Scientific style and its sub-styles. general characteristics

scientific style one of the functional varieties literary language, which serves the sphere of science and production and is realized in specialized book texts of various genres. The scientific style genres include an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, etc.The time of emergence of the scientific style is different in different countries. So, in the Middle Ages, in the era of feudalism, Latin was the “learned language” of all Western Europe - international language Sciences. On the one hand, it was convenient: scientists, regardless of their native language, could read each other's works. But, on the other hand, this situation hindered the formation of a scientific style in every country. Therefore, its development proceeded in the struggle with Latin. On the basis of national languages, the means necessary to express scientific positions and thoughts were formed.The first scientific journal was published only on January 5, 1655 at the French Academy ("Journal of Scientists"). Currently, more than 50 thousand scientific journals are published in the world.

The beginning of the formation of the language of Russian science dates back to the first third of the 18th century. It was during this period that the Russian Academy published a number of works in Russian. In the 30s X VIII century, the language of scientific books was the most processed and perfect among various literary genres. And this is not surprising, if we recall the scientific works of such prominent scientists as M. V. Lomonosov, S. P. Krashennikov, P. I. Rachkov, I. I. Lepekhin and others. However, during this period and later - until the beginning The twentieth century - the language of science has not yet emerged as an independent functional style. It was very close to the language of descriptive fiction. The writings of scientists and writers were difficult to distinguish, they were so similar. Here, for example, is an excerpt from W. Wagner's scientific work "On Coloration and Mimicry in Animals", written in 1901.

“And so, during all the years of my observations, I found a spider of this species only once and found it completely by accident: looking at a branch with a different purpose and noticing a creature quickly flashing along the branch, immediately disappearing from my eyes; after a thorough search at the site of the study of the animal, I finally noticed a spider - a kidney.

It is easy to see how far this text is from modern works similar to the topic, dryish and concise. The author is present in it not only as a researcher, but also as a writer describing his impressions and experiences. In the same way, the works of the famous Russian physiologist I. M. Sechenov differed from descriptive fiction only in terms of terminology. The structure of the works, the set of syntactic constructions, vocabulary and phraseology did not have significant differences. Further development scientific speech sought to form own system language tools, isolated and closed, strove for a strict and clear presentation of thoughts, for the exclusion of everything emotional and figurative. The rapid development of society, the rapid progress of science and technology necessitate the formation of a special language that is best adapted for the expression and transmission of scientific knowledge.

The scientific style serves the sphere of scientific communication, in which objective knowledge about reality is developed and theoretically comprehended. Regardless of who is the author of a scientific statement (oral or written, detailed or elementary, original or reproductive), the main function and purpose of scientific speech is transfer of scientific information to the addressee, scientific knowledge. Obviously, of all types of knowledge about the language in a scientific text, concepts, patterns and facts are presented first of all. Less often - ideas, ways of obtaining scientific knowledge, methods, techniques, analysis procedures. The content of a scientific text is not only a set and even not only a system of similar components. In a scientific speech work, knowledge is considered in a certain context that has traditionally developed in a particular field of science: each author fits it into this context and is evaluated as scientific or pseudoscientific, reasoned or unreasoned, original or unoriginal, new or known, reliable or unreliable, significant or insignificant, etc. The objectivity of such an assessment is a necessary feature of the content of a scientific text.

The sphere of scientific communication requires an accurate, logical, unambiguous expression of thought. Consequently, the linguistic features of the scientific style of speech are due to extralinguistic, that is, extralinguistic, features: goals, objectives, communication needs in the scientific field and its varieties.

The extralinguistic features of the scientific style include:

1) abstractness and generalization;

2) accuracy, unambiguity, conceptuality and certainty;

3) lack of imagery and emotionality;

4) logic.

Abstraction and generality expressed in the following ways:

1) wide use of abstract vocabulary, primarily terminological: point, body, molecule, vector;

2) Availability a large number abstract neuter nouns that cannot be combined with the concepts of count and number: transformation, equilibrium, boiling, receiving;

3) the use of adverbs and adjectives denoting constant and overall quality, property or action: most, usually, regularly, always, any, every;

4) the use of passive structures: The results of the experiment are recorded in the table;

5) the use of present tense verbs in the meaning of the present timeless, denoting permanent signs of objects and objects of reality and actions with them: The resistance of a conductor depends on the cross-sectional area;

6) the use of plural nouns in the meaning of generalization: frequencies, oils, lengths, heats, climates;

7) the use of short adjectives in the meaning of a constant feature, property of an object: Copper oxide is insoluble.

Accuracy, unambiguity, conceptuality and certainty scientific style are related to the fact that in each field of scientific knowledge there is a system of concepts that generalize the objects of a certain set according to its distinctive feature. A word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously designates a concept and reveals its main content is term .

Lack of imagery and emotionality scientific speech lies in the fact that any concept is either completely devoid of concrete-sensory images, or is based on the most abstract image (destruction).The lack of figurativeness of scientific speech is expressed in the following:

1) scientific speech has a set of strictly limited emotional and expressive means associated with emphasizing a particular thought: amplifying and restrictive particles (only, absolutely, extremely) superlative adjectives (the simplest solution, the most important task);

2) diminutive suffixes do not have an emotional connotation: gimlet, test tube;

3) metaphors are used as terms and have no figurative meaning: caterpillar, shoulder, clutch;

4) comparisons also do not matter figuratively, acting as a form logical thinking: Bromine, like iodine, sublimates in the form of vapors.

Logic The scientific style of speech is expressed at the level of a group of sentences, a paragraph and the entire text. The logic of the scientific text is ensured by the use of the following means:

1) linking sentences with repeated nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns: that one, this one;

2) the use of adverbs indicating the sequence of the flow of thought: first, first of all, next, then;

3) the use of introductory words expressing the relationship between parts of the statement: therefore, secondly, finally, so, thus;

4) use of explanatory conjunctions: because, because, in order to;

5) use of constructions and turnovers of communication: now let's dwell on the properties, move on to the consideration of the issue, then note.

The requirements of strict logic of a scientific text determines the predominance of complex sentences in it with allied connection, especially complex ones.

The scientific style of speech at the sentence level is characterized by large quantity phrases expressed by a chain of nouns in the genitive case (conditions for the formation of diffraction maxima), using denominative prepositions (by, with the help of, as a result), a large number of participles often within the same sentence and a number of other signs.The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with an abstract and generalized meaning. Almost every word appears in a scientific text as a designation of an abstract concept or an abstract object: speed, time, limit, quantity, regularity. In the scientific style, special terminology and general scientific vocabulary are actively used: function, element, system, etc.

The use of grammatical categories and forms is distinguished by its specificity in the scientific style. The noun here prevails over the verb, impersonal forms - over personal ones, the so-called present timeless is widely used, for example: Carbon is the most important part of a plant. The sum of the squares of the legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. The forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular of verbs and personal pronouns are uncommon in the scientific style. Adjectives in scientific speech are not used as often as in other styles. As a rule, they are part of the terms, have an exact and highly specialized meaning.

Obviously, various scientific texts: a scientific report and an educational lecture, a paragraph of a textbook and a chapter of a monograph, an article in a scientific journal and an article in a popular science publication are created to solve different problems and cannot be addressed to the same addressee.Based on this, the scientific style is divided into three main varieties: proper scientific substyle, scientific and educational substyle and popular science substyle .

Actually scientific substyle serves the process of development and preservation of objectively new scientific knowledge. It's style scientific articles, monographs, reports at scientific conferences, the style of scientific discussions. At the same time, the author and the addressee of the speech are equal in relation to the level of creative scientific activity. Both the author and the addressee belong to a special association of people - to the scientific community. The author of the speech, a scientist, strives to ensure that the knowledge he has developed is accepted by the scientific community. At the same time, his speech must have certain features.

First of all , in scientific speech it is necessary to express truly scientific, objective knowledge, therefore, the actual scientific text is saturated with terms, words that name scientific concepts. The accuracy of their use is ensured by the correct compatibility with general scientific vocabulary and neutral vocabulary.

Secondly , the subject of speech, scientific knowledge, is characterized by a high level of generalization, which is also expressed using terms, abstract vocabulary, special lexical units with the meaning of generalization: regularly, every, every, any. At the same time, the author of the speech, as it were, goes beyond the scope of personal participation in the development of knowledge, knowledge is presented abstractly from the author, the addressee is not emphasized or is also called in a very high level generalizations: scientists, linguists, twentieth-century linguists, specialists. Abstraction is also provided by the use of special syntactic constructions, for example, one-part sentences.

Thirdly , knowledge must be strictly argued, substantiated, which requires the emphasized logic of the text, its construction according to the type of reasoning, the use of special means of connecting its parts. An abstract generalized character, objectivity, emphasized logic are the main features of the scientific style and are most clearly manifested in the actual scientific speech.

Scientific and educational substyle serves the process of development and preservation of subjectively new scientific knowledge. Possession of this knowledge is necessary for the addressee either in the general cultural, general educational plan (school education), or in the professional plan (vocational training).

The scientific and educational substyle is used in oral speech teacher, when writing textbooks. The author of the speech is usually not the "author" of those laws, concepts, ideas that he sets out. He is an intermediary between science and the addressee, seeking to master the basics of this science. It is important that the author of a scientific and educational speech is responsible for the assimilation of the content of the text, scientific information by the reader or listener. Therefore, in addition to logic, accuracy, abstractness and generalization, scientific and educational speech should have an educational, didactic orientation.The specificity of the scientific and educational text is due to its communicative task: the author seeks to convey scientific information to the addressee and ensure its assimilation. And for this, it is necessary to adapt the information in accordance with the age of the students, the level of education, etc.

The features of scientific and educational speech should include, first of all, the fact that the conceptual content typical for scientific speech is supplemented by the level of representations - images of reality that have a sensual-objective, specific character. Fact as a kind of knowledge becomes no less significant component content of speech than a concept or pattern.In the text, this feature is manifested in a large number of structural and semantic components representing an example and its explanation.

The second specific feature of educational texts is that their content contains instructive components, and the texts themselves include formulations different rules and definitions with explanatory power. These structural and semantic components organize the activity that the addressee carries out on the basis of knowledge obtained from the text. The didactic orientation, the instructive nature of the content determines the presence in the scientific and educational text of not only certain structural and semantic components, but also a certain vocabulary, words with didactic semantics: remember what you have learned.

The emphasized dialogicity should also be attributed to the features of scientific and educational speech. It can be expressed with various means: pronouns, verb forms, interrogative sentences, dialogic units, etc. Dialogicality is also manifested in the fact that in educational texts the process of cognition is not only a component of content, but is also expressed externally, in a certain functional-semantic type of speech - reasoning. Both the presence in the text of superphrasal units built according to this type, and the relevance of the entire text (in terms of its functional semantic type) to reasoning make it possible to express, if not a specific method, then the path, the process of obtaining knowledge.Scientific and educational texts addressed to schoolchildren are also often characterized by emotionality, which is provided by various means. speech expressiveness. All these features are most clearly manifested in oral scientific and educational speech. The explanatory monologue of the teacher is the most relevant for the genre of scientific and educational speech.

Popular science substyle serves the process of popularization, dissemination of scientific information. Its task is to familiarize the addressee with a certain area of ​​knowledge and to form an initial cognitive interest in the phenomena of this area. A specific sign of such a speech is popularity, public accessibility of the presentation. This is due to the fact that the popular science text is addressed to a special addressee, to the so-called general audience. The subject of speech in such a text is the most general concepts, the most general patterns of a particular science, so general that they are of interest not only to specialists.Despite the public nature of the subject of speech, in popular science texts there are always many examples, facts that are interesting, problematic (and therefore easy to remember), at the same time clearly confirm certain theoretical positions. Giving examples provides concretization of the content and is one of the methods of popularization. Another method of popularization is an analogy, which allows you to "translate" scientific content into the language of everyday communication.

The main genre of the popular science sub-style is the popular science lecture. The communicative task of the popular science lecture is to convey knowledge from a particular field of science so that it is interesting and understandable to all listeners. Delivering a popular science lecture is an important activity of a specialist. When preparing it, it should be borne in mind that the lecturer must rework the content of the topic into the content of a particular lecture, that is, change the form of presentation: composition, style, language.

The scientific style exists in various genres of both oral and written forms of speech communication. These genres include annotation, abstract, synopsis, theses. The listed genres are secondary texts and have importance for all students.

Abstracts - briefly formulated main provisions of the report, scientific article.Abstracts can be a primary work, in which case they are called original. Original abstracts are written as a reflection of their own report, article. Secondary abstracts are created on the basis of primary texts belonging to another author.The abstract briefly and logically outlines the development of the topic. Unlike the plan, which only names the issues under consideration, theses reveal these issues. Each thesis covers a special micro-topic and usually makes up a separate paragraph. Abstracts, as a rule, correspond to the paragraphs of the original source, since the paragraph is a separate micro-topic. When compiling abstracts, a thematic or semantic sentence is highlighted in a paragraph. It acts as a thesis. The thematic sentence of a paragraph is a sentence that highlights the subject of speech in the paragraph and outlines the boundaries of the microtopic. The thematic sentence in the original source is extended by giving details, examples, indicating cause and effect, by comparing, etc. The semantic sentence of the paragraph reveals main idea paragraph. If you write down and number these thematic or semantic sentences, you will get theses.

Abstract – special kind text generated during taking notes original source.Note-taking is a mental processing and written fixation of a text that is read or perceived by ear.Abstracts are classified:

1. Compression ratio information: short, detailed and mixed. AT summary only important points are reflected. These important provisions can be displayed not only in the form of text, but also in the form of a plan, diagram. A detailed summary fixes explanations, illustrative material. Mixed combines both ways of presenting information.

2. P about the number of sources: monographic(according to one source) and summary (several sources on the same topic).

3. According to the degree of equivalence to the original source : integrated and selective. The integral synopsis conveys all the main provisions and the most important semantic connections of the original source. The selective summary includes individual elements of the original source, representing novelty and significance for the compiler. The selective abstract reflects the specific needs of the compiler and is individual in nature.

Reviewing goes through several stages:

1) receiving information;

2) material selection;

3) reformulation of the material and its fixation.

Information reception - this is the perception of the meaning of a text or a segment of text that is read or perceived by ear. Comprehension of what is read or heard depends on the level of general and speech culture.

At the stage selection taking notes, cutting off the superfluous, singles out important information.

Reformulation is aimed at processing the selected information for the purpose of its further fixation. The result is a reduction in the amount of information due to the exclusion of details, explanations, repetitions and generalizations.

Fixation The selected information can take place using a number of abbreviated notation methods: abbreviated words, generally accepted abbreviated characters, individual characters, etc.

annotation - a brief description of the printed work in terms of its content, design, direction, etc.The purpose of an abstract is to inform readers about the existence of a book or article of a certain content and purpose. The annotation structure consists of the required components:

1) content characteristics of the source, an indication of the purpose of the author;

2) indication of the addressee of the original source.

The annotation may also contain optional components: characteristics of the composition of the original source, illustrative material. Each part of the annotation is formatted using language stereotypes − speech cliches. The following are examples of annotations.

Lemov A. V. Preparation for testing: tasks on the culture of speech and comments: Proc. allowance. - 2nd ed., Rev. and additional - Saransk: Publishing House of Mordov. un-ta, 2003. - 96 p. The manual is devoted to preparing students for a relatively new type of examination for Russian schoolchildren and applicants - testing in the Russian language, more precisely in those sections of tests that reveal students' knowledge in the field of speech culture. The manual deals with such sections of the Russian language program, which traditionally receive insufficient attention at school. The manual is intended for high school students and applicants. It can be used when conducting classes on the course "Russian language and culture of speech" at non-philological faculties of higher educational institutions.

Berliner E. M., Glazyrina I. B., Glazyrin B. E. office XP. Self-tutor - M .: CJSC "Publishing house BINOM", 2001. - 432p.: ill. The book was written by a team of authors led by Professor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, E.M. Berliner, known to readers from books, dedicated Microsoft Windows, Microsoft officeand a number of articles in computer magazines. The material of the book is designed for independent study by both beginners and experienced users of the integrated package. Microsoft office XP. The greatest attention is paid to the possibilities Word2002 as the most widespread program office. The book can be used as a teaching aid when studying the course of computer science in schools, colleges and universities. It will be useful to those who read computer literature in English, as commands, a significant part of the text given in dialog boxes, and some terms are given in Russian and English.

abstract - a secondary text of small volume, adequate in meaning to the primary source.Depending on the number of referenced sources, there are monographic(the result of processing one source) and review abstracts (written on the basis of several source texts, combined common theme and similar research problems).On the basis of the abstract, which involves a written reproduction of the content of the original text, an oral presentation can be prepared. abstract message. The abstract message as a genre of oral speech involves the use of special methods of contact with the audience (question-answer course of presentation, special allocation of parts, direct appeals to listeners, the use of definite personal constructions ( and now consider); introductory constructions expressing attitude to the reported ( in this regard, I believe, in my opinion ).

The vocabulary of scientific speech consists of three main layers: common words, general scientific and terminological, as well as item names and peculiar service words that organize scientific thought.

To common vocabulary words refer common language, which are most often found in scientific texts, for example: The device works both at high, and at low temperatures. There is not a single special word in this sentence, nevertheless it is a scientific speech. In any scientific text, such words predominate and form the basis of the presentation. Thanks to the common vocabulary, the language of science retains its connection with the general literary language and does not turn into the language of the sages, understandable only to scientists.Depending on the composition of readers, the share of commonly used vocabulary changes: it decreases in works intended for specialists (may be no more than half of all words), and increases in works addressed to a wide audience.

The scientific style does not just take words from the general literary language. He makes a significant selection of words - first of all, those that most optimally fulfill the main function, the setting of scientific style. The word in scientific speech usually names not a specific, individually unique object, but a class of homogeneous objects, that is, it expresses not the particular, the individual, but the general scientific concept. Therefore, first of all, words with a generalized and abstract meaning are selected. However, scientific speech does not only select words with a general and abstract meaning from the language. It also changes the meaning of commonly used words in accordance with its principles.So, for many verbs in scientific speech (compose, serve, reckon, characterize, conclude) meaning is weakened, erased and generalized. They turn into a kind of linking verbs that allow you to connect any concepts, draw up almost any scientific message.For example, the verb "compose" according to the dictionary of I. S. Ozhegov, it has 7 meanings. However, in scientific speech, the verb to compose is realized in only one, the broadest and most generalized sense: "form oneself" For example: The expense is 400 rubles. Labor costs make up a significant proportion of the cost of goods. This is how a change occurs, the adaptation of the meaning of commonly used words to the tasks of scientific speech.

General scientific vocabulary - this is the second significant layer of the vocabulary of scientific speech. This is already a direct part of the language of science, or, as scientists put it, the metalanguage of science, that is, the language for describing scientific objects and phenomena. With the help of general scientific words, phenomena and processes in various fields of science and technology are described. These words are assigned to certain concepts, but are not terms, for example: operation, question, task, phenomenon, process, based, absorb, abstract, acceleration, adaptation, etc. Yes, the word "question" how a general scientific concept matters "this or that position, circumstance as a subject of study and judgment, a task that needs to be solved, a problem." It is used in various branches of science in such contexts: explore the issue, key issues, national question, the peasant question, raise the issue, leave the issue open, the issue requires an immediate solution.

The third layer of scientific style vocabulary is terms. Terminology is the core of the scientific style, the last, innermost circle, the leading, most essential feature of the language of science. We can say that the term embodies the main features of the scientific style and is extremely consistent with the tasks of scientific communication.

Term - this is a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously names an object, phenomenon or concept of science and reveals its content. The term is based on a scientifically constructed definition. The term has a strict, clearly defined meaning. He names all the essential features necessary to disclose the concept denoted by the word-term: shows the generality this concept with others, as well as the specificity of this concept, for example: Chemistry is the science of substances, their composition, structure, properties and mutual transformations. First, from this definition, we learn that chemistry is a science, and by this we combine chemistry with other sciences - physics, geography, mathematics, etc. But, on the other hand, the definition reveals the specificity of the concept contained in the term: in contrast to other natural sciences, chemistry studies substances, their structure, composition, etc.

The fact that the term is based on a scientifically constructed definition is one of its main features, which gives it rigor, clarity, exhaustion of meaning. Due to the fact that the term denotes a strict scientific concept, it is included in the system of concepts of the science to which it belongs. And often the systemic nature of terms is formalized by language, word-formation means. So, in medical terminology, using the suffix -it designate inflammatory processes in human organs: appendicitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, sciatica, etc. A term can be truly understood, assimilated only in a system, in connection with other terms in a given field of science and technology. In the terminological system, terms denoting generic and specific concepts are distinguished. The same word can be used as a term in different fields of science, but in different terminological systems it will have different meanings. For example, the word "reaction" as a term can be used primarily in chemistry, but also in physiology, in history. In chemistry, it refers to the interaction between substances. In physiology, a response to irritation. In the historical text - the policy of severe suppression of social progress.

A special group in the vocabulary of the scientific style is nomenclature signs. They differ significantly from the terms. If the terms are based general concepts, then the nomenclature signs are based on single ones. Nomenclature marks include serial brands of machines, mechanisms, machine tools, instruments, geographical names, names of power plants, enterprises, institutions, organizations.

The scientific style is constantly in need of new units to designate newly born concepts, so the processes of word creation are active. As a rule, more than 50% of new words that come into the language are terms. Often the emergence of new special words is associated with specific events. For example, the terms "seismicity", "seismic" came into use after the earthquake in Tashkent on April 26, 1966.

So, the scientific style is a kind of modern Russian literary language. The influence of scientific speech lies in its strong and constant impact on the entire literary language. If earlier scientific vocabulary was enriched mainly due to dialects, now the main source of its replenishment is terminology, special vocabulary. Following new objects and concepts, new words are pouring into our language with a powerful stream: accelerators, algorithm, antibodies, hydroponics, hologram, carcinogenic, computer, laser, missile carrier, stress, resuscitation, etc. But it's not even that there are thousands of new words that are growing rapidly vocabulary literary language. There is not only a quantitative, but also a qualitative change in the literary language under the influence of special vocabulary. Scientific terms organically grow into the literary language, as evidenced by their rethinking: mental trauma, public outcry, moral vacuum. The use of terms in everyday colloquial speech has become very noticeable, when there are everyday words to express the corresponding content, but the specialist prefers to use the term for the accuracy of expressing thoughts. These facts indicate a change in the consciousness of modern man. The line between the term and the general literary word is erased. The links between scientific and everyday consciousness are being strengthened, and this, in turn, changes the quality of the literary language, which acquires a tendency towards strict and precise expression of thought, becomes more capacious, informative, and expressive.

What is the scientific style of speech? What is speech style anyway? Speech styles are types of speech for communication. Speech styles are of two types: colloquial, bookish. Book is divided into artistic, journalistic, scientific, official business.

• All these styles are observance of the norms of the literary language.

At the same time, the same linguistic means give different styles various style features - accuracy, logic, emotionality, objectivity, formality, imagery, etc.

What characterizes the scientific style

The scientific style is characterized abstraction, generalization and logical presentation. Semantic accuracy, lack of figurativeness, hidden emotionality, objectivity of presentation, some of its dryness are characteristic of scientific speech.

As language tools terms and terminological combinations are used;

From the point of view morphology present tense verbs predominate here ( carbon is the most important part of the plant; From a morphemic point of view, a word is...).

Scientific style watch abstract nouns, which here are able to take the plural form ( heat, dyne, frequency, magnitude).

abstract and typical scientific speech are manifested in the increased applicability of words of the middle gender ( movement, phenomenon, quantity, meaning, etc.).

Short adjectives in scientific speech do not mean temporary, but immutable feature (desert fauna, poor, liquid saturated).

Students use the scientific style where it should be manifested, namely: in the genres of scientific articles, scientific abstracts, reviews, abstracts, reviews, theses, summaries, dissertations, lectures, monographs, etc.

Scientific style substyles

The scientific style differs from others in that it is divided into four more sub-styles:

1) Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist. The purpose of the style is to reveal and describe new facts and discoveries. Applicable for dissertations, monographs, etc.

2) Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students in order to describe the facts that are necessary for understanding the material. The main criterion is the description of induction, strict classification, active use of special terms. Suitable for textbooks teaching aids, lectures, etc.

3) Popular science. Audience at this style does not have special knowledge in this area. Yu. A. Sorokin shows that a popular science text is written “scientifically, popularly”, i.e. while maintaining the rigor and clarity of presentation characteristic of a scientific text, its characteristic feature is the simplified nature of the presentation.

The purpose of this style is to become familiar with the phenomena and facts that are described. A sign of this style: the relative ease of reading. The style is applicable for popular science magazines and books, messages " scientific nature» in the media.

The scientific style is realized in several sub-styles, but their number in science is still being debated. However, the existence of three sub-styles is generally recognized: these are actually scientific (academic), educational and scientific and popular science sub-styles. The differences between them are especially pronounced in the following points:

in the specifics of the addressee;

in the amount of general background knowledge of the subject of speech and the addressee;

in the use of terminology in a scientific text.

Thus, communication within the framework of the academic substyle assumes that the subject of speech and the addressee have a significant amount of general scientific knowledge, therefore, the terminology in a scientific article, in a speech at a scientific conference, etc., is usually used without definitions. In the texts of the scientific and educational substyle, terms are introduced gradually, with definitions, taking into account the significant difference in the amount of scientific knowledge of the teacher and the student. According to this principle, for example, the presentation of material in a textbook is carried out. And, finally, terminology is used sparingly in popular science works, and the meaning of the term is explained in the most accessible form, since almost every person with any, even minimal, background knowledge about the subject of speech can act as the addressee.

The system of scientific style sub-styles and their main genres is presented in the following table:

Table 1.1

Substyles and genres of scientific style

Substyles	Destination	Main genres
		Primary	Secondary
Withactually scientific (academic)	teachers, graduate students	Monograph Thesis Research Article Scientific report scientific message Scientific discussion Graduate work Thesis project	Feedback on the dissertation Feedback on the thesis Scientific review Scientific review
Scientific training	students, students	Tutorial Educational lecture Guidelines	Abstract Lecture summary Lab report Practice Report
Production and technical	Industrial and agricultural workers; artisans; household workers	Tutorial Instruction
Scientific reference	Persons of any age and educational level	Encyclopedia Grammar	annotation Patent description Article in the catalog Directory
Scientific popular

Recall that the primary genres include texts based on creative, research work on the study of one or another object of reality, and the secondary genres include texts that are the result of processing, generalization, evaluation, etc. of another, original, primary text. The thesis (thesis project), as we see, is the primary genre.

The style-forming features of a scientific text are most clearly expressed in the actual scientific sub-style (its name also testifies to this); least – in popular science. The fact is that the reader of a popular science text needs to be attracted, interested not only in the subject of speech, but also in the author's manner of presenting scientific information. That is why popular science works should be written in an accessible, entertaining form, they widely use a variety of expressive and colloquial language means. Although this contradicts the very essence of the scientific style, it gives the text features of publicism and even artistry.

In the text of the thesis (thesis project), the features of the popular science style look alien and therefore are unacceptable.

Scientific style.

Main article: Functional speech styles

Scientific style is a functional style of speech in the literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue, strict selection of language means, gravitation towards normalized speech.

Style scientific works is determined by their content and goals of scientific communication: to explain the facts as accurately and fully as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, and so on.

The scientific style is subdivided: proper scientific substyle (monograph, scientific article, abstract); educational and scientific substyle (reference books, guidelines); popular science (essay, article).

Features of the scientific style.

Scientific style has a number common features, which manifest themselves regardless of the nature of certain sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and the differences between the genres of expression (monograph, article, report, textbook, course work etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, and mathematics differ noticeably in the nature of presentation from texts on philology or history.

The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of communication between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors for accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity while maintaining the saturation of the content.

Logic is, if possible, the presence of semantic links between successive units (blocks) of text.

Only such a text has consistency, in which the conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments, reflecting the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.

Clarity, as the quality of scientific speech, implies clarity, accessibility.

Vocabulary of the scientific style of speech.

Since the leading form of scientific thinking is the concept, almost every lexical item in the scientific style denotes a concept or an abstract object. Name special concepts precisely and unambiguously scientific field communication and reveal their content special lexical units - terms. A term is a word or phrase denoting the concept of a special field of knowledge or activity and being an element of a certain system of terms. Within this system, the term strives for unambiguity, does not express expression. However, this does not mean its stylistic neutrality. The term, as well as many other lexical units, is characterized by stylistic coloring (scientific style), which is noted in the form of stylistic marks in the corresponding dictionaries. A significant part of the terms are international words.

Substyles of scientific style.

The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into four sub-styles [source not specified 682 days]:

Own-scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of the style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. Typical for dissertations, monographs, abstracts, scientific articles, scientific reports, theses, scientific reviews, etc.

Example: “The rhythm of expressive speech in no language and under no circumstances can be identical to the rhythmic organization of neutral speech. An increase in the number of pauses and their length, unstable tempo, emphatic stresses, specific segmentation, more contrasting melody, lengthening of sonants, hissing, prolonged exposure of the stop in explosives, voluntarily stretching of vowels, affecting the ratio of the duration of the stressed and unstressed syllables in the rhythm group, violate the rhythmic tendencies prevailing in the language (T. Poplavskaya).

Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to students in order to teach, describe the facts necessary to master the material, so the facts stated in the text and examples are typical. Mandatory is the description "from general to particular", strict classification, active introduction and use of special terms. Typical for textbooks, tutorials, lectures, etc.

Example: “Botany is the science of plants. The name of this science comes from Greek word"botane", which means "green, herb, plant". Botany studies the life of plants, their internal and external structure, distribution of plants on the surface the globe, the relationship of plants with surrounding nature and with each other (V. Korchagin).

Popular science. The audience with this style usually does not have special knowledge in this area. Yu. A. Sorokin points out that a popular science text is written “scientifically, popularly, artistically”, that is, while maintaining the rigor and clarity of presentation characteristic of a scientific text, its feature is the simplified nature of the presentation and the possible use of emotionally expressive means of speech. The purpose of the style is to familiarize with the described phenomena and facts. The use of numbers and special terms is minimal (each of them is explained in detail). The features of the style are: the relative ease of reading, the use of comparison with familiar phenomena and objects, significant simplifications, consideration of private phenomena without overview and classification. The style is typical for popular science magazines and books, children's encyclopedias, messages of a "scientific nature" in the media. This is the most free sub-style, and it can vary from newspaper headings “historical/technical background” or “it's interesting” to popular science books, similar in format and content to textbooks (scientific and educational style).

Scientific and technical. Addressee - specialists of technical and technical profile. The goal is to apply the achievements of fundamental science in practice.

In quantitative terms, in the texts of the scientific style, terms prevail over other types of special vocabulary (nomenclature names, professionalisms, professional jargon, etc.); on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-20% of the total scientific style vocabulary.

For terms, as the main lexical components of the scientific style of speech, as well as for other words of the scientific text, it is typical to use one, specific, certain value. If the word is ambiguous, then it is used in a scientific style in one, less often - in two meanings, which are terminological. Generalization, abstractness of presentation in a scientific style at the lexical level is realized in the use of a large number of lexical units with an abstract meaning (abstract vocabulary). The scientific style also has its own phraseology, including compound terms.

The scientific style is heterogeneous. Its varieties (sub-styles and genre forms) are associated with the target setting in use.

Linguistic features of communicative and stylistic types of scientific text (sub-styles) - academic (or actually scientific), educational and scientific, scientific-informational and popular science (or scientific-journalistic) - are determined primarily by the scope of their functioning and purpose.

The central place among texts written in a scientific style is occupied by academic texts - articles, monographs, dissertations, as they most clearly meet the goals of science - to expand and deepen knowledge about the world around. The addressee and addressee of these texts are maximally objectified. The main goal is to reliably, properly scientific level inform about this subject. Academic texts are most characterized by logical harmony, objectivity of presentation (without emotional overtones), strict scientific character, brevity and clarity of wording, an abundance of terms. The syntax of these texts is characterized by pronounced conciseness, subordination to logical models. Consider, for example, a text on geophysics.

Large stresses in the vicinity of workings cause destruction of rocks, often in the form of cracks and delaminations, which can result in the destruction of the workings. Particularly dangerous are sudden collapses of the hanging lava roof, crushing of the abandoned pillars, sudden falls out of side rocks and roofs in development workings ... These phenomena are usually combined under the name of rock bursts. It is believed that their presence is associated with the release of the elastic energy of the rock ... and is determined by the mechanical (deformation and strength) characteristics rocks, the structure of the reservoir and, of course, the geometry of the workings and the method of mining ...

There are many special terms in this text (lava roof, pillars, fallouts, rock bumps, elastic energy, deformation and strength characteristics etc.), there are passive predicates (combine, considered), complex attributive and nominative phrases (type of cracking and delamination, side rocks, geometry of workings, mining, etc.), omissions of linking verbs. All these characteristics ensure the information density and accuracy of the text.

Educational texts serve the purpose of learning, which determines the composition, structure and style of the text. Unlike academic texts, the purpose of which, as a rule, is to communicate new knowledge, educational texts fix an already established system of knowledge, generally accepted concepts and laws of a given science. This is determined by greater clarity, clarity, intelligibility of presentation. In addition, the addressee in this area is more clearly defined, since the author of the textbook usually focuses on the specific needs and level of training of his potential readers (for example, he knows for which faculties, specialties, courses his textbook is intended).

The need to motivate the learning process, to interest students, to make the material more accessible and useful explains the expressed position of the author - a potential teacher. It manifests itself in the use of various means of updating and accentuating the material presented, its evaluation, in the volume and content of recommendations, comments and notes. Consider, as an example, a fragment from a textbook on mathematics.

In mathematics, we deal with a wide variety of sets. For the elements of these sets, we use two main types of notation: constants and variables.

An individual constant (or just a constant) with range A denotes fixed element sets A. ... An individual variable (or simply a variable) with a range of values ​​A denotes an arbitrary, not predetermined element of the set A.

Usually constants and variables whose range is some number set[I], namely one of the sets N, Z, Q, R, C, are called respectively natural, integer (or integer), rational, real and complex constants and variables. In the course of discrete mathematics, we will use various constants and variables, the range of which is not always a numerical set.

As you can see, this educational text captures the generally accepted concepts and laws of mathematical science. This determines the clarity, conciseness of the presentation, the addressing of the material and the expression of the author's position. In order to attract the attention of a wider readership to the issues under consideration and expression by the author own opinion create popular science (publicistic) texts. In these texts, the individual style of the author, the desire to use expressive means to influence the position and opinion of the reader are maximally manifested.

The syntax of the texts is characterized by greater development, simplification of constructions, the exclusion in many cases of justifications and explanations, terminological vocabulary, mainly general scientific, is used less. This is due to the orientation of popular science texts to the reader - a non-specialist in this field of knowledge, as a result of which the author pays more attention to postulating certain provisions than to explaining them using strictly scientific methods.

To illustrate what has been said, we present a fragment from a popular science publication.

European culture occupies completely special place among other cultures of the world... Due to what has this been achieved? The answer sounds very simple: by limiting the person.

Of the entire spectrum of human spiritual possibilities, only one part of it was taken - the reflective thinking mind. All the forces of many nations are concentrated around its development. Only this region of the spectrum was, generally speaking, visible: the rest turned into a kind of ultraviolet and infrared region of the spectrum. This concentration on one area made it possible to make a breakthrough, but hence the crisis and spiritual discord both in personal and in public consciousness; and hence, as a consequence, the unjustified dominant of materiality.

A distinctive feature of the above fragment is its figurativeness. Syntactically, information is expressed by nominative sentences, expressive phrases are used (reflectively thinking mind, mental discord), introductory words that facilitate the perception of the text (generally speaking). The presentation of this fragment can be attributed to a mixed type, since it combines narration, reasoning and conclusions.

Scientific and informational texts occupy an intermediate position between academic and official business texts. Texts of this type (articles in encyclopedic dictionaries and reference books, abstract journals and collections, scientific documentation) are written in order to provide the reader with information on a scientific issue. As a rule, such texts are created according to a certain model with a fixed order of elements and a given volume, which brings them closer to the genre of official business papers. The similarity is observed in modal assessments: maximum objectivity, high informativeness and capacity of syntactic constructions, absence of subjective assessments. For example, in the following article excerpt from encyclopedic dictionary information is briefly and meaningfully presented about what an earthquake is, why it occurs, how it spreads, what its strength is connected with, how it is measured. In terms of informativeness, syntactic brevity and terminology, the style of this fragment approaches the academic substyle, and in terms of a comprehensive description of the subject, it approaches the educational and scientific one.

Earthquake - tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. The intensity of an earthquake is measured in seismic points ... for the energy classification of an earthquake, magnitude is used.

The difference between the communicative and stylistic types of texts is manifested in frequency, in the functional and semantic types of speech. So, for academic texts, descriptive and argumentative compositional speech forms are equally characteristic, the choice of which is determined by the content of the text and the communicative goals of the author. In this regard, educational texts are closest to academic texts, since they represent all functional and semantic types (description, definition, explanation, reasoning, etc.); nevertheless, descriptive types prevail, realizing the goal setting of these texts - to present a fragment of knowledge. In the scientific literature, descriptive texts are most frequent: clearly structured definitions and messages. In popular science texts, the presentation of the material reflects the general logic, there is no detail, so they are descriptive or descriptive-narrative.