Sprinkler automatic fire extinguishing system. Automatic water fire extinguishing systems

Sprinkler fire extinguishingAUPT is a water fire extinguishing system represented by a network of pipelines filled with water and special sprinklers (sprinklers).

Fire is one of the worst disasters that causes huge losses and endangers human lives. Help fight a fire out of control automatic settings firefighting. Among them, sprinkler systems are currently at the forefront in terms of frequency of use at various sites.

Sprinklers are triggered as soon as the temperature in the zone of their action reaches a critical value. At the same time, each device operates independently of the others, providing local fire extinguishing.

The principle of operation of the sprinkler fire extinguishing system

The need to install fire extinguishing systems is provided for by state regulations. So, AUPT (automatic fire extinguishing installations) are necessarily designed for:

• production;
• administrative;
• public buildings with large crowds of people.

For private houses, such systems are not mandatory, but this does not prevent some homeowners from equipping their dachas or cottages with a fire alarm and fire extinguishing system.

In this, the principle of operation of the sprinkler system differs from deluge installations, which are designed to create water curtains and extinguish fires on large areas, a significant amount of water.

The device of the sprinkler fire extinguishing system

The design of sprinkler systems is different for heated and unheated premises(buildings).

1. In the first case, there is always water in the pipelines of the system (water-filled sprinkler system). The extinguishing agent is located in the pipes under pressure, which is provided by pumps (1 working and 2 standby).
2. If the building is not heated in winter, the network is emptied before the onset of cold weather. Pipelines are filled with compressed air for the winter. In the event of a fire, air immediately exits the pipes, and the system is filled with water. Such a system is also called dry or air.

Usually, AUPT also provides for the possibility of manually starting the fire extinguishing process. This method is relevant for rooms with high ceilings, when during a fire the temperature in the sprinkler coverage area does not have time to reach the threshold level.

The placement of sprinklers in a protected area must be carried out strictly according to the rules, so this task is entrusted to designers from specialized companies licensed to carry out this type of work.

Usually one of the following schemes is used:

• with cover or
• without overlapping irrigation zones.

The scheme with overlapping irrigation zones is more reliable, but it requires the installation of more sprinklers, which means that the water consumption for fire fighting will also increase.

Accordingly, the second scheme (without overlap) is more economical both in terms of installation and in terms of the consumption of fire extinguishing solution.

Most often assumed ceiling mounting sprinklers, however, there may be options for wall-mounted sprinklers. The choice of a particular location for sprinklers depends on:

• installation schemes;
• ceiling height;
• technical parameters of devices.

Sprinkler Design Features

The main element of the sprinkler fire extinguishing system is the sprinkler. This is a device that sprays water (or foam) equipped with a thermal lock.

A thermal lock is a glass flask filled with liquid, or a fusible insert. In duty conditions, the lock holds a compressed spring, on one side of which is attached a valve cover that does not allow water to pass through. As soon as the temperature rises above the threshold level, the liquid inside the flask expands, leading to the destruction of the glass container. If the thermal lock is represented by a fusible link, when the temperature rises, it simply unsolders.

As a result of the destruction of the castle, access to water opens up and it irrigates the protected area.

A quality sprinkler must meet the following requirements:

1. Tightness.
2. Strength, resistance to aggressive environments or mechanical stress.
3. High sensitivity and activation speed.
4. Sufficient irrigation intensity.

Such a sprinkler will ensure reliable and efficient operation of the sprinkler fire extinguishing system without false alarms and breakdowns.

Properly designed sprinkler fire extinguishing system, selected high-quality equipment, correct installation and regular maintenance is the key to a long and effective work AUPT.

As a customer - building owner, investor, developer or subcontractor construction organization, and the contractor - a specialized enterprise that performs design, installation, maintenance (AUPT), in addition to the cost, efficiency of the installed equipment, reliability is extremely important, a guarantee that the system will not work under normal operating conditions.

That is, all of a sudden, without any external reasons - the appearance of smoke, fire, high temperature, it will not flood with water or foam, will not fall asleep with the smallest, all-pervading powder, everything acquired by hard work: furniture, important accounting documents, goods, valuables, including electrical , equipment; raw materials, finished products, afraid of moisture. In general, put into practice nightmare the owner and the installation and commissioning/maintenance organization, suddenly found themselves in the same boat of material, financial, reputational losses.

Kinds

Similar devices are used with late XIX centuries, naturally, having undergone significant changes in design features, materials for manufacturing, types and types, depending on where and for extinguishing what will be used:

general purpose

It is mounted on distribution lines (pipelines) of the water AUPT, laid, as a rule, along the ceilings, less often - the walls of the protected premises.

Hidden

Designed for flush mounting in suspended/ stretch ceiling or Wall panels premises with increased requirements for finishing, interior design. Therefore, openings in ceilings/walls are additionally covered with heat-sensitive decorative covers. In addition, there are in-depth, hidden ways to install sprinklers used for similar purposes.

For foam fire extinguishing

Used to protect rooms with high fire hazard, the presence of flammable liquids, gaseous liquids, polymer, rubber products - industries, workshops, sites, warehouses.

For water curtains

Protecting open construction, technological openings, arches, atriums of buildings; separating large areas into fire compartments.

For fire extinguishing installations

The selection of a sprinkler that meets the technical specifications is carried out at the design stage based on calculations of the required water flow, system performance, and fire extinguishing time. Both the design, installation, adjustment, and maintenance, replacement, repair of equipment for sprinkler water / foam AUPT have the right to carry out only enterprises / organizations that have valid licenses from the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, SRO permits (design).

Foam and water

If the main document regulating the design standards for AUPT - allows you to make a choice between the type of fire extinguishing installation, which directly depends on how fire hazardous the situation is at the protected object (properties of substances / materials, technological process, equipment, storage volumes of raw materials, finished products), then the specialists of the design organization often prefer those systems where foam sprinkler sprinklers or their no less effective "brothers" - sprinkler water sprinklers . The choice between them depends on the specific situation.

It is worth understanding what caused such a preference, for example, over deluge sprinklers, which are also quite often used as part of water, foam AUPT.

This article provides information on the principles of action, advantages and disadvantages, differences, as well as methods of use in sprinkler and deluge systems. automatic fire extinguishing.

Characteristics of sprinkler systems

The principle of operation of the sprinkler fire extinguishing system is based on the operation of an automatic sprinkler with a built-in thermal lock. Upon reaching the threshold value of the critical temperature, the thermal lock, which is a thin-walled glass flask filled with a temperature-sensitive substance, is destroyed and gives access to the fire extinguishing agent located in the pipeline network under pressure.

History reference: The first mention of sprinkler systems for automatic fire extinguishing was noted in the 19th century. A system of copper pipelines containing water was installed in the spinning mills of Birmingham. As thermal locks, hard corks made of wax filled with chalk and sawdust were used. Under the influence of high temperature, the wax melted, and the room was flooded with water. Naturally, the effectiveness of such systems is rather low, since the wax softened when the fire was already raging in the room, and the temperature was very high.

The order of operation of the sprinkler system of automatic fire extinguishing

After the destruction of the thermal lock on one of the sprinklers, the following actions occur:

1. The control system reacts to the pressure drop in the pipeline and activates the jockey pump, which maintains the required level of extinguishing agent. The device is switched off after automatic activation of the central fire pump supplying fire extinguishing agent from the tank;
2. A message about the operation is sent to the central dispatching panel of the fire department;
3. The fire warning system is activated: siren, flashing beacons, voice warnings;
4. The ventilation system is turned off and the air ducts are blocked by special dampers;
5. The smoke exhaust system is activated;
6. If necessary and available, standby fire pumps are started.

IMPORTANT! Sprinkler automatic fire extinguishing system is designed to eliminate fires at the place of their occurrence in local areas. In an adjacent room, where the temperature does not reach a critical value, the thermal lock will not collapse and operation will not occur.

Advantages and disadvantages

The fire extinguishing system based on sprinklers has undeniable advantages:

• Relative ease of installation, low cost of installation and maintenance;
• Fast and effective elimination of the source of ignition;
• Possibility of installation in any room;
• Installation and configuration of the system is carried out promptly, does not require changes in the layout of the premises and the cardinal destruction of partitions and load-bearing structures of the building;
• If there are suspended or stretch ceilings in the room, the pipelines will not be visible and the external aesthetic appearance won't get hurt.

Disadvantages:

• Application a large number water to effectively extinguish a fire can cause damage to property located in the room no less than fire;
• Sprinklers are disposable devices that must be replaced after they have been triggered and before the system is brought back on standby;
• The system may not activate even after being triggered fire alarm configured for smoke, since the key indicator is the critical temperature in the room. The solution to this problem is the use of special sprinklers with forced system activation, resulting in the need for additional cable to each sprinkler.
• Cannot be used when negative temperatures in room. According to regulations minimum temperature in the building where the sprinkler system is installed, should not fall below +5°C.

Device

1. A sprinkler with a socket placed on top (UHV) cannot be installed in rooms with false ceilings;
2. Sprinkler with outlet at the bottom - START;
3. Pressure level sensor in the pipeline;
4. Mounting elements of the pipeline - detachable couplings;
5. Direct-flow control unit;
6. Air control unit based on the SKD valve;
7. Liquid level sensor in the tank;
8. Sprinkler control device;
9. Back rotary valve single disk;
10. Control cabinet for pumping equipment;
11. Automatic pressure maintenance system in pipelines;
12. A tank with water or other liquid fire extinguishing agent;
13. The pump is the main one;
14. Pump - standby;
15. Drainage pump - placed in a controlled room to remove water;
16. Drainage pit;
17. The jockey pump is used to fill the water feeder;
18. Compressor.

Types of sprinklers

The main part of the sprinkler system of automatic fire extinguishing, on which the efficiency of eliminating the source of fire and the reliability of operation, is the sprinkler sprinkler. The capsule with thermosensitive liquid has a strictly defined critical response temperature, the operating range is within 57°C ... 343°C. Which trigger threshold for each specific model can be easily determined by the color of the thermal lock:

IMPORTANT! The response time of low-temperature locks 57°С and 68°С should not exceed 5 minutes from the moment the corresponding critical temperature is reached in the room. Optimal time considered 2-3 minutes. For high-temperature thermal locks, the permissible response period reaches 10 minutes.

The following sprinkler models have been designed to solve specific tasks fire fighting:

Positioning - the shape of the spray outlet to install the device down (SVN) or up (SVH);

Directional jet - a device with a reflector. Used to create a water curtain, extinguish a specific localized meta or installation (for example,);

Fine flow - a device with a special nozzle for spraying water. It is recommended to use in rooms where the use of water in large quantities can damage property;

Devices of early and / or forced operation - are used in rooms with high ceilings, where the critical temperature threshold can be reached for quite a long time.

Mounting Features

For the installation of the piping system, only metal pipes with anti-corrosion coating. Fastening is carried out with clamps with a step of no more than 1.5 m. The connection of individual pipes can be carried out by welding or crimping using fittings and special crimping pneumatic tools. The use of soldering even with the use of refractory solder is not allowed .

It is advisable to install a tank with a fire extinguishing agent and a pumping group in the basement of the house, and bring drainage pipes there. Place the control device in a room where all system controllers are concentrated smart House.

IMPORTANT! To extinguish a fire in the control room, it is recommended to use autonomous powder or gas fire extinguishing modules.

Features and differences of deluge systems

Unlike sprinkler systems, deluge automatic fire extinguishing systems are equipped with sprinklers that do not have thermal locks. Accordingly, the pipeline is not filled with fire extinguishing agent, and the start of the fire extinguishing process occurs after the opening of the shut-off valve blocking access to the central reservoir. Fire extinguishing is activated manually or after a fire alarm. In smart home systems, deluge automatic fire extinguishing installations are directly connected to the fire alarm control system. The process of extinguishing a fire can begin immediately after the discovery of a source of ignition or after confirmation of the command from the central console or remotely from the phone.

Operation and principle of operation

1. Detection of the source of fire is carried out, burning or temperature) of the fire alarm system, after which the alarm signal is transmitted to the security console, mobile communication and control device to the owner of the house and to the central controller of the fire extinguishing system;
2. The signal is checked against the threshold values ​​stored in the controller's memory. Some systems with addressable detectors can be configured different meanings for different rooms houses, depending on their purpose:
   1. for the kitchen limit the level of smoke,
   2. for bathroom temperature level etc. such individual settings are important to reduce the likelihood of false positives;
3. When the fire extinguishing system is activated, the pumping station and unlocking of several shut-off valves:
   1. From a propellant gas cylinder;
   2. From the pipeline network;
4. The extinguishing agent is directed to the pipeline from an autonomous local reservoir or water supply system through a damper tank;
5. Water sprayed over the fire zone can be saturated with fire-extinguishing chemical additives, which significantly increase the fire-extinguishing efficiency.

IMPORTANT! One of the main differences from a sprinkler installation is that water is sprayed over the entire installation area of ​​the fire extinguishing system.

Key Specifications and Benefits

Automatic deluge fire extinguishing installations have the following advantages:

• Rapid reaction to the occurrence of a fire, which can be determined by several parameters:
  • Flame detector or infrared heat sensor signal. Usually, for residential premises in the smart home system, operation is provided when the boundary temperature reaches 65-75 ° C or its abrupt, sharp increase by 15-20 ° C.
  • For kitchens, it is advisable to use several fire detection methods (temperature, smoke, presence of an open flame) in combination;
• Pumps standard installation can generate a liquid pressure of 100-600 m 3 /hour, which provides almost instantaneous filling of even branched pipelines and an insignificant system response time to fire detection;
• The system is able to control large rooms or buildings with a complex layout;
• The deluge installation does not require reconstruction, replacement of elements or additional adjustment after operation. After restoring the position of the shut-off valves to the closed position and filling the tank with fire extinguishing agent, the installation is ready for reactivation;
• The main advantage is the possibility of using foam or gas as a fire extinguishing agent, which leads to minimization of material losses from water exposure.

Installation and calculation rules

According to current regulations, deluge automatic fire extinguishing installations for residential premises must comply with the following parameters:

• A separate drencher should control an area of ​​\u200b\u200bno more than 9m 2;
• The distance between sprayers is less than 3 m, from the wall not less than 1.5 m;
• The volume of fire extinguishing agent based on water is not less than 0.5 l / s per 1 m 2 of the room;
• The speed of water supply in distribution lines is not less than 10m/s, and in pipelines supplying sprayers is not less than 3m/s;
• It is advisable to install cut-off nozzles with a directed jet in doorways to block the spread of fire;
• To create water curtains, drenchers with a rosette divider and a hole diameter of 10, 12, 16 mm are used, and for extinguishing indoors 12 mm spatula drenchers.

The sprinkler fire extinguishing system is one of the most popular automatic fire fighting systems used in facilities for various purposes. Sprinkler fire extinguishing is a network of pipelines filled with liquid or other substances, along which special sprinklers are placed. The word splinker comes from English word, denoting a sprinkler or sprinkler.

IN fire safety sprinkler is a nozzle, through it when automatic feeding command "fire" is produced by spraying liquid. The system does not work by supplying water with a continuous jet, but creates a finely dispersed water mist that is dispersed throughout the room. As a result, water consumption is reduced and damage to property is significantly reduced.

Main functions

Distinguish between water and gas-filled installations, the so-called dry-pipe structures.

The main tasks of the sprinkler system:

• ignition source detection;
• raising the alarm;
• initial work to contain the fire and the appearance of fire brigades.

Due to the irrigation of the premises, the sprinkler fire extinguishing installation:

• reduces the temperature at the source of ignition;
• helps to evacuate people;
• ensure the possibility of urgent evacuation of valuable property.

It features high reliability and a low percentage of false positives. Sometimes you can find the name "clinker fire extinguishing system", but this is just an erroneous name used by customers who are far from knowledge of fire terminology.

Application area

A sprinkler fire extinguishing system is a type of equipment whose use is approved by a regulation in the field of fire extinguishing.

Water sprinkler installations are required to be installed by the owners of certain real estate, which include:

• computer data storage (server, data center, and so on)
• underground or above ground car parks
• building having a height of more than 30 m, except for residential complexes
• buildings in the construction of which were used metal constructions and combustible insulation materials with an area of ​​more than 800 sq.m.
• commercial establishments with total area from 3.5 thousand sq.m. ground floors and from 200 sq.m. basements
• warehouses and trade facilities where combustible or flammable materials are located
• warehouses with installed racks and shelves above 5.5 meters
• halls for exhibitions with an area of ​​more than 1,000 sq.m.
• halls (cinema, concerts, etc.) with a capacity of more than 800 seats

Facilities not included in the approved mandatory list may use sprinkler installations as they wish. Installations can serve both huge premises and ordinary apartments.

Advantages and disadvantages

Sprinkler fire extinguishing is one of the most common ways to protect premises from fires. His widespread contributes to a number of positive factors, including:

• relatively low cost of equipment, installation and consumables;
• the ability to use it in a room of any size;
• fully automated system control and launch;
• does not consume electricity;
• availability and low cost of water;
• ease of installation in the presence of centralized water supply;
• decrease in temperature at the place of ignition;
• harm to health;
• makes it possible to evacuate people and valuable property;
• minimal damage to property due to the smallest spray of liquid;
• gives a small percentage of false positives;
• serves for many years.

At the same time, sprinkler AUPT is not a universal solution for all cases, as it has a number of significant limitations, such as:

• installation is possible only at facilities with centralized water supply;
• cannot be used in rooms where working electrical equipment is located;
• reacts to temperature changes, therefore it is not used in industrial or domestic premises where operations are performed that cause air heating;
• not suitable for use at facilities with possible negative temperatures;
• it takes some time to turn on (inertia);
• operation occurs at high temperatures (minimum 79 ° C);
• is a one-time installation, since after operation it is necessary to replace all the Sinclairs.

System requirements

A sprinkler fire extinguishing installation is one of the fire safety systems that are subject to strict requirements formulated in regulatory documents, SNIPs, GOSTs, orders, RD, and so on.

1. The main indicator that the equipment must meet is the speed of response and extinguishing the fire at the time of its ignition. The level of possible damage and the spread of fire to neighboring objects depends on this.
2. A relationship is established between the temperature level to which the system reacts and the response speed, i.e. the inertia of the system depends on the thermal level. At t=79˚С, the sprinkler lock must break within 300 seconds.
3. There are separate requirements for the maximum allowable distance between nozzles. Distances between sprinklers should not exceed 4 m, as the radius of water dispersion is 2 meters.
4. establishes the frequency of control measures and Maintenance systems.
5. Each set of equipment must have a passport, quality certificate and other accompanying documents.

Note!

If systems are installed at facilities with autonomous water supply, then in the complex it is necessary to provide an additional pump and power supply.

There are special requirements for the design and installation of equipment that ensure the operability of the system, taking into account the characteristics of the structure (height, number of rooms, type of floors, and so on).

Norms and rules

All equipment related to fire safety is strictly regulated. The rules and regulations relate to various indicators and are set out in a number of normative documents, including:

• Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ on issues technical regulations fire safety requirements
• Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 390 concerning fire regime, from 25.04.12
• NPB 88-2001 on the design standards for fire extinguishing and alarm installations
• SP 5.13130.2009 on the rules and regulations for the design of fire protection systems
• a number of other documents

Legislation defines the mandatory installation standards for a sprinkler fire extinguishing system, including:

• room parameters
• allowable number of sprinklers
• capacity of pipelines and water storage tanks
• permitted sprinkler locations
• distance limits from the sprinkler to other objects (roofs, rosettes, ceilings, walls, partitions)
• the presence of protective grilles
• position of sprinklers

Installation and operation of systems is carried out in compliance with all standards.

Mounting Features

Installation of a sprinkler fire extinguishing system is carried out in accordance with the approved technology and following the sequence of operations.

• Distribution units, water tanks and control unit are installed in a separate room with limited access.
• duplicating control unit is located on the security console
• for the installation of pipelines are used seamless pipes with external and internal galvanization
• pipe connection is provided by welding or crimping
• sprinklers crash into the system during connection
• the system is attached to the ceilings with rubber clamps, the distance between the mounts should not exceed 1.5 m.

Installing a sprinkler fire extinguishing system requires a reliable connection of all components and ensuring the high strength of the system.

Fire sprinkler test

Conclusion

If you have questions about a sprinkler fire extinguishing system and want to see in practice what it is, just take a close look at the ceiling while in a cinema, art gallery, in a server room or in an underground parking lot.