Top bottling heating scheme in an apartment building. Varieties of heating systems in an apartment building

city apartment- a hearth of comfort and coziness, a place to live, which many of our compatriots choose for themselves. Indeed, in modern apartment building there is everything that a person needs for a normal life, from hot water supply to centralized heating and sewerage.

It should be noted that a huge role in ensuring comfortable atmosphere in the apartment, it is the heating system that plays. At present, the scheme of the heating system of a multi-storey building has some design differences from an autonomous one, and it is they who guarantee effective heating of an apartment even in the most severe frosts.

The heating system of an apartment building: features

The instruction for the heating scheme of any modern high-rise building requires mandatory compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, heating in an apartment should provide a temperature in the range of 20-22C, and humidity - 30-45%.

Advice. In older houses, such parameters may not be achieved.
In this case, it is important to first competently perform the thermal insulation of all cracks, replace the radiators, and only then contact the heat supply company.

The achievement of such indicators of temperature and humidity is achieved due to the special design of the system, the use of only high-quality equipment. Even at the stage of designing a heating scheme for multi-storey buildings, qualified heat engineers carefully calculate all the subtleties of its work, achieve the same coolant pressure in the pipes, both on the first and on the last floor of the building.

One of the main features of a modern centralized heating system of a high-rise building is operation on superheated water. Such a coolant comes directly from the CHP, has a temperature of about 130-150C, and a pressure of 6-10 atm. Steam generation in the system is excluded due to high pressure - it also helps to distill water even to the highest point of the house.

The return temperature, which is also assumed by the heating scheme of a multi-storey building, is about 60-70C. In winter and summer, the temperature readings of water may differ - the values \u200b\u200bare dependent only on the environment.

Elevator node - a feature of the heating system of a high-rise building

As mentioned earlier, the coolant in the heating system of any multi-storey building has a temperature of about 130C. Of course, there are no such hot batteries in any apartment and simply cannot be. The thing is that the supply line, through which hot water flows, is connected to the return line by a special jumper - an elevator assembly.

The heating scheme in an apartment building with an elevator unit has some features, since the unit itself performs certain functions.

The coolant, which has a high temperature, enters this device, which plays the role of a certain injector-doser. Immediately after this, the main heat transfer process occurs;

superheated water under high pressure passes through the elevator nozzle and injects the coolant from the return. At the same time, water from the return pipeline also enters the heating system for recirculation;
As a result of such processes, it is possible to achieve mixing of the coolant, bringing its temperature to a certain level, which will be able to provide efficient heating of apartments throughout the building.

This scheme is the most efficient and productive, allows you to achieve better conditions for living, both on the first and on the last floor of a high-rise building.

Design features of the heating scheme of a multi-storey building: elements, components, main units

If you move along the thermal system from the elevator unit, you can also see all kinds of valves. The role of such details is also great, because they provide heating control, both for individual entrances and for the whole house. As a rule, such valves can be adjusted manually. Of course, only specialists of the relevant state services are engaged in this, and if any need arises.

In more modern houses with a large number of floors, in addition to, in fact, thermal valves, various collectors, heat meters and other equipment, up to automation, can also be located. Naturally, such a technique allows one to achieve more productive work heating, efficient distribution of the coolant over all floors, up to the very last ones.

Schemes for piping in a multi-storey building

Usually, in most high-rise buildings, both old and new, with upper or lower wiring. It should be noted that depending on the design of the building and other parameters (up to the region where the building was built), the location of the supply and return may vary.

Depending on the design of the building, the coolant in the risers of the heating circuit can move in different ways - from top to bottom or vice versa. Also, in some houses universal risers are installed, they are designed for alternate supply hot water up and, accordingly, cold down.

Radiators in heating a multi-storey building: main types

As you can see in many photos and videos, a wide variety of types of heating batteries are used in multi-storey buildings. This is due to the fact that the system is universal, has a relatively optimal ratio of temperature and water pressure.

Among the most basic types of radiators are:

Cast iron batteries. traditional type, which today can be found even in the newest multi-storey buildings. They are distinguished by low cost and simplicity - you can even install them yourself;
Steel heaters. More modern version, different high quality, reliability and beautiful appearance.
A practical option in which you can effectively use the elements to adjust the temperature of the heating in the room;

Advice. It is steel batteries that perfectly combine price-quality parameters, and therefore their heating specialists recommend installing them in high-rise buildings.

Aluminum and. The price of such radiators, of course, is somewhat higher than that of steel or cast iron. But also performance just amazing.
Good heat transfer, stylish appearance and light weight - this is an incomplete list of the qualities that non-ferrous batteries have.

Conclusion

If we consider such characteristics of heating batteries for multi-storey building systems as the number of sections and dimensions of products, then they directly depend on the process and rate of cooling of the coolant. As a rule, the choice of parameters of heaters is made by means of a special calculation.

It is important to remember that if it becomes necessary to replace the heaters in the apartment with new ones, it is important not to disrupt the performance and performance of the entire system as a whole. Also, you can not throw out the jumpers in the pipelines, otherwise the service company will still require them to be restored, and this is fraught with unnecessary financial and labor costs.

In general, heating schemes for multi-storey buildings (not only residential, but also administrative and industrial) are productive and efficient in operation. But at the same time, if we consider old buildings, then heating in them does not even require a complete replacement, but rather modernization. In apartments, for example, you can install new batteries, pipes and modern equipment for automation.

The pressure that should be in the heating system apartment building, is regulated by SNiPs and established norms. When calculating, they take into account the diameter of the pipes, the types of pipelines and heating devices, the distance to the boiler room, and the number of floors.

Types of pressure

Speaking about the pressure in the heating system, they mean 3 types of it:

Static (manometric). When performing calculations, it is taken equal to 1 atm or 0.1 MPa per 10 m.
Dynamic, which occurs when the circulation pump is turned on.
Permissible working, which is the sum of the previous two.

In the first case, this is the pressure force of the coolant in radiators, valves, pipes. The higher the number of storeys of the house, the more important this indicator becomes. Powerful pumps are used to overcome the rise of the water column.

The second case is the pressure that occurs during the movement of fluid in the system. And from their sum - the maximum working pressure, the operation of the system in a safe mode depends. AT high-rise building its value reaches 1 MPa.

GOST and SNiP requirements

In modern multi-storey buildings, the heating system is installed based on the requirements of GOST and SNiP. The regulatory documentation specifies the temperature range that central heating must provide. This is from 20 to 22 degrees C with humidity parameters from 45 to 30%.

To achieve these indicators, it is necessary to calculate all the nuances in the operation of the system even during the development of the project. The task of a heating engineer is to ensure the minimum difference in the pressure values of the liquid circulating in the pipes between the lower and last floors of the house, thereby reducing heat loss.

The following factors influence the actual pressure value:

The condition and capacity of the equipment supplying the coolant.
The diameter of the pipes through which the coolant circulates in the apartment. It happens that, wanting to increase temperature indicators, the owners themselves change their diameter upwards, reducing general meaning pressure.
The location of a particular apartment. Ideally, this should not matter, but in reality there is a dependence on the floor, and on the distance from the riser.
The degree of wear of the pipeline and heating devices. In the presence of old batteries and pipes, one should not expect that the pressure readings will remain normal. It is better to prevent the occurrence of emergency situations by replacing your old heating equipment.

How pressure changes with temperature

Check the working pressure in a high-rise building using tubular deformation pressure gauges. If, when designing the system, the designers laid down automatic pressure control and its control, then sensors are additionally installed different types. In accordance with the requirements prescribed in the regulatory documents, control is carried out in the most critical areas:

at the coolant supply from the source and at the outlet;
before the pump, filters, pressure regulators, mud collectors and after these elements;
at the outlet of the pipeline from the boiler room or CHP, as well as at its entry into the house.

Please note: 10% of the difference between the normative working pressure on the 1st and 9th floors is normal.

pressure in summer

During the period when the heating is inactive, both in the heating network and in the heating systems, a pressure is maintained that exceeds the static pressure. Otherwise, air will enter the system and the pipes will begin to corrode.

The minimum value of this parameter is determined by the height of the building plus a margin of 3 to 5 m.

How to raise the pressure

Pressure checks in the heating lines of multi-storey buildings are a must. They allow you to analyze the functionality of the system. A drop in pressure level, even by a small amount, can cause serious failures.

In the presence of central heating, the system is most often tested cold water. The pressure drop for 0.5 hours by more than 0.06 MPa indicates the presence of a gust. If this is not observed, then the system is ready for operation.

Right before the start heating season perform a test with hot water supplied under maximum pressure.

Changes occurring in the heating system of a multi-storey building, most often do not depend on the owner of the apartment. Trying to influence the pressure is a pointless undertaking. The only thing that can be done is to eliminate air pockets that have appeared due to loose connections or improper adjustment of the air release valve.

A characteristic noise in the system indicates the presence of a problem. For heating appliances and pipes, this phenomenon is very dangerous:

Loosening of threads and destruction of welded joints during vibration of the pipeline.
Termination of the supply of coolant to individual risers or batteries due to difficulties in airing the system, the inability to adjust, which can lead to its defrosting.
A decrease in the efficiency of the system if the coolant does not stop moving completely.

To prevent air from entering the system, it is necessary to inspect all connections and taps for water leakage before testing it in preparation for the heating season. If you hear a characteristic hiss during a test run of the system, immediately look for a leak and fix it.

You can apply a soapy solution to the joints and bubbles will appear where the tightness is broken.

Sometimes the pressure drops even after replacing old batteries with new aluminum ones. On the surface of this metal from contact with water appears thin film. Hydrogen is a by-product of the reaction, and by compressing it, the pressure is reduced.

Interfering with the operation of the system in this case is not worth it. The problem is temporary and goes away on its own over time. This happens only in the first time after the installation of radiators.

You can increase the pressure on the upper floors of a high-rise building by installing a circulation pump.

Minimum pressure

From the condition when the superheated water in the heating system does not boil, the minimum pressure is taken.

You can define it like this:

A margin of approximately 5 m is added to the height of the house (geodesic) to avoid air pollution, plus another 3 m for the resistance of the heating system inside the house. If the supply pressure is insufficient, then the batteries on the upper floors will remain unheated.

If we take a 5-storey building, then the minimum supply pressure should be:

5x3+5+3=23 m = 2.3 ata = 0.23 MPa

Pressure drop

In order for the heating system to perform its functions normally, the pressure drop, which is the difference between its values on the supply and return, must be a certain and constant value. In numerical terms, it should be in the range from 0.1 to 0.2 MPa.

The deviation of the parameter to a smaller side indicates a failure in the circulation of the coolant through the pipes. Fluctuation in the direction of increasing the indicator - about airing the heating system.

In any case, you need to look for the cause of the change, otherwise individual elements may fail.

If the pressure has dropped, then check for leaks: turn off the pump and observe changes in static pressure. If it continues to decrease, then they look for the place of damage by sequentially removing different sections from the circuit.

In the case when the static head does not change, then the reason lies in the equipment malfunction.

The stability of the working pressure drop initially depends on the designers, on the hydraulic calculations they performed, and then on the correct installation of the line. The heating of a high-rise building is functioning normally, during the installation of which the following points are taken into account:

The supply pipeline, with rare exceptions, is at the top, the return at the bottom.
Spills are made of pipes with a cross section of 50 to 80 mm, and risers and supply to batteries - from 20 to 25 mm.
In the heating system, regulators are embedded in the bypass line of the pump or the jumper connecting the supply and return, ensuring that even with sudden pressure drops, air does not appear.
Shutoff valves are present in the heat supply scheme.

There are no ideal operating conditions for a heating system. There are always losses that reduce pressure indicators, but still they should not go beyond the regulated Building Regulations and Rules of the Russian Federation SNiP 41-01-2003.

A very serious place in creating a pleasant atmosphere in apartments in apartment buildings is occupied by high-quality heating. Now the heating system of an apartment building is somewhat different in design from an autonomous one, it is it that provides heat in apartments even in the most severe cold. Below we will talk about what are the types of systems, what is in them optimum temperature how repairs are made.

What are the features of the heating system of a residential building

The heating system of any modern multi-storey building requires mandatory compliance conditions specified in the regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, the temperature in the apartment should be maintained with the help of heating within 20–22 ° C, and humidity - 30–45%.

It is possible to achieve such indicators with the help of a special design, installation of high-quality equipment. Even during the design of the heating system in an apartment building, that is, the creation of a scheme, professional heat engineers calculate everything required characteristics, achieve the same coolant pressure in the pipes on both the first and upper floors.

One of the key features of a modern centralized heating system for a high-rise building is operation on superheated water. It goes from the combined heat and power plant with a temperature in the range of 130–150 ° C to the heating system of an apartment building and a pressure of 6–10 atm. Due to the high pressure, steam formation does not occur in the system. In addition, it allows you to direct water even to the highest point of the house.

The temperature of the water going back through the system (return) is approximately 60–70 ° C. In winter and summer, this indicator may differ, since the values \u200b\u200bare dependent only on the environment.

Types of heating systems in an apartment building

In our country, the system is widely used central heating apartment building. Here, the city boiler house (CHP) supplies the coolant. However, water circuits are built according to two different schemes: one-pipe and two-pipe. In most cases, consumers are rarely interested in such issues. However, as soon as it is time to make repairs and install new modern heating radiators, these details need to be known.

Individual heating in residential buildings

This type of heat supply is not often used, but over the past few years it has become more common in new homes. In addition, local heating systems are installed in the private sector. If there is an individual heating system in an apartment building, the boiler room is located in a separate room located in the same building, or in close proximity, since it is important to control the degree of heating of the coolant.

The price of this type of heating in an apartment building is quite high, that is, it is more profitable to run one boiler room that can warm and provide hot water the whole neighborhood.

Central heating system of an apartment building

The coolant goes from the central boiler house through the main pipelines to the heat unit of the MKD, after which it is distributed to the apartments. Its additional adjustment according to the degree of supply is carried out on the heating point through circular pumps.

Various schemes for organizing central heating developed in our time make it possible to figure out which heating system is in an apartment building, to make several classifications into certain categories.

According to the mode of consumption of thermal energy:

seasonal, heat supply is necessary only during the cold season;
year-round requiring constant heating.

Type of coolant used:

Water- the most widely used type in MKD. The advantages of the operation of such heating systems in an apartment building are ease of use, the ability to transfer the coolant from afar (while not compromising quality indicators, centrally adjusting the temperature if necessary), good sanitary and hygienic qualities.
Air- such heating systems apartment buildings able to carry out both heating and ventilation of buildings; because of the high price this system less widely used.
Steam- are recognized as the most profitable, since pipes of small diameter are taken for heating, the hydrostatic pressure in the heating system in an apartment building is small, which facilitates its maintenance. True, this variety is recommended for objects that require, in addition to heat, the supply of water vapor (this includes mainly industrial facilities).

According to the method of connecting the heating system to the heat supply:

Independent heating system of an apartment building - the water circulating through it or steam in the heat exchanger transfers heat to the coolant (water) in the heating system.
Dependent heating system of an apartment building - the coolant heated by the heat generator is directly supplied to consumers through networks.

According to the method of connection to the hot water heating system:

Open heating system of an apartment building - heated water comes from the heating network.
Closed heating system of an apartment building. Here, water is taken from the general water supply, the transfer of thermal energy to it is carried out in the network heat exchanger of the central.

The device of the heating system in an apartment building

One-pipe heating system of an apartment building

Single-pipe heating systems of apartment buildings, due to their economy, have many disadvantages, and the main one is a large heat loss along the way. The water in this circuit is directed from the bottom up, getting into the radiators of all apartments and transferring heat to them. The water cooled in the device goes into the same pipe. She comes to the last apartments having already lost significant amounts of heat. For this reason, residents of the upper floors often complain about the cold.

In some cases, this scheme is made even simpler, trying to increase the temperature in the radiators - they are cut directly into the pipe. Then the battery becomes part of the pipe.

From such an intervention in the heating system of an apartment building, users whose apartments are closest to the beginning of the circuit benefit, while the water reaches the last consumers even more cooled. In addition, now it is impossible to regulate the level of heat in the apartment, because if you reduce the flow in such a radiator, the water flow in the entire system will decrease.

While the heating season is in progress, the owner will not be able to replace such a battery without invading the intra-house heating system of an apartment building and without draining the coolant. For such cases, jumpers are installed that make it possible, by turning off the device, to save the coolant flow.

In the presence of single-pipe systems, the most reasonable approach would be to install batteries in size: small ones should be placed at the beginning of the system, and, gradually increasing in size, the largest appliances should be connected in the last apartments. Such a move would overcome the difficulties of uniform heating, but, obviously, it is not used in practice. Thus, saving money on the installation of a heating circuit is followed by difficulties with heat distribution and complaints about cold apartments.

Two-pipe heating system of an apartment building

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open and closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant in the same temperature regime for radiators of any level. Look at the connection diagram of the radiators, then it will become clear what this feature is connected with.

The principle of the heating system in an apartment building with a two-pipe circuit is as follows: thermal energy the liquid from the radiator is not sent to the pipe through which it came, but goes into the return channel. It does not matter how the radiator is connected: from the riser or from the lounger. The bottom line is that the level of heating of the coolant is stably maintained throughout the entire supply pipe.

Another important plus of a two-pipe circuit is that residents can regulate each battery individually or install thermostatic taps that automatically maintain the required temperature. In addition, such a circuit allows you to choose batteries with side and bottom connection, dead-end and associated movement of the coolant.

Adjustment of the heating system in an apartment building

Adjustment of this system in MKD is necessary, since it consists of pipes of different diameters. The speed and pressure of the liquid together with the steam, and hence the level of heat, vary in direct proportion to the diameter of the pipe opening. In order for this procedure to be carried out correctly, products of different diameters are used.

The pipes of the heating system of an apartment building with a maximum size (100 mm) are located in the basements. With them, the connection of the entire system begins. Pipes with a diameter of no more than 50-76 mm are installed in the entrances for uniform distribution of thermal energy.

Unfortunately, such an adjustment does not always contribute to the desired heating effect. This affects the inhabitants of the upper floors, where the temperature drops dramatically. This process can be balanced by launching hydraulic system heating. This step involves connecting the circulation vacuum pumps, which ensures the start of work automatic system pressure adjustment. Installation and start-up take place in the collector of a separate building. Accordingly, the heating distribution system changes along the entrances, floors of an apartment building. When the number of floors exceeds two, the start-up of the system is necessarily accompanied by pumping for water circulation.

How is the payment for heating in an apartment building calculated?

Very often, having paid bills for heating, tenants complain about the management company. In some apartments, people are constantly freezing, in others, on the contrary, they open windows to cool the room. These examples clearly demonstrate how imperfect the heating system of an apartment building is (its principle of operation, scheme), and the payment for heat is unfairly high.

You can deal with these problems by installing apartment heating meters. The maximum benefit will then be received by the owners who are also going to install a thermal energy controller as the final stage of preparing the premises for insulation.

Which meters are suitable for the heating system in an apartment building under different schemes?

Single-pipe schemes with a vertical type of wiring - one meter is installed per riser and a separate temperature sensor for all batteries.
Two-pipe circuits with a vertical type of wiring - it is necessary to install a meter, a temperature sensor on each radiator.
One-pipe schemes with horizontal type wiring - one meter per riser is enough.

In houses with the first two wiring diagrams, residents usually prefer the installation of a common house meter. When the wiring is done according to the third type, the choice of one device per apartment is more justified.

In the form of measuring instruments that allow determining the volume of coolant passed through each of the radiators, ultrasonic or mechanical controllers for the flow of thermal energy act.

Structurally and functionally, the most simple are mechanical counters. Their principle of operation in the heating system in an apartment building is based on the conversion of the translational energy of the coolant movement into the rotation of the measuring elements.

Ultrasonic Models measure the indicators of the time difference during the passage of ultrasonic vibrations in the direction and against the flow of liquid. Most of these devices are powered by autonomous sources energy - lithium batteries. They are enough for more than a decade of uninterrupted service.

To install a separate meter in an MKD, the owner needs:

obtain information about the technical conditions from the heat supply organization or from the balance holder of the building;
create an installation project together with licensed masters in this field;
install the heat meter in full accordance with specifications and originally developed project;
sign an agreement with the supplier of thermal energy on payment according to the readings of the meter.

The most widely used option for a multi-storey building is setting a total counter to calculate the heat energy used.

In the case of installing one device on the riser of an apartment building, the formula is used for calculation:

Po.i = Si * Vt * TT,

where Si is the total area of an apartment building; Vt - the average volume of heat energy consumed per month based on the readings of the previous year (Gcal / sq. m); TT - tariffs for the consumption of thermal energy (rubles/Gcal).

divide the meter reading for the previous year by 12;
divide the resulting number by total area houses, taking into account all heated premises: basements, attics, entrances. You will receive the average amount of thermal energy consumed per square area per month.

However, several legitimate questions follow from the foregoing.

Where can I get the indicators of energy consumption for the previous year, given that the total meter has just appeared? There is nothing complicated here. During the first year from the date of installation of the metering device, the owners pay, as before, according to the tariffs. Only after a year will it be possible to use this formula to calculate the monthly payment.

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment

There is an easy formula for this. For 10 square meters of living space, on average, no more than 1 kW of heat is needed. The value is adjusted according to coefficients depending on the region:

for houses in the south of the country, the required amount of energy is multiplied by 0.9;
for the European zone of the country (for example, the Moscow region) take a coefficient of 1.3;
for the Far North, eastern regions, the need increases by 1.5–2 times.

Let's do a simple calculation. Let's imagine that it is important for us to find out the amount of heat energy for an apartment in an MKD in the Amur Region. This region is characterized by a rather cold climate.

The area of this room in a multi-storey building is 60 m 2. We take into account that approximately 1 kW of thermal energy is spent on heating 10 m 2 of housing. According to the climate features of the area, a coefficient of 1.7 is selected.

We translate the area of the apartment from units to tens, this gives us the number 6, multiply it by 1.7. As a result, the required value is 10.2 kW, otherwise 10,200 watts.

The calculation method described here is very easy. But it entails significant errors associated with such situations:

the amount of heat energy required directly depends on the volume of the apartment. Obviously, to warm a living space with ceilings 3 meters high, it will need more;
a large number of windows, doors, which increases the consumption of thermal energy, when compared with monolithic walls;
the location of apartments at the ends or in the middle of the building also greatly affects heat costs if standard batteries of the heating system of an apartment building are installed.

The basic, standardized value of sufficient heat output per 1 cubic meter of living space is 40 watts. Based on this figure, it is easy to find out how much heat is required for the entire apartment or for individual rooms.

If you want to calculate the required amount of thermal energy most accurately, you will not only have to multiply the volume by 40, but also throw about 100 W on all windows and 200 W on doors, after which the same regional coefficients are used as in the calculation by area apartments.

What is pressure testing of the heating system in an apartment building

Pressure testing of a heating system is a hydraulic (or pneumatic) test of its components, which allows you to find out its tightness, ability to work at the design working pressure of the coolant, as well as during water hammer. This procedure allows you to detect potential leaks, strength, quality of installation, to ensure stable operation throughout the cold season.

Pressure testing, that is, hydraulic (water), in some cases, and pneumatic (compressed air) tests of heating systems are launched:

immediately after the heating system of an apartment building is installed and put into operation;
in systems that have already been used;
as a result of repair work, replacement of any part;
during inspections before all heating seasons;
at the end of the heating season (in MKD).

In multi-apartment residential buildings, industrial, administrative premises, pressure testing is performed by certified employees of the services that operate and maintain these systems.

The course of pressure testing of the heating system of an apartment building varies in accordance with the type and number of floors in the building, the complexity of the system (the number of circuits, branches, risers), the wiring diagram, the material, the wall thickness of the elements (pipes, batteries, fittings), etc. Typically, such tests are hydraulic - carried out by pumping water. However, pneumatic ones are also possible - with excess air pressure. Since the hydraulic type is more common, let's talk about it first.

Hydraulic pressure testing in an apartment building

Before starting such tests, preliminary work is carried out:

inspection of the elevator (feed unit), main pipes, risers and other parts of the system;
examination of the presence and integrity of thermal insulation on heating mains.

For a system that has been operating for more than 5 years, it is recommended to flush with a compressor to flush the heating system of an apartment building before pressure testing.

Hydraulic pressing works like this:

the system is filled with water (if it was just installed, flushing was carried out);
excess pressure is pumped in it by an electric or manual pump;
using a manometer, it is checked whether the pipes retain pressure (within 15–30 minutes);
if the pressure is maintained (the readings of the pressure gauge do not change) - the system is tight, without leaks, the elements cope with the crimping pressure;
if there is a decrease in pressure, all parts are checked (pipes, connections, batteries, optional equipment) to detect water leakage;
after determining this place, it is sealed or the entire element is replaced (part of the pipe, connecting fitting, stop valves, batteries, etc.), tests are duplicated.

The water pressure during these tests depends on the operating pressure of the system. It can change due to the material of pipes, batteries. For new systems, the pressing pressure should exceed the working pressure by 2 times, for already used ones - by 20–50%.

All types of pipes and radiators are produced under a certain allowable pressure. With this in mind, the maximum working pressure and pressure for testing are established. For cast iron batteries, the operating pressure in the heating system of an apartment building is a maximum of 5 atm. (bar), but remains within 3 atm. (bar). The check is carried out here, pumping up to 6 atm. And systems with convector-type batteries (steel, bimetallic) are subjected to greater pressure, up to 10 atm.

Pressure testing of the input unit is carried out separately, with a pressure of at least 10 atm. (1 MPa). This requires electric pumps. The tests are considered successful if the indicator fell by no more than 0.1 atm in half an hour.

Pressurization of the heating system of an apartment building with air

Air system checks are rarely performed. They are possible in small buildings when hydraulic tests are not suitable for some indicators. Let's say we want to know if the system is installed with high quality, but water, injection equipment is not available.

Then an electric air compressor, a mechanical (foot, manual) pump with a pressure gauge are connected to the make-up or drain valve, and excess pressure is created. It can be no more than 1.5 atm. (bar), because if there is a depressurization of the connection, a rupture of the system at high pressure, there is a possibility of injury to the inspectors. Plugs are used instead of air valves.

Pneumatic tests are associated with a longer exposure of the system under high pressure. Since air is compressed, which is not the case with liquid, therefore, long-term stabilization and equalization of pressure in the circuit are necessary. At the first stage, the pressure gauge may show a decrease in performance, even if everything is tight. After the air pressure has stabilized, it is important to maintain it for another half an hour.

Pressure testing of open heating systems

To pressure test the heating system in an open-circuit apartment building and the principle of operation, it is necessary to seal the connection point of the open expansion tank. This can be done with a ball valve installed on a pipe with water. When pumping liquid, it plays the role of an air valve, and as soon as the system is filled, that is, before the pressure is built up, the valve is closed.

The operating pressure of such heating systems of an apartment building usually varies depending on the height of the expansion tank: for 1 m of its deviation from the level of entry into the return boiler, 0.1 atm of overpressure is given in this place. In one-story houses, it is placed under the ceiling, in the attic. The water column then corresponds to 2–3 m, and the excess pressure to 0.2–0.3 atm. (bar). If the boiler room is located in the basement or in two-storey houses, the difference between the level of the expansion tank and the boiler return reaches 5–8 m (0.5–0.8 bar). Then for hydraulic tests a lower liquid overpressure is created (0.3–1.6 bar).

In addition to this feature, pressure testing of open systems (one-pipe and two-pipe) does not differ from testing closed ones.

Repair of the heating system of an apartment building

There are three main types of repair of heating systems.

Emergency. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the heating system after an accident: a break in the riser, a break in the battery supply, defrosting the heating in the entrance.
Current. Allows you to identify minor faults, conduct a scheduled check of the shut-off valves, its revision and installation of a new one instead of an already used one. Some of these problems are detected by residents, the latter make themselves known during planned detours, the rest - when preparing the system for winter.
Overhaul associated with a complete or partial change of equipment. Here, all pipes can be dismantled, replaced with metal-plastic ones, and radiator plates installed instead of those that have worked out their due date.

Now let's talk about the malfunctions that each type of repair of the heating system of an apartment building struggles with.

Emergency repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Let's take a look at the most common "diseases" of the system faced by emergency locksmith teams and their normal methods of treatment.

There is no heating on the riser. They look at valves, discharges of the heating system of an apartment building: uncoordinated repairs are often to blame. If no faults are found here, the risers are distilled for discharge in both directions, which makes it possible to localize the fault. A malfunction can be provoked by a piece of slag in a pipe bend, a sunken screw valve valve. If the problem is fixed, and the water flows without a hitch through the riser, the air must be bled on the top floor.

Fistula in the heating pipe. It happens that there is no risk of complete destruction of the riser, the liner, then the emergency team makes a bandage that eliminates the leak. Then the current repair team welds the place.

Leaking lock nuts in front of the radiator. The riser is dropped, the thread is rewound. If it has suffered due to corrosion, the squeegee on the eyeliner is replaced by welding, manual threading.

Strong leakage between sections of radiators. The reason here is a burst nipple. The risers are dropped, the battery is removed and moved.

The flush valve does not close after flushing the radiator. The riser is dropped, the valve gasket is replaced.

Unfrozen driveway heating. The riser is turned off, the affected sections are removed, the working radiator is started. The emergency team restores connections, registers, etc. by welding.

Defrosted driveway heating radiator. You just need to disconnect the last sections.

Current repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Below we will talk about the repair of heating systems carried out by housing and communal services workers in preparation for the cold season.

Revision of shut-off valves in the elevator heating unit. Here they watch the work of all relief, control valves, valves (if necessary, they are repaired). Periodic maintenance is in progress: seals are stuffed, rods are lubricated.

Valve repair consists of replacing the gasket. Even a beginner can do it himself without having serious skills, but the revision, repair of valves will be more difficult.

If necessary, carried out wedge replacement between the cheeks, its welding, grinding of mirrors in the body, on the cheeks, stem restoration, replacement of the pressure ring on the stuffing box and other work in the heating system of an apartment building.

Revision of a cast-iron gate valve at the stand. By the appearance of this part, it is difficult to understand the need for repair.

Revision and repair of stop valves on risers is an equally important task. Even with a small leak, you have to dump the whole house. In frosts, this can lead to defrosting of the contour sections, which is most important in the entrances.

Rewinding locknuts on risers should also take place periodically.

Replacement of heating risers, elimination of various small leaks in pipes and welds between them. A solution to this problem is chosen according to the situation: a small fistula in the apartment is welded, and a heavily corroded section of the pipe of the heating system of an apartment building is replaced. In the basement, small fistulas are most often bandaged with a collar with a gasket, dense rubber and annealed wire.

Maintenance crews also carry out heating system maintenance: start, stop heating, eliminate air jams (if the inhabitants of the upper floors themselves cannot) and annual hydropneumatic flushing of heating.

Overhaul of the heating system of an apartment building

There is a certain sequence of signing contracts for the overhaul of the heating system.

A defective statement is written for the planned overhaul with an approximate list of necessary work and consumables.
A tender is announced for the supply of equipment, repairs. Any municipal, private enterprise that has among the services offered “repair of the heating system” (OKDP code 453) can participate in it - it is paid during registration.
An agreement is signed with the winning company, which includes a list of necessary services, the procedure for calculation and control, guarantees and liability of the parties, and a dozen more points.
Further work is completed by the satisfaction of the parties or litigation.

But in practice, the contract is often concluded with a service organization and its teams of emergency, current repairs, which repair the heating systems of apartment buildings in their free time. This method justifies itself: the performer strives to do everything perfectly, because troubleshooting after a poor-quality repair will fall on his own shoulders.

What works fall under the term " overhaul"? Their list is short:

full or partial replacement of risers and heating pipes;
complete or selective replacement of heating devices;
replacement of the entire elevator assembly or shutoff valves in it;
full or partial replacement of heating spills.

All works are carried out during the warm season, after the heating season.

How to get rid of overpayment for heating

Why do I need to flush the heating system in an apartment building

The efficiency of the heating system of an apartment building is declining for two unavoidable reasons.

1. Radiators and horizontal sections of pipes become silted over time. This becomes a disaster for places where the coolant flows slowly: spills, connections to the radiator and directly to the radiators.

Where does sediment come from? It includes sand, rust crumbs, scale from welding, everything that is carried by heating mains. CHP constantly takes and heats such large volumes of liquid that it is impossible to clean them to an ideal state.

2. Disease of steel pipes without anti-corrosion coating - mineral deposits . Salts of calcium and magnesium narrow the lumen, forming a hard coating on the inner walls. This is only a problem with steel pipes. Galvanization and lines with an internal polymer coating are not subject to such deposits.

Silt, sand and other suspensions reduce the speed of water movement in the heater. Gradually, their volume grows, and water enters only the first sections. Deposits are sometimes the cause of the inoperability of a section of the circuit when the pipe lumen is clogged.

Therefore, flushing this system, documented by the act, restores the required efficiency. It is important to remember that for MKD, the frequency of flushing this system is indicated in SNiP 3.05.01-85 and is equal to 1 year.

How to flush the heating system in an apartment building

Chemical flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Chemical flushing works in the following situations.

1. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the MKD heating system, which has been in operation for several decades. Silting, which cannot be avoided, overgrowing of steel pipes leads to a frightening decrease in efficiency during this time.

But ungalvanized steel pipes corrode so badly over decades that the benefits of treatment may not be visible. The fact is that chemical substances corrode rust, and during pressure testing, many new leaks are found.

2. It is necessary to remove deposits from the gravity system, consisting of steel pipes. Most of them accumulate in the heat exchanger of the boiler or furnace; sludge is distributed throughout the spill, large volumes are observed at its lower part.

When flushing, a chemical is poured into the heating circuit instead of water. It is a solution of alkali (usually caustic soda) or acid (phosphoric, orthophosphoric, etc.). Then the pump, which is part of the equipment for flushing the heating system of an apartment building, starts continuous circulation in the circuit, lasting several hours. After this reagent is drained, and a new pressure test is carried out.

The cost of a flushing reagent starts from five to six thousand rubles per 25 liters. According to the rules of housing maintenance, it is impossible to drain the used substance into the sewer, although if there is no other way out, this composition is neutralized with a special agent.

Hydropneumatic flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Such flushing of the heating system has long been widely used by domestic housing and communal services and has managed to prove itself well. But it is only effective when used correctly.

The instruction for flushing the heating system is not so complicated: the circuit is discharged into the sewer, first from the supply to the return, then in the opposite direction. At the same time, a powerful pneumatic pump pumps air into the water. The pulp, passing along the entire contour, washes out part of the scale, silt.

The flushing of the heating system used in housing and communal services works as follows:

on the return pipeline, the house valve is closed;
a compressor for flushing the heating system of an apartment building is connected to the metering valve at the supply after the house valve;
the reset on the return line opens;
when the pressure in the ballast tank of the compressor has reached 6 kgf / cm 2, the valve connected to it opens;
groups of risers alternately overlap so that ten, no more, are open at the same time. So flushing the heating risers and the heating devices connected to them will give a good result.

The time of the procedure can be chosen by checking the contamination of the water leaving after it by eye. If the liquid becomes transparent, you can proceed to another group of risers.

When all risers are flushed, the heating switches to reset in the opposite direction:

the discharge, the valve to which the compressor is connected, closes;
the house valve is closed on the supply and opens on the return;
the discharge from the supply opens, the compressor is connected to the metering valve on the return pipeline, it opens.

Flushing of riser groups takes place again, but with the reverse direction of the pulp flow.

At whose expense is the discharge of the heating system of an apartment building

Good operating system heating is essential for a fulfilling and pleasant life in any type of housing. It happens that residents need to install new batteries, eliminate leaks, move the riser to the wall.

Such actions with the system, obviously, should not be carried out without draining the water inside - it is impossible to open the pipes when the network is full. Therefore, before repair, maintenance work, it is required to drain the water from the riser of the heating system of an apartment building.

Proper operation of communications in the MKD is in the area of responsibility management company. This means that the drain is coordinated with it in advance. For this reason, residents have such questions.

1. Does the owner have the right to set the day of this procedure independently?

Doesn't have. The term is chosen by the CC. But it will be possible to ask to do the work at a specific time, having coordinated this with several specialists of the Criminal Code.

2. Who pays for draining the riser?

Owner. Funds are charged for coordination and for the activities of the masters. Tariffs differ depending on regions and companies. It is impossible to name the price in advance: in some settlements it will cost 1,000 rubles, in others - 5,000 rubles. This includes shutting down the system, draining fluid, refilling.

If there is a need for repairs during the heating season, the owner will have to spend time persuading the management company to pay a much more serious amount. When it is cold outside from -30 o C, the procedure will not be allowed. This rule does not apply to accidents.

3. Is it always necessary to drain the riser?

Minor repairs and the installation of a new battery instead of the old one are not related to draining the water in the entire heating system of an apartment building. In almost any apartment, it will turn out, without affecting the circuit itself, to block a specific radiator. This is done like this:

turn the tap on the riser, shut off the water flow;
open the outlet cock on the battery / unscrew the cap with a wrench, drain the water into any container.

It happens that the system is not equipped with either a plug or a drain valve, then disconnect the radiator and drain the liquid.

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When designing professional heating systems, it is necessary to take into account all factors - both external and internal. This is especially true for heating schemes for multi-apartment buildings. What is special about the heating system of a multi-storey building: pressure, circuits, pipes. First you need to understand the specifics of its arrangement.

Features of heat supply of multi-storey buildings

Autonomous heating of a multi-storey building should perform one function - the timely delivery of the coolant to each consumer while maintaining its technical qualities (temperature and pressure). To do this, the building must be provided with a single distribution unit with the possibility of regulation. In autonomous systems, it is combined with water heating devices - boilers.

The characteristic features of the heating system of a multi-storey building are in its organization. It should consist of the following mandatory components:

distribution node. With its help, hot water is supplied through the mains;
Pipelines. They are designed to transport the coolant to individual rooms and premises of the house. Depending on the method of organization, there is a single-pipe or two-pipe heating system for a multi-storey building;
Control and regulation equipment. Its function is to change the characteristics of the coolant depending on external and internal factors, as well as its qualitative and quantitative accounting.

In practice, the heating scheme of a residential multi-storey building consists of several documents, which include, in addition to the drawings, the calculation part. It is compiled by special design bureaus and must comply with current regulatory requirements.

The heating system is an integral part of a multi-storey building. Its quality is checked upon delivery of the facility or during scheduled inspections. This is the responsibility of the management company.

Pipe routing in a multi-storey building

For the normal operation of the heat supply of the building, it is necessary to know its basic parameters. What is the pressure in the heating system of a multi-storey building, as well as temperature regime will be optimal? According to the regulations, these characteristics should have the following values:

Pressure. For buildings up to 5 floors - 2-4 atm. If the number of floors is nine - 5-7 atm. The difference lies in the pressure of hot water to transport it to the upper levels of the house;
Temperature. It can vary from +18°С to +22°С. This only applies to residential properties. On landings and non-residential rooms, a decrease to + 15 ° С is allowed.

Having determined the optimal values of the parameters, you can proceed to the choice of heating wiring in a multi-storey building.

It largely depends on the number of storeys of the building, its area and the power of the entire system. The degree of thermal insulation of the house is also taken into account.

The pressure difference in the pipes on the 1st and 9th floors can be up to 10% of the standard. This is a normal situation for a multi-storey building.

Single-pipe heating distribution

This is one of the economical options for organizing heat supply in a building with a relatively large area. For the first time, a mass-produced one-pipe heating system for a multi-storey building began to be used for "Khrushchev". The principle of its operation is the presence of several distribution risers, to which consumers are connected.

The coolant is supplied through one pipe loop. The absence of a return line greatly simplifies the installation of the system, while reducing the cost. However, at the same time, the Leningrad heating system of a multi-storey building has a number of disadvantages:

Uneven heating of the room, depending on the remoteness of the hot water intake point (boiler or collector unit). Those. options are possible when the consumer connected earlier according to the scheme will have hotter batteries than those following in the chain;
Problems with adjusting the degree of heating of radiators. To do this, you need to make a bypass on each radiator;
Difficult balancing of a single-pipe heating system of a multi-storey building. It is carried out with the help of thermostats and valves. In this case, a system failure is possible even with a slight change in the input parameters - temperature or pressure.

Currently, the installation of a single-pipe heating system for a multi-storey building of a new building is extremely rare. This is due to the difficulty of individual accounting of the coolant in a separate apartment. So, in residential buildings of the Khrushchev project, the number of distribution risers in one apartment can reach up to 5. Those. for each of them it is necessary to install an energy consumption meter.

A correctly drawn up estimate for heating a multi-storey building with a one-pipe system should include not only maintenance costs, but also the modernization of pipelines - the replacement of individual components with more efficient ones.

Two-pipe heating distribution

To increase work efficiency, it is best to install a two-pipe heating system in a multi-storey building. It also consists of distribution risers, but after the coolant passes through the radiator, it enters the return pipe.

Its main difference is the presence of a second circuit that performs the function of a return line. It is necessary to collect the cooled water and transport it to the boiler or to thermal station for further heating. During the design and operation, it is necessary to take into account a number of features of the heating system of a multi-storey building of this type:

The ability to adjust the temperature level in individual apartments and in the entire highway as a whole. To do this, you need to install mixing units;
To perform repairs or maintenance work, you do not need to turn off the entire system, as in the Leningrad heating scheme for a multi-storey building. It is enough to block the flow to a separate heating circuit with the help of shut-off valves;
Low inertia. Even with good balancing of the single-pipe heating system of a multi-storey building, the consumer needs to wait 20-30 seconds until hot water reaches the radiators through pipelines.

What is the optimal pressure in the heating system of a multi-storey building? It all depends on how tall it is. It should ensure that the coolant is raised to the desired height. In some cases, it is more efficient to install intermediate pumping stations to reduce the load on the entire system. Wherein optimal value pressure should be from 3 to 5 atm.

Before purchasing radiators, you need to find out from the heating scheme of a residential multi-storey building its characteristics - pressure and temperature conditions. Batteries are selected based on this data.

Heat supply of a multi-storey building

The distribution of heating in a multi-storey building is important for the operational parameters of the system. However, in addition to this, the characteristics of heat supply should be taken into account. An important of them is the method of supplying hot water - centralized or autonomous.

In overwhelming cases, they make a connection to the central heating system. This allows you to reduce the current costs in the estimate for heating a multi-storey building. But in practice, the level of quality of such services remains extremely low. Therefore, if there is a choice, preference is given to autonomous heating multi-storey building.

Autonomous heating of a multi-storey building

In modern multi-storey residential buildings, it is possible to organize independent system heat supply. It can be of two types - apartment or common house. In the first case, an autonomous heating system of a multi-storey building is carried out in each apartment separately. To do this, they make an independent wiring of pipelines and install a boiler (most often a gas one). General house implies the installation of a boiler room, to which special requirements are imposed.

The principle of its organization is no different from a similar scheme for a private country house. However, there are a number important points that need to be taken into account:

Installation of several heating boilers. One or more of them must necessarily perform a duplicate function. In case of failure of one boiler, another must replace it;
Installation of a two-pipe heating system of a multi-storey building, as the most efficient;
Drawing up a schedule for scheduled maintenance and preventive maintenance. This is especially true for heating heating equipment and security groups.

Considering the features heating scheme for a particular multi-storey building, it is necessary to organize an apartment heat metering system. To do this, for each incoming branch pipe from the central riser, you need to install energy meters. That is why the Leningrad heating system of a multi-storey building is not suitable for reducing current costs.

Centralized heating of a multi-storey building

How can the heating layout in an apartment building change when it is connected to the central heating supply? The main element of this system is elevator unit, which performs the functions of normalizing the coolant parameters to acceptable values.

The total length of the central heating mains is quite large. Therefore, in the heating point, such parameters of the coolant are created so that heat losses are minimal. To do this, increase the pressure to 20 atm., Which leads to an increase in the temperature of hot water up to +120°C. However, given the characteristics of the heating system in an apartment building, the supply of hot water with such characteristics to consumers is not allowed. To normalize the parameters of the coolant, an elevator assembly is installed.

It can be calculated for both two-pipe and single-pipe heating systems of a multi-storey building. Its main functions are:

Reducing pressure with an elevator. A special cone valve regulates the amount of coolant inflow into the distribution system;
Lowering the temperature level to + 90-85 ° С. For this purpose, a mixing unit for hot and cooled water is designed;
Coolant filtration and oxygen reduction.

In addition, the elevator unit performs the main balancing of the single-pipe heating system in the house. To do this, it provides shut-off and control valves, which in automatic or semi-automatic mode regulates pressure and temperature.

Central heating provides heating of apartments in high-rise buildings during the winter season. However, what to do if the price of the services provided by public utilities does not match their quality? Many apartment owners decide to disconnect from central heating and switch to autonomous. It is realistic to do this, but at the same time it is quite difficult, because in addition to technical problems, you will also encounter bureaucratic factors.

This article discusses central heating in an apartment building. We will study the design of such systems, temperature conditions, and also give recommendations on turning off the system and switching to individual heating.

The device of the central heating system

The central water heating of any apartment building consists of the following elements (listed in order of approximation to the internal contour of the building):

Inside the house itself there are spills - pipes through which the coolant enters the vertical risers. A typical Soviet heating scheme for a five-story building assumes the presence of lower spills located in the basement of the building. From the spills, risers diverge, which are interconnected in the upper part of the house or in the attic.

The connection of risers in the attic is fraught with freezing of the coolant when the circulation of water is stopped in winter, in order to avoid which the pipes must be carefully insulated. Also, air vents are installed in the upper part of the circuit (the usual Mayevsky crane is most often used) to discharge excess air.

In nine-story buildings, the spill, on the contrary, is mounted in the attic of the house. In contrast to the lower spill, which has a number of problems when starting heating due to the airing of the risers, the top spill almost instantly distributes water to the risers.

1.1 In-house heating devices and temperature conditions

The type of heating devices used - batteries, depends on the year of construction of the building. So, in apartments built in the times of the USSR, there are two types of radiators:

sectional cast iron batteries, they are distinguished by their large weight and effective heat dissipation, which can reach 150 W per radiator, the disadvantages are an unaesthetic appearance, a high risk of leaks;
steel convectors, which are metal body, inside which are the turns of the DU-20 pipe, connected by transverse plates (used in the 80-90s).

Installation of central heating systems involves the use of a different number of radiators on different floors of the house. So, during the upper spill, the coolant circulating through the floors loses its temperature and reaches the batteries on the first floor when it is very cold. In order for the heat supply to have sufficient efficiency, heat loss must be compensated, which is done by increasing the number of sections or the size of the radiators.

To date, water heating systems are equipped with the use of bimetallic radiators. Such structures are made of aluminum, they are quite expensive, but at the same time they are characterized by maximum heat transfer - up to 200 W per battery.

The current provisions of SNiP determine the norms for the air temperature in the apartment, which should be provided by central heating:

bedrooms and living rooms - 20 0 С;
corner rooms - 22 0 C;
kitchen - 18 0 С;
bathroom - 25 0 С.

The maximum water temperature in the pipes is also normalized, which should not be higher than 95 degrees. Separate norms are put forward for heating kindergartens - 37 0 C, which is the reason for a significant increase in the size and number of radiators in preschool institutions.

1.2 Alteration of central heating in the apartment (video)

2 Is it possible to refuse central heating?

Refusal of central heating is possible, but it will take a lot of effort to get the right to turn it off and cut it off. So, the necessary document for this “Decision to disconnect from the central heating system” from utilities will most likely have to be beaten out through the courts.

Turning off the central heating and replacing it with individual heating is carried out according to the following algorithm:

The housing and communal services authorities clarify the technical possibility of disconnecting the apartment from central heating. It is here that most of the bureaucratic friction will arise, since the communal services are extremely reluctant to part with their payers.
Specialists develop an individual heating project, which is certified by the communal services and signed by the fire supervision services. The project must contain a complete package of documents - from the piping layout and gas consumption, to technical documentation to the boiler.
If the used heat exchanger (boiler) is connected to the pipeline that leads the combustion products to the facade of the building, you need to obtain additional permission from SanEpidemNadzor.
Installation and connection of individual water heating is carried out by a licensed installation organization. The first start-up of the system is carried out under the supervision of a representative of the gas services.
The heat exchanger is put on regular service.

Note that unauthorized disconnection from the central heating is illegal and threatens with a serious fine and the forced return of broken communications to their original state.

Replacing the type of heating in an apartment is somewhat different from installing water heating in a private house, consider the main nuances of this process:

due to the impossibility of providing natural circulation of the coolant in a closed circuit by other means, it will be necessary to use a circulation pump in the apartment or install a wall heat exchanger located above the level of the radiators;
the boiler to be installed must have closed cell combustion and be equipped with all necessary security systems;
the maximum water temperature in the system is 95 degrees, maximum pressure- 1 MPa;
the wiring must be chosen depending on the size and layout of the apartment, the most affordable option in the arrangement is single-pipe wiring with a parallel tie-in of radiators (Leningradka).

In buildings with an upper spill, the jumpers between the risers cannot be cut out, since structurally they must pass through the apartment on the top floor. The only way is to negotiate with the neighbors below and move the jumpers to their apartment, but the likelihood that someone will agree to this is quite low. On the middle and lower floors, things are easier - just cut off the heaters and pipes through which they are connected to the riser.

Keep in mind that even having installed individual heating, you will be required to provide the housing and communal services repair team with access to the riser passing in your apartment, if necessary.

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