The device of the hot water supply system of apartment buildings. Water supply systems of an apartment building: types of networks and schemes
Perhaps everyone knows that the huge cooling tower boilers and striped pipes emitting smoke, which are visible from anywhere in the city, belong to the thermal power plant. Moreover, many people know that these colossus provide our homes with light, heating and hot water. But what exactly is the process of generating heat and how cooling towers are involved in it is a rather confusing question.
Expendable materials
The entire process of CHP operation begins with water preparation. Since it is used here as the main coolant, before entering the steam boiler, where the main metamorphoses will take place with it, it requires preliminary purification. To prevent scale on the walls of the boilers, the water is first softened - its hardness sometimes needs to be reduced by 4000 times, it also needs to be rid of various impurities and suspensions.
As a fuel for heating boilers with water at various power plants, as a rule, gas, coal or peat are used. The combustion of these materials releases thermal energy, which is used at the station to operate the entire power unit. Coal is ground before use, and the incoming gas is cleaned of mechanical impurities, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.
Steam production
A huge steam boiler in the engine room - the height of a 9-storey building is not the limit - can be called the heart of the CHP. It is powered by prepared fuel, while releasing a huge amount of energy. Under its power, the water in the boiler turns into steam with an outlet temperature of almost 600 degrees. Under the pressure of this steam, the blades of the generator rotate, as a result of which electricity is created.
The CHPP also generates thermal energy intended for heating and hot water supply of the region and the city. To do this, there are selections on the turbine that remove part of the heated steam, while it has not yet reached the condenser. The removed steam is transferred to the network heater, which acts as a heat exchanger.
Heating network
Once in the pipes of network heaters, the water is heated and transferred through underground pipelines further to the heating network due to pumps that drive water through the pipes. Heating networks, as a rule, carry water of 70-150 degrees - it all depends on the temperature outside: the lower the degree outside, the hotter the coolant.
The transfer point for the coolant becomes the central heating point (CTP). It serves at once the whole system of buildings, the enterprise or microdistrict. This is a kind of intermediary between the object that creates heat and the direct consumer. If the water in the boiler room is heated due to the combustion of fuel, then the CHP works with an already heated coolant.
hot water recipe
The supply of the coolant ends at the entrance to the central heating station or ITP (individual TP) - for example, the coolant is transferred for further actions to the HOA or another management company. It is in the heating point that the hot water, with which we are accustomed to dealing - the water coming here from the CHP heats the clean cold water from the water intakes and turns it into the very hot that flows in our taps.
Heating the building and the room, this water gradually cools down, its temperature drops to 40-70 degrees. Part of such water is coming for mixing with the coolant and is fed to our taps with hot water. The road of the other part - again to the station, here the cooled water will be warmed by network heat exchangers.
What are cooling towers for?
The majestic and massive towers, called cooling towers, are not the reactors and centers of events at the CHP plant and actually play a supporting role. Surprisingly, they are used in thermal power plants to cool water. But why let the water that is constantly heated cool down?
Cooling towers use the second part of the “return”, which has passed through a heating-cooling cycle. But its temperature is still quite high: 50 degrees for further use is too high. The water that has been in the cooling towers is used to cool the condensers of steam turbines. This is necessary so that the steam that has passed through the steam turbine can get into the condenser and condense on the cold pipes inside it. These pipes are just cooled by water that has passed through the cooling tower, the temperature of which is now about 20 degrees. If they are not cooled, then there will be no steam flow through the turbine, then it will not be able to work. The condenser will again turn the steam into water, which will be recycled.
Imagine an ordinary morning in one of the high-rise buildings in the sleeping area of our beloved city: toilet, shower, shave, tea, brush your teeth, water for the cat (or in any other order) - and go to work ... Everything is automatic and without hesitation. As long as cold water flows from the cold water tap, and hot water flows from the hot water. And sometimes you open a cold one, and from there - boiling water!! 11#^*¿>.
Let's figure it out.
Cold water supply or cold water
The local pumping station supplies water to the main from the water utility network. A large supply pipe enters the house and ends with a valve, after which there is a water meter.
In short, the water meter assembly consists of two valves, a strainer and a meter.
Some have additional check valve
and water meter bypass.
The water meter bypass is an additional meter with valves that can feed the system if the main water meter is serviced. After the meters, water is supplied to the house main
where it is distributed along risers that lead water to apartments on floors.
What is the pressure in the system?
9 floors
Houses up to 9 floors high have bottom pouring from bottom to top. Those. from the water meter to big pipe water goes down the risers up to the 9th floor. If the vodokanal is in a good mood, then at the input of the lower zone there should be approximately 4 kg/cm2. Given a pressure drop of one kilogram, for every 10 meters of water column, residents on the 9th floor will receive approximately 1 kg of pressure, which is considered normal. In practice, in old houses, the input pressure is only 3.6 kg. And the inhabitants of the 9th floor are content with even less pressure than 1kg / cm2
12-20 floors
If the house is higher than 9 floors, for example 16 floors, then such a system is divided into 2 zones. Upper and lower. Where the same conditions remain for the lower zone, and for the upper zone the pressure is raised to about 6 kg. In order to raise the water to the very top into the supply line, and with it the water rises up to the 10th floor. In houses above 20 floors, the water supply can be divided into 3 zones. With such a supply scheme, the water in the system does not circulate, it stands on a backwater. In a high-rise apartment, on average, we get pressure from 1 to 4 kg. There are other values, but we will not consider them now.
Hot water supply or DHW
In some low-rise buildings, hot water is connected in the same way, it stands on a backwater without circulation, which explains the fact that when you open a hot water tap, cold, cooled water flows for some time. If we take the same house with 16 floors, then in such a house the hot water system is arranged differently. Hot water, like cold water, is also supplied to the house through a large pipe, and after the meter it goes to the house main
which raises the water to the attic where it is distributed along the risers and descends to the very bottom into the return line. By the way, DHW meters consider not only the volume of lost (consumed) water in the house. These counters also count the temperature loss (hygocalories)
The temperature is lost when water passes through apartment heated towel rails, which play the role of risers.
With this scheme, hot water always circulates. As soon as you turn on the faucet, hot water is already there. The pressure in such a system is approximately 6-7 kg. on the supply and slightly lower on the return to ensure circulation.
Due to circulation, we get pressure in the riser, in the apartment 5-6 kg. and immediately we see the difference in pressure between cold and hot water, from 2 kg. This is precisely the essence of squeezing hot water into cold water in the event of a malfunction of plumbing fixtures. If you notice that you still have more pressure on hot water than on cold water, then be sure to install a check valve at the cold inlet, and control valves can be included in the hot water inlet, which will help equalize the pressure by about one digit with cold. Pressure regulator installation example
Currently, hot water supply is an integral part of the life of most people on the planet. Without it, they can not do in any apartment and residential building. The arrangement of hot water supply is a difficult process, moreover, there are several types of system connection. In this article we will consider all hot water supply systems, calculation and types of water heaters.
Regardless of the type of hot water supply, a set of equipment is connected that is designed to heat water and distribute it to various water intake points. In this equipment, water is heated to the required temperature, after which, using a pump, it is supplied to the house and through the pipeline. Distinguish between open and closed hot water systems.
open system
An open DHW system is characterized by the presence of a coolant circulating in the system. Hot water comes directly from the centralized heating system. The quality of tap water and heating equipment is no different. As a result, it turns out that people use a coolant.
The open system is so named because hot water is supplied from open taps of the heating system. DHW scheme high-rise building provides for the use of an open type. For private houses, this type is too costly.
You should be aware that the cost savings of an open system occur due to the fact that water heating devices are not needed to heat the liquid.
Features of open hot water supply
When installing an open hot water supply, it is necessary to take into account the principle of operation. Open DHW is of two types, depending on the type of circulation and transportation of the coolant to the radiators. There are open systems with natural circulation and with the use of pumping equipment for this purpose.
Natural circulation is carried out in this way: an open system eliminates the presence overpressure, therefore, at the highest point it corresponds to atmospheric, and at the lowest point it is slightly higher due to the hydrostatic action of the liquid column. Thanks to a small pressure, natural circulation coolant.
The principle of natural circulation is quite simple, thanks to different temperature coolant and, accordingly, of different density and mass, cooled water with a low temperature and a larger mass displaces hot water with a smaller mass. This simply explains the existence of a gravity-flowing system, which is also called gravitational. The main advantage of such a system is absolute energy independence, if parallel heating boilers do not use electricity.
It's important to know! Gravity pipelines are made with a large slope and diameter.
If natural circulation is not possible, pumping equipment is used, which increases the flow rate of the coolant through the pipeline and reduces the heating time of the room. Circulation pump produces the movement of the coolant at a speed of 0.3 - 0.7 m / s.
Advantages and disadvantages of an open system
Open DHW is still relevant, primarily due to energy independence and other advantages:
- Ease of filling open DHW and venting. There is no need to control the high pressure and to bleed additional air, as the bleed is carried out automatically when filling through an open expansion tank.
- Easy to recharge. Because you don't have to follow maximum pressure. It is also possible to add water to the tank even with a bucket.
- The system, regardless of leaks, functions properly, since the working pressure is not large and the presence of such malfunctions does not affect it.
Among the shortcomings, they note the need to control the water level in the tank and its constant replenishment. 
Closed DHW system
closed system is based on this principle: cold drinking water is taken from the central water supply and heated in an additional heat exchanger. After heating, it is supplied to the water intake points.
A closed system implies a separate operation of the coolant and hot water, it is also distinguished by the presence of a return and supply pipeline, which are used for the annular circulation of water. Such a system will provide normal pressure even when using the shower and sink at the same time. Among the advantages of the system, the simplicity of regulating the temperature of the hot liquid is also noted.
DHW can be circulating and dead-end. The dead-end system consists only of pipes supplying water, the method of connection of which is the same as in the first case.
The advantage of closed DHW is cost savings due to stable temperatures. It is possible to install a heated towel rail. In a closed hot water supply, water heaters are needed, the types of which we will consider later. 
Types of water heaters
All water heaters are classified as follows:
- flow devices. Such heaters heat water in a constant mode, leaving no reserve. Since water has a high heat capacity, it requires an increased energy consumption to constantly heat it. In addition to this factor, the flow heater must be instantly brought into working condition: when turned on, supply hot water, when turned off, stop heating. to traditional flow heaters carry a gas column.
- storage devices. They are characterized by slow heating of a certain volume of water, which often consumes 1 kW / h. Hot liquid is used as needed. Storage heaters they work instantly after opening the tap, but the power is much less. Among the disadvantages of such devices are also noted big sizes The larger the volume, the larger the device.
Calculation and recycling of hot water
The calculation of hot water systems depends on such factors: the number of consumers, the approximate frequency of using a shower, the number of bathrooms with hot water, some specifications plumbing equipment required water temperature. Having considered all these indicators, it is possible to determine the required daily volume of hot water.
Recirculation of water in the hot water supply system provides a return flow of liquid from a distant point of water intake. It is necessary when the distance from the heater to the far water intake point is more than 3 meters. Recirculation is used with the help of a boiler, and if it is impossible to use it, it is started directly through the boiler.
The hot water supply system can be of two types, which are used depending on the specified parameters. IN open system a heating boiler is used, and in a closed one - a water heater. In some cases, it is necessary to additionally organize water recycling. Before installing and purchasing equipment, it is important to calculate hot water supply.
In a modern metropolis, it is difficult to find a high-rise building in which there would be no running water. ABOUT water supply systems apartment building , their features and principles of operation, we will talk today.
Though systems cold and hot water supply of multi-apartment houses may have differences, in any of their versions you can find three universal elements. They will be present in any design. These main elements include:
Failure of one of the universal elements leads to the fact that the water supply is interrupted. Therefore, it is important to understand who is responsible for the normal functioning of each of the structures. If a breakdown occurs on the highway, then city services, and not management companies, are involved in its elimination. City services also carry out scheduled replacement and monitoring of the functioning of highways.
Responsible for public buildings Management Company, its representatives must be contacted if there is a failure in the operation of this system. Many water supply risers apartment buildings are in a deplorable state, and there is a perfectly reasonable explanation for this.
Firstly, the riser is located in each individual apartment, which means that not only employees of the management company, but also the residents of the house should evaluate its integrity. And how many of us regularly inspect the riser? This is hardly the case.
Employees of the management company must periodically go around the apartments and ask residents to show the riser, but, firstly, some unscrupulous organizations may simply not do this, and secondly, sometimes apartment owners simply prevent the system from being inspected.
Remember that it is extremely important not only to inspect the condition of the riser, but also to promptly report its improper functioning or the need for replacement. Otherwise, it may simply break through, and then you will have to deal with the flooding of the apartment, and, most likely, not only your own, but also located below.
Homeowners should assess the condition of wiring and branches. They also carry out the replacement of these elements of the system on their own or by invited specialists, who can be found in specialized commercial organizations or in the same management company.
Top and bottom system wiring
In most cases modern houses have a lower wiring of the water supply system. This means that the main pipes bring water to the basement, from where it enters the common house riser. This is the most reasonable and economical design, so almost all modern houses use it.
Top wiring today can also be found in megacities. A feature of this design is that a special water storage tank is installed at the top of the building. Water enters it through pipes that are laid inside the house. Further, the water is distributed to the apartments through a common house riser. The use of this wiring is often unjustified, since it is necessary to install in addition to the riser additional pipes, the very ones that conduct water from the main to storage tank. This increases the cost of water supply services, therefore it is unprofitable for either the residents or the management company.
It is worth noting that any element of the water supply system can fail, but the part of the structure that is responsible for supplying hot water still breaks much more often. That is why in megacities there are still periods of preventive shutdown of hot water, usually in the summer.
During this time, the services not only check the integrity of the structure, but also eliminate all breakdowns. Inside the hot water pipes, rust deposits are more likely to form, which makes it difficult for the flow of water to pass, and also increases the likelihood of their breakthrough.
Water supply design for an apartment building
In order for an apartment building to function normally, it is very important to properly design and equip the water supply system in it.
As a rule, water supply in an apartment building is:
For each specific building, depending on its parameters:
water system may vary. In particular, there are such networks as:
- with upper wiring, which is carried out under the ceiling of the upper floor or in the attic;
- with lower wiring, located in the basement of the building or under the floor of the 1st floor.
During the design process, the specialist necessarily makes a hydraulic calculation of the amount of water that is necessary so that all residents of the house can uninterruptedly use the resource for various needs.
Hot water supply of an apartment building
Hot and cold water supply systems in an apartment building are designed according to fundamentally different schemes.
A well-organized hot water supply is a centralized circulation system with one or two pipe risers.
In the first case, all risers of a certain section of the building are combined into one, which is called "idle", since it does not have consumers. The risers are looped along the height of the house in order to maintain the same pipe diameters throughout the building and provide better water distribution for each apartment.
At the same time, for buildings with a different number of floors, risers of a certain diameter are designed:
The heated towel rail in the bathroom is installed on the supply riser, which has its drawbacks: if the water in the boiler room is heated weakly, it will reach the farthest residents already cooled down. In order to avoid such situations, experts recommend inserting a special jumper pipe between the direct and reverse wiring (bypass).
In the case of a 2-pipe wiring, the system has 2 risers - for supplying and discharging water. The outlet circulation riser is nothing more than a heating elbow used as a heated towel rail.
Cold water supply of an apartment building
Pipelines for cold water supply to consumers of apartment buildings are made according to a dead-end scheme, that is, one branch running from the water supply source to the very last consumer, where it ends.
At the inlet of the cold water supply to the building, a water meter assembly is installed, consisting of steel pipes, fittings and water meter. Initially, the meter is mounted in such a way that the direction of movement of cold water coincides with the arrow on the device case.
The node is rigidly attached to the surface (on the floor or on the wall), while paying attention to the fact that the meter axis is at a height of 30-100 cm from the floor.
Where the pipeline turns, metal supports are installed.
Water supply of an apartment building: snip
It should be remembered that the design internal water supply apartment building is made taking into account the relevant building codes and regulations, namely SNiP "Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings" (No. 2.04.01-85).
This document normalizes important parameters that affect the quality of the water supply system. This SNiP contains sections that describe in detail information regarding:
- The management company is obliged to ensure the serviceability of communications of a residential apartment building. Therefore, the organization must replace the risers at its own expense (if we are talking about pipes that have become unusable after the expiration of their useful operational life);
- The city or district administration is obliged to replace the risers in the municipal building;
- In the event that communication systems are privatized, payment repair work carried out by residents.
- local;
- Centralized;
- Open thermal;
- closed thermal.
- water intake facilities;
- cleaning stations;
- distribution network.
- significant pipe savings;
- simplicity and ease of the project;
- reducing plumbing costs.
- Pressure drop at the end points of the water supply if several open appliances are used at the same time.
- The lack of the possibility of selective shutdown (in the event of a breakdown of one of the pipes, it will be necessary to completely turn off the apartment).
- Difficulty in locating a leak.
- Lack of free access to all distribution tees of the system.
- In the event of an accident, it will be necessary to break the finishing layer on the surface of the floor or wall.
- due to the small number of connections - the reliability of the system;
- adjustment of the operation of a separate plumbing fixture;
- ease of maintenance and repair of the entire system;
- hidden installation of pipes that will not spoil the interior.
- pipes;
- accessories;
- compositions for fixing and sealing;
- instruments;
- fitting;
- appliances.
- local hot water systems;
- centralized systems;
- open heating networks;
- closed heating networks.
- offline work;
- ease of repair;
- small heat losses.
- Heating water in the boiler room with subsequent supply to the consumer.
- Water heating is carried out in special points located in neighborhoods or districts.
- Water heating is carried out using special equipment, which is installed in the basement of a multi-storey building.
- Water is heated in the consumer's apartment.
In some cases, responsible persons try to evade their duties or demand cash for the work done.
In this case, it is necessary to achieve the fulfillment of their direct duties by responsible persons. An official application must be completed and submitted. If there is no reaction, a complaint is written to the housing department. As a rule, such actions are quite enough to restore justice.
Features of supplying hot water to a residential building
The hot water supply system in the house includes two types of wiring - lower and upper.
To maintain the optimal temperature regime in the pipeline, looped wiring is often used. With the help of gravity pressure, water circulation in the ring is ensured, even in the absence of water intake.
In the riser, water is cooled and directly enters the heating unit. With an even higher temperature, water is supplied through pipes. Thus, a continuous process of circulation of the coolant is carried out.
In addition, the hot water supply system is divided according to some features:
Important! In accordance with SNiP, it is strictly forbidden to supply non-potable hot water to pipes containing technical fluid.
Description of the closed heating system
IN last years the use of a closed water supply scheme is becoming increasingly popular. The closed system is based on the use of a heating main with a completely separate, autonomous circuit, into which cold water is pumped for subsequent passage through heat exchangers.
The latter, however, take heat from the main water, which is heated in a CHPP. In addition, other heat sources are available, but the most common among them is the direct transfer of heat from an open hot water supply.
In this case, the quality of the hot water supplied to the house does not depend on the condition of the pipes that the central heating system. The closed scheme implies the use of heat exchangers and additional pumping units.
A closed-type hot water supply system has undeniable advantages compared to an open one: quality indicators and bacteriological properties.
The closed hot water supply circuit ensures a stable temperature regime, regardless of the air temperature in the winter.
Modern engineers are increasingly resorting to the use of a closed system, because this scheme characterized by the highest reliability for consumers.
Water supply of an apartment building
Water supply is very important for the normal functioning of many construction projects. The water supply system of an apartment building is represented by a central water supply line, intra-house piping and piping for water supply to an apartment.
Features of water supply to multi-apartment buildings
It is very difficult to establish water supply for a multi-storey building with numerous consumers. Each apartment in the house should be considered as a separate object for providing water: pipes of different diameters represent a single structure with rather complex wiring. It is for this reason that it is considered very difficult to supply water to a multi-storey building.
The system is a whole complex of pumping equipment with installed filters and metering devices, as well as with shut-off and control valves and apartment-by-apartment piping.
Mandatory in this scheme will be pressure regulators. The water that enters the apartments first goes through several stages of purification from mechanical impurities. Also very often carry out disinfection of water by means of chlorination.
Central water supply and plumbing
Most convenient for people who live in apartment buildings, the water supply from the central water supply is considered. Such a system involves the supply of high-quality water under good pressure. Central water supply is carried out by means of a water supply system, which is available in all cities and villages. As a rule, water enters pumping stations from surface reservoirs, which are located far from sources of pollution.
System central water supply has three components:
Water flows from the pumping station to a certain reservoir. There it goes through numerous stages of purification and only then enters the distribution network to supply water to the necessary facilities.
The water supply system functions normally if high-quality and correct piping is done. System pressure also plays a big role.
For a large number of users, the central water supply system may have a well, which is arranged using a special water intake tower. It is best to use an artesian well: water is drawn from a great depth, the water quality is at a high level.
But this method of water intake is considered quite expensive. It is usually used to provide water to an apartment cottage.
Scheme and arrangement of the water supply system of an apartment building
Water supply system with water tower
Such a system has several main elements: a caisson, a main water intake tank and a pumping station.
The principle of operation of the water tower
The caisson is a metal container, which is located at a depth of 2-2.5 m above the well itself. A pipe is mounted in it to bring water out of the well. A concrete ring caisson is considered less sealed, since it is often flooded by rising groundwater.
Across pumping station and the caisson water enters the storage tank. It has an automatic float valve. It turns on the pump when the water in such a container falls and does not reach a certain level.
The total pressure in the system directly depends on the volume of the storage tank or tank. Even in case of shutdown electrical energy, water in the apartments will flow steadily. But until the moment when the water level in the tank drops and, accordingly, the pressure decreases.
Scheme of the device of the water tower
Types of pipes that are used for water supply
Steel pipes
To date, steel pipes have practically ceased to be used. Over a fairly long period of time, such materials for plumbing have used up their resource. In addition, the price of steel pipes is quite high.
Installation of steel pipes is also expensive and takes a lot of effort and time. The disadvantage of such a system is that condensate is strongly collected on it, which can destroy the pipe material. Rust and scale will gradually form inside the steel pipe, which reduces the volume of the pipe. Thus, the throughput is also reduced.
Copper pipes
The most important advantage of using copper pipes is their service life, which reaches 50 years. Steel pipes are quite expensive, and not everyone can afford to buy them. The advantage of steel pipes is that they do not form rust. In addition, copper has antibacterial properties.
Copper pipe wiring
Metal-plastic pipes
Hugely popular today metal plastic pipes. They are quite practical and are considered reliable. Installation of a metal-plastic water supply system is very simple. All you need is a special tool. Pipes are joined with fittings. The pipe can withstand significant mechanical and physical stress.
Metal-plastic pipes Back to index
Apartment water supply schemes
The stability of the operation of all household equipment that is connected to the water supply directly depends on how well the installation of the water supply system is performed.
The water supply scheme should provide the apartment with water from the central water supply to all necessary supply points. For some equipment, it will be necessary to ensure a constant pressure of water in the pipes. At the moment, plumbing for an apartment can be done in several ways: a serial connection scheme, a collector and a mixed system.
The scheme of the consistent water supply of the apartment
The simplest and most practical way to supply water to an apartment is considered to be a serial connection scheme. This affordable option for price and performance engineering communications. Such a scheme is usually found in buildings residential buildings.
According to this scheme, the installation of main pipelines with the supply of hot and cold water is carried out in parallel. Each equipment in such a system is connected using tees. It is for this reason that very often the series connection scheme is also called a tee.
The serial scheme implies the presence of a common highway for a large number of users. From such a central pipe, wiring is also done using tees. The main pipe has a fairly large diameter and plays the role of an elongated collector.
Consistent piping in the apartment
Such a water supply system is currently considered not only common, but also the most ideal for use in an ordinary apartment, which has one bathroom and no a large number of household appliances that work on the basis of water supply.
The sequential scheme has its advantages and disadvantages.
The distribution of pipes in the apartment should be carried out only by highly qualified specialists. Only then the probability that the pipe will start to leak will be small, and the pressure in the system will be normal.
Collector scheme
Due to the fact that at the moment the apartment uses a large number of devices that operate from water supply, their work may be disturbed, since the pressure in common system is greatly reduced. To prevent this from happening, you must select collector circuit connections.
Installation of such a water supply system is considered expensive and rather complicated. Initially, the pressure drop in the system is already excluded, and it is for this reason that all points of the plumbing equipment can be used at the same time.
This is due to the fact that a separate pipe is laid to each such point of water supply. It can be simply closed if necessary. The main pipe with this type of connection has no branches, which ensures the safety of using the water supply system. Also, the possibility of leaks will be greatly reduced, since the collector pipe runs parallel to the main water supply pipe and has only one connection with it.
Collector scheme of water supply of the apartment
The advantages of such a system:
Sewerage in the apartment
Water supply and sewerage systems at home play an important role in ensuring the normal functioning of a person. Only specialists will be able to correctly calculate and carry out the installation of engineering structures of this type. The entire installation process must be carried out according to a previously developed scheme. Proper installation of sewer pipes will eliminate all possibilities of leakage and deformation of the outlet Wastewater. Often, the installation of sewer waste in an apartment is associated with turning off the water supply through the riser. Works are carried out quite quickly and very high quality.
Advice. If the sewer pipes in the apartment are being laid for the first time, then it would be better not to change the usual location of all plumbing fixtures.
It would be better to use the old scheme. At the same time, it is recommended to sketch out an approximate work plan on paper and clearly measure the distance between the sink, toilet bowl, bathtub and other equipment that runs on water supply. It will also be necessary to determine the location of the clamps and the central sewer pipe. A slope is considered mandatory when laying sewers. Do not forget about the quality material in this process.
Before you lay or change the sewer in the apartment, it is necessary to assess the condition of the common sewer riser.
Sewerage and water supply risers in the apartment
If the common sewer pipe does not have external signs corrosion, you can not change it. If replacement is necessary, then this must be done very carefully due to the fact that a damaged pipe can be very easily deformed, and then the entire riser will have to be completely changed.
It happens that sewer pipes in an apartment are laid for the purpose that appeared large quantity equipment that runs on water supply. For example, dishwasher or washing machine. Another option for laying sewers as an additional structure may be when it is necessary to connect additional plumbing equipment.
Scheme of the sewerage device in the apartment
Necessary equipment for the installation of high-quality sewage:
When installing a new sewer riser, it will be necessary to take into account the fact that plastic pipes for draining water will not be able to withstand the compressive loads of a piece of cast-iron pipe that may be on top of the riser. It will be necessary to attach a special replaced fragment to such a pipe in order to ensure a tight and durable fixation of the junction of pipes made of different material. For the tightness of such connections, adapters-cuffs are used, which are made for such combinations (“cast iron-plastic”, “plastic-cast iron”).
Dismantling the sewer in the apartment
Replacing an old sewer pipe with a new one has many nuances that must be taken into account in this process. Initially, it is necessary to determine the most vulnerable places in the pipe to deformation. It is also required to disconnect all existing connections from the pipe and remove all debris. All this is necessary to ensure more convenient work.
Then, near the riser, the tap is turned off, which supplies water to the apartment. If the replacement is long, then it is best to completely disconnect the entire riser from the water supply. At the very last moment, you must carefully dismantle cast iron pipes sewerage. All this can be done with adjustable wrenches or other tools.
It is necessary to mount a new pipe in a complete set with a variety of adapters and couplings, since then it will not be possible to do it qualitatively. All connections must be coated with sealant to protect the riser from leakage.
Advice. All fittings or cuffs must be clean. Silicone grease should be designed specifically for connecting sewer pipes.
Hot water supply
Hot water supply in an apartment is a whole system of pipelines and various devices that are used to heat cold water and distribute hot water to consumers. In some cases, special pipes are used in bathrooms or toilets to heat such rooms in the apartment. They have the additional function of dryers.
Standard diagram of a hot and cold water supply system at home
All hot water supply systems can be divided according to several criteria:
According to the radius of action, hot water supply systems are divided into local and central.
Local hot water systems
Local hot water supply systems are equipped for a group of small objects or one building. Water in this case is heated directly by the consumer. Water heating is carried out using gas or electric flow-type boilers.
Such systems require regular maintenance and are used only if it is not possible to use a centralized hot water supply.
Local hot water system
The advantage of local hot water supply systems:
Central hot water systems
The appearance of central systems for supplying hot water to an apartment is due to the elimination of district and local boiler houses, as well as heat supply systems. As for convenience, central hot water systems will be much more practical.
Scheme of the device for centralized hot water supply of an apartment building
All this depends on the fact that there is no need to install appropriate equipment for heating cold water and additional wiring. Also, the system of such hot water supply has its drawbacks. Pipes need to be constantly maintained and repaired, but local utilities can rarely fulfill customer requests. There are also large drops in water pressure in the system and insufficient temperature, which cannot be said about local systems water supply.
To heat water and supply it to the consumer, centralized systems can use open or closed heating networks. Open heating networks provide for the mixing of network water with that already heated in special equipment. After that, the water is supplied to consumers. Closed heating networks provide for heating water through the surface. The heat carrier (superheated water or steam) and the heated water do not come into contact in any way.
Open heating networks are considered more rational, but the quality of the supplied water can significantly deteriorate in terms of temperature. Such systems are currently very rare to find.
Closed scheme of heating and water supply at home
Hot water supply in the apartment can be carried out in several ways:
Hot water supply can be circulating. In this case, the water is constantly moving through the pipes and provides not only the supply of hot water, but also heating. The water is constantly heated. There is also a dead-end hot water supply. In this case, the water is not used immediately and may simply cool down over time. It is for this reason that special containers are installed in the apartment to heat and maintain the temperature of the water.
With regard to savings, it will be rational to use individual systems for providing hot water to the apartment. For the centralized supply of hot water, the user must pay a monthly fee.
Diagram of a boiler device for heating water
If it is possible to use a boiler to supply hot water to the apartment, then this will be the most economical option, since water is paid for by a cold water meter. The consumer provides himself with hot water.
Heating in the apartment
Today, there are a large number of systems for water supply and heating at home. All of them depend on each other in some cases. This applies to heating in an apartment building. If in a private house the heating system can be made one that will not depend on the supply of water, then in an apartment everything is completely different. There are many in the apartment engineering systems are closely interconnected
Heating in the apartment can be done with your own hands, only for this the entire work plan will need to be agreed with the utilities.
Very often there is a need to replace old pipes for heating with new ones. Formerly for heating pipes used cast iron. The metal tends to rust, and plaque constantly forms inside the pipe. This greatly reduces the permeability of pipes, which, accordingly, reduces the temperature in the apartment. It is possible to carry out preventive work every year and blow out such pipes. And you can just replace them with modern counterparts.
To make the replacement of heating pipes, you need to carefully dismantle the old ones. It is necessary to start such a process from the central riser. Such pipes have never been hidden in the wall and even today you can see them in the corner of the room. At the moment, when replacing such pipes, it is possible to completely mask them. You can hide the pipe in the wall, or you can use it to make any decorative elements.
Advice. Replacement of heating pipes should be carried out only after heating season when there is no hot water in the system.
Modern water heating system of the apartment
The water supply system of an apartment building can be carried out different ways. They all differ in the methods of cold water intake, its purification and supply to the end consumer. Due attention should be paid to the distribution of pipes for supplying water in the apartment. It is first necessary to estimate the amount of equipment that runs on water supply.
Provide hot water multi-storey building not easy, because in the DHW system there must be water under a certain pressure and at a certain temperature. This is the first. Second: the hot water supply of an apartment building is a long way of the water itself from the boiler house to consumers, in which there is a huge amount of various equipment, devices and appliances. In this case, the connection can be made according to two schemes: with upper or lower wiring.
Network diagrams
So, let's start with the question of how water enters our homes, I mean hot. It moves from the boiler house to the house, and is distilled by pumps installed as boiler equipment. Heated water moves through pipes called heating mains. They can be laid above or below ground. And they must be thermally insulated in order to reduce the heat loss of the coolant itself.
Ring connection diagram
The pipe is brought to apartment buildings, from where the route is branched into smaller sections that supply the coolant to each building. A pipe of smaller diameter enters the basement of the house, where it is divided into sections that deliver water to each floor, and already on the floor to each apartment. It is clear that such an amount of water cannot be consumed. That is, all the water pumped into the hot water supply cannot be consumed, especially at night. Therefore, another route is being laid, which is called the return line. Through it, water moves from the apartments to the basement, and from there to the boiler room through a separately laid pipeline. True, it should be noted that all pipes (both return and supply) are laid along the same route.
That is, it turns out that the hot water itself inside the house moves along the ring. And she is constantly on the move. In this case, the circulation of hot water in an apartment building is carried out precisely from the bottom up and back. But in order for the temperature of the liquid itself to be constant on all floors (with a slight deviation), it is necessary to create conditions under which its speed is optimal, and it does not affect the decrease in the temperature itself.
It should be noted that today separate routes for hot water supply and for heating can approach apartment buildings. Or one pipe with a certain temperature (up to + 95C) will be supplied, which in the basement of the house will be divided into heating and hot water supply.
DHW wiring diagram
By the way, look at the photo above. A heat exchanger is installed in the basement of the house according to this scheme. That is, water from the route is not used in the hot water supply system. It only heats the cold water coming from the water supply network. And the DHW system at home is a separate route, unrelated to the route from the boiler room.
The house network is circulating. And the water supply to the apartments is produced by a pump installed in it. This is by far the most modern scheme. Its positive feature is the ability to control the temperature regime of the liquid. By the way, there are strict norms for the temperature of hot water in an apartment building. That is, it should not be lower than +65C, but not higher than +75C. In this case, small deviations in one direction or another are allowed, but not more than 3C. At night, deviations can be 5C.
Why is this temperature
There are two reasons.
- The higher the water temperature, the faster pathogenic bacteria die in it.
- But you have to take into account the fact that the high temperature in the DHW system is burns when in contact with water or metal parts of pipes or mixers. For example, at a temperature of +65C, a burn can be obtained in 2 seconds.
Water temperature
By the way, it should be noted that the water temperature in the heating system of an apartment building can be different, it all depends on various factors. But it should not exceed + 95C for two-pipe systems, and + 105C for single-pipe systems.
Attention! According to the legislation, it is determined that if the temperature of the water in the DHW system is 10 degrees below the norm, then the payment is also reduced by 10%. If it is with a temperature of +40 or +45C, then the payment is reduced to 30%.
That is, it turns out that the water supply system of an apartment building is available in type of DHW, this is an individual approach to payment, depending on the temperature of the coolant itself. True, as practice shows, few people know about this, therefore disputes usually never arise on this issue.
Dead End Schemes
There are also so-called dead-end schemes in the DHW system. That is, water enters consumers, where it cools down if it is not used. Therefore, in such systems there is a very large overrun of the coolant. Such wiring is used either in office premises or in small houses - no more than 4 floors. Although all this is already in the past.
The best option is circulation. And the simplest thing is to enter the pipe into the basement, and from there through the apartments through the riser, which runs through all floors. Each entrance has its own stand. Reaching the top floor, the riser makes a U-turn and, past all the apartments, descends into the basement, through which it is output and connected to the return pipeline.
dead end scheme
Wiring in the apartment
So, consider the water supply scheme (HW) in the apartment. In principle, it is no different from cold water. And most often, hot water pipes are laid next to the cold water elements. True, there are some consumers who do not need hot water. For example, a toilet, washing machine or dishwasher. The last two themselves heat the water to the required temperature.
Wiring diagram for hot water and cold water pipes
The most important thing is that the distribution of water supply in the apartment (both hot water supply and cold water) is a certain norm for laying the pipes themselves. For example, if the pipes of two systems are laid one above the other, then the top one should be from hot water supply. If they are laid in a horizontal plane, then the right one should be from the DHW system. In this case, on one wall it may be in the depth of the strobe, and on the other, on the contrary, closer to the surface. In this case, the laying of the pipeline can be hidden (in strobes) or open, laid on the surface of walls or floors.
Conclusion on the topic
The seeming simplicity of hot water supply in apartment buildings is determined by the inhabitants by piping inside the apartments. Actually it's enough big variety various schemes in which pipes are stretched for several kilometers, starting from the boiler room and ending with a mixer in the apartment. And, as practice shows, even in old houses today the hot water supply is being reconstructed for new improved technologies that provide hot water and reduce the loss of heat itself.
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