Sanitary rules and hygienic standards establish criteria for the safety and harmlessness of environmental factors for a person and requirements for ensuring favorable conditions for his life. They determine the behavior of individual and collective subjects to ensure a favorable state for the life and health of people. environment. They are aimed at preventing the spread and elimination of infectious and other mass diseases and poisonings.

Sanitary rules are obligatory, they must be observed by all organizations, all citizens. Specialized supervision over compliance with sanitary and epidemiological rules is carried out by the federal service - the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance.

The main document regulating its activities is the Law of the RSFSR “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population” dated March 30, 1999.* The norms governing sanitary and epidemiological surveillance are contained in many other acts: on emergencies, etc.), subjects of the Federation and municipal authorities.

The State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service is part of the Russian Ministry of Health. It is headed by the First Deputy Minister, who is the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Russia and the head of the relevant structural unit of the central office of the Ministry of Health of Russia. State sanitary supervision centers operate in the subjects of the Federation, cities and districts. Their leaders ex officio are the chief state physicians of the subjects of the Federation, cities and districts, respectively. The centers of state sanitary supervision are assigned to federal bodies, they are subordinate vertically to the higher levels of this service.

* SZ RF. 1999. No. 14. Art. 1650. Previously, a similar Law of April 19, 1991

In addition, the Gossannadzor system includes various sanitary and preventive institutions (laboratories, disinfection stations, health education houses, etc.), research and other organizations.

Along with the national system - Gossannadzor, which controls the activities of all citizens, as well as all organizations, regardless of ownership and departmental subordination, there are departmental sanitary services. They have been created in the ministries of defense, internal affairs, communications, the Federal Security Service and a number of other federal departments.

The activities of the State Sanitary Inspectorate can be divided into the following areas.

First, the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision carries out regulation, ensures the creation of a system of sanitary and epidemiological regulation, organizes the development of federal sanitary regulations And hygiene standards assets, approves and publishes them, develops forms of state and departmental statistical reporting on the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, the implementation of hygienic and anti-epidemic measures.

Secondly, the preventive work is enormous in variety and scope. Organizational-mass work is sanitary propaganda, sanitary education, training, accounting and analysis of sanitary violations. Gossannadzor bodies coordinate the work of departmental sanitary services, develop and submit proposals to the relevant organizations on the implementation of health legislation, for the development of programs for social and environmental development, health protection, environment, improvement of working conditions. They identify the causes of the emergence and spread of infectious, occupational, other mass diseases and poisonings, and then develop and implement the necessary measures.

Sanitary institutions carry out a number of medical tests, decontaminate premises, participate in the development of programs to improve sanitary and epidemiological well-being, etc.

They can make decisions about:

Temporary suspension from work of citizens who are carriers of pathogens of infectious diseases and can be sources of their spread due to the peculiarities of the work performed;

Conducting laboratory examination and medical observation of citizens who have been in contact with patients with infectious diseases;

Mandatory hospitalization of infectious patients and citizens with suspected infectious disease, representing a danger to others;

Carrying out disinfection, disinsection and deratization in foci infectious diseases, as well as in premises and on the territory where conditions for the occurrence or spread of infectious diseases remain;

Carrying out preventive vaccinations for the population or certain groups of citizens according to epidemiological indications.

In 1998 was adopted the federal law"On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases"*.

In Art. Law 5 says:

1. Citizens in the implementation of immunoprophylaxis have the right to:

obtaining complete and objective information from medical workers about the need for preventive vaccinations, the consequences of refusing them, and possible post-vaccination complications;

choice of state, municipal or private healthcare organizations or citizens engaged in private medical practice;

free preventive vaccinations included in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, and preventive vaccinations according to "epidemic indications in state and municipal organizations health care;

free medical examination, and, if necessary, a medical examination before preventive vaccinations in state and municipal healthcare organizations;

free treatment in state and municipal healthcare organizations in case of post-vaccination complications;

social protection in the event of post-vaccination complications;

refusal of preventive vaccinations.

2. Lack of preventive vaccinations entails:

prohibition for citizens to travel to countries where they stay in accordance with international health regulations or international treaties Russian Federation requires specific preventive vaccinations; ...

temporary refusal to admit citizens to educational and health-improving institutions in the event of mass infectious diseases or the threat of epidemics;

refusal to hire citizens for work or removal of citizens from work, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of contracting infectious diseases ...

* SZ RF. 1998. No. 38. Art. 4736.

Thirdly, preliminary control occupies a large place in the work of the State Sanitary Inspectorate. First of all, these are sanitary analyzes, examinations of projects for the construction of structures, the production of food and other products, the suitability of premises, territories for certain activities. Without Conformity Conclusion sanitary rules it is impossible to produce many types of products, to build most of the structures, to start the work of children's and educational institutions.

The development and putting into production of containers, utensils and packaging materials, the use of food additives, and other substances are allowed only on the basis of a hygienic assessment of their compliance with sanitary requirements and the conclusion of the sanitary and epidemiological service.

The law establishes that in order to protect health, prevent the occurrence and spread of diseases, employees of enterprises and organizations must undergo medical examinations both when they are hired and subsequently.

Fourthly, to be precise, regular sanitary inspections of trade workers, food enterprises is already current control, the next type of activity of the State Sanitary Inspection Service. Sanitary inspections of many organizations are carried out regularly.

To obtain the necessary information, officials of the state sanitary and epidemiological service have the right to freely visit and conduct surveys of organizations, enterprises, living conditions of citizens; receive from organizations and citizens the information and documents necessary to perform the tasks assigned to them; seize samples (samples) of materials, substances, products, food products, water and soil for laboratory research and conducting a hygienic examination.

Fifth, sanitary service Russia suppresses violations of sanitary rules.

In order to prevent sanitary violations, organizations and citizens may be ordered to carry out hygienic and anti-epidemic measures and eliminate sanitary violations.

Gossannadzor widely uses the right to suspend until the existing violations of sanitary rules are eliminated, and if it is impossible to comply with them, to stop:

Design and construction work, as well as the commissioning of completed, reconstructed facilities;

Operation of existing enterprises, individual production workshops, sites, premises, buildings, structures, equipment, Vehicle, as well as the performance of certain types of work and production activities;

Production, storage, transportation and sale of food raw materials and food products, use of water for drinking and cultural and recreational purposes.

In 1997, the centers of the State Sanitary Inspection issued decisions to suspend the activities of 98.4 thousand, and in 1998 - 106 thousand objects.

Sixthly, the Gossannadzor bodies have the right to bring those responsible for violating sanitary rules to justice. Competent officials may draw up protocols on administrative offenses, perform procedural actions necessary for an administrative investigation.

For the commission of sanitary offenses, legal entities and citizens may be subject to administrative penalties in the form of a warning and a fine.

The Gossannadzor centers often use their right to impose penalties. Thus, in 1997 they fined about 716, and in 1998 - 728.5 thousand persons.

Chief sanitary doctors have the right to send materials on sanitary violations to the competent authorities, competent officials and raise questions about bringing the perpetrators to disciplinary responsibility. They may also make claims for compensation for damage caused to the health of citizens, and for the expenses of medical and preventive and sanitary institutions for carrying out hygienic, anti-epidemic and medical measures by them in the event of mass diseases and poisoning of people.

Chapter VII of the Law on Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare provides for liability for violation of sanitary legislation in the form of a warning and fines of established amounts. This favorably distinguishes this Law from the similar Law of 1991.

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State sanitary and epidemiological supervision over compliance by enterprises, institutions, organizations with hygiene standards, sanitary and hygienic and sanitary and anti-epidemic rules is carried out by the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia and its territorial bodies.

State sanitary and epidemiological supervision, carried out by the bodies of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, checks the compliance by enterprises and organizations with sanitary and hygienic and sanitary and anti-epidemiological norms and rules.

State sanitary and epidemiological supervision over compliance by enterprises, institutions, organizations with hygiene standards, sanitary and hygienic and sanitary and anti-epidemic rules is carried out State Committee sanitary and epidemiological supervision of the Russian Federation (Goskomsanepidnadzor of Russia) and territorial institutions of the state sanitary and epidemiological service (harm.

State sanitary and epidemiological supervision - the activities of bodies and sanitary and preventive institutions aimed at preventing diseases of people by preventing, detecting and suppressing violations of the sanitary legislation of the RSFSR.

State sanitary and epidemiological supervision is carried out by bodies and institutions that are a single federal centralized system.  

State sanitary and epidemiological supervision is carried out in two main forms.

The organization of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision is carried out by the head of the federal body executive power authorized to exercise state sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the Russian Federation - the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation, as well as the heads of its territorial bodies - the chief state sanitary doctors for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, cities, regions and transport, the chief state sanitary doctors of federal executive bodies the authorities specified in the fourth paragraph of paragraph 2 of this article.

The Ministry of Health of Russia carries out state sanitary and epidemiological supervision during transboundary transportation of hazardous wastes and their handling, conducts sanitary and hygienic examination of technologies for the transportation of hazardous wastes.

The State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia exercises state sanitary and epidemiological supervision over compliance by enterprises, regardless of their subordination and form of ownership, as well as by officials and citizens of the sanitary legislation of the Russian Federation.

TsGSEN - Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Ministry of Health of Russia.

Together with the bodies of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision Ministry natural resources carries out state control for the study, use and protection of underground water bodies, and together with the bodies of the federal mining industrial supervision - water bodies containing natural healing resources.

The structure of the bodies exercising state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, their tasks, functions, the procedure for carrying out activities and appointing heads are established by a regulation approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The activities of the bodies exercising state sanitary and epidemiological supervision are provided by federal government agencies, structure, tasks, functions, the order of activity of which is approved federal body executive power authorized to exercise state sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the Russian Federation.

The list of specialists authorized to carry out state sanitary and epidemiological supervision is established by a regulation approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

It is determined in agreement with the bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance.

Rice. 20.1. Organizational and functional structure Federal Service on Supervision in the Field of Consumer Protection and Human Welfare

The head of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare is the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation.

The territorial body of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare is the Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. It carries out its activities on the territory of the subject of the Russian Federation directly and through its territorial departments.

The head of the Office for the subject of the Russian Federation is the chief state sanitary doctor for the subject of the Russian Federation.
The Department works in cooperation with territorial bodies of other federal executive bodies, executive bodies of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, local self-government, public associations and other organizations.

The department for the subject of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the tasks assigned to it, within its competence, carries out:
. Supervision and control over compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and protecting consumer rights.

Activities for the prevention, detection, suppression of violations of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of consumer protection and ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in order to protect public health and the environment.

Application of administrative, restrictive, preventive and preventive measures aimed at preventing and (or) eliminating the consequences of violations by citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities of sanitary legislation and consumer rights.

Organization of carrying out the necessary studies, tests, examinations, analyzes and assessments on the implementation of supervision within its competence.

Licensing of activities related to the use of pathogens of infectious diseases, as well as the use of sources of ionizing radiation.

State registration activities certain types products in accordance with the authority granted.

Sanitary and quarantine supervision (control) at checkpoints across the State Border of the Russian Federation in order to prevent the importation and spread of quarantine and other infectious diseases, goods and cargo potentially dangerous for the population, as well as the importation and sale of goods, chemical, biological and radioactive substances on the territory of the Russian Federation , waste and other goods that pose a danger to humans.

In addition, the most important functions of the Administration for the subject of the Russian Federation include the organization and conduct of social and hygienic monitoring, the preparation of annual state reports on the sanitary and epidemic situation and consumer protection in the subjects of the Russian Federation.

The priority activity of Rospotrebnadzor and its territorial bodies is the implementation of a set of sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures, which includes organizational, administrative, engineering, medical, sanitary, veterinary and other measures aimed at eliminating or reducing the harmful effects of factors on humans habitat, prevention of the emergence and spread of infectious and mass infectious diseases (poisoning), their elimination.

To assess the effectiveness of the measures taken in ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, as well as to prepare additional proposals for eliminating the harmful effects of human environmental factors, social and hygienic monitoring is carried out on the territory of the Russian Federation on the basis of the Regulation approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 02.02.2006 No. 60.

Socio-hygienic monitoring is state system observation, analysis and forecast of the state of health of the population and the human environment, as well as determining the cause-and-effect relationships between the state of health of the population and the impact on it of factors of the human environment.

One of the main tasks of social and hygienic monitoring (hereinafter referred to as monitoring) is to identify cause-and-effect relationships between the state of public health and the impact of human environmental factors and, on the basis of this, develop proposals for improving the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.

Monitoring is carried out by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare together with other federal executive authorities.

Population health indicators:
— medical and demographic;
- morbidity;
- physical health.

To ensure the activities of the departments of Rospotrebnadzor in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, Federal State Health Institutions (FGUZ) "Centers for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Subjects of the Russian Federation" have been created, which are also the assignees of the previously existing Centers for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. "Centers for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Subjects of the Russian Federation" are non-profit organization and are included in the unified federal centralized system of bodies and institutions exercising state sanitary and epidemiological control and supervision.

O.P. Shchepin, V.A. Medic

State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision

In accordance with the Regulations on the implementation of state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 15, 2005 N 569, state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in the Russian Federation is carried out in order to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.

The main tasks of the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision are the prevention of infectious and mass non-infectious diseases of the population of the Russian Federation, the prevention of harmful effects of environmental factors on humans, as well as hygienic education and training of citizens. Carries out state sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the Russian Federation by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor) and its territorial bodies established in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities and in transport.

State sanitary and epidemiological supervision includes:
1. control over the implementation of sanitary legislation, sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures, instructions and regulations officials those carrying out state sanitary and epidemiological supervision;
2. sanitary and quarantine control at checkpoints across the State Border of the Russian Federation;
3. measures to prevent violations of sanitary legislation, issuance of orders and resolutions on the facts of violation of sanitary legislation, as well as bringing to justice the persons who committed them;
4. control over the sanitary and epidemiological situation;
5. conducting sanitary and epidemiological investigations aimed at establishing the causes and identifying the conditions for the emergence and spread of infectious diseases and mass non-communicable diseases (poisoning);
6. development of proposals for the implementation of sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures;
7. statistical observation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population at the federal level, state registration of infectious diseases, occupational diseases, mass non-infectious diseases (poisoning) in connection with harmful effects environmental factors in order to form state information resources.

Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare

The Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor) is an authorized federal executive body that exercises control and supervision functions in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, protecting consumer rights and the consumer market. Rospotrebnadzor is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health and social development RF.

The activities of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare are carried out in accordance with the Regulations on the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2004 No. 322. in the field of consumer rights protection and human well-being is headed by a head appointed to and dismissed by the Government of the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Minister of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

The head of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare is the chief state sanitary doctor of the Russian Federation. The Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare has a heraldic sign - an emblem, a flag and a pennant. The emblem of Rospotrebnadzor depicts a silver double-headed eagle with raised wings, topped with a crown with ribbons. In its paws, the eagle holds a shield with a golden field. In the field of the shield is a red straight equilateral contour cross. In the center of the cross is the red staff of Asclepius.

Responsibility for violation of sanitary legislation

For violation of sanitary legislation, disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability is established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. Harm caused to the person or property of a citizen, as well as harm caused to the property of a legal entity as a result of violation of sanitary legislation, is subject to compensation by the citizen or legal entity that caused the harm, in in full in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

test questions

1. What is meant by the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population?
2. What is socio-hygienic monitoring?
3. What ensures the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population?
4. Name the rights and obligations of citizens in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.
5. Name your rights and responsibilities individual entrepreneurs And legal entities in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.
6. What are the requirements for ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological safety of the environment for human health?
7. What are the requirements of the sanitary legislation for preschool and other educational institutions?
8. What is sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures?
9. How is hygienic education and training of citizens carried out in the Russian Federation?
10. What types of activities are subject to compulsory licensing?
11. What does the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision include?
12. What do you know about the activities of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare?