Compound sentence punctuation marks in a compound sentence. Punctuation marks in compound sentences (Ladygina N

Punctuation is a rather difficult section of the Russian language. It includes a huge number of rules for the use of punctuation marks in writing. Some of these rules apply to compound sentences. In what cases are commas put, whether other punctuation marks are used in a compound sentence - questions that both schoolchildren and those people who improve their knowledge in the field of the Russian language should understand.

What are compound sentences?

In Russian there is such a thing as complex sentences. There are several types. One of them is compound sentences. This term is understood as a unit of language, which in its composition contains several simple sentences connected by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.

In such constructions, the parts are equal. Unions that combine simple sentences are not included in any of the parts. In order to understand the essence of the term "compound sentence", examples are given below:

1. The wind was blowing outside, and the yellow leaves swirled and fell from the trees.
2. Mom left for work, and Vasya decided to go to his classmate for a textbook.
3. A thunderstorm will start soon, but Mukhtar will not hide in his booth.

Classification of compound sentences

Constructions formed on the basis of a coordinative connection are classified into sentences with an open and closed structure. The first of them may include more than two parts. In sentences relating to structures with a closed structure, only two components are distinguished.

Compound sentences with an open structure are characterized by the meaning of simultaneity. They can be expanded with additional parts. Used in constructions optional connecting ( yes, and, neither ... nor) and separating ( either, or, then ... then) unions.

For proposals with a closed structure, the above feature is not typical. They can be compared to a closed series. The parts of the sentence are structurally and semantically connected, interdependent. The unions that are used are - and, but, however, but, on the other hand.

Examples of compound sentences with an open structure

These constructions in Russian are divided into several types:

1. Connective offers. They express the relationship of temporal succession, the relationship of simultaneity. Punctuation in a compound sentence shows an example: The door opened and guests entered the room.
2. Separation proposals. They express the relationship of alternation, mutual exclusion. A fire was lit somewhere, or a fire broke out. This construction is a mutually exclusive proposal. Either Liza was spinning at her desk, or Vasya threw notes towards the next row. And here is the suggestion of alternation.

Examples of compound sentences with a closed structure

In order to accurately punctuate a compound sentence, do the exercises perfectly, you need to know that constructions with a closed structure are classified as follows:

1. Sentences that have addendum values. It began to rain, and its small drops began to fall softly on the ground.
2. Sentences expressing effective meaning. The second part expresses the result, consequence or conclusion due to the first part. The day was drawing to a close, and the objects in the room gradually lost their contours.
3. Sentences with an opposite meaning. Everyone knew him, and no one wanted to communicate with him.
4. Comparative suggestions. The father left the room, and the mother was left alone with her daughter.
5. Comparative-distributive constructions. In the distance one could see an old, collapsed house, and next to it lay logs brought by the owners of the land.
6. Suggestions of inconsistency. The sun rose outside, but Vasya was still sleeping.
7. Opposite-restrictive proposals. In such constructions, one of the parts reports a situation that limits the manifestation of the action in the other part. Andrei wanted to stop the search, but Alexandra did not want to give up.
8. Opposite-concessive proposals. The rain had long since ended, but the ground continued to be damp.
9. Compensatory proposals. The decor in the house was simple, not rich, but the atmosphere seemed very cozy and warm.

Putting commas in a compound sentence

In each of the above examples, you can see a comma. The punctuation in a compound sentence is explained by the existing rule. It says that simple parts that are part of a complex structure are separated by commas from each other.

If we supplement the above rule, then we can say that parts of a compound sentence connected by unions are separated by commas:

• connecting;
• separating;
• adversarial;
• connecting;
• explanatory.

Cases where unions and, yes, or, or a comma is not put

Many schoolchildren who do not yet know all the rules for using punctuation marks think that before unions and, yes, or, either Commas are always used in compound sentences. Actually it is not. There are several exceptions to the general rule. So, the comma is not put:

• when simple constructions that make up a compound sentence have a common secondary member ( Residents walked along the village street and children rode bicycles);
• when simple constructions from a compound sentence have a common subordinate clause ( When the performance ended, the curtain fell and the audience applauded.);
• when simple constructions explain the common third part associated with them by an allied connection ( She felt unwell: the temperature rose and pain was felt in her head.).

Commas before separating and connecting unions are also not put if the constructions include interrogative, exclamatory or incentive sentences. Example: When will the meeting start and what questions will the attendees discuss?

Dash in a compound sentence

What punctuation marks are used in compound sentences? The construction can contain not only commas, but also dashes. This punctuation mark is used when there is a sharp contrast or unexpected addition in the second part of the sentence. The dash serves as a substitute for a comma. The stranger threw the manuscript into the fire - and suddenly thunder rumbled.

The punctuation mark is also placed in those constructions in which their parts are one-part nominative (or denominative) sentences. Here are some examples showing dashes in a compound sentence:

1. A sudden roll of thunder - and blinding lightning flashes in the sky.
2. Another two or three hours - and the performance will end.
3. One shot - and the hunter hit the bird rising into the sky.

Punctuation marks in a compound sentence: the rule for using a semicolon

This punctuation mark is used in several cases. First, it is necessary when parts of a compound sentence are widely distributed. The semicolon divides the structure into two parts, which greatly facilitates the perception of information. He constantly gave her flowers, courted her beautifully, spoke affectionate and tender words that could turn any woman's head; but she did not pay attention to him, did not see all his virtues and positive qualities.

It is worth noting that the semicolon is placed mainly in those sentences in which parts are separated by unions yes and, but, however, but. In rare cases, a punctuation mark is used in a construction before a union a.

Some additional nuances in the use of semicolons

Before unions and, yes (with meaning and) The semicolon is not always included. This punctuation mark is used only when two parts are combined in a compound sentence, which, without the named unions, could be separated by a dot. In the morning there was delicious soup, spring rolls and meatballs on the table; and while we ate, my mother came into the kitchen to ask what to cook for us for dinner.

Sometimes the semicolon is optional, that is, it is optional. Here is an example: He already knew Sveta, she was brought not from afar, from a neighboring village, and even earlier she was taken to him. There are commas in compound sentences. The constituent parts are connected by an alliance yes and. It forms a connection between two one-part indefinitely personal sentences.

Colon in compound sentence

A colon is a punctuation mark that divides a sentence into two parts. One of them is connected with the other by causal and explanatory relationships. In compound sentences, a colon may be present. The weather changed outside: the wind picked up, and the clouds covered the sky.

As you can see from the example above, the wind and cloud part shows how the weather has changed. If there are no explanatory and generalizing parts in the constructions, then punctuation marks in the compound sentence in the form of colons are not used.

findings

Punctuation marks in a compound sentence can be different (comma, dash, semicolon). In some cases, a colon is needed. At the same time, it is worth remembering that it is very important to correctly distinguish compound constructions from simple sentences that are complicated by homogeneous predicates. Here are some examples:

1. The students asked a question and the teacher answered it.
2. The sun peeked through the window and illuminated the interior with rays.

The first sentence is a compound one. In it, the parts are separated by a comma and a union and. The second construction from the example also has this union. However, the comma is not put in the sentence, since it is not a compound one.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that our speech consists of sentences, some of which are compound. It is very important to know the rules for setting commas, dashes, semicolons, colons. The fact is that in oral speech we use intonation in order to be better understood, and in written speech we use punctuation marks. They are of great importance, they can even decide the fate of a person. The importance of the function of punctuation marks in a compound sentence, as in any other, is confirmed by the famous phrase "execution cannot be pardoned." That is why it is necessary to memorize the rules, learn to apply them in practice.

Between parts of a complex sentence connected by conjunctions: and, yes (=and), neither ... nor; a, but, yes (=but), however, ...; or, either, whether ... whether, ...; yes, yes, and, also, also; that is, viz.

Lightning flashed, and thunder was heard.

No comma is placed

• If the parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member:

Now the May rain will splatter and a thunderstorm will begin.

If there is a general subordinate clause:

As soon as dawn broke, we were awakened and we set off.

B 8. Classification of complex sentences.

Complex sentences complex sentences are called in which one simple sentence is subordinate to another in meaning and is connected with it by a subordinating union or allied word. For example:

unknownwhat Prishvin would have done in his life,if he would have remained an agronomist.

A complex sentence can consist of two or more simple sentences. In a complex sentence, one sentence is the main one, the other is the subordinate clause. The main clause is such a sentence, from which we raise a question to the subordinate clause. The subordinate clause explains the main clause, depends on it and joins with the help of subordinating conjunctions and allied words. The subordinate clause can be placed after the main clause, before it, or break the main clause.

According to the meaning of subordinate clauses, there are three main types of complex sentences:

complex sentences with subordinate clauses,

complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses;

complex sentences with subordinate clauses.

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

A subordinate clause that answers the question what? which? whose ?, joins the main one with the help of allied words: which, which, whose or subordinating unions what, where, who, where, where. For example: Several times I heard from people (what?),which the same (same) words have just put aside the read book by Prishvin: "This is real witchcraft."

Complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses

The subordinate clause, as a rule, explains the verb - the predicate of the main clause and answers the questions of indirect cases. Such a subordinate clause is attached with the help of subordinating conjunctions or allied words: what, as, as if, so that, etc. For example: Prishvin's life is an example of (what?)as a person renounced everything superficial, imposed on him by the environment and began to live only "according to the dictates of the heart."

Compound sentences with adverbial clauses

In such sentences, the subordinate clause, as a rule, specifies the place, reason, purpose of the action, etc. Depending on the meaning, various questions are posed to the adverbial clauses, which, in turn, help determine the meaning and meaning of the clause.

A complex sentence can have not one, but several subordinate clauses: with uniform subordination, with sequential submission , with parallel subordination .

1. COMMA in a compound sentence

In a compound sentence, its parts are connected by unions and yes(= and or but), but, but, however, but, otherwise, not that, or, either, also, also etc. Before them or between repeated unions ( no no; whether ... whether; then ... then; not that… not that and etc.) put comma . Beautiful is the wise path of the grain, and the eternal light of the sun is beautiful. Meadows stretched below the river, and a forest rose up the hillside. Now the door creaks, then the gate quietly opens.

No comma is included before the union and if it connects:

• two interrogative sentences. Who are they and what do they need?
• two incentives. May the hero's name be holy and His memory will live on forever!
• two exclamatory sentences. How beautiful these places are and what a great place to relax!
• two nominal proposals. Alien rocks and wet snow flying towards the car.

No comma is included before unions and yes(= and), or, or if simple sentences have:

• general introduction. Apparently he was in great difficulty and there was some struggle going on in his canine soul.
• common minor member. Wings goose were splayed and the beak is open. BUT: goose and wings spread out, and the beak is open. (recurring alliances)
• general adjective. For many centuries dry winds have dried this land and the sun burned until she got so strong.
• a general explanatory sentence connected by an allied connection with the rest of the complex sentence. Two events of equal importance took place: people have learned to fly and people have forgotten how to be surprised by this.

2. Semicolon in a compound sentence

A semicolon is placed before unions but, nevertheless, still, nonetheless(less frequently before and yes= and), if at least one part of the complex sentence is significantly common or has commas in its composition.

Tatyana, on the advice of the nanny
Gathering to tell fortunes at night,
Quietly ordered in the bath
Set the table for two appliances;
But Tatyana suddenly became afraid ...

3. DASH in a compound sentence

A dash is put (often before the union and, less often before ah, but), if it is necessary to show a quick change of events, a consequence or opposition. A little bit of happiness and a person immediately becomes better, kinder. As if I should have been happy but there was no joy.

1. Compound pr. A comma is placed between parts of a complex sentence, connected by unions:

* connecting (and, yes in the meaning of and, neither ... nor); *opposite (and, but, yes in the meaning of, however, the same, but, otherwise, not); * separating (or, or, whether.

Lee then. . . then, not those. . . not that); * connecting (yes, yes and, too, also); * explanatory (i.e., viz.).

If the parts of a compound sentence are significantly common or have commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between them (before unions but and yes in the meaning of "and" only if they connect parts that would otherwise be separated by a dot): Almost every evening later they went somewhere out of town to Oreanda or to a waterfall; and the walk was a success, the impressions were invariably beautiful and majestic every time.

If the second part of the compound sentence contains an unexpected addition or a sharp opposition to the first part, then a dash is placed between them instead of a comma: Dexterous and strong blows with sledgehammers on the barrels of machine guns, and the Nazis can no longer shoot (V. Stavsky). A comma before the unions a, yes (in the meaning of "and"), or, or in a compound sentence is not put:

If parts of a compound sentence have a common secondary member (In such a storm, the wolf does not prowl and the bear does not crawl out of the den); - if parts of a compound sentence have a common subordinate clause (When the thunderstorm started, the game stopped and the children rushed to run home); -between two nominative sentences (Walking in the forest and boating); -between two interrogative sentences (What time is it now and how much time is left before the train leaves?).

A comma is not placed between two impersonal sentences that have synonymous words as part of the predicates (You need to rewrite the work and explain the mistakes made in it).

2. Complex sentence. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence:

The subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by a comma or is separated by commas on both sides if it is inside the main one. Sometimes, with intonational emphasis, the explanatory clauses (as well as conditional with the conjunction li) before the main sentence are separated from it not by a comma, but by a dash: Who is cheerful, he laughs (L. -K.); As the teacher said, I listened at the window for a long time (Plssch.);

In rare cases, a colon is placed before the subordinating conjunction: this occurs when the previous part of the complex sentence contains a special warning about the subsequent clarification (in this place you can insert the words "namely"): Hadji Murat was sitting next to him in the room and, although he did not understand of what they said, he understood, however, what he needed to understand: that they were arguing about him and that his exit from Shamil was a matter of great importance for the Russians. . (L T.)

When the subordinate clause is connected to the main clause with the help of a complex subordinating conjunction (because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, so, instead of, in order to, in order to, after, while, since, etc.), then the comma is placed once: *before the union, if the subordinate clause follows the main one: We were sitting on the corner of the bastion, so that we could see on both sides all; * after the entire subordinate clause, if it precedes the main clause. The relative clause, consisting of only one relative word, is not separated by a comma: He was offended, but did not say why.

3. A complex non-union sentence is a sentence in which the parts forming it (simple sentences) are interconnected in meaning, intonationally, by the order of the parts. There are no unions between the parts of such a sentence. Comma and semicolon in non-union complex sentence:

A comma is placed between independent sentences, combined into one complex non-union sentence, if such sentences are closely related in meaning: Deep darkness thinned in the sky, the day fell on a dark valley, the dawn rose (P.).

If the parts of the non-union complex sentence are distant from each other in meaning or are significantly common and have commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between them: At the gate I saw an old cast-iron cannon; the streets were cramped and crooked", the huts were low and mostly covered with straw (P.); It was already evening; the sun had disappeared behind a small aspen grove, lying half a verst from the garden; its shadow stretched endlessly through the motionless fields (T.).

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