Primary fire extinguishing agents for extinguishing combustible or. Fire safety: Fire extinguishers, Rescue tools, Protective clothing, equipment

GOAL: To study primary means of extinguishing fires and teach how to use them correctly

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS: In order to fully understand this topic, it is necessary to workshops with primary means for extinguishing a simulated fire.

General information about combustion processes.

Fire - uncontrolled combustion, causing material damage, harm to the life and health of citizens, the interests of society and the state.

Burning - physical and chemical process, which is characterized by the release of heat, the emission of light and chemical transformations.

From the course of chemistry it is known that carbon can form carbon monoxide CO IS A VERY TOXIC SUBSTANCE. This occurs when the combustion of carbon or its compounds occurs with a lack of oxygen. For example, in air at a temperature of 70 degrees CO ignites. In this case, a large amount of heat is released.

This means that with an increase in the oxygen content in the environment, the process of oxidation of all substances proceeds more intensively.

Other oxidizing agents are: nitric oxide, chlorine, sulfur and substances containing oxygen. For example, nitric acid.

ignition source is a flame, sparks and incandescent objects, light cure (for example, laser).

This group of sources is called open source.

The hidden group of the heat source is the heat of a chemical reaction, friction, impact. When burning a match, smoldering cigarettes, the temperature of the flame is in the range from 700 to 900 degrees. A higher temperature (200-1300) has a flame of a gasoline lighter.

There is an expression fire triangle. What is it? It signifies the unity of the three main leavers of fire:

combustible substance;
oxidizing agent;
source of ignition.

In the absence of at least one of the corners of the triangle, combustion will not occur.

Conditions and ways to stop burning.

Considering the concept of "fire", we say that combustion can be stopped by lowering the temperature of the combustion products in the combustion reaction zone.

Exist four ways to lower the combustion temperature and, therefore, stop it:

Exposure to the surface of burning materials with cooling fire extinguishing agents;
Creation between the combustion zone and combustible materials or air of an insulating layer of fire extinguishing agents;
Slowing down the rate of the combustion reaction by exposing it to chemical fire extinguishing agents;
Creation of a gas or vapor environment between the combustion zone and other objects or around it.

Therefore, for each method of stopping burning, a certain set of fire extinguishing agents is required.

TO cooling funds can be attributed water, aqueous solutions of various salts and carbon dioxide in the form of snow.

TO thinning funds include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour.

TO insulating means - various foams, fire extinguishing powders, sand.

fire extinguishing agents chemical inhibition of combustion are ethylene bromide and other means.

Despite the fact that all fire extinguishing agents have a combined effect on the combustion process, they are classified according to the main ability of the substance.

Water, falling on a burning object, first of all, it reduces the temperature in the combustion area.

The main property of the foam – Isolation of the source of fire.

When choosing extinguishing agents, one should proceed from the properties of burning substances and materials, the possibility of obtaining the best fire extinguishing effect at their minimum consumption.

Carbon dioxide CO2 or nitrogen N2 is used to prevent explosions in case of emergency release of methane and to extinguish the flare in enclosed spaces.

The ignition of the aromatic substance is extinguished mist water and various foams.

Natural drying oils are lighter than water and insoluble in it, therefore, when extinguishing drying oil, norTrolaks foam or water mist should be used.

fire extinguishing properties of water.

Water is a universal fire extinguishing agent, in addition, it is very acceptable and is available at any production site in unlimited quantities. So, to extinguish small fires, you can use the nearest water tap. For filing a large number water at the enterprises create an internal fire water supply system.

The use of water is especially effective when extinguishing solid combustible materials - wood, paper, rubber, fabrics, which are the most frequently burning materials in a fire. It is also good to extinguish combustible liquids dissolving in it with water - alcohols, acetone, organic acids.

The fire-extinguishing properties of water increase sharply if it enters the combustion zone in the form of sprayed jets, which reduces its consumption.

Water is successfully used to localize the source of fire when the fire cannot be quickly extinguished. In this case, water is poured over all combustible substances, materials, structures and installations located in close proximity to the source of fire.

This is exactly what they do in rooms and on sites where cylinders with various compressed gases are installed. This technique is successfully used until the cylinders or other objects are evacuated to a safe place.

Water is very effective in extinguishing fires, but its use in the conditions of radio electronics enterprises is less common. limited. This is primarily due to the fact that the electrical conductivity of water is quite high, therefore, it can be used to extinguish burning electrical equipment under voltage. it is forbidden.

Also, water cannot be used if alkali metals - sodium, potassium - are in the fire zone.

Especially dangerous is the ingress of water into burning oil tanks and other containers with burning liquids or solids melting when heated, since, depending on the amount of water at the temperature of the liquid, either it boils violently or splashes and ejects the burning liquid into the volume of the room. As a result, the intensity of combustion increases and the fire area expands. At the same time, the use of sprayed water jets makes it possible to successfully extinguish many combustible liquids, including various oils and kerosene.

primary funds extinguishing fires

Primary fire fighting equipment includes:

Sandboxes;
Koshma 1*1 sq.m., asbestos cloth;
fire extinguishers;
tap water

Asbestos cloth and felt blanket used to extinguish substances and materials, the combustion of which stops without air access. These funds completely cover the fire. These tools are effective in case of a fire that occurs on a smooth surface (on the floor of the room) and the area of tanning smaller size linens or blankets.

sand extinguish or collect small amounts of spilled flammable liquids, combustible liquids or solids that cannot be extinguished with water.

fire extinguishers

Currently, the industry produces various hand-held, mobile and stationary fire extinguishers.

In order to successfully fight a fire, it is necessary to clearly know the capabilities and applications of each fire extinguisher.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU - 2; OS - 3; OS - 5; OS - 8:

Hand fire extinguishers are steel cylinders with a socket.

To put the fire extinguisher into action, you need to remove the fire extinguisher from the bracket, bring it to the fire, break the seal, pull out the pin, move the fire extinguisher socket to a horizontal position, pointing at the fire, press the lever.

The jet of liquefied carbon dioxide leaving the cylinder through the bell is strongly cooled and passes into a gaseous state (snow).

The extinguishing effect is due to a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the combustion zone and cooling of the burning. All three devices are designed to extinguish initial fires of various substances and materials, as well as electrical equipment under voltage up to 1000V.

This is because carbon dioxide does not contain water.

OU - can not be extinguished:

burning clothing on a person (may cause frostbite)
use to stop the combustion of alkali metals, as well as substances that continue to burn without oxygen from environment(for example: composition based on saltpeter, nitrocellulose, pyroxylin).

Since carbon dioxide can escape from the cylinder, its charge should be controlled by mass and periodically refilled.

Powder manual fire extinguishers: OP - 4 (g); OP-5(g); OP-8(g); (gas generating t And pa):

Powder fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish small fires of flammable liquids, electrical installations under voltage up to 1000V.

Hand fire extinguishers consist of a steel case inside which there is a charge (powder) and a working gas cylinder or a gas generator. Principle of operation: when the shut-off - starting device is activated, the cap of the cylinder with the working gas (carbon dioxide, nitrogen) is pierced. Gas through the supply tube enters the lower part of the fire extinguisher body and creates excess pressure. The powder is displaced through the siphon tube into the hose to the barrel. By pressing the trigger of the barrel, you can feed the powder in portions. The powder, falling on the burning substance, isolates it from oxygen and air.

Powder Hand Fire Extinguishers : OP - 2( h ); OP-3( h ); OP-4( h ); OP - 8( h ) ( final T And pa):

Hand fire extinguishers consist of a steel case inside which a charge (powder) is under pressure. Operating principle: working gas is pumped directly into the fire extinguisher body. When the shut-off and starting device is activated, the powder is displaced by gas through the siphon tube into the hose to the barrel-nozzle or into the nozzle. The powder can be fed in portions. Getting on a burning substance, it isolates it from oxygen and air.

To activate: remove the fire extinguisher from the bracket, bring it to the fire, break the seal, pull out the pin, direct the hose with the nozzle to the fire, press the lever.

It should be taken into account that since powders mainly have the ability to slow down the rate of the combustion reaction and to some extent isolate the combustion site from atmospheric oxygen, their cooling effect is small. This can lead to the fact that with an insufficient thickness of the powder layer due to the small size of the charges of fire extinguishers, repeated flashes from objects heated during combustion are possible.

Air - foam fire extinguishers: ORP - 5; ORP - 10:

Designed to extinguish small fires of solid and liquid combustible substances and smoldering materials at an ambient temperature of at least +5°C. It consists of a steel case, inside of which there is a charge - a foaming agent solution and a cylinder with a working gas. The principle of operation is based on the displacement of the foaming agent solution overpressure working gas (air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide). When the shut-off and starting device is triggered, the cap of the working gas cylinder is pierced. The foaming agent is forced out by gas pressure through the siphon tube into the nozzle. In the nozzle, the foaming agent is mixed with the suction air, resulting in the formation of foam. To activate: remove the fire extinguisher from the bracket, bring it to the fire, break the seal, pull out the pin, point the foam generator at the fire, hit the start button or press the lever. Do not extinguish electrical wiring and electrical appliances under voltage.

Air emulsion fire extinguishers with fluorine-containing charge OVE - 5(6) - AB - 03; OVE-2( h ); OVE-4( h ); OVE-8( h ) (fine jet)
The latest, highly efficient, environmentally friendly and safe air-emulsion fire extinguisher pumping (with a gas cylinder high pressure) is designed to extinguish fires of solid combustible substances, combustible liquids and electrical equipment under voltage. In air-emulsion fire extinguishers, an aqueous solution of a fluorine-containing film-forming foaming agent is used as a charge, and any water spray is used as a nozzle. The emulsion is formed when droplets of the sprayed charge of the fire extinguisher hit the burning surface, on which a thin protective film, and the resulting foamed layer of air emulsion protects this film from exposure to flame. OVE fire extinguishers can extinguish electrical wiring and electrical appliances under voltage only with a finely dispersed jet.

Aerosol generators (aerosol fire extinguishers) - SOT - 1 ; SOT - 5m; SOT - 5M:

Designed to eliminate fires in confined spaces during the combustion of flammable liquids and combustible liquids (petroleum products, solvents, alcohols), solid combustible materials of electrical equipment (including those under voltage).

In the volumetric aerosol fire extinguishing system, the fire extinguishing agent is an aerosol of salts and oxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals. And in a calm atmosphere, the aerosol cloud persists for up to 50 minutes. Aerosols formed during the operation of SOT-1 generators; SOT - 5m; SOT - 5M is non-toxic, does not cause damage to property. The settled particles are easily removed with a vacuum cleaner or washed off with water.

At all facilities, including educational institutions, it is necessary to keep a register of primary fire extinguishing equipment ( Appendix No. 11).

Control over the condition of fire extinguishers is carried out in accordance with SP 9.13139.2009. "Technique pabouthot. Fire extinguishers. Operating requirements.

Procedure in case of fire

In the event of a fire, the actions of employees educational institutions in the first place should be aimed at ensuring the safety of children, their evacuation and rescue.

Each employee who discovers a fire or its signs (smoke, smell or smoldering various materials, temperature increase, etc.), must:

Immediately report this by calling 01 (at the same time, clearly state the address of the institution, the place of the fire, and also state your position and surname).
Activate the fire alarm system.
Proceed with the evacuation of children from the building to a safe place, according to the evacuation plan.
Notify the head of the institution or the employee replacing him about the fire.
Organize a meeting of fire departments, take measures to extinguish the fire with the fire extinguishing equipment available in the institution.
Organize a check of children and workers evacuated from the building according to the available lists.
If necessary, call medical and other services to the place of fire.
Inform the head of the arrived fire department about the presence of people in the building.
During evacuation and fire fighting necessary:

the evacuation of children should begin from the premises in which the fire broke out and adjacent premises that are at risk of the spread of fire and its signs of burning;
young children should be evacuated first;
it is good to check all the premises in order to exclude the possibility of children hiding under desks, in closets and other places in the danger zone;
refrain from opening windows, doors, as well as from breaking glass in order to prevent the spread of fire and smoke to adjacent rooms;
When leaving rooms or buildings, close windows and doors behind you.

Production and storage facilities of enterprises, depending on the flammability of the materials and substances used or stored, according to the degree of fire safety, are divided into five categories:

1. Category A - industrial production on which substances are used that can ignite or explode when exposed to water, atmospheric oxygen, flammable liquids with a vapor flash point of up to , flammable gases with a lower explosive limit of up to 10% of the total air volume, if these liquids and gases are capable of forming explosive mixtures with air . Such productions and facilities include workshops of artificial fiber factories, chemical workshops of factories for the processing of acetate silk, hydrogen stations, warehouses of cylinders for combustible gases, gasoline warehouses, pumping stations for pumping flammable liquids with a flash point of vapors up to, etc.

2. Category B- industrial production, which uses flammable liquids with a flash point, flammable gases with a lower explosive limit of more than 10% of the total volume of air, if they are capable of forming explosive mixtures with air; production, where combustible fibers or combustible dust released and passing into a suspended state are present in such an amount that can form explosive mixtures with air. Such industries include workshops for the preparation and transportation of coal dust, wood flour, fuel oil facilities of power plants and boiler houses, pumping stations for pumping flammable liquids with a vapor flash point, etc.

3. Category B- production for the processing and use of solid combustible materials and substances, as well as combustible liquids with a vapor flash point above . These include woodworking enterprises, textile, knitwear and clothing factories, closed coal warehouses, pumping stations for pumping flammable liquids with a higher flash point, etc.

4. Category G- production for the processing of non-combustible materials and substances in a hot, incandescent or molten state, accompanied by the release of radiant heat, sparks, flames, as well as production associated with the combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. These include foundries and metal-smelting shops, gas-generating stations with furnace heating, forges, gas-electric welding workshops, motor test stations.

5. Category D- industries associated with the use and processing of non-combustible substances and materials in a cold state. These include shops and workshops for cold metal processing, tool shops, compressor stations for air and other non-combustible materials, paper, cardboard and textile industry with wet production processes, pumping stations for pumping non-flammable liquids.

One of the most important preventive measures to ensure the fire safety of enterprises and facilities is to provide them with the necessary fire extinguishing equipment, fire equipment and the necessary fire equipment.

For enterprises, organizations and facilities, this issue takes a special importance, given that a significant part of them are located in areas remote from cities, often in hard-to-reach places with heavy road conditions, or in cities with heavy traffic, as a result of which the rapid and prompt provision of professional assistance in the event of a fire by specialized fire departments is difficult.

The necessary and affordable fire extinguishing equipment that each enterprise must be provided with, regardless of its location, primarily includes:

1. fire water supply, both plumbing and non-piping;

2. primary extinguishing agents (fire extinguishers, sand, felt mats, etc.);

3. Automatic and semi installation automatic fire extinguishing(sprinkler and deluge installations);

4. fire-fighting equipment and the simplest fire-fighting equipment.

fire plumbing. At the enterprises of any industry, the main fire extinguishing agent is water, which is highly effective. However, water has a poor ability to penetrate between hard fibers, both vegetable and artificial, especially if these fibers are compressed into bales. To increase the effectiveness of the fire extinguishing properties of water, wetting agents are added to it.

With the help of water, other fire extinguishing agents are also created, such as chemical, air-mechanical foam, including high expansion. In addition, water is the cheapest and most common accessible means firefighting. Therefore, one of the main requirements for ensuring fire safety is the arrangement of an internal fire water supply designed to extinguish fires and fires that have arisen in their initial stage, i.e. before the arrival of professional fire departments.

All internal fire hydrants must be provided with fire hoses and trunks attached to them.

IN industrial premises elevated fire hazard internal fire hydrants can be equipped with air-foam barrels with attached mixers for supplying foam concentrate to the hose line.

Internal water supply systems, as a rule, are combined - for household, industrial and fire water supply - and are connected to an external water supply.

In those cases when the pressure of the external water supply does not provide a guaranteed water pressure in the internal water supply system during fire fighting, it is necessary to equip the internal water supply network with a pump that will provide the required water pressure when extinguishing a fire.

There are cases of lack of water in outdoor plumbing systems at certain hours of the day, especially during hours of increased water consumption for household needs. In such cases, enterprises should be equipped with additional (reserve) water tanks, from which it is supplied to the internal water supply using a pump. The volume of such tanks depends on the area of the object, but it must be at least .

Fire hydrant is a must for all production workshops, auxiliary premises located in industrial buildings with a height of more than five floors, as well as in warehouses and parts of buildings with a volume or more, when storing valuable combustible materials and products in them.

The exception is:

1. industrial buildings in which substances are stored or used that, when combined with water, can cause an explosion, fire or the spread of fire;

2. industrial buildings and premises with processes of categories D and D, regardless of their volume;

3. warehouses in which fireproof and low-value materials and products are stored;

4. industrial buildings that are not equipped with economic and industrial water pipes, fire extinguishing for which is provided from artificial and natural reservoirs (rivers, lakes, ponds)

Internal fire hydrants with fire hoses and trunks attached to them should be placed in niches or in hanging cabinets with glazed doors. As a rule, they are located on stairwells, at the entrances to production facilities and other prominent and easily accessible places. Fire cabinets must be painted red and have the inscription "PK" (fire hydrant).

Disabling the water supply network with fire hydrants and internal fire hydrants installed on it, as well as at least a temporary decrease in the pressure (pressure) of water in the water supply network is allowed only after notifying the state authorities about this and obtaining the appropriate permission from them.

Entrances and approaches to fire hydrants and hydrants must be constantly free.

Stationary fire extinguishing systems. Solving the problems of protecting objects from fires and fires is impossible without the use of automatic means of detecting fires and extinguishing them.

Such means include sprinkler and deluge installations, which are designed to extinguish a fire with water while simultaneously giving a signal fire alarm. They can be installed both in heated and unheated industrial and warehouse premises, laboratories, workshops, etc. These settings are very efficient.

Stationary fire extinguishing systems can be automatic, designed to supply water in the event of a fire, regardless of the actions of people, and semi-automatic, driven by people using remote control.

The most common sprinkler installations are stationary automatic fire extinguishing systems. They are a network water pipes mounted under the ceiling (and, if necessary, below), with built-in sprinklers that turn on when the temperature rises. The sprinkler pipe system is always filled with water and therefore should only be installed in heated rooms with a guaranteed temperature for a year of at least .

TO stationary systems automatic fire extinguishing also includes deluge installations of group action, which are a network of water pipes located under the ceiling, with deluge heads built into them. Unlike sprinklers, which are opened under the influence of a certain design temperature only above the fire seat, group action deluge plants, when automatically turned on, irrigate the area of \u200b\u200bthe room with all heads simultaneously, regardless of the size of the fire seat.

Drencher installations are used in industrial premises of high fire danger, where a fire can quickly spread over the entire area of the premises. In addition, deluge installations can be used as curtains to block the spread of fire from one production facility to another.

Deluge installations are of automatic operation and manual activation, jellied and dry pipe systems.

On the industrial enterprises having fire and explosion hazardous industrial premises and technological processes and equipment, it is advisable to install carbon dioxide systems or steam extinguishing. Steam or carbon dioxide reduces the concentration of oxygen in the air of the room, as a result of which the possibility of an explosion is prevented when the room is gassed and combustion stops in the event of a fire.

Depending on the fire extinguishing agents used, water-chemical, foam, gas, powder, aerosol and combined fire extinguishing installations can be used.

Though automatic settings extinguishing a fire long time may be idle, they must be in constant readiness. This is ensured by systematic supervision and control of their technical good condition carried out by special services fire brigade or trained employees of the enterprise.

Wireless fire fighting water supply. Wireless fire-fighting water supply is carried out from artificial or natural surface or underground reservoirs and reservoirs.

Natural water bodies include rivers, lakes, etc.

Artificial reservoirs include reinforced concrete, brick, metal, etc. tanks of various volumes (tanks, cisterns, reservoirs, etc.). They can be ground or buried in the ground, and round or rectangular in shape with a depth of 2-5 m.

Closed tanks must have hatches both for inspection and for water intake through them, as well as a ventilation outlet pipe.

Hard-surfaced access roads with a width of 3.5-4.5 m should be laid to natural and artificial reservoirs and reservoirs. winter time they must be cleared of snow and ice.

Primary fire extinguishing equipment and fire equipment. Primary fire extinguishers are designed to contain the fire before the arrival of professional fire departments. They must be located in all production facilities, their presence is directly the responsibility of the facility managers or officials from among engineering and technical workers.

Primary fire extinguishing equipment includes fire extinguishers, both manual and mobile, water barrels, buckets, axes, hooks, shovels, sand boxes, asbestos sheets, felt mats, woolen blankets, crowbars, saws, etc.

Industrial enterprises mainly use foam, liquid, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide-bromoethyl, aerosol and powder fire extinguishers.

Foam extinguishers OP-5 and OHP-10 (see figure) are designed to extinguish incipient fires when igniting all combustible solid and liquid substances, with the exception of chemically interacting with extinguishing agents (for example, alkaline). Foam fire extinguishers also cannot be used to extinguish fires in electrical installations and electrical equipment that are energized.

To actuate the fire extinguisher, turn the handle to , and the glass valve opens, which contains the acid part of the charge. When the fire extinguisher is turned upside down, the acid part is mixed with the solution of the alkaline part contained in the cylinder and the resulting foam is ejected through the spray.

Foam fire extinguishers must be recharged at least once a year. In winter, all fire extinguishers should be moved to heated rooms to prevent freezing.

Liquid fire extinguishers(OZH-5, OZH-10) are a type of foam fire extinguishers and are used to extinguish small fires of poorly wetted materials (cotton, cotton wool, etc.).

To extinguish small fires from combustible substances and smoldering materials, as well as electrical installations under voltage, portable liquid bromoethyl fire extinguishers, called aerosol .

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers portable (OU-2, OU-5, OU-8) and transportable (OU-25, OU-80 and OU-400) are used for small fires, as well as fires in electrical installations under voltage not exceeding 380 V. Exception are substances that burn in the absence of air.

To eliminate the source of fire with the help of a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, its socket is brought as close as possible to the place of combustion and, turning the valve handle to failure, direct a stream of carbon dioxide under the base of the burning flames. At the same time, carbon dioxide, leaving in the form of snow, passes into a gaseous state, which makes it possible to localize the source of fire. If the jet is directed from top to bottom, then the necessary extinguishing effect of the flame will not work, since the jet of carbon dioxide will be deflected upwards by the draft of hot air.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers should be protected from sunlight and excessive heat. They need to be recharged at least once every three months.

Powder extinguishers OPS-10 are designed to extinguish alkaline earth and alkali metals, petroleum products, solvents, solids, as well as electrical installations energized over 380 V. These fire extinguishers have high efficiency and in many cases can replace costly carbon dioxide and foam extinguishers.

IN powder fire extinguisher to avoid moistening and caking of the powder, the conical nozzle of the discharge hose must be tightly closed with a special stopper that creates a complete seal of the cylinder.

The rules for the placement, maintenance and use of all types of fire extinguishers must be strictly followed in accordance with the instructions set out in the instructions of manufacturers and current regulatory and technical documents. Pedestals or cabinets intended for placing fire extinguishers in them must be such that it is possible to visually determine the type of fire extinguishers located in them, the instructive inscription on them would be clearly visible.

fire buckets in order to avoid using them for economic purposes, they are made in convex or cone-shaped bottoms, which do not allow them to be placed on the ground.

dry sand in loose form (without lumps) is stored in special wooden or metal boxes located near fire shields, as well as in other places of industrial premises.

nightmare, or felt cloth , are used to eliminate fires on pipeline fittings when flammable liquids flow out of them or combustible gas exits. If the worker's clothes flared up, then a cloth blanket or felt cloth should be immediately thrown over him to stop access fresh air to burning clothes. The person on whom the clothes caught fire should not be allowed to run, as in this case the flame swells and the burning surface increases.

Both primary fire extinguishing equipment and fire-fighting equipment should be placed on special fire shields, which are located in industrial premises and on the territory of an enterprise or facility in a free and visible place with open approaches to it. Each fire shield must also be painted red, as well as fire fighting equipment.

The following set of fire-fighting equipment and primary fire extinguishing equipment should be located on each shield, pcs.:

1. foam fire extinguishers - 2

2. carbon dioxide fire extinguishers - 1

3. box with dry sand - 1

5. hooks - 3

6. axes - 2

7. shovels - 2

8. asbestos or felt cloth - 1

9. fire buckets - 2

The location and storage of all available fire extinguishing equipment and fire fighting equipment are coordinated with the local fire department.

The simplest means for extinguishing fires are usually called devices, materials and tools that are used to eliminate a fire at the initial stage. Such means should include:

fire extinguishers;
fire hydrants located indoors;
water;
felt bag;
sand;
bucket with a shovel;
asbestos sheet, etc.

These items should always be ready for work and located in an accessible place.

When a fire is immediately detected, it can be eliminated using the simplest fire extinguishing means, classification and their application make it possible to choose the most suitable option. Sometimes it is not possible to completely extinguish the source of fire, but using the usual means of extinguishing the fire, it is possible to eliminate the fire in a certain area. As a rule, such means are considered sufficiently effective only at the initial stage of a fire. Further, you will need to use more serious methods that are highly effective. In addition, you can not do without the help of specialists.

TO simple means To extinguish a fire, include:

portable or mobile bottle fire extinguishers;
fabrics and capes made of natural threads. For the production of such bedspreads, felt and felt can be used. Asbestos canvases are also quite effective;
boxes for sand or other powders. It can be earth or perlite. These boxes should be located close to places where there is a risk of spilling flammable substances.

All fire extinguishers should be located in cabinets or in special bedside tables, while a clear classification of devices by type and type must be observed. This is necessary to ensure quick and easy access to them.

Fire extinguishers that are unsuitable for use must be replaced, since fire safety depends on this, primary fire extinguishing agents are often used to eliminate the consequences after natural disasters.

Which fire extinguisher to choose for a particular object?

Depending on the type and area of a particular room, the type of fire extinguisher used is revealed, which can be used as a primary means of extinguishing a fire. Portable devices weigh no more than 20 kg. As for mobile units, they are fixed on trolleys. In the second case, several cylinders filled with substances to extinguish fires can be used at once.

According to the type of such substance, fire extinguishers can be:

based on water;
powder;
foam.

Foam-based fire extinguishers, in turn, are divided into air and chemical-foam. In addition, there are gas cylinders, which are subdivided into:

carbon dioxide;
freon;
combined.

In accordance with the type of release of substances for extinguishing fires, cylinders:

can be uploaded;
refuel with liquefied or compressed gases;
equipped with gas generating or thermal parts;
equipped with injectors.

If fire extinguishers are subdivided according to the type of working pressure, then high and low pressure means can be distinguished.

According to the type of extinguishing substances, the equipment of devices may differ:

for extinguishing combustible substances in solid form;
to extinguish flammable substances in liquid form;
to extinguish the ignition of combustible gases;
for metal elements and parts that contain metal;
for extinguishing electrical installations.

In addition, there are combined multifunctional fire extinguishers, as well as devices that can be charged and used repeatedly.

Fire extinguishing powder can be of the following types:

ABCE, while phosphorus-ammonium salts are used as the active substance;
EVERYTHING where active ingredients are sodium/potassium bicarbonate, potassium sulfate/chloride, and an alloy of urea with carbonic acid;
D - the active substance can be graphite and potassium chloride.

As for gas fire extinguishers, non-combustible gas acts as a working substance in them. In addition, cylinders can be filled with freon or bromoethyl. In most cases, carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used as the primary means of extinguishing fires.

It is required to select the type and calculate the required number of fire extinguishers in accordance with the norms and rules of the fire regime.

For buildings, you also need to install required number fire shields, while their package may include non-mechanized fire tools and equipment.

In the process of distributing primary means for extinguishing fires at facilities, one should proceed from the requirements of Chapter 19 of the PPR.

When choosing the type of fire extinguisher, you need to pay attention to its effectiveness and degree of consumption.

Where can primary fire extinguishers be used?

Water is considered the simplest and most affordable means of extinguishing a fire. With its help, you can not only extinguish the fire in the ignition source, but also moisten other objects. Thus, it becomes possible to create an obstacle to the ignition of other parts of the room. In this case, the main function of water is to cool the burning element.

What cannot be extinguished with water?

Despite the significant benefits, there is one caveat, namely:

do not use water to extinguish the mains, as this threatens to short circuit. It is possible to extinguish power lines and electrical installations only if the power supply is disconnected;
it is forbidden to use water to extinguish gasoline, kerosene, oils and other combustible substances, specific gravity which are much lower than those of water. This feature is explained by the fact that these substances easily float to the surface of the water, thereby increasing the burning area. In such situations, it is better to use fabrics of increased density, as well as wool-based materials. A good option for extinguishing the fire of combustible substances is earth, sand or soda. Such means are good when there is no fire extinguisher at hand.

What hand tools can be used?

It is advisable to use earth and sand in this way: you need to scatter it or it along the edge of the fire, as a result of which a so-called barrier is created that prevents the spread of combustible substances and the movement of fire. It is convenient to use a scoop or a shovel to transfer sand and earth, but if such items are not at hand, then you can use a frying pan, baking sheet, plywood or some kind of bucket.

Excellent fighting fire felt. It prevents air from entering the fire, thus preventing the fire from spreading to other areas.

To extinguish a fire, do not use fabrics in the manufacture of which synthetics are used. This is due to the fact that they have a low ignition temperature, while toxic combustion products are released.

Use of other special fabrics

Alternatively, you can use a tarp, coarse wool or any other non-synthetic material.

Asbestos cloth, felt or felt mat must be at least one size square meter. Such blankets can be used to extinguish fires in smaller areas. If necessary, the size of the fabric can be increased by one and a half to two times. For their storage, it is advisable to purchase waterproof packages, only sometimes it will be necessary to remove the fabrics for drying and dusting.

Fire hydrant application efficiency

Basically, fire hydrants are located inside buildings. Thus, it is possible to extinguish any source of ignition. The exceptions are electrical networks and electrical appliances.

As a rule, such faucets should be located in a cabinet, while it should include a fire hydrant, hose and barrel. When a fire occurs, the procedure for using primary fire extinguishing equipment must be observed, in this case it is required to connect all these parts and connect to the tap.

It is more convenient to carry out fire extinguishing work together, since you need to quickly hold the hose to the fire site and start the water by turning the tap strongly.

There are some requirements regarding the placement of the crane. It should be located 1.35 m from the floor level.

Inspection of such devices should be carried out once every two years, and with the launch of water - once a year.

Rules for the placement and use of fire extinguishing agents

As a rule, means for extinguishing objects of ignition should be located with a special designation, which has numbers and letters. Regardless of the purpose of the objects, fire shields must be present, which must be placed in a conspicuous place. Such installations accommodate not only fire extinguishers, but also buckets, crowbars, axes and hooks. Near the shield should be a box with a capacity of 0.5-3 square meters. meters. This box is filled with sand. It is possible to install another container, for example, barrels for storing water. If a sand box is installed, then you need to take care of installing a scoop or shovel.

A fire shield with primary means for extinguishing a fire must be present at facilities where the placement of an internal fire-fighting water supply is not provided. This also applies to special installations for automatic operation.

The fire shield is very convenient fixture, you can attach pitchforks, hooks, hooks, brooms, axes, hand pumps and other items to prevent the spread of fire.

Fire shields must be opened with minimum cost time. Equipment must be secured in such a way that it can be easily removed and used.

at the expense effective use extinguishing agents to minimize fire damage. That is why the complete set of fire shields and cabinets must meet all the requirements and safety standards. In addition, much depends on the skills of the staff to use certain improvised means to eliminate the fire. If a fire breaks out, in any case, it is necessary to call the fire department, since improper independent actions can aggravate the problem.

Ensuring an appropriate level of fire safety at an enterprise or organization is one of the most important links in the labor protection system. State standards lists and standards for providing primary fire extinguishing equipment have been developed and implemented, which allow minimizing losses from local fires before the arrival of firefighters.

What is primary fire fighting equipment?

By established standards and rules such means should be considered:

fire extinguishers;
- internal fire hydrants;
- fire equipment and tools.

The list of fire equipment may include: boxes with sand, buckets, shovels, barrels of water, canvases made of non-combustible material (usually asbestos). Gaffs, axes and crowbars are considered fire tools. The level of necessary equipment with the listed means for extinguishing a fire is determined depending on the fire hazard of the object, its area, and the number of working personnel.

General requirements for primary fire extinguishing equipment (PSP)

Fire safety regulations govern and General requirements to the PSP.

1. All available means for fighting fire must be located in easily accessible places. They should not interfere with the evacuation of people.
2. Inspection of the PSP should be carried out regularly. Faulty facilities, inventory and tools must be replaced as soon as possible.
3. Maintenance fire extinguishers and internal fire hydrants should be carried out in deadlines. At the same time, an appropriate act is drawn up or an organization authorized to carry out such work puts a marking mark on the trusted means.
4. The instructions for working with PSP prohibit their use for other than their intended practical purpose.
5. Fire extinguishing equipment placed on the fire shield must not be rigidly fixed in place using wire, nails, etc.
6. Fire shields at the enterprise are numbered and sealed in a way that does not prevent their easy opening.
7. Placement of serviceable fire extinguishers is carried out at a height of no more than 1.5 m from the floor to the lower edge of the device in places not exposed to direct sunlight, at a sufficient distance from heating or heating systems.
8. Access to the PSP must be unhindered.

In places where fire extinguishing equipment is located, signs indicating the telephone number of the fire service are mandatory.

Primary fire extinguishers are devices, tools and materials designed to localize and (or) eliminate a fire at the initial stage (all types of portable and mobile fire extinguishers, fire hydrant equipment, boxes with powder compositions (sand, perlite, etc.) , as well as fire-resistant fabrics (asbestos cloth, felt mat, felt, etc.), water, bucket, shovel, etc.). Primary fire extinguishing equipment should always be always ready, and posters on the installation of fire extinguishers, posters on the use (use) of fire extinguishers, posters on the construction and purpose of an internal fire hydrant, fire shield should be posted in prominent places.

It must be remembered that primary fire extinguishing agents are used to fight a fire, but not a fire, since it is impossible and even life-threatening to resist a developed fire with their help. Only the fight against fire is feasible for non-specialists, and extinguishing a fire is the work of professional firefighters.

Production, administrative, auxiliary and storage buildings, structures and premises, as well as open production sites or areas must be provided with primary fire extinguishing equipment in accordance with the current standards established by industry fire safety rules.

Primary fire extinguishing equipment should be placed in easily accessible places and should not be a hindrance and an obstacle to the evacuation of personnel from the premises. It is allowed to install fire extinguishers in cabinets or cabinets, the design of which should allow visual identification of the type of fire extinguisher and quick access to it for use in case of fire. Fire safety posters should be posted in prominent public places.

It is forbidden to use fire equipment and other fire extinguishing equipment for household, industrial and other needs. In addition to its direct purpose, it is allowed to use fire extinguishing agents during liquidation natural Disasters and disasters, as well as in the training of personnel and voluntary fire brigades of the facility. For violation of these provisions, officials or other persons are liable up to criminal liability in accordance with applicable law.

Used or defective fire extinguishers (damage to the body, socket, safety valves, lack of a seal, lack of fire extinguishing agent or gas, etc.) must be immediately removed (especially after a fire) from the protected premises, from technological equipment and production sites and replaced with serviceable ones. Identified during regular inspections, malfunctions of fire extinguishers, fire hydrants and other fire extinguishing equipment should be eliminated as soon as possible.

The main primary fire extinguishing means:

1. Fire extinguishers:

Fire extinguishers are designed to extinguish fires in their initial stage, as well as to fire protection small structures, machines and mechanisms.

Fire extinguishers are portable and mobile. Portable fire extinguishers include all their types weighing up to 20 kg. Fire extinguishers with a large charge volume (with a mass of at least 20, but not more than 400 kg; may have one or more containers with a fire extinguishing agent) are mobile, their bodies are mounted on special carts.

According to the type of extinguishing agent used, fire extinguishers are divided into:

Water fire extinguishers (0V);

Powder fire extinguishers (OP);

Foam fire extinguishers:

Air-foam fire extinguishers (OVP);

Chemical foam fire extinguishers (OHP) - currently out of production;

Gas fire extinguishers:

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers (OU);

Freon fire extinguishers (OH);

Combined fire extinguishers.

The most widespread at present are carbon dioxide, powder and air-foam fire extinguishers. In the set of posters "Primary fire extinguishing means" there are posters on the design and use of all three types of fire extinguishers.

According to the principle of displacement of the extinguishing agent, fire extinguishers are divided into:

Fire extinguishers are pumping;

Fire extinguishers with compressed or liquefied gas;

Fire extinguishers with a gas generating element;

Fire extinguishers with a thermal element;

Fire extinguishers with ejector.

The posters illustrate the design of injection fire extinguishers, fire extinguishers with a cylinder of compressed or liquefied gas and with a gas generating device - the most common types of fire extinguishers.

According to the possibility and method of restoring the technical resource, fire extinguishers are divided into:

Fire extinguishers rechargeable and repairable;

Fire extinguishers are not rechargeable.

By purpose, depending on the type of charged fire extinguishing agent (fire extinguishing agent), fire extinguishers are divided into:

Fire extinguishers for extinguishing fires of solid combustible substances (fire class A);

Fire extinguishers for extinguishing fires of liquid combustible substances (fire class B);

Fire extinguishers for extinguishing the ignition of gaseous combustible substances (fire class C);

Fire extinguishers for extinguishing fires of metals and metal-containing substances (fire class D);

Fire extinguishers for extinguishing the ignition of electrical installations under voltage (fire class E).

Fire extinguishers can be designed to extinguish several classes of fire. Depending on the purpose, powder formulations are divided into powders. general purpose(type ABCE, ALL) and powders special purpose(which extinguish, as a rule, not only class D fires, but also fires of other classes).

2. Water:

The most common fire extinguishing agent. Its fire-extinguishing properties are mainly in the ability to cool a burning object, to reduce the temperature of the flame. Being fed to the combustion center from above, the non-evaporated part of the water wets and cools the surface of the burning object and, flowing down, makes it difficult for the other parts not covered by fire to ignite.

Water is electrically conductive, so it cannot be used to extinguish networks and installations under voltage. When water gets on electric wires a short circuit may occur. Detecting a fire electrical network, it is necessary first of all to de-energize the electrical wiring in the apartment, and then turn off the general switch (machine) on the input panel. After that, they begin to eliminate the sources of combustion, using a fire extinguisher, water, sand.

It is forbidden to extinguish burning gasoline, kerosene, oils and other flammable and combustible liquids with water in a residential building, garage or shed. These liquids, being lighter than water, float to its surface and continue to burn, increasing the burning area as the water spreads. Therefore, to extinguish them, in addition to fire extinguishers, you should use sand, earth, soda, and also use dense fabrics, wool blankets, coats soaked in water.

3. Sand and earth:

They are used to extinguish small fires, including spills of combustible liquids (kerosene, gasoline, oils, resins, etc.). Using sand (earth) for extinguishing, you need to bring it in a bucket or on a shovel to the place of burning. When pouring sand mainly along the outer edge of the burning zone, try to surround the burning place with sand, preventing further spreading of the liquid. Then, using a shovel, you need to cover the burning surface with a layer of sand that will absorb the liquid. After the fire from the burning liquid is knocked down, you must immediately begin to extinguish the burning surrounding objects. IN last resort instead of a shovel or scoop, you can use a piece of plywood, a baking sheet, a frying pan, a ladle to carry sand.

4. Fire Shield:

To place primary fire extinguishing equipment in buildings and premises, special shields are installed. Fire extinguishers, crowbars, hooks, axes, buckets are placed on the shields. Next to the shield is a box with sand and shovels, as well as a barrel of water.

5. Nightmare:

Designed to isolate the combustion source from air access. This method is very effective, but it is used only with a small source of combustion.

Felt, asbestos cloth, etc. are also used, but synthetic fabrics that easily melt and decompose under the influence of fire, releasing toxic gases, cannot be used to extinguish a fire. The degradation products of synthetics are generally flammable, toxic, and flare-prone themselves.

6. Internal fire hydrant:

Designed to extinguish fires of substances and materials with water. It can be used to extinguish everything for which water is applicable as an extinguishing agent.

The fire hydrant is placed in a special cabinet, equipped with a barrel and a sleeve connected to the faucet. In the event of a fire, you need to break the seal or remove the key from the storage location on the cabinet door, open the door, roll out the fire hose, and then connect the barrel, hose and crane, if this is not done, but it must be done! Then, by turning the faucet valve to the maximum, put water into the hose and start extinguishing the fire. When putting the fire hydrant into action, it is recommended to work together. While one person starts the water, the second brings the fire hose with the barrel to the place of combustion.