One-pipe heating system of an apartment building. Heating scheme of a multi-storey building

The simplest climate network of a private house consists of a heating boiler, heating radiators and pipes connecting these elements into a closed ring through which the coolant circulates. However, heating systems multi-storey buildings arranged in a completely different way, which must be taken into account when repairing or modernizing its component located in the apartment. Otherwise, problems with neighbors and housing office will not be avoided.

Scheme of arrangement of heating with a central supply of coolant

House distribution node

Heating system in apartment building begins with shutoff valves, which are installed on the branch pipe connecting the pipelines in the basement with the supply and discharge heat mains (instruction fixed by SNiP 41-01-2003).

Note!
This moment is very important for housing and communal services workers and the organization supplying heat.
It is on this valve that their powers are delimited: the organization providing heating services is responsible for the safety and operability of external communications, the housing office or condominiums should worry about the health of the internal one.

In the photo - an elevator heating unit

After the stopcock, there is various equipment necessary to ensure the circulation of the coolant and hot water through the apartments located on all floors of the house. Its list and description are given in the table.

Distribution node detail	Description
Hot water connections	Immediately after the tap that shuts off the coolant supply, pipes are mounted for connection to hot water pipes. One or two tie-ins may be present (respectively for one-pipe or two-pipe scheme). In the latter case, the pipes are interconnected by a jumper, which ensures constant pressure and circulation of water in hot water pipes and heated towel rails mounted in bathrooms.
Heating elevator	This is the main element of the climate network, without which the heating system high-rise building with a centralized supply of coolant cannot exist. It consists of a nozzle and a bell, which create high blood pressure. Thanks to him, the liquid reaches the top (in the attic). In addition, there may also be a suction, which involves the coolant coming from the return into the recycle.
gate valves	They are used to cut off the heating circuit of apartments from common system pipelines. In winter, for obvious reasons, they are open, in summer they are blocked.
Drain valve	It is installed in the lower parts of the pipeline and serves to discharge the coolant into summer period or if it is necessary to repair the elements of the heating network located in the house.
Connecting pipeline with shutoff valves	At the bottom of the heating system, a pipe is installed that connects the heating system to the cold water supply pipes. It is necessary to fill heating radiators in the summer in order to prevent the formation of corrosion centers in batteries.

Adjustment of the heating system apartment building is carried out by changing the diameter of the heating elevator nozzle. By closing and opening the corresponding valve, the housing and communal services worker accelerates or slows down the circulation of the coolant in the heating system, due to which the temperature in the radiators changes.

Supply and discharge pipelines

Next important element heating systems for apartment buildings - risers that supply water to each floor of the house and drain the cooled coolant that has flowed through the batteries installed in the dwellings.

There are two main schemes:

The coolant is supplied through one pipe and removed through another. These main risers, located at different ends of the house, are interconnected on each floor by jumpers, through which liquid flows, getting into all the batteries along the way. This is how the heating system of an old multi-apartment 5-storey building is organized.

Such a scheme was subsequently abandoned, as it makes it difficult full reset coolant. When airing pipes or radiators in an apartment, remove all water from horizontal sections piping is very difficult.

water through vertical pipe is fed to the attic, after which it goes down, flowing from the battery to the battery, starting from the top floor, ending with the bottom one.

Note!
Both of these water distribution schemes have one significant drawback - a connecting jumper located in the attic or technical floor.
It is necessary to release air through the air valve, but leads to quite significant heat losses, which reduces the efficiency of the climate system as a whole.

Given that the technical levels of apartment buildings (attics and basements) are not heated, there is a danger of the coolant freezing in the event of a heating system failure.

To avoid this, the following design features of heating risers are provided:

Slope of horizontal jumpers. If you correctly observe the height difference of the pipelines provided for by SNiP, during the descent of the coolant, all the liquid from their pipes leaves and the formation of ice that can break pipes and radiators is completely excluded.
Heating of technical floors. Although there are no heating radiators in the attic and basement, the pipes themselves, despite the glass wool or mineral fiber covering them, still heat the air, so the coolant will not immediately cool down after an emergency stop of heating.
Great inertia. The upper and lower jumpers of the risers are rather large pipes in diameter (more than 50 mm). Their cooling after the cessation of the heat supply does not occur immediately. Due to this, the water in them does not have time to freeze.

In general, the scheme currently used with the upper distribution of the coolant is quite effective, although it has some operating features:

Starting the heating system in operation is as simple as possible. It is enough to open the shut-off valves that block the access of water, and the air valve in the attic. After filling the pipes with water, the latter is blocked to prevent loss of coolant. This concludes the launch of the climate network.
On the contrary, turning off the heating and emergency discharge of the coolant is difficult. Must first find desired pipe on the top floor, close the valves there, and then open the tap on the lower section of the riser.
With vertical distribution, heat distribution is uneven (although the price of heating services is the same). The fact is that the upper apartments receive a hotter coolant, which warms up the apartment better. To compensate for this, it is necessary to install heating radiators with a large number of sections in the apartments located below.

Heat exchangers in apartments

If you did not replace heating devices in a city apartment with your own hands, then its heating is carried out by one of two devices:

Cast iron battery. It has a small heat transfer, significant inertia, huge weight and not at all aesthetic appearance. On the other hand, this device can be used with a coolant of any quality. Cast iron is practically not subject to corrosion and can last more than 50 years with periodic cleaning of internal deposits.

Steel pipe with heat exchanger plates. This heating device was installed in connection with the savings in the construction of houses and does not hold water.

Now the best option for a heating system with a central coolant supply, it is rightly considered bimetal radiators heating.

These devices consist of:

steel frame through which the coolant flows;
aluminum heat exchanger, put on the frame - it increases heat transfer and gives the battery an attractive appearance.

Inside, they prevent corrosion (unlike all-aluminum heating radiators) and give the radiator strength, protecting it from hydraulic and pneumatic shocks, which are not uncommon for centralized heating systems.

Another positive aspect of using a bimetallic device is high power. This makes it possible to use fewer sections.

The only drawback is the high cost. Described heating units are among the most expensive among all currently existing heating equipment.

Note!
If there are control valves on the inlet pipes of your batteries - taps, thermostats, chokes, and so on - it is imperative to equip a bypass (a jumper between the inlet and outlet pipes of the battery).
Otherwise, the thermostat will control the volume of coolant not only in your battery, but also in all apartments located below, which is unlikely to please the neighbors.

Features of hot water systems

The organization that heats apartment buildings is also in charge of supplying hot water to consumers.

Like the climate system, this engineering network has some distinctive features:

Heating of hot water and heat carrier during the heating period is carried out centrally. Most often, the same pipelines are used to supply both fluids. To separate the flow, shut-off valves located in the basement are used.

The hot water supply system may have one or two pipes. The latter scheme is more preferable, as it avoids the overrun of water that occurs in a single-pipe system when a tap is opened (each consumer waits for the cooled water to merge and hot water to start flowing).
Often, radiators installed in the bathroom and used to dry towels are connected to the hot water pipeline. It's not very successful scheme, since the heated towel rail remains hot in the summer, making it uncomfortable to be in the bathroom.

Advice!
Solving this problem is simple.
During repairs or when replacing heating equipment in an apartment, shut-off valves must be placed on the inlet and outlet pipes.
Don't forget to set up a bypass.

Because of hot water is supplied through heating pipes, it is often turned off in the summer. This is necessary for carrying out preventive maintenance on the main equipment of heating networks.

Output

The heating system of apartment buildings with a centralized coolant supply is fundamentally different from individual climate networks. Unqualified intervention and modernization can not only worsen the quality of heating for neighbors, but also lead to complete obstruction of pipelines.

Therefore, when performing any work, you must strictly follow the prescribed rules or use the services of qualified specialists. You can learn more about the engineering networks of high-rise buildings from the video posted in this article.

Residents of city apartments are usually not interested in how the heating works in their house. The need for such knowledge may arise when the owners wish to increase comfort in the house or improve the aesthetic appearance of engineering equipment. For those who are going to start repairs, we will briefly talk about the heating systems of an apartment building.

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

Depending on the structure, characteristics of the coolant and piping layouts, the heating of an apartment building is divided into the following types:

According to the location of the heat source

Apartment heating system, in which the gas boiler is installed in the kitchen or in a separate room. Some inconveniences and investments in equipment are more than offset by the ability to turn on and regulate heating at your discretion, as well as low operating costs due to the absence of losses in heating mains. If you have your own boiler, there are practically no restrictions on the reconstruction of the system. If, for example, the owners wish to replace the batteries with warm water floors, there are no technical obstacles to this.
Individual heating, in which its own boiler room serves one house or residential complex. Such solutions are found both in the old housing stock (stokers) and in new elite housing, where the community of residents decides for themselves when to start the heating season.
Central heating in an apartment building is most common in typical housing.

The device of central heating of an apartment building, heat transfer from the CHP is carried out through a local heat point.

According to the characteristics of the coolant

Water heating water is used as the heat carrier. In modern housing with apartment or individual heating, there are economical low-temperature (low-potential) systems, where the temperature of the coolant does not exceed 65 ºС. But in most cases and in all typical houses the coolant has a design temperature in the range of 85-105 ºС.
Steam heating of an apartment in an apartment building (water vapor circulates in the system) has a number of significant drawbacks; it has not been used in new houses for a long time, the old housing stock is being transferred to water systems everywhere.

According to the wiring diagram

The main heating schemes in apartment buildings:

Single-pipe - both the supply and return selection of the coolant to the heating devices is carried out along one line. Such a system is found in "Stalinka" and "Khrushchev". It has a serious drawback: the radiators are arranged in series and, due to the cooling of the coolant in them, the heating temperature of the batteries drops as they move away from the heat point. In order to maintain heat transfer, the number of sections increases in the direction of the coolant. In a pure one-pipe circuit, it is impossible to install control devices. It is not recommended to change the configuration of the pipes, install radiators of a different type and size, otherwise the operation of the system may be seriously impaired.
"Leningradka" is an improved version of a single-pipe system, which, thanks to the connection of thermal devices through a bypass, reduces their mutual influence. You can install regulating (non-automatic) devices on radiators, replace the radiator with a different type, but with a similar capacity and power.

The two-pipe heating scheme of an apartment building has become widely used in Brezhnevka, and is still popular to this day. The supply and return lines are separated in it, so the coolant at the entrances to all apartments and radiators has almost the same temperature, replacing radiators with a different type and even volume does not significantly affect the operation of other devices. Batteries can be equipped with control devices, including automatic ones.

On the left - an improved version of the one-pipe scheme (analogous to the "Leningrad"), on the right - a two-pipe version. The latter provides more comfortable conditions, accurate regulation and gives more opportunities for replacing the radiator

The beam scheme is used in modern non-standard housing. The devices are connected in parallel, their mutual influence is minimal. Wiring, as a rule, is carried out in the floor, which allows you to free the walls from pipes. When installing control devices, including automatic ones, accurate dosing of the amount of heat in the premises is ensured. Technically, both partial and complete replacement of the heating system in an apartment building with a beam scheme within the apartment with a significant change in its configuration is possible.

With a beam scheme, the supply and return lines enter the apartment, and the wiring is carried out in parallel by separate circuits through the collector. Pipes are usually placed in the floor, radiators are connected neatly and discreetly from below

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

Let us make a reservation that any changes in apartment heating in an apartment building must be coordinated with executive bodies and operating organizations.

We have already mentioned that the fundamental possibility of replacing and transferring radiators is due to the scheme. How to choose the right radiator for an apartment building? Consider the following:

First of all, the radiator must withstand pressure, which is higher in an apartment building than in a private one. The greater the number of floors, the higher the test pressure can be, it can reach 10 atm, and in high-rise buildings even 15 atm. Exact value can be obtained from the local operating authority. Not all radiators sold on the market have the corresponding characteristics. A significant part of aluminum and many steel radiators are not suitable for an apartment building.
Is it possible and how much to change the thermal power of the radiator, depends on the applied scheme. But in any case, the heat transfer of the device must be calculated. For one typical section of a cast-iron battery, the heat transfer is 0.16 kW at a coolant temperature of 85 ºС. Multiplying the number of sections by this value, we get the thermal power of the existing battery. The characteristics of the new heater can be found in its technical passport. Panel radiators are not assembled from sections, they have fixed dimensions and power.

Average heat transfer data various types radiators, may vary depending on the specific model

The material also matters. Central heating in an apartment building is often characterized by poor quality of the coolant. The least sensitive to pollution traditional cast iron batteries, aluminum reacts worst of all to an aggressive environment. Bimetallic radiators showed themselves well.

Installing a heat meter

A heat meter can be installed without problems with a beam wiring diagram in an apartment. As a rule, in modern houses already have metering devices. With regard to the existing housing stock with typical systems heating, this possibility is by no means always available. This depends on the specific scheme and configuration of pipelines, advice can be obtained from the local operating organization.

An apartment heat meter can be installed with a beam and two-pipe wiring diagram, if a separate branch goes to the apartment

If it is not possible to install a metering device for the entire apartment, compact heat meters can be placed on each of the radiators.

An alternative to an apartment meter is heat meters placed directly on each of the radiators

Note that the installation of metering devices, the replacement of radiators, and other changes to the heating device in an apartment building require prior approval and must be carried out by specialists representing an organization that has a license to carry out the relevant work.

Video: how heating is supplied in an apartment building

The pressure that should be in the heating system of an apartment building is regulated by SNiPs and established norms. When calculating, they take into account the diameter of the pipes, the types of pipelines and heaters, the distance to the boiler room, and the number of floors.

Types of pressure

Speaking about the pressure in the heating system, they mean 3 types of it:

Static (manometric). When performing calculations, it is taken equal to 1 atm or 0.1 MPa per 10 m.
Dynamic, which occurs when the circulation pump is turned on.
Permissible working, which is the sum of the previous two.

In the first case, this is the pressure force of the coolant in the radiators, shutoff valves, pipes. The higher the number of storeys of the house, the more important this indicator becomes. Powerful pumps are used to overcome the rise of the water column.

The second case is the pressure that occurs during the movement of fluid in the system. And from their sum - the maximum working pressure, the operation of the system depends safe mode. In a multi-storey building, its value reaches 1 MPa.

GOST and SNiP requirements

In modern high-rise buildings installation of the heating system is carried out based on the requirements of GOST and SNiP. The regulations specify the temperature range that central heating should provide. This is from 20 to 22 degrees C with humidity parameters from 45 to 30%.

To achieve these indicators, it is necessary to calculate all the nuances in the operation of the system even during the development of the project. The task of a heating engineer is to ensure the minimum difference in the pressure values of the liquid circulating in the pipes between the lower and last floors of the house, thereby reducing heat loss.

The following factors influence the actual pressure value:

The condition and capacity of the equipment supplying the coolant.
The diameter of the pipes through which the coolant circulates in the apartment. It happens that, wanting to increase temperature indicators, the owners themselves change their diameter upwards, reducing general meaning pressure.
The location of a particular apartment. Ideally, this should not matter, but in reality there is a dependence on the floor, and on the distance from the riser.
The degree of wear of the pipeline and heating devices. In the presence of old batteries and pipes, one should not expect that the pressure readings will remain normal. It is better to prevent the occurrence of emergency situations by replacing your old heating equipment.

How pressure changes with temperature

Check the working pressure in a high-rise building using tubular deformation pressure gauges. If, when designing the system, the designers laid down automatic pressure control and its control, then sensors are additionally installed different types. In accordance with the requirements set out in normative documents, control is carried out in the most critical areas:

at the coolant supply from the source and at the outlet;
before the pump, filters, pressure regulators, mud collectors and after these elements;
at the outlet of the pipeline from the boiler room or CHP, as well as at its entry into the house.

Please note: 10% of the difference between the normative working pressure on the 1st and 9th floors is normal.

pressure in summer

During the period when the heating is inactive, both in the heating network and in the heating systems, a pressure is maintained that exceeds the static pressure. Otherwise, air will enter the system and the pipes will begin to corrode.

The minimum value of this parameter is determined by the height of the building plus a margin of 3 to 5 m.

How to raise the pressure

Pressure checks in the heating lines of multi-storey buildings are a must. They allow you to analyze the functionality of the system. A drop in pressure level, even by a small amount, can cause serious failures.

In the presence of central heating, the system is most often tested cold water. The pressure drop for 0.5 hours by more than 0.06 MPa indicates the presence of a gust. If this is not observed, then the system is ready for operation.

Immediately before the start of the heating season, a check is made with hot water supplied under maximum pressure.

Changes occurring in the heating system of a multi-storey building, most often do not depend on the owner of the apartment. Trying to influence the pressure is a pointless undertaking. The only thing that can be done is to eliminate air pockets that have appeared due to loose connections or improper adjustment of the air release valve.

A characteristic noise in the system indicates the presence of a problem. For heating appliances and pipes, this phenomenon is very dangerous:

Loosening of threads and destruction of welded joints during vibration of the pipeline.
Termination of the supply of coolant to individual risers or batteries due to difficulties in airing the system, the impossibility of adjustment, which can lead to its defrosting.
A decrease in the efficiency of the system if the coolant does not stop moving completely.

To prevent air from entering the system, it is necessary to test it in preparation for heating season inspect all connections, taps for water leakage. If you hear a characteristic hiss during a test run of the system, immediately look for a leak and fix it.

You can apply a soapy solution to the joints and bubbles will appear where the tightness is broken.

Sometimes the pressure drops even after replacing old batteries with new aluminum ones. On the surface of this metal from contact with water appears thin film. Hydrogen is a by-product of the reaction, and by compressing it, the pressure is reduced.

Interfering with the operation of the system in this case is not worth it. The problem is temporary and goes away on its own over time. This happens only in the first time after the installation of radiators.

You can increase the pressure on the upper floors of a high-rise building by installing a circulation pump.

Minimum pressure

From the condition when the superheated water in the heating system does not boil, the minimum pressure is taken.

You can define it like this:

A margin of approximately 5 m is added to the height of the house (geodesic) to avoid air pollution, plus another 3 m for the resistance of the heating system inside the house. If the supply pressure is insufficient, then the batteries on the upper floors will remain unheated.

If we take a 5-storey building, then the minimum supply pressure should be:

5x3+5+3=23 m = 2.3 ata = 0.23 MPa

Pressure drop

In order for the heating system to perform its functions normally, the pressure drop, which is the difference between its values on the supply and return, must be a certain and constant value. In numerical terms, it should be in the range from 0.1 to 0.2 MPa.

A downward deviation of the parameter indicates a failure in the circulation of the coolant through the pipes. Fluctuation in the direction of increasing the indicator - about airing the heating system.

In any case, you need to look for the cause of the change, otherwise individual elements may be out of order.

If the pressure has dropped, then check for leaks: turn off the pump and observe changes in static pressure. If it continues to decrease, then they look for the place of damage by sequentially removing different sections from the circuit.

In the case when the static head does not change, then the reason lies in the equipment malfunction.

The stability of the operating pressure drop initially depends on the designers, on their hydraulic calculations, and then on the correct installation of the line. The heating of a high-rise building is functioning normally, during the installation of which the following points are taken into account:

The supply pipeline, with rare exceptions, is at the top, the return at the bottom.
Spills are made of pipes with a cross section of 50 to 80 mm, and risers and supply to batteries - from 20 to 25 mm.
Regulators are embedded in the heating system in the bypass line of the pump or the jumper connecting the supply and return, ensuring that even with sudden pressure drops, air does not appear.
Shutoff valves are present in the heat supply scheme.

There are no ideal operating conditions for a heating system. There are always losses that reduce pressure indicators, but still they should not go beyond the regulated Building Regulations and Rules of the Russian Federation SNiP 41-01-2003.

To meet the heating needs of residents of high-rise buildings, district heating systems are well suited. District heating involves the transfer of heated coolant from the boiler room through a network of insulated pipes connected to a multi-storey building. Centralized boiler houses have sufficient efficiency and make it possible to combine low operating costs and acceptable indicators of the heat supply efficiency of multi-storey buildings.

But in order for the efficiency of central heating to be at the proper level, the heating scheme in an apartment building is drawn up by professionals in their field - heating engineers. The fundamental principles by which a house heating scheme is designed are to achieve maximum heating efficiency at minimum cost resources.

Contractors and builders are interested in providing apartment owners with a reliable and productive heat supply system, so the heating scheme for a multi-storey building is developed taking into account the current cost of heat resources, heat output indicators of heating devices, their energy efficiency and the optimal sequence of connection to the circuit.

Any scheme for heating an apartment building is fundamentally different from the method and sequence of connecting heating devices in private homes. It has a more complex structure and ensures that even in severe frosts, residents of apartments on all floors will be provided with heat and will not face such troubles as air-filled radiators, cold spots, leaks, water hammer and frozen walls.

A well-designed heating system for an apartment building, the scheme for which is developed individually, ensures that optimal conditions are maintained inside the apartments.

In particular, the temperature in winter will be at the level of 20-22 degrees, and relative humidity will be about 40%. To achieve such indicators, not only the basic heating scheme is important, but also high-quality insulation of apartments, which prevents heat from escaping to the street through cracks in walls, roofs and window openings.

Schema Design

On the initial stage heating specialists are working on the development of the heating scheme, who carry out a series of calculations and achieve the same efficiency indicators of the heating system on all floors of the building. They draw up an axonometric diagram of the heating system, which is used later by installers. Correct calculations made by specialists guarantee that the designed heating system will be characterized by optimal coolant pressure, which will not lead to water hammer and interruptions in operation.

Inclusion in the heating scheme of the elevator unit

The scheme of central heating of an apartment building prepared by heat engineers assumes that a coolant of an acceptable temperature will flow into the radiators located in the apartment. However, at the outlet of the boiler room, the water temperature can exceed 100 degrees. In order to achieve cooling of the coolant by mixing cold water, the return line and the supply line are connected elevator node.

A reasonable layout of the heating elevator allows the node to perform a number of functions. main function node is directly involved in the heat exchange process, since the hot coolant, getting into it, is dosed and mixed with the injected coolant from the return. As a result, the unit allows you to achieve optimal results in matters of mixing hot coolant from the boiler room and cooled water from the return. After that, the prepared coolant of the optimum temperature is supplied to the apartments.

Design features of the circuit

An efficient heating system in an apartment building, the scheme of which requires competent calculations, also implies the use of many other structural elements. Immediately after the elevator unit, special valves are integrated into the heating system that regulate the supply of coolant. They help control the heating process of the entire house and individual entrances, however, only employees of utility companies have access to these devices.

In the heating circuit, in addition to thermal valves, more sensitive devices are used to adjust and adjust the heating.

We are talking about devices that increase the performance of the heating system and allow you to achieve maximum automation of the heating process at home. These are devices such as collectors, thermostats, automation, heat meters, etc.

Piping layout

While heat engineers are discussing the optimal scheme for heating a central heating house, the issue of proper piping in the house is raised. In modern multi-storey buildings, the heating distribution scheme can be implemented according to one of two possible patterns.

Single pipe connection

The first template provides for a single-pipe connection with an upper or lower wiring and is the most used option when equipping multi-storey buildings with heating appliances. At the same time, the location of the return and supply is not strictly regulated and may vary depending on external conditions- the region in which the house was built, its layout, number of storeys and construction. The direct direction of movement of the coolant along the risers can also change. The variant of the movement of heated water in the direction from bottom to top or from top to bottom is provided.

Is different simple installation, affordable cost, reliability and long service life, however, it also has a number of shortcomings. Among them, the loss of coolant temperature during movement along the circuit and low efficiency indicators.

In practice, various devices can be used in order to compensate for the shortcomings that distinguish a single-pipe heating scheme, while a beam system can be an effective solution to the problem. It is designed to use a collector that helps regulate temperature conditions.

Two-pipe connection

The two-pipe connection is the second version of the template. The two-pipe heating scheme of a five-story building (as an example) is devoid of the disadvantages described above, and has a completely different design than a single-pipe one. When implementing this scheme, the heated water from the radiator does not move to the next heater in the circuit, but immediately enters the check valve and is sent to the boiler room for heating. Thus, it is possible to avoid the loss of temperature of the coolant circulating along the contour of a multi-storey building.

The complexity of the connection, which involves heating batteries in the apartment, makes the implementation of this type of heating a long and laborious process, requiring large material and physical costs. Maintenance of the system is also not cheap, but at the same time, the high cost is offset by high-quality and uniform heating of the house on all floors.

Among the advantages that a two-pipe scheme for connecting heating batteries gives, it is worth highlighting the possibility of installing a special device, a heat meter, on each radiator in the circuit. It allows you to control the temperature of the coolant in the battery, and using it in the apartment, the owner will achieve significant results in saving money on payment utilities, because he will be able to independently regulate the heating if necessary.

Connecting radiators to the system

After the method of piping has been selected, heating batteries are connected to the circuit, while the scheme regulates the connection procedure and the type of radiators used. On the this stage the heating scheme of a three-story house will not radically differ from the heating scheme of a high-rise building.

Since the central heating system is characterized by stable operation, versatility and has an acceptable ratio of temperature and pressure of the coolant, the connection scheme for heating radiators in an apartment may involve the use of batteries made of various metals. In multi-storey buildings, cast iron, bimetallic, aluminum and can be used, which will complement the central heating system and provide apartment owners with the opportunity to live in comfortable temperature conditions.

Final stage of work

At the last stage, the radiators are connected, while their inner diameter and the volume of sections is calculated taking into account the type of supply and the rate of cooling of the coolant. Since central heating is complex system interconnected components, it is quite difficult to replace radiators or repair jumpers in a particular apartment, because dismantling any element can cause interruptions in the heat supply of the whole house.

Therefore, apartment owners who use central heating for heating are not recommended to independently carry out any manipulations with radiators and the piping system, since the slightest intervention can turn into a serious problem.

In general, a well-designed, productive scheme for heating a residential apartment building allows you to achieve good performance in matters of heat supply and heating.

An apartment in a multi-storey building is urban alternative private houses, and in apartments lives very a large number of of people. The popularity of city apartments is not strange, because they have everything a person needs for a comfortable stay: heating, sewerage and hot water supply. And if the last two points do not need special introduction, then the heating scheme of a multi-storey building requires detailed consideration. From the point of view of design features, the centralized heating system in an apartment building has a number of differences from autonomous structures, which allows it to provide the house with thermal energy in the cold season.

Features of the heating system of apartment buildings

When installing heating in multi-storey buildings, it is imperative to comply with the requirements established by regulatory documentation, which includes SNiP and GOST. These documents state that the heating structure should provide a constant temperature in the apartments within the range of 20-22 degrees, and the humidity should vary from 30 to 45 percent.

Despite the existence of standards, many houses, especially old ones, do not meet these indicators. If this is the case, then first of all you need to deal with the installation of thermal insulation and change the heating devices, and only then contact the heat supply company. The heating of a three-story house, the scheme of which is shown in the photo, can be cited as an example of a good heating scheme.

To achieve the required parameters, use complex structure requiring quality equipment. When creating a project for the heating system of an apartment building, specialists use all their knowledge to achieve an even distribution of heat in all sections of the heating main and create a comparable pressure on each tier of the building. One of the integral elements of the work of such a design is the work on a superheated coolant, which provides for the heating scheme of a three-story house or other skyscrapers.

How it works? Water comes directly from the thermal power plant and is heated to 130-150 degrees. In addition, the pressure is increased to 6-10 atmospheres, so the formation of steam is impossible - high pressure will drive water through all floors of the house without loss. The temperature of the liquid in the return pipeline in this case can reach 60-70 degrees. Of course, in different time of the year temperature regime may vary, since it is directly related to the ambient temperature.

Purpose and principle of operation of the elevator unit

It was said above that the water in the heating system of a multi-storey building is heated to 130 degrees. But consumers do not need such a temperature, and it is absolutely pointless to heat the batteries to such a value, regardless of the number of storeys: the heating system nine-story building in this case will not differ from any other. Everything is explained quite simply: the heating supply in multi-storey buildings is completed by a device that goes into the return circuit, which is called an elevator unit. What is the meaning of this node, and what functions are assigned to it?

The coolant heated to a high temperature enters the elevator assembly, which, according to the principle of its operation, is similar to a dosing injector. It is after this process that the liquid carries out heat exchange. Leaving through the elevator nozzle, the high-pressure coolant exits through the return line.

In addition, through the same channel, the liquid enters the heating system for recirculation. All these processes together make it possible to mix the coolant, bringing it to the optimum temperature, which is sufficient to heat all apartments. The use of an elevator node in the scheme allows you to provide the highest quality heating in high-rise buildings, regardless of the number of storeys.

Design features of the heating circuit

There are different valves in the heating circuit behind the elevator unit. Their role cannot be underestimated, since they make it possible to regulate heating in individual entrances or in the whole house. Most often, the adjustment of the valves is carried out manually by employees of the heat supply company, if such a need arises.

Often used in modern buildings additional elements, such as collectors, heat meters for batteries and other equipment. IN last years almost every heating system of high-rise buildings is equipped with automation to minimize human intervention in the operation of the structure (read: "Weather-dependent automation of heating systems - about automation and controllers for boilers with examples"). All the details described allow you to achieve better performance, increase efficiency and make it possible to more evenly distribute thermal energy for all apartments.

Piping in a multi-storey building

As a rule, in multi-storey buildings, a single-pipe wiring diagram with top or bottom filling is used. The location of the forward and return pipes can vary depending on many factors, including even the region where the building is located. For example, the heating circuit in five-story building will be structurally different from heating in three-story buildings.

When designing a heating system, all these factors are taken into account, and the most successful scheme is created that allows you to bring all the parameters to the maximum. The project may involve various options pouring the coolant: from the bottom up or vice versa. In individual houses, universal risers are installed, which ensure the rotation of the movement of the coolant.

Types of radiators for heating apartment buildings

In multi-storey buildings, there is no single rule that allows the use of a specific type of radiator, so the choice is not particularly limited. The heating scheme of a multi-storey building is quite versatile and has a good balance between temperature and pressure.

The main models of radiators used in apartments include the following devices:

Cast iron batteries. Often used even in the most modern buildings. They are cheap and very easy to install: as a rule, apartment owners install this type of radiator on their own.
Steel heaters. This option is a logical continuation of the development of new heating devices. Being more modern, steel heating panels demonstrate good aesthetic qualities, are quite reliable and practical. Very well combined with the regulating elements of the heating system. Experts agree that it is steel batteries that can be called optimal when used in apartments.
Aluminum and bimetallic batteries. Products made of aluminum are very much appreciated by the owners of private houses and apartments. Aluminum batteries have the best performance compared to previous options: excellent external data, light weight and compactness are perfectly combined with high performance. The only disadvantage of these devices, which often scares off buyers, is the high cost. Nevertheless, experts do not recommend saving on heating and believe that such an investment will pay off pretty quickly.

Conclusion

The right choice of batteries for centralized system heating depends on the performance indicators that are inherent in the coolant in the area. Knowing the rate of cooling of the coolant and the themes of its movement, it is possible to calculate required amount radiator sections, its dimensions and material. Do not forget that when replacing heating devices, it is necessary to follow all the rules, since their violation can lead to defects in the system, and then heating in the wall panel house will not perform its functions.

Fulfill repair work in the heating system of an apartment building, it is also not recommended on its own, especially if it is heating within the walls of a panel house: practice shows that residents of houses, without having the appropriate knowledge, are able to throw away an important element of the system, considering it unnecessary.

Centralized heating systems demonstrate good qualities, but they need to be constantly maintained in working order, and for this you need to monitor many indicators, including thermal insulation, equipment wear and regular replacement of spent elements.

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