Scientific style of speech is short. scientific style

scientific style is a style that serves scientific field social activities. It is designed to convey scientific information to a trained and interested audience.

Scientific style has a number of common features, general conditions functioning and language features, which manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. To such common features relate: 1) preliminary consideration of the statement; 2) the monologic nature of the statement; 3) strict selection language tools; 4) attraction to normalized speech.

The specific features of this style are due to the purpose of scientific texts to convey objective information about nature, man and society. The main form of thinking in science is the concept, therefore, the scientific style of speech is characterized by emphasized abstraction and generalization, which is expressed in texts by the use of words of abstract semantics and neuter words with an abstract meaning.

Terminology, being one of the main components scientific speech, embodies such a quality of scientific style as accuracy. The most important features of the scientific style - accuracy, clarity, consistency, strict argumentation, unambiguous expression of thought - serve as the main task of this style - the transfer of objective information about the subject of research. In scientific speech, words are widely used that reflect the relationship between parts of the statement, serving to create a coherent, logical text: adverbs are often used in a connecting function; for verbs and personal pronouns, the use of forms of the 3rd person is typical, which helps to emphasize the abstractness and generalization of the style. In the syntax, you can mark the precedence complex sentences over simple ones, the use of common sentences, the widespread use of participles and participles. Passionate constructions.

The style of scientific papers is ultimately determined by their content and the goals of scientific communication: to explain the facts as accurately and completely as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, and so on.

The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of links between parts of the statement, the desire of the authors for accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity while maintaining the saturation of the content.

Logic - this is the presence of semantic links between successive units of the text

Only such a text has consistency, in which the conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments, reflecting the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.

Clarity , as the quality of scientific speech, implies clarity, accessibility. According to the degree of accessibility, scientific, scientific-educational and popular science texts differ in material and in the way of its language design.

Accuracy scientific speech presupposes the unambiguity of understanding, the absence of a discrepancy between the signified and its definition. Therefore, in scientific texts, as a rule, there are no figurative, expressive means; words are used primarily in direct meaning, the frequency of terms also contributes to the unambiguity of the text.

Strict accuracy requirements for a scientific text limit the use of figurative language tools: metaphors, epithets, artistic comparisons, proverbs, etc. Sometimes such tools can penetrate scientific works, since the scientific style strives not only for accuracy, but and to persuasiveness, evidence. Sometimes figurative means are necessary to implement the requirement of clarity, intelligibility of presentation.

A characteristic feature of the style of scientific works is their saturation. terms . However, one should not overestimate the degree of this saturation: on average, terminological vocabulary usually makes up 15-25 percent of the total vocabulary used in the work.

An important role in the style of scientific works is played by the use of abstract vocabulary.

Scientific style features:

To connect parts of the text are used special means(words, phrases and sentences) indicating the sequence of development of thoughts (“at the beginning”, “later”, “then”, “first of all”, “preliminarily”, etc.), the connection of previous and subsequent information (“as indicated” , “as already mentioned”, “as noted”, “considered”, etc.), on causal relationships (“but”, “therefore”, “thanks to this”, “hence”, “due to the fact that ”, “due to this”, etc.), to the transition to new topic(“let's consider now”, “let's move on to consideration”, etc.), on the proximity, identity of objects, circumstances, signs (“he”, “the same”, “such”, “so”, “here”, “here” and etc.).

Genres using scientific style

monograph, journal article, review, textbook ( tutorial), lecture, report, informational message (about the conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at the conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres are classified as primary, that is, created by the author for the first time.

Secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, author's abstract, synopsis, theses, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsing in order to reduce the volume of the text.

The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include: a lecture, a seminar report, course work, abstract message.

Scientific style substyles

Scientific . The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of the style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. In the proper scientific style of speech, facts that are generally known in science are not explained, and only new terms are explained. This style is distinguished by a large volume of sentences and frequent use of quotations. The title of texts of this style, as a rule, reflects the topic or problem that the work is devoted to. ("About the language fiction"). The leading type of speech style is reasoning.

Scientific and educational. Addressed work in this style future specialists and students, in order to educate, describe the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts stated in the text and examples are typical. Almost all terms are explained, the educational text usually begins with an explanation of the concept. The volume of sentences is much less than in the actual scientific sub-style, citations are used less frequently. The title indicates the type educational material(textbook, collection, etc.). Leading type of speech - description.

Popular science . The addressee is anyone interested in this or that science. The goal is to give an idea of ​​science, to interest the reader. Naturally, the accuracy of displaying facts in this substyle is much lower than in the previous ones, it approaches the journalistic style. In order to interest the reader, the texts of this sub-style consider not only the facts necessary to reveal the topic, but also intriguing, entertaining, sometimes even unproven hypotheses. There are many more examples than in other sub-styles. The terms here are less frequent than in the actual scientific and scientific and educational sub-styles, they are explained through analogy, that is, everyday situations familiar to every reader ( Brownian motion Crowds on the subway during rush hour. The volume of sentences is less than in other sub-styles. The purpose of the style is to allow quotations that are not very precise and without detailed footnotes. The predominant type of speech is narrative. The title not only names the topic of the book, but also arouses interest, intrigues the reader (“Why are we not similar to each other?”). Among the features of this sub-style are the use of emotional words, comparisons, metaphors, epithets, interrogative and exclamatory sentences.

Lesson objectives: Characterization of the lexical, morphological and syntactic features of the NSR. Define scientific style. Scope of scientific style. Give the concept of the scientific style of speech.

Questions for preparation independent work students:

1. Basic concepts of science

2. Scope of scientific style.

3. Morphological and syntactic features NSR.

Lesson teaching methods:

scientific style- is a variety literary language used in the scientific works of scientists to express the results research activities. The purpose of scientific style is communication, explanation scientific results. The usual form of implementation of this style is a monologue.

In the scientific style, there is a preliminary selection of language means.

The scientific style is realized in the following genres inherent in it: monograph, article, dissertation, review, review, annotation, textbook, lecture.

The following linguistic means are widely used in the scientific style: special words (including terms); special phraseology; complex syntactic constructions between which an ordered connection is created (for which, for example, introductory words are used); constructions with generic generic names.

Words are used mostly in the direct meaning. Emotionally expressive words are used very rarely.

At the lexical level, scientific speech is characterized by the use of special vocabulary - scientific terminology, as well as the use of words in one, specific, meaning. In this regard, the vocabulary of the scientific style is characterized by relative monotony, homogeneity. The text in the scientific style increases in volume as much due to the use of different words, but due to the repeated repetition of the same ones. Therefore, scientific texts are characterized by a high frequency of the use of individual words.

Morphological features of scientific speech: verbs of the 3rd person of the present timeless meaning as a predicate, verbs of the 1st person plural. In the texts of the scientific style is enough a large number of verbs act as connectives: to be, to be, to be called, to be considered, to become, to become, to be done, to seem to remain, to be characterized, to be concluded. The predominance of abstract vocabulary over concrete in the scientific style also determines a high percentage of neuter nouns, abstract nouns with –ost: importance, consistency, consistency, impermeability, etc., as well as adjectives in two-word terms.

The scientific style is characterized by the widespread use of special vocabulary (terminology). This is the style of scientific books, articles and studies devoted to individual problems of science. It is distinguished by a strict logic of presentation, abstractness and generalization of judgments, and a lack of expressiveness. From a strictly scientific style, it is necessary to distinguish popular science, characteristic of books and articles in certain branches of knowledge, intended for everyone. This style is characterized by the use of general scientific terminology accessible to the general reader.

Scientific style and its features

Scientific style is a functional type of language, characterized by features in the selection, combination and unification of language means in connection with the tasks of communication in the scientific field.

The scientific style has the following lexical features: the lexical composition of the scientific style is formed on the basis of book and written vocabulary; great place is occupied by highly specialized and general scientific terminology, which largely determines the specifics of style; attraction of borrowed terminological vocabulary, often international, - in connection with this, the emergence of synonyms-doubles; the use of polysemantic words in one meaning - terminological; the absence of words with bright stylistic and stylistic coloring taken from other styles; wide use of words with an abstract meaning; the use of specific nouns in a generalized sense; Availability compound words, abbreviations and symbols.

Scientific style is a broad concept. It serves the scientific and technical field human activity. It unites texts that are heterogeneous in form, which are very diverse in meaning and content. Scientific literature includes monographs, articles in scientific journals, collections, reference and encyclopedic publications: educational literature, scientific and technical information, industrial and technical literature, etc. For the scientific style, the special features that form its entire language system are abstractness, abstractness, generalization, logicality, objectivity and accuracy. But the scientific style is heterogeneous in its composition, since the texts can be intended both for specialists and for a wider range of readers. Hence the use of sub-styles: self-scientific and popular science. Their branches are educational-scientific, scientific-journalistic and scientific-memoir sub-styles.

Vocabulary of the scientific style of speech.

The main layers of the vocabulary of scientific speech: commonly used words, general scientific and terminological vocabulary.

The scientific style is the style in which books, articles, and studies are written on individual problems of science. It is characterized primarily by the use of words-terms related to a particular field of science.

From a strictly scientific style, one should distinguish the general scientific style, characteristic of books and articles in certain branches of knowledge, intended for everyone. This style is characterized by the use of general scientific terminology accessible to the general reader.

One of the most characteristic features scientific style is an abstract generalization of presentation. This is reflected primarily in the fact that many words act as a designation of a general concept or an abstract object. It is characteristic that even specific vocabulary is used here to refer to general concepts. For example: Birch tolerates frost well. Here the word "birch" means not a single

an object, a tree, but a species of trees, that is, it expresses general concept, appears in a generalized sense.

1. From the textbook on the subject you are studying, write out 10 specific nouns used in a generalized sense.

2. Compare two dictionary entries, determine in which of them the word “meaning” acts as a term of philosophy, formulate the meaning of this terminological word.

Dictionary entry #1

Knowledge ... any, true, incomplete, inaccurate, new.

Knowledge develops, is formed (by what?) by a reflection of the laws of objective reality.

Enrich (with what?) Knowledge.

Criterion, truth, nature, separation, boundaries, areas, regularity, concept, definition ... knowledge.

Dictionary entry #2

Knowledge is good, deep, superficial...

Knowledge (of whom? What?) of people, reality, life, crafts….

Knowledge (of someone-something, by whom?) - (about a person) by a person, a scientist, a student, Bigaisha Barlybaeva ....

Show, demonstrate... knowledge; to possess (what?) knowledge.

Knowing (someone-something) helps (someone in smth.), contributes (smth.)

3. Write out abstract nouns from dictionary entries.

Abstract nouns form a group of words denoting various abstract concepts such as quality, action, state. They differ from specific nouns lexically and grammatically: they are not able to be determined by cardinal numbers and, as a rule, are used only in the singular.

In scientific speech, the frequency of words foreign origin, especially in terms. The presence of borrowed words-terms is due to the fact that the internationalization of science gives rise to the internationalization of its language.

A certain part of the borrowed terminology has replenished scientific speech with doublets - full synonyms. As synonyms - doublets in the initial style, various symbolic designations are used. The synonymy of terms with an incomplete coincidence of their meanings in scientific speech is an undesirable phenomenon: it indicates the unstable processes of the formation of the term.

It is more rational to use terms of foreign origin than native words in cases where borrowed words are used in several languages, of course, if the meaning of the word in these languages ​​coincides. If there is no such match, it is better to choose the original word. Terms - doublets can also occur as part of one text in order to avoid private repetitions, although repetitions are allowed in scientific speech.

It should be taken into account that most of the borrowed terminology in the Russian language then passed through it into the Kazakh language, retaining the same spelling (exceptions apply to cases of form change. Compare: class (Russian) - class (Kaz.), but in the class (rus) – clasta (kaz.) Borrowed words, being included in the system of another language, are subject to its grammatical structure.

4. Determine the stylistic affiliation of the microtext.

Information about the initial number of people modern look (homo sapiens), separated from the ancient hominids about 50 thousand years ago, demography does not have. The birth rate in the Mesolithic, Neolithic era, apparently, was high and amounted to 45-50 people per 1000 population.

Over time, multi-million population clusters have formed in the areas of the great civilizations of antiquity, which include Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, etc. In the middle of the century, the population grew at a low rate and amounted to 250-300 million people. By the beginning of our century, the population numbered 1,656 million, with Europe accounting for just over 20 percent.

5. Select constructions from the text that express the ratio of the particular and the general, the part and the whole.

6. Write down the terminological words used in the text, using dictionaries to establish their origin: demography, civilization, homo sapiens, hominids.

7. Find in the text specific nouns used in a generalized sense.

Syntax of the scientific style of speech.

The syntax of scientific prose is designed to strictly logically, consistently and reasonably present the train of thought, while avoiding redundant information. Syntactic links are formed depending on logical links. Therefore, in the syntax of scientific prose, those syntactic means that serve to express the logical connections between sentences, paragraphs and large syntactic wholes - unions and allied words - play a particularly important role; introductory words and introductory sentences; a number of adverbs and adverbial sentences used in the function of linking words, semantic agreement, as well as word order - the logical and grammatical division of a sentence.

“On the logical-grammatical level in functional style scientific and technical literature, any sentence of any language always consists of two components: 1) a logical-grammatical predicate that carries basic information and 2) a logical-grammatical subject that has an auxiliary function. At the same time, in Russian writing in the scientific and technical literature, there is a principle of “linear” presentation of information, according to which, first, auxiliary information (MI) is introduced in the sentence, and then the main information (OI), and the main information is located after the predicate. (For example, the sentence "20 people worked in the laboratory" ... tells how many people worked in the laboratory, and the sentence "20 people worked in the laboratory" tells where these people worked).

Impersonal, indefinitely personal sentences are common in scientific prose - when describing facts, phenomena, processes; nominative - in publications, in the titles of books, sections, chapters, paragraphs, in inscriptions to figures, diagrams, illustrations. Incomplete sentences almost never used.

Often there are declarative sentences in scientific prose, less often interrogative sentences and there are no exclamatory sentences, as emotionally colored.

introductory words and introductory constructions in scientific prose play a special role. They are used to connect thoughts, the sequence of presentation (for example, “firstly”, “secondly”, “so”, “hence”, “thus”, etc.), to express an assumption (for example, “obviously ”, “probably”, etc.), to assess the degree of reliability of what is stated (for example, “really”, “of course”, “of course” - when evaluating a fact as reliable; “suppose”, “it must be assumed” - when evaluating a fact as supposed; "probably", "possibly" - when evaluating the fact as possible), for

indication of the source of information (for example, “in our opinion”, “according to UNESCO”).

A characteristic feature of the modern scientific style is the presence in it of multicomponent complex sentences with allied connection and the limited use of non-union complex sentences.

Morphology of scientific style

Morphological features of scientific speech: verbs of the 3rd person of the present timeless meaning as a predicate, verbs of the 1st person of the plural. In the texts of the scientific style, a fairly large number of verbs act as connectives: to be, to be, to be called, to be considered, to become, to become, to be done, to seem, to remain, to be characterized, to consist, to consist, to possess, to differ, etc. The predominance of abstract vocabulary in the scientific style over concrete also determines a high percentage of neuter nouns, abstract nouns with -ost: importance, consistency, consistency, water resistance, etc., as well as adjectives in two-word terms.

test questions:

1. How is the syntax of scientific prose intended to express the train of thought?

2. How are syntactic links formed?

3. What plays an important role in the syntax of scientific prose?

4. What two components does literature consist of any sentence of any language at the logical-grammatical level in the functional style of scientific and technical literature?

5. What sentences are often found in scientific prose?

6. What role do introductory words and introductory constructions play in scientific prose and what are they used for?

7.What is characteristic feature modern scientific style?

8. What lexical features does the scientific style of speech have?

9. What sphere of human activity. serves the scientific style of speech?

10. What does he have in common?

11.What do scientific literature refer to?

12. What substyles of scientific style do you know?

13. The name of the branch of the substyles of the scientific style of speech.

14. Name the main layers of the vocabulary of scientific speech.

15. What do generalized nouns mean?

16. What concepts denote abstract nouns?

17. What acts as synonyms - doublets in scientific style?

The concept of the type of speech

Depending on the way the information is presented, different types statements , namely, narrative, description, reasoning.

The narrative contains a message about developing events, actions, states, about their successive change . A distinctive feature of the story is its dynamism. The message has the purpose - to give information about new events, facts, name them, indicate the time and place. The description contains an enumeration of the attributes of an object, phenomenon; description is static. In reasoning, the author, on the basis of a series of inferences, judgments interconnected by special logical relations, comes to certain conclusions that contain new knowledge about the subject of reasoning.

Scientific texts are usually organized as a description or discourse, which can be interleaved.

Reasoning - special kind texts containing proof, explanation, reflection. The traditional composition of the reasoning text: thesis, evidence, conclusion

Description – this is one of the functional-semantic types of speech. It is a characteristic of objects, phenomena and their parts by pointing to various features that create a holistic view of the described object.

Description can be scientific, business and artistic.

A scientific description should include concepts about the essential features of the described objects or phenomena in their strictly logical sequence, in accordance with the facts, objectively. The purpose of a scientific description is to give an accurate idea of ​​an object or phenomenon, to communicate verified factual knowledge.

A scientific description is usually devoid of emotionality, imagery, liveliness, but this applies only to a strictly scientific description (or actually scientific). In popular science texts, there are means of representation, but, unlike literary texts, associativity in the presentation of a particular subject, phenomenon should be specific, not cause many interpretations.

Test questions:

1. Name the types of speech.

2. What is monologue speech?

3.What is storytelling?

4. What is reasoning?

5.What is the description?

6. What is a thesis?

7.What is the output?

8. What is the purpose of scientific description?

Exercise 1.

Work with text .

Read the text. Indicate special words (terms), neutral vocabulary, complex syntactic constructions, references to sources. What is the meaning of the words?

The syntax of scientific prose is called upon to express the course of thought strictly logically, consistently and reasonably, while avoiding redundant information. Syntactic links are formed depending on logical links. Therefore, in the syntax of scientific prose, a particularly important role is played by those syntactic means that serve to express logical connections between sentences, paragraphs and large syntactic integers, unions and allied words, introductory words and introductory sentences, a number of adverbs and adverbial expressions used in the function of binders. words, semantic agreement, as well as routine - logical and grammatical division of the sentence according to the definition of Doctor of Philology V. Panfilov.

Task 2.

Read the commentary on the words. Learn the meanings of words.

Hypothesis(Greek) - a scientific assumption that requires explanation or verification in the course of experimental work.

Experiment(lat.) - a scientifically established experience, its repeated reproduction for the purpose of a comprehensive study.

Practice(Greek) - certain skills and techniques of any work.

Task 3.

Make sentences with these words and phrases.

Cognition, theory, generalization, abstraction, experiment, observation, systematization, interpretation, forecasting, forecast, process of cognition, scientific theory, generalization of observations, abstract thinking, pilot study, systematization of facts, interpretation of facts.

Task 4 . Instead of dots, insert the given in brackets perfective and imperfective verbs.

1. Student all evening ... a difficult task and, finally ... her (solve - solve). 2. He is long and attentive .... task. He ... the task and did not find errors in it (check - check). 3. Akmaral always... to class on time, but today she is... late (to come - to come; to appear - to appear). 4. Every month ... intermediate tests on the topics studied. At the end of the semester, we ... the final test for the entire course (pass - pass). 5. Are you not... on your promise? He never... about his promises (forget-forget). 6. Going to the mountains, we always ... carry only the most necessary things with us. But this time I had to ... change warm clothes (take - take). 7. Senior students often ... after classes at a rehearsal in the KVN team. Today we also ... watch their performance (stay - stay). 8. To study well, you have to ... do a lot of things. First of all, you need to ... prepare for the most difficult subjects (to be in time - to be in time). 9. Parents are constantly ... us about the need to study well. I want ... that one must be able to combine study with a good rest (speak-speak). 10. I've always wanted... several sports. Now I had to ... only my favorite tennis (to do - to do).

Task 5. Read the text and make questions to it.

The role of science in modern society

Science in its rapid development has a stronger and deeper effect on our lives. She is becoming more and more essential element common culture, expanding and deepening our vision of ourselves in the world.

Not only the results and conclusions of science, but also science itself in its general meaning, essence and ways of development, in its relation to ethics, art. We need an understanding of all this in order to realize the process of the growing influence of science that we are experiencing, especially if we ourselves participate in it.

First of all, what are we to understand by science? Let us turn for this, for example, to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. A definition is given there: “Science is a sphere of human activity, the function of which is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality; one of the forms public consciousness. In the course of historical development, science turns into productive force society and the most important social institution”.

A simple statement of fact is also, of course, knowledge. But scientific knowledge concerns not only individual facts, in any of their totality, when the facts are taken in their mutual connection, as, say, in a scientific description historical events, or with a certain degree of generalization, as in physics, chemistry or sociology. From a systematic, generalized description of facts, science goes back to the discovery of their laws, to the elucidation of their causes, to their explanation by means of various theoretical concepts.

So, science is a system of knowledge and theoretical concepts based on them, developed by appropriate methods. It is a form of human activity, consisting in the search, discovery and affirmation of truth. In the future, Bliskunov dreams, bone lengthening will no longer be a problem. If a person is sick, if he has medical indications, then the operation and nursing will be free. And if you want to become taller (there are quite a lot of people who want it), this, the doctor believes, should also be available, but for a fee.

Task 6. Learn the poem by heart.

Now everywhere is a word to science,

Today is her finest hour.

In our age, it is the basis of everything,

It leads us to the heights.

You must strive for learning,

Do not reject simple advice -

Flip through the book pages

Like furrow after furrow.

After all, in the books the experience of generations

And knowledge is a pure grain,

In your deeds and aspirations

Let it throw out the ear.

So draw wisdom to the fullest,

Persistently multiply knowledge.

And you can be quite sure -

You will harvest a rich harvest.

Task 7. Read the text carefully, highlight the semantic parts in it.

Scientific research students, like any other, requires a certain amount of time to develop, that is, a quick and complete focus on the object of study. The process of workability is complex and difficult. Each student has his own specific characteristics. For one student, 3-5 minutes is enough for orientation in the work not completed the day before, and he already plunges into his usual business. Another student takes 20-30 minutes or more to get into work. You need to learn to work systematically, to concentrate your will and attention on completing tasks.

Daily at the end school day it is necessary to summarize the results of the planned tasks, analyze successes and failures, the quality of self-tasks.

Learning how to properly manage time, appreciate it and economically use expensive minutes of work and rest means working productively.

What qualities are needed in research work? Required: modesty and dedication, a good memory, and a broad outlook, the ability to critically evaluate the results of research, especially one's own, the ability to think simply about the most difficult things, talk about them in an accessible form.

In the conditions of scientific and technological progress, studying at any university where specialists are trained becomes challenging task. The amount of scientific information that students should learn not only in universities, but also in others educational institutions is continuously growing. Its study requires great tension of the nervous system.

Many recommendations have already been given in manuals on the organization of research work for students. Those students who follow them achieve good results and success. If a person works haphazardly, aimlessly, without sufficient tension, then he quickly develops a general overwork.

The scientific research work of students, like any other, requires a certain amount of time to develop, that is, a quick and complete focus on the object of study. The process of workability is complex and difficult. Each student has his own specific characteristics. For one student, 3-5 minutes is enough for orientation in the work not completed the day before, and he already plunges into his usual business. Another student takes 20-30 minutes or more to get into work. You need to learn to work systematically, to concentrate your will and attention on completing tasks.

Task 8.

Match the highlighted pronouns, determine which members of the sentence they are.

Student Sopbekov spoke at a meeting of a scientific student circle with a report on an extremely topical issue.

His everyone listened to the report (student Sopbekov's report) with great attention.

Student Abdykhanova made an interesting presentation at the session of the section of the interuniversity scientific student conference.

Her the message (the message of the student Abdykhanova) was recognized as the best at the section meeting.

Everyone listened her(speaker, student Abdykhanova) with great attention.

At the meeting of the department, students Kulmakov and Alzhanova made a report on industrial practice.

Them the report (the report of students Kulmakov and Alzhanova) raised many questions.

The head of the department thanked them(Kulmakova and Alzhanov) for the materials collected during the expedition and submitted to the department.

Task 9.

Memorize lexical meaning words

Report – public communication, which is a detailed presentation on a specific topic: a report on the international situation.

Abstract - summary the contents of the book, article, and also a report with the following presentation: write an abstract of the article .

Thesis – 1. The main idea, the position proved in some essay, in a speech: put forward a thesis; 2. abstracts - briefly formulated main provisions of the report, lectures, messages: abstracts of the report, submit abstracts to the conference.

What is it for

The scientific style of speech is used for teaching and enlightenment, and is also the basis in the field of science. His main function- convey logical information, prove its truth, indicate value and importance. The proof is sometimes a style structure. For example, in mathematics, the argument is equal to the proof, since it is directly called - The theorem is proved. Arguments are formulas, equations or graphs. If this is not mathematics, but some kind of humanities, then most often these are pictures, quotes, links to sources, and the like. The idea is expressed through a monologue. The scientific style of speech, examples of which will be discussed in this article, will fully express its definition and understanding.

Three substyles

The scientific style of speech can be divided into 3 categories:

• actually scientific - the most accurate and strict version in writing; GOSTs, dissertations, instructions, etc. are written in this style;
• scientific and educational - all books for schoolchildren, students, etc. are written with this option;
• non-fiction - this option is for public literature such as magazines, brochures, newspapers, reference books, and manuals.

Features of the scientific style of speech

Naturally, they are, like any other. These are:

What to Consider

Example

Let's look at a few examples of scientific speaking style.

1. The Pythagorean theorem establishes the connection that exists between the parties in right triangle. It was proved by the Greek mathematician Pythagoras.
2. Microbes are small microorganisms that do not include viruses and protozoa.
3. Under normal environmental conditions, chloroform looks like a colorless volatile liquid that has an ethereal odor and a sweet taste.

Output

I hope we have at least a little understood this issue, and now you can write the scientific article you need.

The scientific style serves the sphere of human analytical activity (science), it is intended to describe the facts of reality, explain their interaction, formulate patterns and laws.

We add that in scientific speech it prevails as a functional-semantic type of speech, and this is understandable: in order to identify and describe patterns, it is necessary to prove that what has been done is true.

• emphasized logic,
• proof,
• accuracy (uniqueness),
• abstraction (generalization).

In scientific speech, exclamatory and motivating sentences are practically not used. Participles are very frequent and adverbial phrases, passive constructions and impersonal sentences. The text uses introductory words and sentences that emphasize the consistency of the text: firstly, secondly, so, therefore. Special words and turns of communication are used, and sometimes these are whole sentences - sentences of braces: first, consider ..., let's move on to the problem .... This was discussed above.

Quotes are one way of proof.

We invite you to watch a vivid video presentation on this topic.

In scientific speech, the structure of the paragraph is clearly maintained. The first sentence of a paragraph is usually the new provision. The proposal is built according to the scheme:

- thesis - proof.

Each paragraph in a scientific text begins a new microtopic.

(A micro-topic is the smallest limiting segment of text whose topic can be named. A micro-topic can be selected from the finished text or laid down when creating it. For example, the topic “Garden” is divided into subtopics: “ Fruit trees”, “Shrubs”, etc. The subtopic "Fruit trees" in turn into subtopics "Apple trees", "Pears", the type of tree is divided into a new subtopic: tree variety, etc.)

A scientific text is easily divided into parts, because each part is quite clearly structured: the beginning - the development of thought - the ending-conclusion.

Such speech is also characterized by special standard turns:

It seems to us possible to prove ..., It is easy to see that .., From all that has been said, we can conclude ...

And also - we have a fascinating online crossword on this topic to test your knowledge -

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scientific style

Subsequently, the terminology was replenished from the resources of Latin, which has become an international scientific language. European Middle Ages. In the Renaissance, scientists strove for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contrary to the abstract and logical reflection of nature. However, the liberation of the scientific style from these elements proceeded gradually. It is known that the too "artistic" nature of Galileo's presentation irritated Kepler, and Descartes found that the style of Galileo's scientific proofs was excessively "fictionalized". In the future, Newton's logical exposition became a model of scientific language.

In Russia scientific language and the style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when the authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the work of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, along with the scientific activities of the greatest scientists of that time.

Example

An example illustrating the scientific style of speech:

Notes

Literature

• Ryzhikov Yu. I. Work on a dissertation in technical sciences. Requirements for a scientist and for a dissertation; Psychology and organization scientific work; Language and style of the dissertation, etc. - St. Petersburg. : BHV-Petersburg, 2005. - 496 p. - ISBN 5-94157-804-0
• Savko I. E. Russian language. From phonetics to text. - Minsk: Harvest LLC, 2005. - 512 p. - ISBN 985-13-4208-4

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