Every year, the plant world, like nature in general, suffers more and more from human activities. Plant areas, especially forests, are shrinking all the time, and territories are being used to build various objects (houses, enterprises). All this leads to changes in various ecosystems and to the disappearance of many species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. Because of this, the food chain is disrupted, which contributes to the migration of many animal species, as well as to their extinction. In the future, climate change will follow, because there will no longer be active factors that maintain the state of the environment.

Reasons for the disappearance of flora

There are many reasons why vegetation is destroyed:

• construction of new settlements and expansion of already built cities;
• construction of factories, factories and other industrial enterprises;
• laying roads and pipelines;
• conducting various communication systems;
• creation of fields and pastures;
• mining;
• building reservoirs and dams.

All these objects occupy millions of hectares, and earlier this area was covered with trees and grasses. In addition, climate change is also a significant reason for the disappearance of flora.

The need for nature conservation

Since people actively use natural resources, very soon they can deteriorate and be exhausted. Including the plant world may die. To avoid this, nature must be protected. For these purposes, botanical gardens, national parks and reserves are being created. The territory of these objects is protected by the state, all the flora and fauna here is in its original form. Since nature is untouched here, plants have the opportunity to grow and develop normally, increasing their distribution areas.

One of the most important actions for the protection of the plant world is the creation of the Red Book. Such a document exists in every state. It lists all plant species that are disappearing and the authorities of each country must protect this flora, trying to preserve the populations.

Outcome

There are many ways to preserve the plant world on the planet. Of course, each state must protect nature, but first of all, everything depends on the people themselves. We ourselves can refuse to destroy plants, teach our children to love nature, protect every tree and flower from death. People are destroying nature, so we all have to correct this mistake, and only realizing this, we need to make every effort and save the plant world on the planet.

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1. Biological resources of tropical forests

biological forest commercial fish

Tropical forest is a collection of lands with a predominance of woody vegetation, located within the tropical climate zone. Tropics - a wide strip of the globe, stretching north and south from the equator, which is characterized by high air and soil temperatures, a large amount of moisture and light. All this forms a significant diversity of the biological resources of tropical forests, that is, soils, flora and fauna. In its modern form, tropical forests have existed for at least 100 million years. They can be called the most ancient and most complex ecological systems of the biosphere.

Distinguish:

Humid tropical and subtropical forests, also called jungles, hylaea (forests of the Amazon, forests in Brazil and Peru, equatorial Africa, Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent, Indonesia and Oceania);

Deciduous dry tropical forests (dry forests of South America - Bolivia, Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, North America - Mexico Guatemala, the Caribbean, India and Southeast Asia, Indonesia);

Evergreen tropical forests (forests with hardwood trees of southeastern Eurasia);

Foggy forests on mountain ranges.

The vegetation of tropical forests is represented by 4-5 tiers of trees, there are no shrubs, grasses (with the exception of dry forests) and many plants of epiphytes and epiphiles (settling on the body of other plants), lianas. Trees are distinguished by wide trunks with ledges, wide (usually evergreen) leaves, a developed crown, unprotected buds, flowers and fruits, which are located directly on the trunk. They also have continuous vegetation. The leaves of the upper tier of plants, as a rule, are complex in shape, transmitting light, and the lower tiers are simple and wide, oblong, providing good water flow. Due to the fact that tropical forest trees, as producers, consume a lot of nutrients, soils are relatively poor (little humus and nutrient minerals) and quickly turn into deserts after deforestation. Red soils rich in iron and ore minerals are found here. The lack of humus is caused by rapid decay due to the abundance of bacteria, and the accumulation of iron occurs during laterization (the formation of a stony-smooth soil surface during droughts).

Tropical rain forests are the richest in species composition, however, other types of forests, like biomes (sets of unique ecosystems of the region), have a huge biological potential, contribute to the development of plant and animal populations, biological productivity, that is, the reproduction of organic substances, the cycle of substances and energy in nature, and hence the preservation of life on Earth.

The rainforest is a source of such non-renewable resources as peat, oil, coal, metal ores, renewable resources such as wood, food (berries, mushrooms, etc.), medicinal plants. It contains industrial and hunting resources. But most importantly, tropical forests are considered the "lungs" of the planet, thanks to their active photosynthesis on Earth, an optimal balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is maintained. And this is despite the fact that they occupy only 6% of the land on the planet. Tropical forests are no less successful in accumulating and retaining moisture, redistributing it between different climatic zones. The climate-regulating, anti-erosion and water-protective value of tropical forests is very high.

Half of all animal and plant species on earth live in rainforests. A quarter of the world's medicines are made from rainforest plants and 70% of anti-cancer drugs contain raw materials found only in their ecosystems.

Rainforests are home to the wild ancestors of many crops, allowing scientists and farmers to gain genetic potential for crops.

Unfortunately, as a result of human activities, tropical forests are disappearing very quickly. Every year, 125 thousand square meters are cut down in the world. km of tropical forests. Over the past two hundred summers, their area has halved, with tropical rainforests particularly affected. After deforestation, forests are burned, and a large amount of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Due to the poverty of soils and the peculiarities of climatic conditions, the economic use of lands of former tropical forests is ineffective. All this leads to the fact that vast territories turn into deserts, many species of plants and animals die, which means that the biological resources of the Earth are depleted.

Scientists have not yet reached a consensus on whether the rapid deforestation of tropical forests causes a greenhouse effect, but they agree that this process negatively affects the climate of the entire planet. Consequently, the destruction of tropical forests leads to the depletion of biological resources in other regions of the world. If tropical forests disappear from the face of the earth, then we will lose over 50% of all plant and animal species and the existence of the biosphere, human life will be in jeopardy.

This means that humanity should reconsider its attitude to tropical forests and do everything possible to protect them and preserve biological diversity.

2. Field-protective and water-protective value of forests

Forests, as unique ecosystems, perform a number of important functions in relation to other natural objects, including the protection function.

The field-protective value of forests lies in the fact that they protect soils, natural objects, incl. agricultural land, roads and infrastructure from the destructive effects of weather factors. Namely: from weathering (erosion), drying, washing out of useful substances, desertification, movement of sands. Thus, it is achieved:

Improving the microclimate of protected areas;

Decrease in wind speed;

Optimum distribution of moisture, including rain, snow retention;

Reducing the strength of water and wind erosion;

Reducing the area of ​​beams and ravines;

Prevention of snow and sand drifts;

Animal fencing.

The water conservation value of forests is the ability of forest plantations to retain and regulate the exchange of moisture in the soil and air. With the help of forests and forest plantations, people manage to:

Reduce evaporation of moisture from soils and water bodies;

Control the level of soil water, the degree of salinity, making drainage more efficient;

Protect the banks of water bodies from falling asleep with sand, overgrowing with weeds.

It can be seen that soil and water protection are closely related. In protected areas, with the help of the unique properties of the forest, not only soils and water bodies are protected, but also all plants and animals living in these biocenoses. It also protects human health from harmful effects. Prevention of accidents and natural disasters is carried out.

Both natural forests and artificial forest plantations can be used for protection. Such plantings are located around cities, agricultural fields, hayfields, pastures, recreational lands, reservoirs, roads, important natural objects.

Among the natural forests in our country grow: deciduous (evergreen and deciduous), mixed and coniferous, marsh and mountain forests. Most of them are spontaneous natural forests with a noticeable anthropogenic influence. Their field protection and water protection significance is great, since they naturally protect soils and water bodies from harmful anthropogenic influence, contribute to the conservation of biological diversity, climate regulation and protection of neighboring modified territories (settlements, agricultural lands, water supply sources, recreational areas).

In the structure of forests, there are: underground layer (rhizomes), litter, moss, grass layer, undergrowth and the stand itself or the forest canopy. Each of these structural components plays a protective role. The root system retains and enriches the soil, affects the level of groundwater, soil nutrition, litter - promotes the formation of organic nutrients. Moss, grass layer and undergrowth retain soil moisture. The tree stand protects the territory from the wind, affects the climate through the processes of formation and distribution of organic matter, energy, moisture.

Artificial protective forest plantations are divided into:

State protective forest belts;

Protective forest belts on non-irrigated lands (in essence, artificial forests);

Protective plantations on irrigated lands;

Water-regulating forest belts on the slopes;

Riverside and ravine forest belts;

Mountain reclamation plantings;

Plantations used in animal husbandry, roadside forest strips;

Forest plantations around water bodies, along banks and in floodplains;

Plantings on sands not used in agriculture;

Green woodland strips around settlements.

Protective forest belts, as a rule, are of three types: dense - with a small distance between the trunks of trees and shrubs, medium - openwork and light - blown. The choice of design depends on the prevailing weather and climatic conditions in the area. Although the classification of forest belts according to various characteristics is very extensive. The first type of forest belts is found around cities, roads, farms, pastures, the second - around and along the forest-steppe irrigated fields, the third - in areas with high rainfall in winter.

The most important protective value belongs to the forests of national natural parks, protected forest areas, state protective forest belts, forests that are scientific, historical monuments, natural monuments, forests for the sanitary protection of water sources and resorts (the first and second zones), forests around water bodies where spawning valuable commercial fish, anti-erosion forests, fruit, nut-commercial, near-tundry massifs. All of them are under special protection of the forest legislation, their felling is strictly prohibited. They are also carefully protected from contamination.

Final felling is allowed in protective forest belts around roads, in belt forests, forest parks. But this cutting is strictly regulated.

3. Protection and exploitation of commercial fish

The protection and exploitation of commercial fish in our country is regulated by the Federal Law of December 20, 2004 No. 166-FZ (as amended on June 28, 2014) “On Fishing and the Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources” (Chapter 3 “Fishing”).

It legislates the term industrial fishing. Accordingly, a category of commercial fish is distinguished - fish species subject to industrial catch.

In the world there are several thousand species of fisheries, in the Russian Federation - several hundred. Most of the commercial fish are freshwater fish. But especially valuable are migratory and semi-migratory fish (living both in rivers and in the seas), for example, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, pike perch. Also of great value are the fish of the northern seas - salmon, salmon, whitefish, chum salmon, pink salmon. Commercial fish serve not only as a source of food, but also as a raw material for light, pharmaceutical, industry, and animal feed is made from fish.

Therefore, commercial fish need proper exploitation and protection, which includes:

Reproduction of stocks of fish and melioration of reservoirs;

Establishing a limit on the catch of commercial fish;

Limiting the catch of commercial fish in certain periods;

Limitation of methods and tools for catching commercial fish.

Reclamation of water bodies is aimed at creating optimal conditions for the life of fish, restoring their population, protecting them from the harmful effects of other natural factors, incl. anthropogenic. For this purpose, deepening and cleaning the bottom of reservoirs, regulating the water level, planting forest belts around the reservoir, combating kills in winter, creating spawning grounds for fish and temporary reservoirs for young animals can be used. Biological reclamation is the settlement of new species of living organisms in water bodies, for example, special algae, microorganisms, and sometimes other fish that naturally clean the bottom of the reservoir.

In order to ensure that the stocks of fisheries are not depleted, spawning grounds are created and fish fry are bred, edible algae and other types of fish food are grown. In some cases, fry grown under artificial conditions are released into a reservoir, in others they are grown up to reproductive age for the purpose of further reproduction and selection. At the same time, it is especially important that the fry receive enough light and nutrient biomass so that clean water constantly circulates in an artificial reservoir, which further affects the quality of caviar (especially in sturgeon fish).

Such reservoirs are equipped at special enterprises for the reproduction of commercial fish. The fish caught in the habitats goes to the site of pre-spawn keeping of the spawners, then to the workshop where the broodstock (spawners) is kept, from there to the incubation workshop, where spawning, fertilization and maturation of eggs take place. Malek enters a special pool. Sick individuals, individuals requiring adaptation can be kept separately. Special requirements are put forward for the careful capture and transportation of spawners. Also, live food for fish is grown at such enterprises. The scientific approach allows not only to reproduce fish populations, but also to carry out their selection, eliminate some defects in the development of fish, and improve their commercial qualities.

To determine the limit of fish catch in a particular reservoir or its area, an ecological expertise is carried out, which establishes the number and structure of the population of commercial fish. The limit can be calculated in kilograms - for individuals and in tons of fish biomass - for legal entities (quotas for commercial catch). The limit assumes that the optimal number of individuals is removed, which will not harm the natural recovery of the population. Limit norms are calculated by scientific and trade councils and submitted for approval to the Fisheries Agency. In addition to the limit, the parameters of the fishing measure are also set: the length, size, weight of fish that are to be caught. A fish that does not reach this size is called off-gauge.

The Federal Agency for Fisheries of the Russian Federation issues permits with an established catch rate and a fishing measure for individuals and legal entities. Violation of the catch rate is a water environmental offense and can be punished by administrative or criminal penalties. Irregular catching of commercial fish, as well as catching fish in water bodies where it is prohibited, and other gross violations of the exploitation of commercial fish, are called poaching. Fish caught in excess of the limit is subject to confiscation from poachers.

It is equally important to limit the catch of fish during certain periods: during the feeding period, during spawning. In other periods, the catch, on the contrary, can be stimulated, for example, with a significant increase in the population, with deadly events in winter and summer.

It is forbidden to harvest commercial fish by using explosives, poisons, or by forming a kill. For certain species of commercial fish, the sizes of permitted fishing gear, for example, nets, are established. Industrial fishing gear must be registered. Sometimes, due to the inconsistency in the characteristics of fishing gear, oversized fish are caught along with commercial fish. If the number of off-gauge fish exceeds the norm, then the fishing gear must be replaced or the catch should be stopped altogether.

A special legal regime for the protection of fish and water resources is established for nature protection reservoirs. In general, the effectiveness of the protection and exploitation of commercial fish depends on the quality of implementation of water legislation and control by fisheries protection authorities.

4. International agreements aimed at the control and use of biological resources

The main international document aimed at the control and conservation of biological resources is the "Agenda for the XXI century", adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro on June 3-14, 1992. In particular, a special section has been developed in it - Chapter 15 "Conservation of biological diversity". This chapter stipulates that the states that have ratified the Agenda must create national programs for the protection of biological resources, carry out research aimed at the conservation of biological diversity, and organize the rational use of resources together with other states. Governments of states, in cooperation with the UN, are called upon to carry out all these and other measures, using financial instruments, the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, human resources and the natural potential of the country.

Russia, as a member of the UN, is also called upon to comply with the provisions of the Agenda in accordance with international environmental law.

The second significant document is the World Charter for Conservation of Nature. A number of other international agreements have also been adopted:

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Influences;

Declaration on the Environment, which is a summary of the basic principles of international cooperation;

Convention on Biological Diversity;

Convention on Climate Change;

Convention to Combat Desertification.

The Convention on Biological Diversity provides that natural objects must be preserved either in natural ecosystems or in artificial conditions (laboratories, zoos, etc.). In the Russian Federation, the Convention was ratified in 1995. In 2009, it was supplemented by an international protocol for the conservation of genetic resources. Also in 2000, the Cartagena Protocol on the Protection of Biological Diversity from the Negative Consequences of Genetic Modification of Organisms was signed.

By joining these and other international agreements, Russia guarantees that it will unify its legislation and will comply with the terms of the agreements on the territory of its state, as well as cooperate with other countries. In this case, cooperation is especially important, because living organisms, especially animals, are characterized by migration, and many ecosystems are the property of several nations at once.

There are also international documents on resource sectors, for example, regarding the protection of water resources. The first international agreement that established certain obligations of states in the field of the protection of the World Ocean was the London Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Oil of 1954, as amended in 1962.

All issues related to the problems of the World Ocean are dealt with by the International Maritime Organization (IMO - Internatіonal Maritime Organizatіon). It is an international intergovernmental organization that has the status of a specialized agency of the United Nations. It was founded in 1958 with the aim of promoting international cooperation in the field of shipping and maritime trade. It began to function in 1959. The Organization is a forum for the exchange of information between governments on technical issues of international merchant shipping, assists in guaranteeing maritime safety and preventing marine pollution by ships. Many conferences were held within the IMO, which ended with the conclusion of conventions on various aspects of maritime navigation. The International Maritime Organization has adopted a large number of recommendations, codes, guidelines, guidelines, resolutions, including those regarding the conservation of biological diversity in the World Ocean.

More than 190 states, including Russia, are members of the IMO. IMO resolves issues related to ensuring cooperation in shipping and navigation, development of recommendations and draft conventions on maritime and environmental law. The supreme body of the IMO is the Assembly, which consists of all its members and is convened every two years. The protection of the air environment is provided by the 1963 Treaty on the Ban on Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, Outer Space and Under Water, and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

There are other specialized environmental agencies under the UN, as well as the UN Conference on Environment and Development, the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, IUCN - the International Union for Conservation of Nature. They work closely with industrial, agricultural and food international organizations.

The biological diversity of plants and animals at the international level is regulated by the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the 1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, and the 1979 Convention on the Protection of Wild Fauna and Flora and Natural Habitats. All of them provide that plants and animals, as parts of biological diversity, can be used as objects of aesthetic and recreational complex by all people, and can be used to a limited extent, under license, as objects of hunting, fishing, etc.

List of used literature

1. Bogdanovich I.I. Geoecology with the basics of biogeography. - M.: Flinta, 2011. - 210 p.

2. Bocharnikov V.N. Global Biodiversity Perspective // ​​Biology at School. 2011. №2. pp. 4-8.

3. Yeldyshev E.N. Different forests - common problems // Ecology and life. 2010. V. 103. No. 6. pp. 24-27.

4. Zverkova Ya.A., Khankhasaev G.F., Belikova E.V. Protection of water and water resources // Bulletin of the ESGUTU. 2009. No. 4 (27). pp. 104-107.

5. Ilyasov S.V., Gutsulyak V.N., Pavlov P.N. Scientific and practical commentary to the Federal Law "On Fishing and Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources". - M.: Center for the Law of the Sea, 2005. - 256 p.

6. Kopylov M.N. Introduction to international environmental law. - M.: Publishing house of the Russian University of Friendship of Peoples, 2007. - 267 p.

7. Likhatsevich A.P. Golchenko M.G., Mikhailov G.I. Agricultural melioration. - M.: IVTs of the Ministry of Finance, 2010. - 463 p.

8. Mashinsky V.L. The green fund is an integral part of nature. Urban forests and forest parks. Basic principles of organization. - M.: Sputnik +, 2006. - 144 p.

9. Moiseenko L.S. Cultivation of fish and crayfish in artificial conditions. - M.: Phoenix, 2013. - 192 p.

10. Terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Ed. Matishova G., Tishkova A. - M.: Paulsen, 2011. - 448 p.

11. Solntsev A.M. Modern international law on environmental protection and environmental human rights. - M.: Librokom, 2013. - 336 p.

12. Fedyaev V.E. On the economic assessment of damage to fish resources // Fishing Issues. 2012. V. 13. No. 3-51. pp. 663-666.

13. Tsvetkov V.F. Etudes of forest ecology. - Arkhangelsk, publishing house of ASTU, 2009. - 355 p.

14. Shashkina E.Yu. "Agenda for the XXI century" and human rights: the right to participate // Eurasian Law Journal. 2013. No. 1 (56). pp. 116-119.

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The solution of environmental problems, and, consequently, the prospects for the sustainable development of civilization, is largely associated with the competent use of renewable resources and various functions of ecosystems, and their management. This direction is the most important way of a sufficiently long and relatively inexhaustible use of nature, combined with the preservation and maintenance of the stability of the biosphere, and, consequently, the human environment.

Each species is unique. It contains information about the development of flora and fauna, which is of great scientific and applied importance. Since all the possibilities of using a given organism in the long term are often unpredictable, the entire gene pool of our planet (with the possible exception of some pathogenic organisms dangerous to humans) is subject to strict protection. The need to protect the gene pool from the standpoint of the concept of sustainable development (“co-evolution”) is dictated not so much by economic as by moral and ethical considerations. Humanity alone will not survive.

It is useful to recall one of B. Commoner's environmental laws: "Nature knows best!" Until recently, the possibilities of using the gene pool of animals that were unforeseen are now being demonstrated by bionics, thanks to which there are numerous improvements in engineering structures based on the study of the structure and functions of the organs of wild animals. It has been established that some invertebrates (molluscs, sponges) have the ability to accumulate a large amount of radioactive elements and pesticides. As a result, they can be bioindicators of environmental pollution and help humans solve this important problem.

Protection of the plant gene pool. Being an integral part of the general problem of protection of the PSO, the protection of the plant gene pool is a set of measures to preserve the entire species diversity of plants - carriers of the hereditary heritage of productive or scientifically or practically valuable properties.

It is known that under the influence of natural selection and through sexual reproduction of individuals in the gene pool of each species or population, the most useful properties for the species are accumulated; they are in gene combinations. Therefore, the tasks of using natural flora are of great importance. Our modern grain, fruit, vegetable, berry, fodder, industrial, ornamental crops, the centers of origin of which were established by our outstanding compatriot N.I. Vavilov, lead their genealogy either from wild ancestors, or are creations of science, but based on natural gene structures. By using the hereditary properties of wild plants, completely new types of useful plants have been obtained. Through hybrid selection, perennial wheat and grain fodder hybrids were created. According to scientists, about 600 species of wild plants can be used in the selection of agricultural crops from the flora of Russia.

The protection of the plant gene pool is carried out by creating reserves, natural parks, botanical gardens; formation of a gene pool of local and introduced species; study of biology, ecological needs and competitiveness of plants; ecological assessment of the plant habitat, forecasts of its changes in the future. Thanks to the reserves, Pitsunda and Eldar pines, pistachio, yew, boxwood, rhododendron, ginseng, etc. have been preserved.

Protection of the gene pool of animals. The change in living conditions under the influence of human activity, accompanied by direct persecution and extermination of animals, leads to the impoverishment of their species composition and a reduction in the number of many species. In 1600 there were approximately 4230 species of mammals on the planet, by our time 36 species have disappeared, and 120 species are in danger of extinction. Of the 8684 bird species, 94 have disappeared and 187 are endangered. The situation with subspecies is no better: since 1600, 64 subspecies of mammals and 164 subspecies of birds have disappeared, 223 subspecies of mammals and 287 subspecies of birds are endangered.

Protection of the human gene pool. For this, various scientific directions have been created, such as:

1) ecotoxicology- a section of toxicology (the science of poisons), which studies the ingredient composition, features of distribution, biological action, activation, deactivation of harmful substances in the environment;

2) medical genetic counseling in special medical institutions to determine the nature and consequences of the action of ecotoxicants on the human genetic apparatus in order to give birth to healthy offspring;

3) screening- selection and testing for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of environmental factors (human environment).

Environmental pathology- the doctrine of human diseases, in the occurrence and development of which the leading role is played by unfavorable environmental factors in combination with other pathogenic factors.

Animal world- this is a collection of all species and individuals of wild animals (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, as well as insects, mollusks and other invertebrates) that inhabit a certain territory or environment and are in a state of natural freedom.

According to the Federal Law "On the Wildlife" (1995), the basic concepts related to the protection and use of wildlife are formulated as follows:

object of the animal world - organisms of animal origin or their population;

biological diversity of the animal world - the diversity of objects of the animal world within the same species, between species and in ecosystems;

stable state of the animal world - the existence of objects of the animal world for an indefinitely long time;

sustainable use of objects of the animal world - the use of objects of the animal world, which does not lead to the depletion of the biological diversity of the animal world in the long term and which preserves the ability of the animal world to reproduce and sustainably exist.

The animal world is an integral element of the environment and biological diversity of the Earth, a renewable natural resource, an important regulating and stabilizing component of the biosphere.

The main ecological function of animals is participation in biotic cycle substances and energy. The stability of the ecosystem is provided primarily by animals, as the most mobile element.

It is necessary to realize that the animal world is not only an important component of the natural ecological system and at the same time the most valuable biological resource. It is also very important that all kinds of animals form the genetic fund of the planet, all of them are necessary and useful. There are no stepchildren in nature, just as there are no absolutely useful and absolutely harmful animals. Everything depends on their number, living conditions and a number of other factors. One of the varieties 100 thousand species of various flies - housefly, is a carrier of a number of contagious diseases. At the same time, flies feed a huge number of animals (small birds, toads, spiders, lizards, etc.). Only a few species (ticks, pest rodents, etc.) are subject to strict control.

Vegetation cover is an integral part of the natural environment, thanks to which

the process of metabolism in nature is carried out, providing the possibility

the very existence of life. At the same time, vegetation cover is one of

the least protected components of the landscape, subjected everywhere

affected by anthropogenic activity and suffering from it in the first place.

Often the destruction of the vegetation cover leads to the creation of conditions that

incompatible with human life, situations are formed that are defined as

ecological catastrophy.

Territories where the necessary scientifically substantiated balance between

disturbed and undisturbed areas of vegetation, have a chance to avoid

disasters. In addition, vegetation supplies humanity with fodder,

food, medicinal, wood resources, and also satisfies its scientific,

aesthetic and recreational needs. Caring for the conservation of vegetable

cover is one of the most important and at the same time one of the most difficult tasks.

When assessing the consequences of any type of anthropogenic activity on vegetation

should proceed from its direct and indirect role in the functioning of landscapes and

human life. The role of vegetation is extremely diverse and,

it can be said that all life on Earth depends on vegetation, since

green plants are the only organisms of their kind capable of

produce organic matter from inorganic, and also unconditionally

oxygen necessary for life. The remaining functions of vegetation are based on

this main energy function. Resource (including food and

feed), biostation, health-improving role of vegetation

are directly related to its energy function, and landscape stabilizing,

water protection, recreational and other functions depend on it indirectly.

Violation of at least one of the functions leads to destabilization of the equilibrium, as in

plant communities, and in the landscape as a whole.

The fact is that vegetation is such a component of the environment,

which regulates the normal functioning of all the others, from

gas composition of the atmosphere, the regime of surface runoff and ending with productivity

agricultural crops, which V.V.

Dokuchaev. Meanwhile, people tend to forget about the vital necessity

preservation of vegetation, because the connection of life on Earth with vegetation

mediated with many other factors. As a rule, see the final

a link in the chain is not easy, so you often hear disparaging

and ironic statements about some "flowers and herbs" (as well as "birds

and butterflies"), allegedly incomparable in importance with the interests of people in connection with

implementation of an object or project.

In fact, there is a range of flora species in each region that

are protected because of their rarity or even uniqueness, the tendency to

disappearance. This species, listed in the Red Books of various levels, and

when predicting the consequences of a particular type of anthropogenic activity

it is necessary to identify such species, their habitats in a given area and, in

if necessary, adjust the design decisions to prevent

death of these species. But it's not just about preserving rare and endangered species.

The assessment of the impact on vegetation also includes an analysis of possible

consequences of vegetation disturbance, providing a stable

functioning of all ecosystems of the region, including anthropoecosystems. In my

turn, vegetation depends on all natural factors, the manifestation

which is associated with zonal-regional features. Depend on this

composition and phytocenetic structure of vegetation, its biological

productivity, and, consequently, energy efficiency, its

dynamic trends. All these indicators are the basis of assessments

impact on vegetation cover.

Impacts on vegetation can be direct and indirect. To

direct impacts include the direct destruction

vegetation (cutting down forests, ripping off sod, burning areas with

vegetation, plowing meadows, etc.). Indirect impacts are mediated

other factors that anthropogenic activity changes: a change in the level

groundwater, microclimate change, air and soil pollution

Recently, an increasingly significant floristic role is played by

pollution, especially atmospheric. As it turned out, plants are often more

sensitive to chemical pollution than humans, so MPC

pollutants in the air approved as sanitary

hygienic standards, are not suitable for vegetation (especially for

evergreen trees and shrubs). Generally accepted MPCs for vegetation

not yet. There are private, such as standards approved for the territory

Museum-estate "Yasnaya Polyana". In the absence of others, one should use these

standards, amending the accompanying circumstances (composition and

existing state of vegetation, area of ​​activity).

No data on maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in soils for

there is no vegetation. There are only agricultural regulations

optimal application of fertilizers to the soil and the content of pesticides in it, and

It is also known that various plants have a selective ability to

absorption of individual elements: some accumulate lead in large quantities

(lilac), other zinc (violet), etc. Without suffering themselves, the plants

can serve as a transmission link for the spread of pollutants, which, according to trophic

chains enter living organisms. Impact assessments of any kind

anthropogenic activities on the vegetation cover are hampered by the fact that

there are no specific quantitative standards of the state

vegetation. Only expert assessments are possible here, allowing to obtain

a comprehensive assessment of the state and stability of vegetation, although in this

case, one has to rely on the professionalism and experience of experts.

Among the biotic indicators for assessing the state of ecosystems and geospheric

obolchek V.V. Vinogradovs are invited to single out spatial, dynamic

and thematic indicators, of which the latter are the most important

recognized as botanical.

botanical(geobotanical) criteria are not only sensitive to

environmental disturbances, but also the most representative ("physiognomic"),

which best help to trace the zones of the ecological state according to

sizes in space and by stages of disturbance in time. botanical

indicators are very specific, because different types of plants and different plant

communities in different geographical conditions have different sensitivity

and resistance to disturbing influences and, therefore, the same

indicators for the qualification of zones of ecological state can significantly

vary for different landscapes. It takes into account signs of negative

changes at different levels: organismal (phytopathological changes),

population (deterioration of species composition and phytocenometric characteristics) and

ecosystem (ratio of area in the landscape). State ranking example

ecosystems according to botanical criteria is given in Table. 9 (averaged main

indicators zoned for certain zonal conditions).

Table 9

Botanical criteria for assessing ecosystem disturbance

EVALUATION	Ecosystem state classes
INDICATORS	I - norm (N)	II - risk (P)	III - crisis (K)	IV - disaster (B)
Deterioration of species composition and characteristic species of flora	natural change of (sub-)dominants	Decreasing the abundance of dominions. Species	change of dominance. species on the secondary.	Decreased abundance of secondary species
Vegetation damage (e.g. factory smoke)	no damage	Damage to the most senses. Species	damage to the medium of the senses. species	Damage is weakly felt. Species
Relative area of ​​indigenous (quasi-) commun. (%)	over 60	60-40	30-20	Less than 10
Biodiversity (decrease in Simpson Diversity Index, %)	less than 10	10-20	25-50	Over 50
Forest cover (% of zonal)	over 80	70-60	50-30	Less than 10
Crop death (% area)	less than 5	5-15	15-30	Over 30
Projective cover of pasture vegetation (in % of normal)	over 80	70-60	50-20	Less than 10
Pasture vegetation productivity (in % potent.)	over 80	70-60	20-10	Less than 5

Biochemical criteria for ecological disruption of flora are based on

measurements of anomalies in the content of chemicals in plants. For

qualifications of critical environmental violation of the territory are used

indicators of changes in the ratio of the content of toxic and biologically active

microelements in cuttings of plants from trial plots and in vegetable feeds. AT

forests is a common toxicant, the effect of which on plants leads to

irreversible physiological and metabolic disorders, is dioxide

sulfur. The negative effect of heavy metals on plants is mainly due to their

penetration into cellular structures with soil solution.

In general, the aerotechnogenic way of pollutants entering plants through their

assimilation organs determines the degradation of forest biogeocenoses under conditions

the impact of emissions from, for example, metallurgical plants. Accumulation

metals in the assimilating organs of the studied plants increases with growth

the level of pollution of the environment by their growth, such a pattern is typical

only for those metals that are priority for the composition of emissions

metallurgical enterprises. Other metals (not of industrial origin)

are distributed evenly over the territory, and the envy of the accumulation from the zone

damage has not yet been found. The most informative biochemical indicators

damage to forest ecosystems are given in table. ten.

Table 10

Biochemical criteria for assessing ecosystem disturbance

INDICATORS	Ecosystem state classes
(according to the content of chemical substances in the dry mass of herbs (mg / kg)	I - norm (N)	II - risk (P)	III - crisis (K)	IV - disaster (B)
The maximum allowable C:N ratio in plants	12-8	8-6	6-4	less than 4
Maximum permissible content of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Sb	1,1-1,5	2-4	5-10	over 10
The content of Tl, Se (according to background excess)	less than 1.5	2-4	5-10	over 10
The content of Al, Sn, Bi, Te, Wo, Mn, Ga, Ge, In, It (according to background excess)		1,5-2	2-10	10-50
Cu content in plants (kg/kg)	10-20	30-70	80-100	over 100
Zn content (kg/kg)		30-60	60-100	100-500
Fe content (mg/kg)		50-100	100-200	100-500
Mo content (mg/kg)	2-3	3-10	10-50	more than 50
Co content (mg/kg)		0,3-1,0	1-5	5-50

(plant world) It is recommended to consider

following.

1. Characteristics of forest and other vegetation in the zone of impact of the object and

assessment of the state of the prevailing plant communities.

2. Rare, endemic, listed in the Red Book plant species, their description

habitats.

3. Assessment of the resistance of plant communities to the impact.

4. Forecast of changes in plant communities during the implementation of the project.

5. Functional significance of the prevailing plant communities, forecast

changes in their functional significance during the implementation of the project.

6. Assessment of the fire hazard of plant communities.

7. Consequences of projected changes in vegetation for life and health

people and their economic activities.

8. Assessment of recreational impact and forecast of changes in vegetation during

possible changes in recreational loads (taking into account the stability

plant communities to impact).

9. Measures for the conservation of plant communities:

Rare, endemic, listed in the Red Book of plant species;

Productivity of plant communities;

The quality of herbal products.

10. Measures to ensure the fire safety of forests and other

plant communities.

11. Assessment of damage caused to vegetation due to disturbance and

environmental pollution (air, water, soil), forest cutting

vegetation and redevelopment of territories.

12. Scope of environmental protection measures and assessment of the cost of measures to

protection of forest and other vegetation, compensatory measures, including a

case of accidents.

Usually, speaking about the protection of the animal world, they mean the preservation of rare,

exotic animals, some of which are on the verge of complete

extinction, or about animals of economic value. However, the problem

wildlife conservation is much broader. Animal world follows

considered as a necessary functional part of the biosphere, where each of

systematic groups of animals, ranging from the lowest primitive to

higher mammals, performs its specific role in the life of the biosphere.

The animal world is much more incompatible with anthropogenic activities than

other components of the landscape, which creates great difficulties in preventing

negative effects of the impact.

The area of ​​impact on wildlife is always wider than the area directly

occupied by the designed object, since the vital activity of animals

disturbed, among other things, by the so-called "anxiety factor"

including the noise of construction and traffic, the appearance of unfamiliar and unusual

objects, night lighting, and finally, poaching and trapping of animals

and fish, sea animal, etc.

When assessing the consequences of impacts on the animal world, it is much more significant

indirect causes of negative consequences: reduction of ecological niches,

food reserves, disruption of food chains, pollution of water bodies and much

other. Often negative consequences for the animal world as a result of

indirect impact is much wider than direct impact.

In the process of developing impact assessments on fauna and wildlife

need to rely on systematic, spatial and ecological

structure of the animal world, establishing interdependencies between these three

aspects of the analysis and identifying the possible negative consequences of their violation.

The basis for establishing the initial spatial and ecological

regularities, you should use materials according to typical data

zonal-regional conditions for reserves (reserves, sanctuaries, etc.),

since in territories outside specially protected natural objects

the original patterns are strongly violated and can only be established

modern ones, as a rule, are very depleted of their modifications. Comparison of those and

others can give insight into the type of ecosystem dynamics of the region and adaptation

animals to a changing environment, on the basis of which it is already easier to predict

consequences of the planned loads. On the other hand, if the supposed

activities will be carried out close enough to one of the protected

territories, it is necessary to assess the possible consequences for the protected area

in order to prevent any changes to any of the objects or factors,

significant for this type of protection.

To assess the state of the animal world, as in the previous case, also

there are no clear and defined, incl. quantitative criteria and norms, in

In connection with this, the method of expert assessments is most often used, requiring

determination of relevant indicators.

Included in the thematic biotic, recommended by V.V. Vinogradov,

zoological criteria and indicators for assessing the state of ecosystems, i.e.

violations in the animal world, can be considered as at the coenotic levels

(species diversity, spatial and trophic structures, biomass and

productivity, energy), and on population (spatial

structure, abundance and density, behavior, demographic and genetic

structure).

According to zoological criteria, a number of stages of the process can be distinguished

environmental violations of the territory. The risk zone is distinguished mainly by

environmental criteria for the initial stage of the disturbance - syntropization,

loss of herd behavior, change in migration routes, reaction of tolerance.

The subsequent stages of the violation are distinguished additionally by spatial,

demographic and genetic criteria. The crisis zone is characterized

disruption of the structure of populations, groups and flocks, narrowing of the distribution area and

habitat, violation of the production cycle. The disaster area is different

the disappearance of part of the range or habitat, the mass death of age

groups, a sharp increase in the number of synatropic and uncharacteristic species, intensive

an increase in anthropozoon and zoon diseases. In view of the strong multi-annual

variability of zoological indicators (at least 25%), some of the

criteria are given for a 5-10 year period.

An example of ranking the state of the ecosystem according to these criteria is given in Table. eleven.

Table 11

Zoological criteria for assessing ecosystem disturbance

Considering all of the above, when justifying and assessing the impact on fauna

(flora)

following.

1. Characteristics of the animal world in the zone of impact of the object.

2. Assessment of the territory in the zone of impact of the object as habitats for the main

groups of animals (for fish - wintering pits, feeding and spawning places, etc.).

3. Forecast of changes in the animal world during the construction and operation of the facility.

4. Assessment of the consequences of changes in the animal world as a result of the project.

5. Measures to reduce damage to aquatic and terrestrial fauna and preserve

the main habitats of animals during the construction and operation of the facility.

6. Assessment of damage to wildlife due to changes in habitat conditions during

implementation of design solutions. compensatory measures.

7. Scope of environmental protection measures and assessment of the cost of compensation

measures and measures for the protection of wildlife during normal operation

object, as well as in case of accidents.

ASSESSMENT AND FORECAST OF ANTHROPOECOLOGICAL ASPECTS

The socio-economic situation in itself is not an environmental

factor. However, it creates these factors and at the same time changes under the influence of

changing environmental conditions. In this regard, the assessment of the impact on

environment cannot do without the analysis of social and economic

living conditions of the population. That is why the population and economy in

all the variety of their functioning are included in the concept of the environment and

that is why the social and economic features of the area under consideration

or object form an integral part of the EIA.

This principle is enshrined in the International Convention "On Impact Assessment on

environment in a transboundary context", where it is written: "impact"

means any consequences of the proposed activity for the environment,

including human health and safety flora, fauna, soil, air, water,

climate, landscape, historical monuments and other material objects or

relationship with these factors. It also covers implications for

cultural heritage or socio-economic conditions, which are

the result of changes in these factors.

In the light of this definition, it becomes clear that the priority dispute

biocentric or anthropocentric approach to environmental issues

absolutor environment is meaningless, tk. it's almost the same thing, only

the second part of the above definition should not be discarded. And in the end

As a result, we can say that the last section of the EIA (or the last of

considered environmental factors) is anthropoecological

grade planned activity, refracting the assessment of all other

factors in the anthropoecological aspect and including the assessment and forecast of possible

consequences of a social, demographic, economic nature (increased

pressure on existing infrastructure, relationships of indigenous,

old-timers and newcomers, the emergence of new jobs,

the need for local products, etc.), i.e. all that is possible

attributed to both aut- and synecological aspects of life

person.

The anthropoecological direction is one of the youngest in the structure

EIA, as well as in the science of ecology in general, because before everything

anthropoecological problems were redistributed among many other

sciences: medicine (and hygiene, in particular), anthropology, geography,

ethnography, demography, etc.) and were often considered independently of each other.

One of the reasons for combining all these aspects into one direction was

problems of environmental protection in general, and the need for pre-project and

project EIA, in particular.

Unfortunately, the need to consider in the EIA materials

anthropoecological assessments are not yet sufficiently understood in the field of management

environmental protection, which can be traced both in legislative acts and in

other legal documents. In particular, in the law of the Russian Federation "On

environmental expertise" there are almost no requirements for

anthropoecological assessments of economic activity as an independent

section, although the need for its development is beyond doubt.

Socio-economic characteristics of the state of the population, which should

taken into account during the EIA, are classified by science - ecology

person as follows: demographic characteristics; indicators,

characterizing the conditions of work and life, rest, food,

water consumption, reproduction and education of the population, its education and

maintaining a high level of health; characteristics of natural and man-made

environmental factors of the population. The ratings are divided into

subjective(given by the working or living people themselves) and

professional(obtained using objective measurement methods

or official information sources).

To characterize the socio-ecological situation at an object or territory

experts in the field of human ecology distinguish two groups of factors,

characterizing the anthropoecological situation, - complex

(integral) indicators: comfort level natural environment and

degree of deterrence living space.

The assessment of the comfort of natural conditions is associated with the analysis of more than three dozen

parameters of the natural environment, of which more than 10 relate to climatic

factors, and the rest characterize the presence of natural prerequisites for diseases (in

including relief, geological structure, state of waters, vegetation and

animal world and many others discussed in previous sections). For

mountainous areas, for example, it is additionally important to know the height of the object above the level

seas and the degree of dissection of the relief.

The level of deterrience of the environment also combines quite

a large number of indicators of a very different plan. These include traditional

complex estimates of pollution of the geospheres, calculated as a sum

ratios of real concentrations of pollutants and their MPC, specific total indicators

MPE and MPD associated with the estimated area of ​​the territory, and a number of others.

In list demographic indicators, taken into account when

anthropoecological assessments, the following are most often given: the coefficient of the general and

child standardized mortality (per 1000 population) adjusted for age

population structure, birth rate, linked to the overall rate

natural increase, average life expectancy and life expectancy

potential of the population (the number of years of life ahead, provided that this

age-specific mortality rate, in person-years), marriage rates and

migration, indirectly indicating environmental problems in the region

object placement. There are also more complex calculations

demographic indicators: quality of life and quality of health of the population.

Among the most comprehensive regional indicators is the integrated

indicator of socio-economic development, including 15 basic

parameters assessed on a 10-point scale: gross national product (GNP)

per capita, consumption per capita, level of industrialization,

the share of exportable products in the total volume of agricultural

products, provision with own industrial products, development

infrastructure, level of education, availability of market public opinion,

orientation of the population to Western living standards, etc. Assessed

the region is ranked for each of these 15 parameters, then the assigned points

are added together to form a total score.

Unfortunately, there are no "purely ecological" parameters among these parameters.

type evaluation the level of ecological consciousness of the population, the level

socio-ecological tension other. Among others

ecologized socio-economic indicators include: recreational

the potential of the area and the degree of its use, danger (probability)

invasions, epizootics and attacks on people by representatives of the animal world,

complex indicators of technogenic load and the degree of urbanization

territory, and a number of others.

Certain issues in this area are regulated by the existing

normative-legal and normative-technical documents.

Of the variety of eco-socio-cultural indicators during the EIA (in

the following:

1. Assessment of the sanitary and epidemiological state of the territory.

2. Social conditions of life of the population.

3. Assessment of the health status of the population.

4. Migration of the population.

5. Forecast of possible changes in the population, including radical.

6. Assessment of predictive changes in socio-economic conditions of life

population, comfort of living in the implementation of the planned activities.

7. Predictive assessment of the environmental consequences of the operation of the facility (with

normal mode and accidents) for the life and health of the population (increased

mortality, changes in life expectancy, the emergence

professional and other specific diseases, an increase in the general, infectious

morbidity in children and adults, etc.).

8. Predictive assessment of the impact of the proposed activity on specially protected

objects (natural, recreational, cultural, religious, etc.).

9. Loss of the aesthetic value of the territory.

10. Assessment of predictive changes in the natural environment for the existing

nature management, including national.

11. Measures to ensure the environmental safety of the population during

normal operation of the facility and in emergency situations.

12. Measures to regulate social relations in the process of the planned

economic activities, including the obligations of the investor to improve

social conditions of life of the population.

13. Comprehensive predictive assessment of environmental risk (for the population and

environment) of the proposed activity.

14. Scope of environmental protection measures and valuation of costs for

measures to preserve favorable living conditions and health of the population.

Atmospheric air protection

The atmosphere is one of the elements of the environment that is everywhere

subject to human activity. The consequences of such

impacts depend on many factors and are manifested in climate change and

chemical composition of the atmosphere. These changes, indifferent to the

atmosphere, are a significant factor influencing the biotic component

environment, including per person.

The atmosphere, or air environment, is evaluated in two aspects.

1. Climate and its possible changes both under the influence of natural

causes, and under the influence of anthropogenic influences in general (macroclimate) and

of this project in particular (microclimate). These estimates also

projection of the possible impact of climate change on the implementation

projected type of anthropogenic activity.

2. Pollution atmosphere, the assessment of which is carried out according to the structural

scheme. First, the potential for contamination is assessed.

atmosphere using one of the complex indicators: pollution potential

atmosphere (PZA), scattering power of the atmosphere (RSA), etc. Then

assessments of the current level of air pollution in the region are carried out.

Conclusions on both climatic and meteorological features and initial pollution

atmosphere are based primarily on the data of the regional Roshydromet, in

to a lesser extent - on the data of the sanitary and epidemiological service and

special analytical inspections of the State Committee for Ecology, as well as other

literary sources. And finally, based on the obtained estimates and data on

specific emissions into the atmosphere of the designed facility are calculated

predictive estimates of atmospheric pollution using special

computer programs ("Ecolog", "Garant", "Efir", etc.), which allow not

maps of concentration fields and data on pollutant deposition (PO)

on the underlying surface.

The criterion for assessing the degree of atmospheric pollution is the maximum permissible

concentrations (MPC) of pollutants. Measured or calculated

concentrations of pollutants in the air are compared with MPC and thus pollution

atmosphere is measured in values ​​(shares) of MPC.

The concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere should not be confused with their emissions into the atmosphere.

Concentration is the mass of a substance per unit volume (or even mass), and

release - the mass of a substance received per unit of time (i.e. "dose").

Emission cannot be a criterion for air pollution, since pollution

air depends not only on the magnitude (mass) of the emission, but also on a number of other

factors (meteoparameters, height of the source of emission, etc.).

Forecast estimates of atmospheric pollution are used in other sections of the EIA

to predict the consequences of the state of other factors from the impact

polluted atmosphere (pollution of the underlying surface, vegetation

vegetation, morbidity of the population, etc.).

Assessment of the state of the atmosphere during the environmental impact assessment is based

on the integral assessment of air pollution in the study area,

which is determined using a system of direct, indirect and indicator

criteria. Assessment of the quality of the atmosphere (primarily the degree of its pollution)

quite well developed and based on a very large package of regulatory and

policy documents using direct monitoring measurement methods

environmental parameters, as well as indirect - calculation methods and evaluation criteria.

Direct evaluation criteria. The main criteria for the state of pollution

air basin are the values ​​​​of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC).

It should be borne in mind that the atmosphere occupies a special position in

ecosystem, being a medium for the transfer of technogenic pollutants and

the most changeable and dynamic of all the components of its abiotic

components. Therefore, to assess the degree of atmospheric pollution,

time-differentiated indicators: maximum one-time MPCmr (for

short-term effects) and average daily MPCs, as well as average annual MPCs (for

prolonged exposure).

The degree of atmospheric pollution is estimated by multiplicity and frequency

exceeding MPC taking into account the hazard class, as well as the summation

biological action of pollutants (SV). Air pollution level

substances of different hazard classes is determined by "reduction" of their concentrations,

normalized according to MPC, to the concentrations of substances of the 3rd hazard class.

Pollutants in the air basin according to the probability of their unfavorable

influence on the health of the population is divided into 4 classes: 1st - extremely

dangerous, 2nd - highly dangerous, 3rd - moderately dangerous and 4th -

little dangerous. Usually the actual maximum one-time,

average daily and average annual MPCs, comparing them with actual concentrations

pollutants in the atmosphere for the last few years, but not less than 2 years.

Another important criterion for assessing the total air pollution

(various substances according to average annual concentrations) is the value

complex indicator (P) equal to the square root of the sum of squares

concentrations of substances of various hazard classes, normalized according to MPC and

reduced to concentrations of substances of the 3rd hazard class.

The most common and informative indicator of air pollution is

KISA is a complex index of average annual air pollution. His

quantitative ranking according to the class of the state of the atmosphere is given in Table. one.

The given ranking according to the classes of the state of the atmosphere is carried out in

compliance with the classification of pollution levels on a four-point scale,

class "norm" corresponds to the level of air pollution below average

suburbs of the country;

the "risk" class is equal to the average level;

"crisis" class - above average;

Distress class is well above average.

QISA is commonly used to compare the air pollution of different

sections of the study area (cities, districts, etc.) and to assess

temporary (long-term) trend of changes in the state of atmospheric pollution.

Table 1

Criteria for assessing the state of atmospheric pollution by a complex index (KIZA)

The resource potential of the atmosphere of a territory is determined by its ability to

dispersion and removal of impurities, the ratio of the actual level of pollution

and the MPC value. The estimation of the scattering power of the atmosphere is based on the value

such complex climatic and meteorological indicators as

atmospheric pollution potential (PAP) and air consumption parameter

(PV). These characteristics determine the features of the formation of levels

pollution, depending on weather conditions that contribute to the accumulation and

removal of pollutants from the atmosphere.

PZA- a comprehensive characteristic of the frequency of meteorological

conditions unfavorable for the dispersion of impurities in the air basin. In Russia

5 classes of PZA, typical for urban conditions, have been identified, depending on

frequency of surface inversions and stagnations of 10 weak winds and duration

Air Consumption Parameter (Av) is the amount of net

air required to dilute pollutant emissions to the level of the average allowable

concentration. This parameter is especially important in air quality control.

environment in case of establishment of a regime of collective

liability (principle of "bubble") in market relations. Based on this

parameter, the volume of emissions is set for the whole region, and only then

enterprises located on its territory jointly find the most profitable

for them, a way to provide this volume, incl. through rights trading

pollution.

The assessment of the resource potential of the atmosphere is carried out taking into account the hygienic

substantiation of the comfort of the climate of the territory, the possibility of using

areas for recreational and residential purposes. An important initial component at

This assessment is the physiological and hygienic classification of weather (i.e.

combinations of meteorological factors such as temperature and humidity, solar

radiation, etc.) of the cold and warm periods of the year.

As a criterion for evaluating the optimal placement of pollution sources

atmosphere and residential areas, the value is used reserve

(deficit) scattering properties of the atmospheric air (VR).

Atmospheric air is usually considered as the initial link in

chain of pollution of natural environments and objects. Soils and surface waters can

be an indirect indicator of its pollution, and in some cases, vice versa

- be sources of secondary air pollution. It determines

the need, in addition to assessing the pollution of the air basin itself

take into account the possible consequences of the mutual influence of the atmosphere and adjacent media and

obtaining an integral ("mixed" - indirect-direct) assessment of the state

atmosphere.

Indirect indicators of evaluation air pollution is

intensity of atmospheric impurity inflow as a result of dry deposition on

soil cover and water bodies, as well as as a result of its leaching

atmospheric precipitation. The criterion for this assessment is the value of admissible and

critical loads, expressed in units of deposition density, taking into account

the time interval (duration) of their receipt.

The group of experts from the Nordic countries recommends the following

critical loads for acidic forest soils, surface and ground

waters (taking into account the totality of chemical changes and biological effects for

these environments):

for sulfur compounds 0.2-0.4 gSq.m per year;

for nitrogen compounds 1-2 gN sq. m per year.

The final stage of a comprehensive assessment of the state of atmospheric pollution

air is to analyze trends in the dynamics of man-caused processes and assess

possible negative consequences in the short and long term

(perspective) at the local and regional levels When analyzing spatial

features and temporal dynamics of the effects of atmospheric pollution

on the health of the population and the state of ecosystems, the mapping method is used

(more recently, GIS construction) using a set of

cartographic materials characterizing the natural conditions of the region, including

the presence of specially protected (reserved, etc.) territories.

According to L.I. Boltnevoy, optimal system of components (elements)

integral(complex) assessment of the state of the atmosphere should

include:

assessment of the level of pollution from sanitary and hygienic positions (MAC);

assessment of the resource potential of the atmosphere (APA and PV);

assessment of the degree of influence on certain environments (soil-plant and

snow cover, water);

trends and intensity (speed) of anthropogenic development processes

expert natural and technical system to identify short-term and

long-term effects of exposure;

determination of the spatial and temporal scales of possible negative

consequences of anthropogenic impact.

Considering all of the above, when justifying and assessing the impact on the atmosphere

1. Characteristics of the existing and predicted air pollution

air. Calculation and analysis of the expected air pollution should be carried out.

air after the commissioning of the designed facility at the border of the SPZ, in

residential area, specially protected and other natural areas and objects,

located in the zone of influence of this object.

2. Meteorological characteristics and coefficients determining conditions

dispersion of harmful substances in the atmospheric air.

3. Parameters of pollutant emission sources, quantitative and

quality indicators of emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air during

the established (normal) operating conditions of the enterprise and the maximum

loading equipment.

4. Substantiation of data on emissions of pollutants should, incl. contain a list

measures to prevent and reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and

assessment of the degree of conformity of the applied processes, technological and

dust and gas cleaning equipment to the advanced level.

5. Characteristics of possible volley ejections.

6. List of pollutants and groups of substances that have a summing

harmful action.

7. Proposals for the establishment of standards for maximum permissible emissions.

8. Additional measures to reduce pollutant emissions in

atmosphere in order to achieve MPE standards and assess the degree of their compliance

advanced scientific and technical level.

9. Justification of the adopted sizes of the SPZ (taking into account the wind rose).

10. List of possible accidents: in case of violation of the technological regime; at

natural disasters.

11. Analysis of the scale of possible accidents, measures to prevent

emergencies and liquidation of their consequences.

12. Assessment of the consequences of accidental air pollution for

human and OS.

13. Measures to regulate emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere

air during periods of abnormally unfavorable meteorological conditions.

14. Organization of air pollution control.

15. Scope of environmental protection measures and assessment of the cost of capital investments

for compensatory measures and measures to protect atmospheric air from

pollution, including accidents and adverse weather conditions.

Content:
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….3
Conservation of wildlife………………………………………………………………………………4
Protection of flora……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………….9
References………………………………………………………………………..………10

Introduction
The animal and plant world of our planet is very large. As a result of human impact, the number of many species has been significantly reduced, and some of them have completely disappeared. In order to preserve at least something that remains valuable on our planet, various reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. are being created.
Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are designed to preserve typical and unique natural landscapes, the diversity of flora and fauna, and the protection of natural and cultural heritage sites.
Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage.
There are the following main categories of these territories:
– state nature reserves, including biosphere reserves;
- National parks;
– natural parks;
- state nature reserves;
– monuments of nature;
– dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
– health-improving areas and resorts.

Preservation and development of specially protected natural areas is one of the priorities of the state environmental policy of the Russian Federation.

Animal protection
Modern man has existed on Earth for about 40 thousand years. He began to engage in cattle breeding and agriculture only 10 thousand years ago. Therefore, for 30,000 years, hunting was an almost exclusive source of food and clothing.
The improvement of tools and methods of hunting was accompanied by the death of a number of animal species.
The development of weapons and vehicles allowed man to penetrate into the most remote corners of the globe. And everywhere the development of new lands was accompanied by the merciless extermination of animals, the death of a number of species. The tarpan, a European steppe horse, was completely destroyed by hunting. Tours, spectacled cormorant, Labrador eider, Bengal hoopoe and many other animals became victims of hunting. As a result of unregulated hunting, dozens of species of animals and birds are on the verge of extinction.
At the beginning of our century, the intensification of whaling (the creation of a harpoon gun and floating bases for processing whales) led to the disappearance of individual populations of whales, a sharp drop in their total number.
The number of animals is decreasing not only as a result of direct extermination, but also due to the deterioration of environmental conditions in the territories and areas. Anthropogenic changes in landscapes adversely affect the conditions of existence of most animal species. Deforestation, plowing steppes and prairies, draining swamps, regulating runoff, polluting the waters of rivers, lakes and seas - all this, taken together, interferes with the normal life of wild animals, leads to a decrease in their numbers even when hunting is prohibited.
Intensive timber harvesting in many countries has led to changes in forests. Coniferous forests are increasingly replaced by small-leaved ones. At the same time, the composition of their fauna also changes. Not all animals and birds living in coniferous forests can find enough food and places for shelters in secondary birch and aspen forests. For example, squirrels and martens, many species of birds cannot live in them.
The plowing of steppes and prairies, the reduction of insular forests in the forest-steppe are accompanied by the almost complete disappearance of many steppe animals and birds. In the steppe agrocenoses, saigas, bustards, little bustards, gray partridges, quails, etc. have almost completely disappeared.
The transformation and change in the nature of many rivers and lakes radically changes the conditions for the existence of most river and lake fish, leading to a decrease in their numbers. Huge damage to fish stocks is caused by pollution of water bodies. At the same time, the oxygen content in the water decreases sharply, which leads to massive fish kills.
Dams on rivers have a huge impact on the ecological state of water bodies. They block the spawning path for migratory fish, worsen the condition of spawning grounds, and sharply reduce the supply of nutrients to river deltas and coastal parts of seas and lakes. To prevent the negative impact of dams on the ecosystems of aquatic complexes, a number of engineering and biotechnical measures are being taken (fish passes and fish elevators are being built to ensure the movement of fish to spawn). The most effective way to reproduce the fish stock is to build fish hatcheries and hatcheries.

The organization of fauna protection is based on two main directions - conservation and conservation in the process of use. Both directions are necessary and complement each other.
Since 1966, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has been publishing issues of the Red Book, which includes species that are on the verge of extinction.
All conservation measures for the protection of animals are of an exceptional, emergency nature. Most often, the use and protection of fauna, measures for its reproduction have to be combined with the interests of other branches of nature management. The experience of many countries proves that this is quite possible. Thus, with the right organization of land use, agricultural production can be combined with the conservation of many wild animals.
Intensive forestry, timber harvesting, if properly organized, ensures the preservation of habitat conditions in exploited forests for many species of animals and birds. Thus, gradual and selective felling of forests allows not only to restore forests, but also to preserve shelters, nesting and fodder grounds for many species of animals.
In recent years, wild animals have become an important part of the "tourism industry". In many countries, the protection and use of wild fauna for recreational purposes in national parks is successfully carried out.
To enrich the fauna in many countries, acclimatization and re-acclimatization of wild animals are carried out on a large scale. Acclimatization is understood as work on the resettlement of animals in new biogeocenoses and their adaptation to new living conditions. Reacclimatization is a system of measures for the restoration of animals destroyed in a particular region. Thanks to acclimatization, it is possible to make wider and more complete use of the bioresources of many natural complexes.
All measures for the protection of animals are quite effective if they are based on careful consideration of landscape and ecological conditions. In any kind of work on organizing the reproduction and exploitation of wild fauna, one should proceed from the fact that certain species and populations of animals are confined within their boundaries to specific natural territorial and aquatic complexes or their anthropogenic modifications. Many animals move through the seasons over considerable distances, but their migrations are always confined to strictly defined types of landscapes. Therefore, the protection of animals requires solving the problems of protecting natural territorial and aquatic complexes as a whole. The protection of animals is, first of all, the protection of their habitats.
In order to protect the animal world, a stricter regime for the use of animals in reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and other specially protected areas is established. Here, types of use of the animal world and other responsibility incompatible with the goals of conservation are prohibited.
Of great importance is the protection of rare and endangered species of animals. Such animals are listed in the Red Book. Actions that could lead to the death of these animals, a reduction in their numbers or a violation of their habitat are not allowed. In the case when the reproduction of rare and endangered species of animals is impossible in natural conditions, the specially authorized state bodies for the protection and regulation of the use of wildlife must take measures to create the necessary conditions for breeding these species of animals. Their acquisition and removal for breeding in specially created conditions and subsequent release to freedom for research purposes, for the creation and replenishment of zoological collections is allowed with a special permit issued by specially authorized state bodies for the protection and regulation of the use of wildlife.

Flora protection
Currently, in connection with the development of new lands, there are less and less areas with natural vegetation. As a result, the habitats of many wild plants are disappearing. There is an impoverishment of the species composition of the flora throughout the globe.
It is known that the protection of rare plant species can be solved in several ways:
1. Arrangement of reserves, sanctuaries and natural monuments
2. Termination of harvesting of species, the number of which has sharply decreased
3. Decreased procurement of valuable species and
4. Introduction of rare species into culture.
Research scientists have shown that the plant resources of our planet are limited. If you collect berries and fruits, medicinal plants, flowers, barbarously trampling the roots, damaging the buds, breaking the branches of shrubs and trees, and so from year to year, the number of the species first sharply decreases, then it can disappear forever in this area. So the plucked shoots of the lily of the valley will grow back only in a year, and the cut shoots of wild rosemary will hardly grow back the next year. If thoughtlessly harvesting rhizomes, the plant may not recover even after ten years.
Plants are harmed by: continuous mowing, trampling by livestock, annual fires - spring fires that people "let out" to burn last year's grass. There is a harmful and stupid belief that the fires allegedly increase the yield of grasses, and that the seeds of these grasses burn in the fire, the rhizomes of perennials are damaged, pollinating insects of grasses die, the species composition of meadow plants is depleted - for some reason all this is forgotten. Many plants are ruined by their beauty: bouquet pickers literally devastate forests and meadows. The plant world saturates the air with life-giving oxygen. Plants are also food, clothing, fuel, and medicine. The properties of many have not yet been studied. And a person does not know how much valuable he did not have time to use with the loss of some plant species. Nature can give people knowledge and joy from communicating with it, but only to those who treat this wealth with care and concern, who sincerely admire beauty, and do not destroy it.
Rare and endangered plants are subject to special protection under Russian law. In addition, their trade is prohibited by the relevant decisions of the authorities in many regions.
The most complete protection of rare plant species is carried out in reserves. Reserves - samples of untouched, wild nature - are rightly called natural laboratories. We especially need them now, when we must understand the directions of changes in the natural Environment under the influence of human activity and find ways for the most careful and reasonable use of its resources.
Such samples had to be thoughtfully and skillfully chosen. And the greatest connoisseurs of nature were looking for places for our reserves. They gave many years of their lives to the cause of creating reserves and put their love for the cause into it. Our reserves are beautiful and admired by anyone who has to go there. The exclusive role of reserves in the conservation and restoration of the rarest animals, plants, unique landscapes, and other nature reserves.
Thanks to the activities of the reserves, some rare animals have become commercial animals; they now provide us with furs, medicinal raw materials, and other valuable products.
Many Russian geographers, botanists, especially zoologists and hunters went through a difficult but good school in the reserves. Many prominent scientists of our country have been employees of nature reserves for decades, and some of them still work in these natural laboratories. Far from cultural centers and any comfort, in rain and blizzard or under the scorching desert sun, they extract that primary scientific material, without which it is impossible to advance scientific thought. The brightest and most interesting studies on the ecology of animals and birds were carried out in nature reserves.

Conclusion
The number of animals is decreasing not only as a result of direct extermination, but also due to the deterioration of environmental conditions in the territories and areas. Anthropogenic changes in landscapes adversely affect the conditions of existence of most animal species. Deforestation, plowing steppes and prairies, draining swamps, regulating runoff, polluting the waters of rivers, lakes and seas - all this, taken together, interferes with the normal life of wild animals, leads to a decrease in their numbers even when hunting is prohibited.
The growing threat of an ecological catastrophe on a global scale causes an awareness of the urgent need to rationalize environmental management and coordinate efforts in environmental protection and as an integral part of animal protection within the entire international community.
The activities of state, scientific and public organizations in Russia should be aimed at preserving all biological species. We must not forget that, according to scientists, in the next 20-30 years, about 1 million species of animals and plants will be under the threat of extinction. Preserving the gene pool of the biosphere, which took millions of years to develop, is one of the serious tasks of nature conservation.
Each species saved from death is a natural resource preserved for the national economy. The black list of the dead species of our planet is irretrievably lost opportunities to improve the well-being of mankind.
We can and must protect animals not only as a resource, but also in terms of a humane approach to this serious problem.

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2. Papenov KV Economics and nature management: Textbook. - M., 1997.
3. Radionov A. I., Klushin V. N., Torocheshnikov N. S. . Environmental protection technology. - M., 1999.
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