlight the grammatical basis of the sentence, indicate how it is expressed. Explain the setting of the dash and its absence between the main terms.

1. Russia is not only a state... 2. It is a superstate, an ocean, an element that has not yet taken shape, has not lain down on its intended shores. 3. It has not yet sparkled in sharpened and faceted concepts in its originality, as a raw diamond begins to sparkle in a diamond. 4. She is still in premonitions, in fermentations, in endless desires and endless organic possibilities.

5. Russia is an ocean of lands, swung over a whole sixth of the world and holding the West and East in touch with its open wings.

6. Russia is the seven blue seas; mountains topped with white ice; Russia is the furry stubble of endless forests, the carpets of windy and blooming meadows.

7. Russia is endless snows, over which dead silver blizzards sing, but on which the scarves of Russian women are so bright, snows, from under which dark violets, blue snowdrops emerge in gentle springs.<…>

8. Russia is a country of unheard of, richest treasures that ... lurk in its deaf bowels.

9. Russia is a country of Byzantine domes, ringing and blue incense, which rush from the great and extinct heir of Rome - Byzantium, the second Rome. 10. And they give Russia an unheard of beauty, captured in Russian art.<...>

(N. Roerich)

I.N. GOODBROTINA,
Moscow city

WORKSHOP ON PUNCTUATION

in tables and exercises

Tutorial for students

Faculty of Philology

Volgograd

"Turn"

Akimova T.P., Kudryavtseva A.A.

Practicum on punctuation in tables and exercises: Textbook for students of the Faculty of Philology. - Volgograd: Change, 2007. - ... p.

The rules of Russian punctuation in tables (with examples and exceptions) and exercises for them aimed at improving the skills of correct punctuation are presented.

For students of philological specialties.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this manual is to develop literate writing skills related to punctuation marks. First of all, it is intended for use in the classes of the course "Workshop on Spelling and Punctuation". The manual can also be used in preparation for the exam in this discipline, as well as for self-study of students who decide to improve their punctuation literacy.

The manual has a clear structure: the rules of Russian punctuation are divided into 13 blocks, each of which includes theoretical information presented in the form of tables, as well as exercises aimed at consolidating the material being studied. In addition, the manual includes final control exercises, the implementation of which will ensure the repetition and generalization of the acquired knowledge and skills.

Didactic material of this manual is extracted from the works of Russian literature, both classical and modern.

At the beginning of the manual, information is provided on the principles of Russian punctuation and a summary index of punctuation rules, and at the end - a list of literature that can be used to study and consolidate the studied material.

Principles of modern Russian punctuation

Term punctuation(Late Latin punctuatio, from Latin punctum - point) has two meanings:

1. System punctuation marks in the writing of any language, the rules for their use. Russian punctuation.

2. Arrangement of punctuation marks in the text. Wrong punctuation. Features of punctuation in the works of M. Gorky.

In the history of Russian punctuation, three main areas have emerged on the issue of its foundations and purpose: logical, syntactic and intonational.

According to logical direction, the main purpose of punctuation is to "indicate the division of speech into parts that are important for expressing thoughts when writing." Supporters of this concept note that, despite the fact that “the use of most punctuation marks in Russian writing is regulated primarily by grammatical (syntactic) rules,” “the rules are still based on the meaning of the statement.” (F.I. Buslaev, S.I. Abakumov, A.B. Shapiro).

syntactic direction in the theory of punctuation, which received wide use in the practice of its teaching, proceeds from the fact that punctuation marks are designed primarily to make the syntactic structure of speech visual, to highlight individual sentences and their parts. (J. K. Grot).

Representatives intonation theories believe that punctuation marks serve “to designate the rhythm and melody of a phrase, otherwise phrasal intonation” (L.V. Shcherba), that they reflect “in the vast majority of cases, not grammatical, but declamatory-psychological dissection of speech” (A.M. Peshkovsky) that they are needed “to convey the melody of speech, its tempo and pauses” (L.A. Bulakhovsky).

Despite the significant divergence of views of representatives of different directions, they all recognize the recognition communicative function punctuation, which is an important means of formalizing written speech. Punctuation marks indicate semantic articulation of speech. Thus, the dot indicates the completeness of the sentence in the understanding of the writer; setting commas between homogeneous members of the sentence shows the syntactic equality of the elements of the sentence expressing equal concepts, etc.

To a large extent, our punctuation system is built on a syntactic basis (cf. the formulations of most of the punctuation rules). This does not mean at all that punctuation copies the structure of the sentence, obeying it: the latter is itself determined by the meaning of the statement, therefore the starting point for the structure of the sentence and for the choice of punctuation marks is the semantic aspect of speech. Wed cases of setting a punctuation mark that are not related to syntactic rules, for example, setting the so-called intonational dash: 1) Walk for a long time - could not; 2)I couldn't walk for a long time. This example shows that our punctuation is also related to intonation.

Often there is a discrepancy between punctuation and intonation (rhythm melodics). Yes, in the proposal Pink women's dress flashed in dark green(Turg.) pause between the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate (after the word the dress) is not indicated on the letter by any punctuation mark. On the other hand, in a sentence The boy carried a bundle under his arm and, turning towards the pier, began to descend along a narrow and steep path.(L.) after the union and a pause is not made, but in accordance with the existing rule, a comma is placed here (in passing, it can be noted that a pause in this sentence is made before the union And, but it is not marked with a punctuation mark).

In some cases, punctuation marks are the main or only means of identifying semantic relationships that cannot be expressed in a written text by grammatical and lexical means. Wed setting a comma, dash and colon in the same non-union complex sentence: The youth left, the evening became boring(the sequence of phenomena is indicated); The youth left - the evening became boring(the second part indicates the consequence, the result of the action indicated in the first part); The youth left: the evening became boring(cause-and-effect relationships are identified with the cause indicated in the second part). Wed also the setting or absence of commas in sentences in which the introductory words and members of the sentence lexically coincide: The doctor may be in his office. - The doctor can be in his office. Appropriate punctuation makes it possible to understand the role of definitions preceding the noun being defined: clouds of thick, black smoke(definitions are homogeneous) - clubs thick black smoke(definitions vary).

The Russian punctuation system is highly flexible: along with mandatory rules, it contains indications that are not strictly normative in nature and allow various punctuation options associated not only with semantic shades, but also with the stylistic features of the written text.

Punctuation- this is, firstly, a collection of punctuation rules and, secondly, a system of punctuation marks (graphic images) used in written speech to indicate its division.

It is generally accepted that punctuation marks are used to denote such a division of written speech that cannot be conveyed either by morphological means or by word order. More controversial is the question of what kind of dismemberment of speech is fixed by punctuation - declamatory-psychological? syntactic and semantic? or both together?

An analysis of modern Russian punctuation indicates the absence of any strict principle, but a certain internal organization in the application different principles punctuation, of course, exists. Punctuation serves the needs of written communication. It helps the reader to understand the meaning of what is written. In facilitating the understanding of written speech, they see the purpose of punctuation and Acad. Ya.K. Grot and prof. I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay.

The first attempts to comprehend punctuation in Russia are associated with the names of M. Grek, L. Zizania, then M. Smotrytsky.

Modern Russian punctuation, reflected in printed texts, is a set of generally accepted, recommended by relevant documents, rules for the use of punctuation marks and features of individual author's use.

The theoretical development of the issue of punctuation is found in the "Russian Grammar" by M.V. Lomonosov, who gave a list of punctuation marks ("lowercase" characters) and outlined regulations their use. Lomonosov formulated the basic principle on which the rules for arranging signs are based: this is the semantic side of speech and its structure. M.V. Lomonosov writes: "lowercase signs are placed according to the strength of the mind and according to its location and alliances." The rules are formulated in the most general terms, without detailed development, but the meaning of the signs is quite clearly defined. These meanings are not much different from the basic meanings of signs in modern punctuation, which indicates its stability and stability.

N. Kurganov, A.A. Barsov, N.I. Greek expand general rules M.V. Lomonosov, give more detailed specifications the meanings of individual signs and the rules for their placement.

Further, the development of punctuation issues is associated with the names of A.X. Vostokova, I.I. Davydova, F.I. Buslaev and, finally, Ya.K. Grot, who sums up certain results of the research of previous authors. The basis of punctuation Ya.K. Grota - a logical division of speech, transmitted in oral speech by pauses and intonation. Ya.K. Grot sought to study the intonational formation of speech and pauses of various durations, corresponding to the logical division of speech. However, in practice, formulating the rules for arranging signs, Ya.K. Grotto took into account, first of all, the syntactic structure of the sentence and the semantic relationships between its parts.

original solution issues of Russian punctuation can be found in the works of A.M. Peshkovsky and L.V. Shcherby.

The basis of punctuation for A.M. Peshkovsky is the rhythmic-melodic side of speech, he believes that punctuation reflects not grammatical, but "declamatory-psychological dismemberment of speech."

L.V. Shcherba also sees in "phrasal intonation" the basis for punctuation. However, he deepens A.M. Peshkovsky on punctuation and tries to determine the essence of rhythmic melody, which expresses "the articulation of the flow of our thought" and "some semantic shades". In practice, analyzing the use of punctuation marks, L.V. Shcherba comes to the conclusion that some of them are put on a purely formal basis and sometimes even contrary to the meaning. It turns out that, in principle, agreeing with the opinion about the dominant role of intonation in the arrangement of punctuation marks, L.V. Shcherba acknowledges other factors as well. This means that punctuation in general does not reflect any single principle, but has a compromise character. The practice of using punctuation marks, which has developed historically, does not confirm the thesis about the direct and complete dependence of punctuation on rhythm-melody, since the latter is always partly subjective and individual, although, of course, it also obeys general language norms. Punctuation, built on such a basis, would never have acquired such necessary, socially significant qualities as stability and generally accepted.

In the future, the development of issues in the theory of punctuation (taking into account its history) went along the path of identifying not one of any principle to the detriment of others, but a set of principles that operate in the practice of printing. These are the principles of formal grammatical, semantic and intonation. Moreover, the greatest percentage of objectivity lies in the first two principles. They are recognized as leading, which makes it possible to combine them terminologically into a single structural-semantic principle.

Russian punctuation, currently a very complex and developed system, has quite solid foundation - formal grammatical. Punctuation marks are primarily indicators of the syntactic, structural articulation of written speech. It is this principle that gives stability to modern punctuation. On this basis, it is largest number signs.

The “grammatical” ones include such signs as a dot, fixing the end of a sentence; signs at the junction of parts of a complex sentence; signs highlighting functionally diverse constructions introduced into a simple sentence (introductory words, phrases and sentences; inserts; appeals; many segmented constructions; interjections); signs with homogeneous members of the sentence; signs highlighting postpositive applications, definitions - participial phrases and definitions - adjectives with distributors, standing after the word being defined or distantly located, etc.

In any text, one can find such "mandatory", structurally determined signs.

For example: But then I undertook to re-read a few of Shchedrin's works. It was about three or four years ago when I was working on a book where real material was intertwined with lines of satire and fairy tale fiction. I took Shchedrin at that time in order to avoid accidental resemblance, but as I began to read, having thoroughly read it, going headlong into the amazing and rediscovered world of Shchedrin's reading, I realized that the resemblance would not be accidental, but obligatory and inevitable.(Cass.). All the signs here are structurally significant, they are placed without regard to the specific meaning of the parts of sentences: the allocation of subordinate clauses, the fixation of syntactic homogeneity, the designation of the boundary of the parts of a compound sentence, the allocation of homogeneous adverbial phrases.

The structural principle contributes to the development of solid commonly used rules for punctuation. Signs placed on such a basis cannot be optional, author's. This is the foundation on which modern Russian punctuation is built. It's finally the one necessary minimum, without which unhindered communication between the writer and the reader is unthinkable. Such signs are currently quite regulated, their use is stable. The division of the text into grammatically significant parts helps to establish the relation of some parts of the text to others, indicates the end of the presentation of one thought and the beginning of another.

The syntactic articulation of speech ultimately reflects the articulation logical, meaningful, since grammatically significant parts coincide with logically significant, with semantic segments of speech, since the purpose of any grammatical structure is to convey a certain idea. But quite often it happens that the semantic articulation of speech subjugates the structural, i.e. the concrete meaning dictates the only possible structure.

In a sentence Thatched hut with a chimney comma between combinations thatched And with pipe, fixes the syntactic homogeneity of the members of the sentence and, consequently, the grammatical and semantic relatedness of the prepositional case form with pipe to a noun hut.

In cases where different combinations of words are possible, only a comma helps to establish their semantic and grammatical dependence. For example: There was an inner lightness. Freely walks the streets, to work(Levi). A sentence without a comma has a completely different meaning: walking the streets to work(designation of one action). In the original version, there is a designation of two different actions: walks the streets, i.e. walks and goes to work.

Such punctuation marks help to establish the semantic and grammatical relationships between words in a sentence, clarify the structure of the sentence.

The ellipsis also performs a semantic function, which helps to put logically and emotionally incompatible concepts at a distance. For example: Engineer ... in reserve, or misadventures young specialist on the way to recognition; Goalkeeper and gate ... in the air; The history of peoples ... in dolls; On skis... for berries. Such signs play an exclusively semantic role (moreover, often with emotional overtones).

An important role in understanding the text is also played by the location of the sign that divides the sentence into semantic and, therefore, structurally significant parts. Wed: And the dogs became quiet, because no stranger disturbed their peace.(Fad.). - And the dogs became quiet because no stranger disturbed their peace.. In the second version of the sentence, the cause of the state is more emphasized, and the rearrangement of the comma contributes to a change in the logical center of the message, draws attention to the cause of the phenomenon, while in the first version the goal is different - a statement of the state with an additional indication of its cause. However, more often the lexical material of the sentence dictates only the only possible meaning. For example: Long time there lived in our zoo a tigress named Orphan. They gave her such a nickname because she really was orphaned at an early age.(gas.). The dismemberment of the union is obligatory, and it is caused by the semantic influence of the context. In the second sentence, the designation of the reason is necessary, since the fact itself has already been named in the previous sentence.

On a semantic basis, signs are placed in non-union complex sentences, since it is they who convey in written speech desired values. Wed: The whistle blew, the train started moving. - The whistle blew - the train started moving.

Often, with the help of punctuation marks, the specific meanings of words are clarified, i.e. the meaning contained in them in this particular context. Thus, a comma between two definitions-adjectives (or participles) brings these words together in a semantic sense, i.e. makes it possible to highlight the general shades of meaning that emerge as a result of various associations, both objective and sometimes subjective. Syntactically, such definitions become homogeneous, since, being close in meaning, they alternately refer directly to the word being defined. For example: The crown of spruce needles is written in thick, heavy oil(Sol.); When Anna Petrovna left for her place in Leningrad, I saw her off at a cozy, small station(Paust.); Thick, slow snow was flying(Paust.); Cold, metallic light flashed on thousands of wet leaves.(Gran.). If taken out of context words thick And heavy, comfortable And small, thick And slow, cold And metal, then it is difficult to catch something in common in these pairs, since these possible associative convergences are in the sphere of secondary, non-primary, figurative meanings, which become primary in the context.

Partly Russian punctuation is based on intonation: a point at the site of a large drop in voice and a long pause; question and exclamation marks, intonational dashes, dots, etc. For example, an appeal can be highlighted with a comma, but increased emotionality, i.e. a special accentuating intonation dictates another sign - an exclamation mark. In some cases, the choice of a sign depends entirely on intonation. Wed: The children will come, let's go to the park. - Children will come - let's go to the park. In the first case, enumerative intonation, in the second - conditional intonation. But the intonational principle acts only as a secondary, not primary. This is especially evident in cases where the intonation principle is “sacrificed” to the grammatical one. For example: Frost lowered the sack and, cowardly putting his head in his shoulders, ran to the horses.(Fad.); The deer digs the snow with its front foot and, if there is food, begins to graze.(Ars.). In these sentences, a comma comes after the conjunction. And, since it fixes the boundary of the structural parts of the sentence ( participle turnover and the subordinate part of the sentence). Thus, the intonational principle is violated, because the pause is before the union.

Intonation principle acts in most cases not in an “ideal”, pure form, i.e. some intonation stroke (for example, a pause), although it is fixed by a punctuation mark, but ultimately this intonation itself is a consequence of a given semantic and grammatical division of the sentence. Wed: Brother is my teacher. - My brother is a teacher. The dash here fixes a pause, but the place of the pause is predetermined by the structure of the sentence, its meaning.

So, the current punctuation does not reflect any single consistent principle. However, the formal-grammatical principle is now the leading one, while the semantic and intonation principles act as additional ones, although in some specific manifestations they can be brought to the fore. As for the history of punctuation, it is known that pauses (intonation) served as the initial basis for the articulation of written speech.

Modern punctuation is new stage in its historical development, and a stage that characterizes a higher stage. Modern punctuation reflects the structure, meaning, intonation. Written speech organized quite clearly, definitely and at the same time expressively. The greatest achievement of modern punctuation is the fact that all three principles operate in it not in isolation, but in unity. As a rule, the intonational principle is reduced to semantic, semantic to structural, or, conversely, the structure of a sentence is determined by its meaning. Separate principles can be singled out only conditionally. In most cases, they act inseparably, although with a certain hierarchy. For example, a dot also denotes the end of a sentence, the boundary between two sentences (structure); and lowering the voice, a long pause (intonation); and completeness of the message (meaning).

It is the combination of principles that is an indicator of the development of modern Russian punctuation, its flexibility, which allows to reflect subtle shades meaning and structural diversity.