Examples of sentences with errors. “Laying down”, not “laying down”: the most common mistakes in our colloquial speech

Types of speech errors

Speech errors- this is a violation of the laws of the use of language units in speech, as well as shortcomings in the formation of syntactic constructions.

Varieties of speech defects
1. The use of a word in an unusual sense	My brother became a diplomat of the international competition of performers
2. Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by a prefix or suffix	Now economical electrical appliances are being produced - they consume little electricity
3. Violation of lexical compatibility	Cause joy, give care
4. Use of an extra word (pleonasm)	Circle around, old veterans
5. Use next to (or close to) cognate words (tautology)	The teacher teaches students, in the following picture it can be traced
6. Unfortunate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns	The girl took the plate, walked over to the dog and put it on the floor.
7. Violation of the aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms	The bird lay on the grass, and trembles all over
8. Repeating the same word
9. The use of a word (or expression) of a different stylistic coloring	This novel is truly one of Tolstoy's best novels.

Types of grammatical errors

Grammatical errors are a violation of the norms of word and form formation, as well as the norms of syntactic communication between words in a phrase and sentence.

Varieties of grammatical errors
word-building	Erroneous word formation	Lingering, back, mock
Morphological	1. Mistakes in the formation of noun forms	Our engineer, a lot of banana and tangerine, light tulle
2. Mistakes in the formation of adjective forms	More beautiful, brightest, sweetest
3. Errors in the formation of forms of pronouns	All works, in their house, left the reception
4. Errors in the formation of verb forms	I dare, I vacuum, I burn
Syntactic	1. Violation of agreement 2. Loss of control 3. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate 4. Errors in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover 5. Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover 6. Errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members 7. Errors in the construction of a complex sentence 8. Displacement of direct and indirect speech	It was the well-known deputy Sergeeva. I don't have the slightest idea of what happened. Twenty-one people came to the meeting. Opening the window, it started to rain The sea roared dully, agitated by the storm that had begun in the morning. The class teacher talked about the performance of graduates, their behavior and why they study so poorly. Everything is accompanied by pictures of nature, which Tatiana does. Onegin says that "I chose another when I was like you, a poet."

Types of logical errors

Logical errors are a violation of the sequence (logic) of the presentation.

Logical errors consist in violation of the rules of logical thinking. This type of error includes the following shortcomings in the content of the work: 1) violations of the sequence of statements; 2) lack of connection between parts and sentences; 3) unjustified repetition of a previously expressed thought; 4) fragmentation of one micro-theme by another micro-theme; 5) disproportion of parts of the statement; 6) lack of necessary parts; 7) rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the task for the presentation); 8) unjustified substitution of the person from whom the narration is being conducted (for example, first from the first, then from the third person).

Even literate people make grammatical mistakes. It is easy to see that some rules of the Russian do not cause difficulties, while the majority regularly stumbles on others. It's not so much that these rules are complicated. Rather, they are simply inconvenient, and some have so many exceptions and features of application that their presentation takes up a whole sheet - it seems that they cannot be learned without being an academic.

Consider the most typical mistakes in the Russian language, made not by schoolchildren, but by fairly literate people.

What is considered a grammatical error?

A grammatical error is a violation of a generally accepted established norm. Any errors relating to word formation (for example, the wrong suffix is used for), morphology (for example, the wrong declension of a verb), syntax (for example, inconsistent with the main sentence) are called grammatical errors.

Grammar errors should be distinguished from spelling or speech errors.

The most common mistakes are related to punctuation:

1. Many people are used to highlighting "however" with commas and are very surprised when Word underlines the comma after it as a mistake. Those who are more attentive notice that a comma after "however" is considered an error only when it is at the beginning of a sentence. Indeed, if the meaning of this word is similar to "after all", "nevertheless", and it is in the middle of a sentence, then it is considered introductory, and it must be separated by commas. If it means "but", as, for example, in the sentence "However, she did not understand him" (= "But she did not understand him"), then the comma is not needed.

2. Often there is confusion with the signs "dash" and "colon". Many, faced with which the union is missing, intuitively understand that they need to put a more "solid" sign than a comma. But which one? The rule is actually quite simple. You need to choose the most suitable words instead of the missing union.

If the meaning is suitable for such words as "what", "namely", then you need to put a colon. And also a colon is put if the first sentence ends with words denoting perception and suggesting that they will be followed by a description. These can be words: see, understand, feel, etc.

I remember (that): it was evening, a quiet flute was playing.

He was a complex person (namely): quick-tempered, bilious, sullen.

I recognized him immediately: (because) he was wearing one yellow shoe.

I see: a barge is sailing, on it is a barefoot boy, tanned, unfamiliar, but sparkling with a smile and in the next second he is waving his hand to me.

If you can insert words such as "a", "but", "and", "as if", "this", "therefore", "as if", then a dash should be used.

He took a wide step (and) - his pants were torn.

Across the sea, a heifer (this) is a half, but a ruble is transported.

The wind blew - (therefore) groaned, the old forest creaked.

A dash is also used when the words "if" or "when" can be added at the beginning of a sentence.

(When) I thought about Grisha - he is right there.

(If) I get a fee - let's go to the sea!

Grammatical errors related to morphology

Difficulties cause "nn" in suffixes (although everyone remembers glass, tin, wooden), it is especially difficult to deal with double "n" in adverbs. And also many are confused by the use of particles not / neither. Quite a few educated people, imperceptibly for themselves, are mistaken in management. Which is correct, "control over" or "control over"? The confusion between the two is another popular grammatical error. Example:

control over the quality of performance;
control over the execution of the order;
water level control.

Which option is correct? All. One or another type of control in this case is selected depending on the characteristics of the subsequent word. For example, "control over" is used before verbal nouns (execute - execution). There are other subtleties.

Not all common grammatical errors are mentioned in this article. It is quite possible to learn not to commit them by studying the rules. We hope that we were able to demonstrate that learning the secrets of the native language is an exciting business, and sometimes a superficial acquaintance with the rule is enough to realize all its logic and expediency. We also hope that you have noticed the variations in the use of the rules described above in the article itself, and not just under the "examples" headings.

As practical tasks, we offer you fragments from the work of students.

Find mistakes and try to fix them.

Exercise #1

Find errors related to the violation of word order. Try to explain and correct them.

In the proposed essay for analysis, the author turned to a topic that is always important.
I believe that every parent is obliged to raise a kind and honest child.
Many families find themselves in a situation similar to the one described by V. Tendryakov.
Four days later he reached his village,
Yesterday evening at about ten o'clock he was seen on the street.

Exercise #2

Determine the type of error. Correct the offer.

You can admire his courage and heroism.
Returning from vacation, he learned about the consequences of the news.
Sometimes people die in situations like this.
Every person needs attention and understanding of his problems.
They stop understanding and trusting each other.

Exercise #3

Determine the type of error. Try to rearrange the sentence in such a way as to avoid violating the speech norm.

He was not ashamed of his appearance, and that his fellow villagers would laugh at him.
With a sigh of annoyance and completely upset, another visitor left the office.
It is necessary not only to help the elderly, but also young families.
Citizens who entered the bus are asked to pay for the fare.
After reading the essay, it seemed to me that the author was close to his problem.

Exercise number 4

In the proposed passage from the student's essay, find all cases of violation of speech norms. Edit the text.

The problem of patriotism and nationalism worries the author. One concept is quite often modified by another. If patriotism reflects the strength of a nation, then nationalism is something else. Already hair sometimes stand on end when you read newspaper materials on the topic of ethnic conflicts.

In addition to the above, I want to add that all people on earth are brothers and should treat each other with respect.

Exercise number 5

Divide sentences with stylistic errors into three groups: 1) mixing vocabulary of different styles; 2) the use of clericalism; 3) speech stamps. Try to rebuild the structures in accordance with the norm.

1. There was a real dubak in the village center of culture. 2. Sometimes it happens like this: a person himself reads and knows a lot, but does not conduct explanatory work among the population. 3. The author brings to the attention of readers his thoughts on this matter. 4. Natasha Rostova loved one guy, but she wanted to give her hand and heart to another. 5. Any person can get into a difficult life situation, and there is nothing to pretend to be invulnerable. 6. Pike, crucian carp, and small minnows were found in the aquatic environment. 7. The image of Andrei Bolkonsky is a typical role model. 8. Selfless patriotism and fortitude characterize the hero of this essay.

The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotionally expressive function.

And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, compatibility with other words. Since the violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

The main causes of speech errors:

Misunderstanding the meaning of the word
Lexical compatibility
Use of synonyms
Use of homonyms
The use of ambiguous words
Verbosity
Lexical incompleteness of the statement
New words
obsolete words
Words of foreign origin
Dialectisms
Colloquial and colloquial words
Professional jargon
Phraseologisms
Cliches and stamps

1. Misunderstanding the meaning of the word.

1.1. The use of a word in an unusual sense.

Example: The fire got hotter and hotter and hotter. The error lies in the wrong choice of the word:

Get inflamed - 1. Heat up to a very high temperature, get hot. 2. (transl.) To become very excited, to become overcome by some strong feeling.

To flare up - to start strongly or well, to burn evenly.

1.2. The use of significant and functional words without regard to their semantics.

Example: Thanks to the fire that broke out from the fire, a large area of \u200b\u200bthe forest burned down.

In modern Russian, the preposition thanks retains a certain semantic connection with the verb thank and is usually used only in those cases when it refers to the reasons that cause the desired result: thanks to someone's help, support. The error occurs in connection with the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb thank. In this sentence, the preposition thanks should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.

1.3. The choice of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).

Example: We offer a complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases.

If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced by alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to the use of alcoholic beverages.

1.4. Incorrect use of paronyms.

Example: The man leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today.

Idle and festive are very similar words, the same root. But they have different meanings: festive - an adjective for a holiday (festive dinner, festive mood); idle - not filled, not busy with work, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.

2. Lexical compatibility.

When choosing a word, one should take into account not only the meaning that it has in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.

Example: A good leader should show an example to his subordinates in everything. You can show an example, but not a sample. And a model can be, for example, to follow.

Example: Their strong friendship, hardened in life's trials, was noticed by many. The word friendship is combined with the adjective strong - strong friendship.

To distinguish from a speech error should be a deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words: a living corpse, an ordinary miracle ... In this case, we have one of the types of tropes - an oxymoron.

In difficult cases, when it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, it is necessary to use a compatibility dictionary

3. The use of synonyms.

Synonyms enrich the language, make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic coloring. So, the words mistake, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral, commonly used; a hole, an overlay - colloquial; slip - colloquial; blooper - professional slang. The use of one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.

Example: Having made a mistake, the director of the plant immediately began to correct it.

When using synonyms, the ability of each of them to be more or less selectively combined with other words is often not taken into account.

Differing in shades of lexical meaning, synonyms can express a different degree of manifestation of a sign, action. But, even denoting the same thing, interchangeable in some cases, in others, synonyms cannot be replaced - this leads to a speech error.

Example: Yesterday I was sad. A synonym for sad is quite suitable here: Yesterday I was sad. But in two-part sentences, these synonyms are interchanged. Sadly, I look at our generation ...

4. The use of homonyms.

Due to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.

Example: The crew is in excellent condition. Is the crew a wagon or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.

Very often, ambiguity leads to the use in speech (especially oral) of homophones (sounding the same, but spelled differently) and homoforms (words that match in sound and spelling in separate forms). So, when choosing words for a phrase, we must also pay attention to the context, which in some speech situations is designed to reveal the meaning of the words.

5. The use of polysemantic words.

When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether it is clear exactly the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation. When using polysemantic words (as well as when using homonyms), context is very important. It is thanks to the context that one or another meaning of the word is clear. And if the context meets its requirements (a segment of speech that is semantically complete, allowing you to establish the meanings of the words or phrases included in it), then each word in the sentence is understandable. But it happens otherwise.

Example: He's already cracked up. It is not clear: or he began to sing, got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.

6. Verbosity.

There are the following types of verbosity:

6.1. Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmos - excess, excess) - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore logically redundant.

Example: All guests received souvenirs. A souvenir is a keepsake, so memorable in this sentence is an extra word. A variety of pleonasms are expressions such as very huge, very tiny, very beautiful, etc. Adjectives denoting a feature in its extremely strong or extremely weak manifestation do not need to specify the degree of the feature.

6.2. Use of extra words. Superfluous, not because the lexical meaning inherent in them is expressed in other words, but because they are simply not needed in this text.

Example: Then the Druzhba bookstore will take care of that on April 11 so that you can smile.

6.3. Tautology (from the Greek. tauto - the same logos - word) - the repetition of single-root words or identical morphemes. Not only students' writings, but also newspapers and magazines are full of tautological errors.

Example: Business leaders are in a businesslike mood.

6.4. Splitting the predicate. This is a replacement of the verbal predicate with a synonymous verb-nominal combination: fight - fight, clean up - clean up.

Example: The students decided to clean up the school yard. Perhaps, in an official business style, such expressions are appropriate, but in a speech situation it is better: The students decided to clean up the school yard.

Example: In small cheap cafes, you know, where people from their neighborhood go, there are usually no empty seats.

7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement.

This error is the opposite of verbosity. The incompleteness of the statement consists in the omission of the necessary word in the sentence.

Example: The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous. Kuprin may not have anything superfluous, but this sentence lacks (and not even one) word. Or: "... do not allow on the pages of the press and television statements that can incite ethnic hatred." So it turns out - "page of television".

When choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also the scope of distribution. The use of words that have a limited scope (lexical neoplasms, obsolete words, words of foreign origin, professionalism, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.

8. New words.

Unsuccessfully formed neologisms are speech errors. Example: And last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on patching after the spring thaw. And only the context helps to understand: “patching” is the repair of pits.

9. Obsolete words.

Archaisms - words that name existing realities, but for some reason forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units - must correspond to the style of the text, otherwise they are completely inappropriate.

Example: Now the university had an open day. Here the obsolete word now (today, now, at the present time) is completely inappropriate.

Among the words that have fallen out of active use, historicisms also stand out. Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denoted: armyak, camisole, bursa, oprichnik, etc. Errors in the use of historicisms are often associated with ignorance of their lexical meaning.

Example: The peasants can not stand their hard life and go to the chief governor of the city. The governor is the head of some area (for example, a province in tsarist Russia, a state in the USA). Therefore, the chief governor is an absurdity, besides, there could be only one governor in the province, and his assistant was called the vice-governor.

10. Words of foreign origin.

Now many people are addicted to foreign words, sometimes not even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.

Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading experts. Limit - to set a limit on something, to limit. The foreign word limit in this sentence should be replaced by the words: goes slower, paused, etc.

11. Dialectisms.

Dialectisms are words or set combinations that are not included in the lexical system of the literary language and belong to one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create the speech characteristics of the characters. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates a lack of knowledge of the norms of the literary language.

Example: A shaberka came to me and sat the whole evening. Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the utterance.

12. Colloquial and colloquial words.

Spoken words are included in the lexical system of the literary language, but are used mainly in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday communication. Vernacular is a word, grammatical form or turn of predominantly oral speech, used in the literary language, usually for the purpose of a reduced, rude characterization of the subject of speech, as well as simple, relaxed speech containing such words, forms and turns. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, in contrast to dialect (regional), is used in the speech of the whole people.

Example: I have a very thin coat. Thin (colloquial) - full of holes, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur when the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by the context.

13. Professional jargon.

Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: a typo - a blunder in the speech of journalists; steering wheel - in the speech of drivers, the steering wheel.

But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, hearing and others spoil literary speech.

In terms of the limited use and the nature of expression (joking, reduced, etc.), professionalisms are similar to jargons and are an integral part of jargons - peculiar social dialects characteristic of professional or age groups of people (slangs of athletes, sailors, hunters, students, schoolchildren). Jargon is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use.

Example: I wanted to invite guests to the holiday, but the hut does not allow it. Hibara - home.

14. Phraseologisms.

It must be remembered that phraseological units always have a figurative meaning. Decorating our speech, making it more lively, figurative, bright, beautiful, phraseological units give us a lot of trouble - if they are used incorrectly, speech errors appear.

14.1. Mistakes in mastering the meaning of phraseological units.

There is a danger of a literal understanding of phraseological units, which can be perceived as free combinations of words.
Errors may be associated with a change in the meaning of a phraseological unit.

Example: Khlestakov throws pearls all the time in front of pigs, and everyone believes him. Here, the phraseological unit throwing pearls in front of pigs, which means “it’s in vain to talk about something or prove something to someone who is not able to understand it,” is used incorrectly - in the meaning of “invent, weave fables.”

14.2. Errors in mastering the form of phraseological unit.

Grammatical modification of a phraseological unit.

Example: I'm used to giving myself full reports. Here the form of the number has been changed. There is a phraseological unit to give an account.

Example: He always sits with his arms folded. Phraseologisms such as folded arms, headlong, headlong retain in their composition the old form of the perfect participle with the suffix -а (-я).

In some phraseological units, short forms of adjectives are used, replacing them with full forms is erroneous.

Lexical modification of a phraseological unit.

Example: It's time for you to take control of your mind. Most phraseological units are impenetrable: it is impossible to introduce an additional unit into the phraseological unit.

Example: Well, at least hit the wall! The omission of a phraseological unit component is also a speech error.

Example: Everything returns to its own spiral! .. There is a phraseological unit in full circle. Word substitution is not allowed.

14.3. Changing the lexical compatibility of a phraseological unit.

Example: These and other questions play an important role in the development of this still young science. There was a mixture of two stable revolutions: plays a role and matters. You could say that questions matter a lot... or questions matter a lot.

15. Cliches and stamps.

Chancery - words and expressions, the use of which is assigned to the official business style, but in other styles of speech they are inappropriate, they are clichés.

Example: There is a lack of spare parts.

Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Stamps are words, phrases and even whole sentences that appear as new, stylistically expressive speech means, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery.

A variety of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide, etc. Usually, universal words are accompanied by stencil appendages: work is everyday, level is high, support is hot. There are numerous journalistic cliches (field workers, a city on the Volga), literary criticism (an exciting image, angry protest).

Cliches - speech stereotypes, ready-made turns used as a standard that is easily reproduced in certain conditions and contexts - are constructive units of speech and, despite frequent use, retain their semantics. Cliches are used in official business documents (summit); in the scientific literature (to be proved); in journalism (our own correspondent reports from); in different situations of colloquial everyday speech (Hello! Goodbye! Who is the last one?).

Introduction. 3

Causes and types of speech errors. 4

Factors leading to communication failure. eight

Conclusion. eleven

References.. 12

Introduction

Russian is one of the richest languages in the world. He has a huge vocabulary. No less important is the fact that language is also an instrument of thought. Human thinking is based on linguistic means, and the results of mental activity are formed in the form of certain speech units - statements complete in meaning and integral texts.

Language is a form of existence of national culture, a manifestation of the very spirit of the nation. In proverbs and sayings, songs and fairy tales that have survived to this day, in archaic words, the language keeps references to the features of the past life of the people. The greatest works of literature have been written in Russian.

The ability to competently and effectively build one's speech is a necessary prerequisite for the training of highly qualified specialists of any profile. Mastering the culture of speech allows you to avoid interference in communication when attention is drawn to the illiterate, tongue-tied form of the statement, and not to its content. Knowing the rules of style helps to communicate not only competently, but also expediently. Acquaintance with the basics of rhetoric contributes to the development of the ability to quickly perceive speech in all types of words, the ability to create a monologue, conduct a dialogue and manage it.

The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotionally expressive function.

The purpose of the work is to study the types and causes of language errors and communication failures.

Causes and types of speech errors

Speech errors are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, that is, a violation of lexical norms.

The causes of speech errors will be discussed below.

1. Misunderstanding the meaning of the word:

a) The use of a word in an unusual sense.

Example: The fire got more and more inflamed, blazed. In this case, the mistake lies in the wrong choice of the word "burn up" - 1. Heat up to a very high temperature, heat up. 2. Get into a strong excitement, become seized by some strong feeling. To flare up - to start strongly or well, to burn evenly.

b) The use of significant and functional words without regard to their semantics.

Example: Thanks to a fire that broke out from a fire, a large area of \u200b\u200bthe forest burned down. In modern Russian, the preposition “thanks” retains a certain semantic connection with the verb thank and is usually used only in cases where it refers to the reasons that cause the desired result: thanks to someone's help, support. The error occurs in connection with the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb "thank". In this sentence, the preposition "thanks" should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.

c) The choice of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).

Example: We offer a complete cure for alcoholics and other diseases. If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced by alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to the use of alcoholic beverages.

d) The use of paronyms is incorrect.

Example: A person leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today. Idle and festive are very similar words, the same root. But they have different meanings: 1) festive - an adjective to the noun holiday (festive dinner, festive mood); 2) idle - not filled, not busy with work, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.

2. Lexical compatibility.

When choosing a word, one should take into account not only the meaning that it has in the literary language, but also lexical compatibility. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.

Example: Their strong friendship, hardened in life's trials, was noticed by many. The word "friendship" is combined with the adjective "strong" - strong friendship.

3. The use of synonyms.

Synonyms enrich the language, make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic coloring. Thus, the words “mistake”, “miscalculation”, “oversight”, “error” are stylistically neutral and commonly used. "Proruha", "overlay" - colloquial words; "oversight" - colloquial; "blooper" - professional slang. The use of one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.

Example: Having made a mistake, the plant manager immediately began to correct it.

4. The use of homonyms.

Due to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But, nevertheless, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.

Example: The crew is in excellent condition. Is the crew a wagon or a team? The very word "crew" is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.

5. The use of polysemantic words.

When including polysemantic words in our speech, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether it is clear exactly the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation.

Example: He has already sung. It is not clear: or he began to sing, got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.

6. Lexical incompleteness of the statement

This error is the opposite of verbosity. The incompleteness of the statement consists in the omission of the necessary word in the sentence.

Example: The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous. Kuprin may not have anything superfluous, but this sentence lacks (and not even one) word.

7. New words.

Unsuccessfully formed neologisms are also speech errors.

Example: And last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on patching after the spring thaw. And only the context helps to understand: “patching” is the repair of pits.

8. Obsolete words.

Example: Today there was an open day at the university. Here the obsolete word now (today, now, at the present time) is completely inappropriate.

9. Words of foreign origin.

Now many people are addicted to foreign words, sometimes not even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.

Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading experts. Limit - to set a limit on something, to limit. The foreign word "limit" in this sentence should be replaced by the words: it is slower, it has stopped. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech to create the speech characteristics of the characters. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates a lack of knowledge of the norms of the literary language.

Example: A scraper came to me and sat the whole evening. Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the utterance.

10. Colloquial and colloquial words.

Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, in contrast to the dialect (regional) vocabulary, is used in the speech of the whole people.

Example: I have a very thin jacket. Thin (colloquial) - full of holes, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur when the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by the context.

Thus, when choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also the scope of distribution. The use of words that have a limited scope (lexical neoplasms, obsolete words, words of foreign origin, professionalism, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.

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Examples of sentences with errors. “Laying down”, not “laying down”: the most common mistakes in our colloquial speech

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