Sentences with a compound nominal predicate. Simple verbal predicate: examples of sentences

In this chapter:

§one. The main members of the sentence are subject and predicate

Subject

The subject is main member sentence independent of the other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions I.p.: who? what?

In a sentence, the subject is expressed in different ways.

How is the subject expressed?

The subject can be a word or phrase.

Most often the subject is expressed:

1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: sick, manager, meeting, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, nobody, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has a meaning:
a) compatibility: husband and wife, duck with ducklings, me and my girlfriend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar seemed in the distance. One of the guests covered the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most of the students coped with the control;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.

Predicate

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is being said about the subject that is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers different questions: what does the object do? what happens to him? what is he? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are varieties of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.

The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of the sentence: its grammatical meaning.

grammatical meaning- this is a generalized meaning of the sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:

• reality-irreality,
• time.

reality-irriality expressed by the mood of the verb.

• Verbs in the indicative mood are typical for statements that reflect the real situation: It's raining., It's getting light.
• Verbs in the imperative and in the conditional mood are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! If only it didn't rain today!

Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by the verb forms of the present, past and future tense.

Simple and compound predicate

The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple and compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.

Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can stand in one of three tenses: present - past - future.

He knows the verses by heart.

indicative mood, present. time

He knew the verses by heart.

indicative mood, past time

He will learn the verses by heart.

indicative mood, bud. time

You will memorize these verses.

imperative mood

In a circle, you would learn poems by heart.

conditional mood

Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate, in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound one they are expressed in different words. For example:

Suddenly, the baby stopped singing and started laughing.

Stopped singing, started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh are called action, while expressing the lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started

Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:

He finished working.

I want to help you.

Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:

1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of the action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;

2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: to be able, to be able, to want, to want, to desire, to strive, to try; glad, ready, must, obligated, intends.

In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

In the event that a short adjective serves as an auxiliary word, then it is used with a bunch. The link is the verb to be. Here are the relevant past tense examples:

I was so glad to meet you!

In the present tense, the word is is not used, it is omitted: the link is zero, for example:

I'm so glad to meet you!

In the future tense, the link to be is put in the future tense. Example:

I will be glad to meet you.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.

1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. She was beautiful yesterday. In the present tense, the link is zero: She is beautiful.

2. Linking verbs to become, to become, to become, to be, to be considered, to seem, to be called, to appear: The house from afar seemed like a point.

3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie down, stand: Mother returned tired from work., Mother sat thoughtful, sad.

In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:

Mother sat pensive, sad. Synonymous: Mother was thoughtful, sad.

He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.

With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of the meaning are not transmitted. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize various shades values.

Combinations of a linking verb with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also act along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:

1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,

2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,

3) numeral: Twice two four.,

4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody, he will become everything ("International"),

5) communion: The composition turned out to be lost., The daughter was finally cured.,

6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right., The trousers turned out to be just right.

The nominal part can contain not only separate words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:

She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.

You can’t say: She ran in with a face., She sat with her eyes., Because phrases with a cheerful face and thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What members of the proposal are considered the main ones?

   • subject and object
   • definition, circumstance and addition
   • subject and predicate

2. Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: head, sick, in love?

3. Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?

4. What is the subject of the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the exam and successfully pass it.?

   • any
   • any of you

5. What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of the sentence?

   • reality - unreality and time
   • type and time

6. Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?

7. Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?

8. I can't help you.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

9. What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always taken seriously.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

10. What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?

    • simple verb
    • compound verb
    • compound nominal

The concept of a sentence occupies a central place in the syntax of the Russian language. Distinguishing a sentence from other syntactic units helps to highlight the subject and predicate. This often causes difficulties, because in Russian predicates are divided into three types: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal and compound nominal.

The grammatical basis of the sentence

Secondary members in a sentence are based on a foundation consisting of a subject and a predicate. The predicative basis is the determining factor in the characteristics of the sentence: simple or complex, one-part or two-part.

It is by the presence of the subject and the predicate that they judge what the syntactic unit is: the sentence has them, the phrase does not. For example, I'm walking down the street. Is an offer, because has a grammatical basis: i'm going(subject and predicate respectively). beautiful table - phrase, because no predictive basis.

A sentence does not always have the entire grammatical basis. There are frequent cases when the subject or predicate is singled out, then the sentence will be called one-part.

When analyzing a sentence, the problem of determining the predicate and its type causes the greatest difficulty.

What is a predicate

The predicate is included in the predicative basis of the sentence and forms a link with the subject in gender, person and number. Thanks to the predicate, the sentence is related to reality and allows native speakers to communicate with each other. It is the bearer of the grammatical meaning of the syntactic unit: it indicates the reality and time of the narrative. The predicate answers questions concerning the actions of the subject, what it is, what happens to it, who it is and what it is.

There are two ways to determine the type of a predicate:

1. Morphological. Predicates are distinguished according to their relation to one or another part of speech: verbal (expressed by a verb) and nominal (expressed by a noun or adjective). For example, The lanterns are dimly lit.(predicate are burning verb). We've been friends all our lives(predicate were friends nominal, expressed by a noun with a verb copula).
2. Composite. Simple and compound predicates, consisting of one grammatical whole and several words, respectively. For example, Which one of you will betray me?(predicate betray- simple). I was embittered(predicate was embittered- composite).

These two principles for determining predicates formed the basis of their species affiliation:

• Compound verb predicate.
• Compound nominal predicate

Types of predicates: simple and compound

All predicates of the Russian language are divided into simple and compound. This belonging is determined by the number of words in the predicate. If there is more than one word, then the predicate is compound. The presence or absence of a linking verb in their composition will help to distinguish between a simple and a compound verbal predicate.

The role of the link is performed by verbs indicating:

• stages of action (beginning, development, continuation);
• duty;
• desirability;
• condition

It can also be short adjectives, words of the category of state and the verb to be.

There are two types of compound predicates: nominal and verbal. Both of them contain auxiliary- a bunch. The verbal predicate includes the infinitive, and the nominal predicate includes the nominal part.

If in a sentence the role of a predicate is played by a verb or its grammatical form, then it will be called a simple verbal predicate.

Simple verbal predicate (PGS): definition of the concept

It consists of a verb in one of three moods: indicative (Emptiness reigned inside the house - the predicate reigned), subjunctive (Emptiness would reign inside the house - the predicate would reign) or imperative (Let emptiness reign inside the house - let the predicate reign).

As can be seen from the last example, the PGS is not always unambiguous. There are cases when there are several of them, but the words are grammatically related: it can be a form of the verb (for example, imperative mood or future tense), an indivisible stable combination, or an increase in expression by repeating a word.

Ways of expression

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate are divided into two groups: single-word and non-single-word.

What is a simple verb predicate

One-word	Multi-word
A verb in one of the moods (indicative, imperative, conditional).	A form of a verb that contains two words: future tense ( Will work); conditional mood ( would go); imperative mood ( let him go)
Infinitive.	A stable combination (phraseologism) in the meaning of a single action ( to beat the buckets - "to be lazy")
Interjections in the form of a verb.	A verb reinforced with a modal particle ( a little not fell).
The verb to be, if it has the meaning of presence or existence.	Repetition of single-root verbs in order to give expressive coloring ( waiting-waiting).

PGS can be agreed with the subject if it has the form of one of the inclinations. There are cases when the subject and predicate are not agreed - then the PGS has the form of an infinitive.

One-word PGS

Most often in Russian there is a one-word simple verb predicate. Sample proposals are shown below:

1. I hear the stomping of horses.(PGS hear- expressed by the verb in the indicative mood)
2. Daughter, come with me.(PGS let's go to- expressed imperative mood verb)
3. Not going today means waiting until morning.(PGS wait- expressed by the verb in the initial form)
4. A glass of bam - and on the floor.(PGS bam- expressed by verbal interjection)
5. There was dew everywhere in the morning.(PGS was- expressed by the verb "to be" in the meaning of "presence")

Multi-word PGS

Such a predicate causes great difficulty for those who study Russian. A simple verbal predicate, consisting of several lexical units, can be characterized by the fact that the words in it are grammatically connected. Sentences with a simple verbal predicate ambiguous:

1. We will argue passionately about what happened.(PGS we will argue- expressed by the verb of the indicative mood in the future tense)
2. I would go with you, but you need to go somewhere else.(PGS would go- expressed by a conditional verb)
3. Let everything be your way.(PGS let it be- expressed by the imperative mood)
4. Everyone on the farm worked, except for Stepan. He, as always, beat the buckets.(PGS - beat the buckets- expressed by a phraseological unit in the meaning of "lazy")
5. Let me do this job for you.(PGS let's do it- expressed by a verb with a modal particle)
6. I can't wait for the cold to end.(PGS can not wait- expressed by repetition of single-root verbs)

Coordination of ASG with the subject

Consider sentences with a simple verbal predicate that agrees with the subject:

1. Coordination among: The car is driving on a new highway.(PGS rides- singular) - Cars drive along the new highway.(PGS are going- plural).
2. Genus agreement: The tractor was driving.(PGS rode - masculine) - The car was driving.(PGS rode- feminine gender).
3. If the subject includes a word that has the meaning of quantity, then PGS can be expressed in the singular or plural: Two clouds float alone across the sky.(subject two clouds, PGS are floating used in plural) - Most students didn't miss class.(Subject most students, PGS did not miss the use of the singular).
4. If the subject is in the form of a noun with a quantitative or collective meaning (for example, people, youth, society, majority, minority), PGS can only be used in singular.Youth are building the future.(PGS builds used in the singular) The majority agreed with the director's proposal to improve production.(PGS agreed used in the singular).

There are cases when the ASG does not formally agree with the subject. In such cases, it is expressed:

• Infinitive: He dances - and Vera laughs. PGS laugh expressed by the verb in its initial form.
• Verb interjection: I look - but there are no bags. PGS look- an interjection that resembles a verb in form.
• The imperative mood in some forms: If she broke the vase now, things would end badly. PGS smash in an imperative mood.

Allocation of ASG in the proposal

The problem of how to define a simple verbal predicate is related to its possible ambiguity. Unlike the composite PGS, it contains words of the same grammatical form. It is this feature that distinguishes a simple verb predicate. Sample proposals are shown below:

I started working last week. - I will work from tomorrow. In the first sentence, a compound verb predicate containing an auxiliary verb began and infinitive work. Completely different picture in the second sentence. Here PGS Will work- a form of the future tense.

Use of PGS in speech

To give artistic speech dynamics uses just a verbal predicate. Examples: The soldiers, stationed around their cannon, were each busy with their own business. Some were writing a letter, some were sitting on a carriage, sewing a hook to their overcoat, some were reading a small army newspaper. (V. Kataev)- in this passage, the ASG gives dynamics to the events described.

PGS is used in a colloquial style of speech. In the case when it is expressed by an infinitive that does not formally agree with the subject: Senka to dance, to Varka - to laugh.(PGS laugh in infinitive form colloquial style).

To give speech an expressive color, a simple verbal predicate is also used. Examples: I bang her - and broke!(PGS bam indicates conversational style); Thunder bang-bang into the tree!(PGS bang-bang indicates the extreme degree of emotionality of the author).

Compound nominal predicate (grade 8), along with the subject, is one of the main members of the sentence. As you know, there are three types of predicates: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal predicate, compound nominal predicate. A simple verb is expressed by one full-valued word or a related phrase. The compound verb predicate has two parts: the infinitive and the verb. What is a compound nominal predicate? To begin with, we note that it is studied in the 8th grade, it consists of two parts: a bundle and a nominal part.

Compound nominal predicate (8th grade)

A link in a compound nominal predicate

Bundle expresses modality and category of time. Most often, the following verbs can act as a link:

• The verb to be in all categories of tense. Do not forget that this verb in the present tense turns into a zero connective;
• verbs become, appear, become, etc.;
• verbs with a categorical meaning of an action or process: arrive, return, stand, leave, reach, swim, fly away, come, etc .;

• Katerina is excited and energized by the unforeseen circumstances that have arisen on her way home. I'll be the first just for the sake of being better than you. If you become a good boy, I might take you to the circus with me.
• It was getting cold outside, so we returned to the house. You turned out to be a two-faced person, because you wanted to quarrel everyone. It becomes fun from those memories of bygone days.
• Leave this doctor healthy. My husband will arrive tomorrow by plane via Moscow on a direct flight.

Types of ligaments

The compound nominal predicate has several types of connections, which are markedly different from each other:

In past and future tenses, the verb to be expressed clearly. Same context: she was a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition and she will be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition. Compound nominal predicates with an abstract connective to be are highlighted in the sentences.

A few words about the form of the subjunctive mood, when using it, the particle would be added to the abstract connective to be. Suggestion: she would be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.

• Ligament semi-abstract, is represented by the verbs to appear, seem, turn out, appear, become, etc. The peculiarity of semi-significant connectives is that they carry not only a grammatical component, but also help in expressing the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate. Suggestion: she turned out to be a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition.
• Ligament significant, expressed in words of action, movement, any process. For example, we include such verbs as sit, lie down, hear, think, read, walk, breathe, run, swim, wash, undress, speak, etc. These connectives express specific lexical and grammatical meanings. Suggestions: Geese in the yard walked important, as if the owners of the whole farmstead. He served as an ensign on the border for many years.

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate

In the role of the nominal part are:

• summer days are getting shorter. Today you look better than yesterday. I'll be later, you don't have to wait for me for dinner. (adjective in comparative degree).
• She is the decoration of this evening (noun in the instrumental form).
• Aunt Masha seemed very sad to me. This summer has been unusually cold. The flowers you gave for the holiday were very beautiful. (adjective in a positive degree).
• This child is sometimes completely unbearable. The man living on the floor above is extraordinarily rich. Honey collected from your apiary is so sweet. (abbreviated adjective).
• All the mistakes made while writing the dictation were mine (possessive pronoun).
• I suddenly became afraid. It was rather strange (adverb).

Sentences with a compound nominal predicate

Thus, the compound nominal predicate is studied in grade 8, along with other types of predicate: simple verb and compound verb. Its feature is the presence of two parts: ligament and nominal part. The problem of modern school education lies in the fact that sometimes students do not have time in the class to fully understand the essence of the types of predicates, as a result, the inability to find and determine one of the main members of the sentence. You can deal with this problem in different ways, for example, work with a tutor or watch accessible and simple video tutorials on the Internet.

Predicate.

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has the meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

Types of predicates:

Simple verbal predicate. Compound verbal predicate - CGS. Compound nominal predicate - SIS

Simple verb predicate (PGS)

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate

1. Verb in the form of any mood	A gloomy morning comes. A gloomy morning came. Sergei will enter theater school. He would gladly go to the countryside. Write down your homework.
2. Independent infinitive	To live is to serve the motherland.
3. Interjectional verb forms (truncated forms of the verb like bam, grab, jump)	Each friend here quietly understands a friend.
4. Phraseological turnover with the main word - a verb in conjugated form	The team won the championship. He's chasing the bastard again.
5. Verb in conjugated form + modal particle ( yes, let, let, let's, let's, it was like, like, like, like, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.)	Let me go with you. Let him go with his father. May you have sweet dreams. He started to walk towards the door, but suddenly stopped. The room seemed to smell of burning. He seemed to be paralyzed with fear. He nearly died of grief. He just did not somersault, trying to make the audience laugh. He almost passed out with joy.

Compound predicates.

Compound verb predicate

Compound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (time and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (time and mood) is expressed in the auxiliary part.

Wed: He sang(PGS). - He started to sing(GHS); He was sick for two months(PGS). - He was sick for two months(SIS).

The compound verb predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:

a) the auxiliary part (the verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part (the indefinite form of the verb - the infinitive) expresses the lexical meaning.

CGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive. For example: I started to sing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.

However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, two conditions must be met:

The auxiliary verb must be lexically ambiguous, that is, it alone (without the infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.

Wed: Ibegan- what to do?; Iwant- what to do?.

If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is minor member suggestions.

Wed: Shesat down(for what purpose?) relax.

The action of the infinitive must refer to the subject (this is the subject infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.

Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing- compound verb predicate ( want - I, sing I will – I).
2. I asked her to sing. Requested- simple verbal predicate sing- addition ( asked - I, sing will - she).

Auxiliary verb meanings

Meaning	Typical verbs and phraseological units
1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action)	start, become, start off, continue, finish, stay, stop, quit, stop and etc.	He began to prepare to leave. He continued to prepare for his departure. He gave up smoking. He again began to talk about the hardships of rural life.
2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional evaluation of the action, etc.)	To be able, to be able, to wish, to want, to dream, to intend, to refuse, to try, to try, to count, to be able, to contrive, to try, to assume, to get used to, to hasten, to be shy, to endure, to love, to hate, to be afraid, to fear, to be cowardly, to be ashamed, to set a goal , to burn with desire, to have honor, to have intention, to make a promise, to have a habit and etc.	I can sing. I want to sing. I'm afraid to sing. I love to sing. I'm ashamed to sing. I hope to sing this aria.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate (CIS)consists of two parts:

a) the auxiliary part - the link (the verb in conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

SIS \u003d link + nominal part

For example: Hewas a doctor; Hebecame a doctor; Hewas ill; Hewas sick; Hewas injured; Hecame first.

Types of linking verbs

Link type by value	Typical verbs	Examples
1 . Grammatical connective - expresses only grammatical meaning (time, mood), has no lexical meaning.	Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the connective to be is usually in the zero form ("zero connective"): the absence of a connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.	Hewas a doctor. Hewill be a doctor. Hedoctor. Hewas sick. Hewill be sick. Hesick. Heis sick. Lyricseatthe highestmanifestationart.
2 . Semi-significant copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning).	a) occurrence or development of a trait: become, become, become, become; b) preservation of the feature: stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be; d) evaluation of the feature in terms of reality: to appear, to appear, to appear, to be considered; e) the name of the feature: to be called, to be called, to be called.	Hebecame ill. Hestayed sick. Hebeen sickevery autumn. Heturned out to be sick. Heconsidered sick. Heseemed sick. Heis sick. Hereputed to be sick. Themcalled sick.
3. Significant copula - verb with full lexical meaning(one can act as a predicate).	a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie down, stand; b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, roam; c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.	Shesat tired. Heleft angry. Hereturned upset. Helived as a hermit. Heborn happy. Hedied a hero.

Verb to be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or having:

HimIt wasthree sons; HimIt wasmuch money.

Verbs become, become, become etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

Heturned out to bedowntown; Hebecamenear the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant copula, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: Hesatnear the window). If the verb becomes a link, then its meaning is less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( Hesitting tired; more important is that he was tired, not that is he sitting, not stood or lay).

For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

He sat tired- He was tired; He was born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was first;

the link can be made null:

He sitting tired - He tired ; He born happy - He happy ; He came first - He first .

If the verb has dependent forms of the full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Ways of expressing the nominal part

The form	Examples
1. Noun
1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case	He's minebrother. Hewasminebrother.
1.2. Noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition	Navigatorwas in oblivion. Ipenniless. This house -Meshkov.
1.3. A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment)	son-in-lawwas a silent breed. This girltall.
2. Adjective
2.1. short adjective	Heoars. Hebecame cheerful.
2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case	Hehappy. Hebecame cheerful.
2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective	Here the sound of musicwere more audible. Youthe best.
3. Communion
3.1. Brief Communion	Heinjured. glasswere broken.
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case	glasswere broken. glasswere broken.
4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun	All fish-your. Thissomething new.
5. Numerals in the nominative or instrumental case	Their hut -thirdon the edge. Their hutwas the thirdon the edge.
6. Adverb	Iwas alert. His daughtermarriedbehind my brother.

Note!

1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero link), it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental- the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

In this article, we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the compound nominal and its connectives, give examples.

As you know, the predicate and the subject are the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.

The main types of predicates:

1) simple verb;

2) compound verb;

3) compound nominal predicate (see examples below).

Two principles for distinguishing types of predicates

They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:

1) by composition;

2) by their morphological nature.

In the first case, such types as simple and compound are separated. The latter includes compound nominal and verbal predicates. Based on the second principle, nominal and verbal are distinguished. The nominal part of the compound predicate can be expressed by an adjective, a noun and an adverb. These divisions overlap. So, a verbal predicate can be compound or simple, but a nominal predicate is always compound.

Simple verb predicate

The definition of which, as you will see, has some nuances, expresses the verb in conjugated form, that is, used in the form of mood (indicative, conditional or imperative). It also includes such options that do not have a formal indicator of time, mood and subordination to the subject. These are truncated (grab, tol, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the meaning of the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verbal predicate can also be represented by the conjugated form of the verb + (come on, yes, let it, let it be, as it were, exactly, as if, just now, etc.)

Compound nominal predicate

As already mentioned, the nominal type is always compound, including those cases when it is represented by only one word form. Despite the fact that there is only one word expressing it, in such sentences there is a compound nominal predicate. We give the following examples: "He is young. He is worried about work, worries."

Such predicates always have two components. The first is a link that expresses the predicative categories of time and modality. The second is the linking part, it indicates the real main content of this type predicate.

A link in a compound nominal predicate

The doctrine of the link in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood widely. A bunch, firstly, is called the word "to be", the only meaning of which is an indication of time and modality. Secondly, it is called verbs with a modified and weakened to some extent meaning, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.

Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he returned sad.

In the first sentence, the link "to be" is abstract, it is a function word, a formant, which has grammatical forms of tense and mood, which is typical for a verb. However, it is not a verb because it does not have a procedural action or sign, as well as the category of aspect that any of them has.

Significant and semi-significant ligaments

In other examples, connectives of a different type are presented - significant and semi-significant. The latter contribute the meaning of the occurrence of a feature (become / become), its preservation (remain / remain), external detection (appear / appear), the inclusion of an external carrier (pass through / be heard, be called, be considered) in a compound nominal predicate.

Examples include the following: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was reputed to be smart.

Significant connectives are verbs with a specific, specific meaning (mostly denoting movement or being in one state or another). They are able to attach to themselves either a noun in etc. with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, or an adjective in the form T.p. or I.p.

Sentences with a compound nominal predicate with significant connectives can be cited as an example of the following:

1. He came hungry (hungry).

2. Boys remained tomboys.

Link "to be"

The connective "to be", being abstract, does not have the form of the present tense in the indicative mood, therefore its expression in this mood is the very absence of the connective. Such sentences, oddly enough, also have a compound nominal predicate. Examples:

1. The case is in vain.

2. The evening is wonderful.

3. The road is good.

The verb "to be" should be distinguished from the copula, which has two meanings:

1. To be, to be present (We were in the theater. At that time there were many performances).

2. Have (Sister had a doll).

Ligaments "essence" and "is"

The words "essence" and "is", which go back to the third person present tense forms of the verb "to be", in modern language are considered service words, namely, particles.

The absence of a ligament is called her zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky, it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. Introduction this concept means that the syntactic construction (that is, the predicative stem of some nominal is studied not as such in isolation, but in a certain number. This is illustrated by the following examples:

1. The street will (was) crowded.

2. The street would be crowded.

3. The street is crowded.

Compound verb predicate

We have considered such types of predicates as simple verbal and compound nominal. Let us now dwell in more detail on the compound verb predicate. It has two components - the infinitive and the conjugated verb form. Last one grammatical form and lexical meaning expresses the temporal, modal and aspectual characteristics of some action, which is indicated by the infinitive. The infinitive can be attached to itself by verbs belonging to several semantic groups (wanted to work, started working, came to work, forced to work).

Rules for determining the compound verb predicate

A compound predicate, according to grammatical tradition, is not any combination with a conjugated infinitive. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:

1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verb form, that is, some object called the subject.

Examples include the following. On the one hand, he wanted to work, he began to work, he can work, he knows how to work. On the other hand, his parents forced him to work, everyone asked the girl to sing, the boss ordered him to complete the task. In the first case, in which compound verbal predicates are presented, it is customary to call the infinitive subjective, since it denotes the action of some substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form. In the second case, there is an objective infinitive, which is traditionally not included in the compound predicate, but is spoken of as a secondary member.

2. Determining the boundaries of the compound predicate, one should take into account the nature that the semantic relations between the infinitive and the conjugated verb form have. The infinitive with the meaning of purpose is not included in it. It has such a meaning with various verbs of motion: I came to work, I went to chat, I ran to find out, they sent me to find out. The infinitive of purpose (which can be both objective and subjective, as is clear from the examples) is the minor term. Only compounds of the infinitive with verbs that are most abstract in meaning (with modal and phase ones) should be considered as a compound predicate.

The compound verbal predicate is thus understood as a designation of an action, some procedural feature, which is characterized in the aspectual (started to work) or modal (wanted to work) plan, or simultaneously in both of them (wanted to start working).

We examined the main types of predicates, dwelling in detail on the compound nominal and the various connectives that are present in it. It's only short review this topic, more detailed information can be found in any grammar book in the section on syntax.