Types of testing of finished products. Textbook: Metrology
Quality control- This is a systematic test of how the object is able to fulfill the established requirements. Failure to comply with the established requirements is a non-compliance with ISO 8402. The main form of verification is control.
Control this is obtaining information about the actual state of the object (primary information for products - information on qualitative and quantitative characteristics) and comparing the information received with the previously established requirements, that is, norms (secondary information).
Control of qualitative and (or) quantitative characteristics of products is carried out in accordance with GOST 16504-81. State system for ensuring uniformity of measurements. Testing and quality control of products. Basic concepts. Terms and Definitions.
Operations of the control procedure: measurements (independent procedure, is an object of metrology); product analysis ( analytical methods– chemical, microbiological, microscopic analysis); tests (experimental methods).
Tests- experimental determination of quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of the test object (GOST 16504-81). Testing of goods provides for the conditions for their implementation, the use of test equipment and measuring instruments: technical devices, measuring instruments, substances and materials.
The main means of testing is testing equipment, basic and auxiliary substances and materials used in testing.
Basic requirements for the quality of testing: accuracy, reproducibility. Types of tests: laboratory (for goods); polygon; natural.
The functional test is carried out under the influence of certain real or simulated external factors on the goods, and the control is carried out under normal climatic conditions (temperature t ° C, relative humidity W%, atmospheric pressure P mm Hg). During testing, a sample of goods is subjected to testing processes, and during control - 100% of goods. Tests are carried out according to the program-target planning scheme, and control is carried out at all stages life cycle goods.
5.4. Technological quality assurance
As an example of technological quality assurance, here are methods for standardized evaluation and measurement of various quality characteristics that should be used in the preparation of specific methods for testing the quality of software projects.
For each quality characteristic, it is recommended to form measures and a measurement scale with the allocation of required, acceptable and unsatisfactory values, as shown in the example of a graphic image of quality (For a specific project, its own set of metrics should be developed or supplemented, which reflects the purpose and features of the environment of the software product being developed).
Software quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a software product that relates to its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs. The importance of each quality characteristic varies depending on the class of software. For example, reliability is most important for combat critical systems software, efficiency is most important for time-critical real-time systems software, and usability is most important for end-user dialogue software. The importance of each quality characteristic also varies depending on the points of view adopted.
The following figure (process model) shows the main steps required to evaluate software quality.
The evaluation process consists of three stages: establishment (definition) of quality requirements, preparation for evaluation and evaluation procedure. This process can be applied at any appropriate life cycle phase for each software product component.
The purpose of the initial stage is to establish requirements in terms of quality characteristics. Requirements express the needs of the external environment for the software product under consideration and must be determined before development begins.
The purpose of the second stage is to prepare the basis for assessment.
The result of the third is a conclusion about the quality of software products. The overall quality is then compared with other factors such as time and cost. The final decision of the management is made on the basis of the controllability criterion. The result is a management decision to accept or reject, or to release or not release the software product.
The concept of certification and the history of its development
The term "certification" was first formulated and defined by the Certification Committee (CERTICO) international organization for standardization (ISO).
Currently, certification of conformity refers to the act of a third party proving that it provides the necessary confidence that a properly identified product, process or service conforms to a particular standard or other normative document.
First, certification is now directly related to the action of a third party, which is a person or body recognized as independent of the parties involved in the matter under consideration.
Secondly, the Conformity Assessment Action is carried out properly, which indicates the existence of a strict certification system that has certain rules, procedures and management.
Thirdly, the scope of conformity certification is expanding significantly. Currently, products, processes and services are subject to it, including quality management processes in enterprises (quality systems) and personnel.
Scope of certification
As already noted, certification is divided into mandatory and voluntary. Recently, mandatory certification is often called certification in the legally regulated area, and voluntary certification in the legally unregulated area. Let's consider the reasons for the division of certification distribution areas.
Mandatory certification applies to products and services related to security environment life, health and property. Legislated requirements for these goods must be met by all manufacturers in the domestic market and importers when imported into Russia. The range of goods and services subject to mandatory certification in Russian Federation, is determined by the State Standard of Russia in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights".
Objects of mandatory certification:
Products:
· goods machine-building complex;
goods of electrical, electronic and instrument-making industries;
· Medical equipment;
goods of agricultural production and food products;
light industry goods;
goods of primary industries and woodworking;
· facilities personal protection respiratory organs;
pyrotechnic products;
veterinary biologicals.
household;
Tourist and excursion;
trade;
· Catering;
Others.
Voluntary certification is carried out in cases where strict compliance with the requirements of existing standards or other regulatory documentation for products, services or processes is not provided by the state, i.e. when standards or norms do not relate to safety requirements and are voluntary for a commodity producer, for example, a series of standards GOST R ISO 9000 on models of quality systems in enterprises. Need in voluntary certification appears, as a rule, when non-compliance with standards or other regulations for objects of certification affects the economic interests of large financial and industrial groups, industries and services. On fig. groups of objects of voluntary certification are given. Consider the features of certification of these groups.
Objects of voluntary certification:
Products:
· production and technical direction;
social and household direction.
material;
intangible.
Enterprise quality systems:
during design, development, production, installation and maintenance;
during production, installation and maintenance;
during control and testing finished products.
Personnel in the area:
· non-destructive testing;
valuation of land, real estate, vehicles;
welding, etc.
Voluntary certification is subject to products for which there are no mandatory safety requirements. At the same time, its implementation limits access to the market for low-quality products by checking such indicators as reliability, aesthetics, economy, etc. At the same time, voluntary certification does not replace the mandatory one, and its results are not grounds for banning (supplying) products. It is primarily aimed at fighting for the client. This fully applies to voluntary certification of services.
The standard establishes the basic principles for organizing work on certification of quality systems (industries). Certification must ensure: voluntariness; non-discriminatory access to participation in certification processes; objectivity of assessments; reproducibility of evaluation results; confidentiality; information content; specialization of bodies for certification of quality systems (production); verification of compliance with the requirements for products (services) in the legally regulated area; the credibility of the applicant's evidence of the compliance of the quality system with regulatory requirements. Let's look at these principles in more detail.
Voluntariness. Certification is carried out only at the initiative of the applicant in the presence of a written application from him (unless otherwise provided by law).
Non-discriminatory access to participation in certification processes. All organizations that have submitted an application and recognize the principles, requirements and rules established in it are allowed to be certified in the register. Any discrimination of the applicant and any participant in the certification process is excluded (the price is too high in comparison with other applicants, unjustified delay in terms, unjustified refusal to accept the application, etc.).
Objectivity of assessments. It is ensured by the independence of the certification body and the experts involved by it from the applicant or other parties interested in the results of assessment and certification, as well as the completeness of the composition of the commission of experts (hereinafter referred to as the commission).
In the aggregate, the certification commission must know the standards for the quality system, master the technique of verification, know the features of production and regulatory requirements To her. The committee must include a specialist in the field of economic activity(sectors of the economy). If necessary, experts in metrology, economics, etc. may be included in the commission.
Fundamentals of certification testing
Measurement, testing and control are methods of conformity assessment for certification. The features of their application are determined by the tasks that the testing laboratory solves when certifying products (Table 2.1).
Test task– obtaining quantitative or qualitative assessments product characteristics, i.e. assessment of the ability to perform the required functions in given conditions. This task is solved in testing laboratories, its solution is a prepared test report indicating the product parameters.
Table 2.1. Correlation of concepts
"measurement", "test", "control"
| Target | Quality | Accuracy rate | |
| Measurement | Determining the value of a quantity (parameter) | The degree of closeness of the measurement results to the actual value | Measurement error ∆ meas |
| Trial | The same for given modes and influencing factors that determine the value of the quantity (parameter) | The same for given test modes and influencing factors | ∆ and =∆ r + ∆ f + ∆ meas, where ∆ r is the mode error; ∆ f - error of factors |
| Control | Establishing the fact that a value (parameter) is within a given tolerance for given test modes and influencing factors | Degree of confidence that the parameter is within acceptable limits | Probability of type I and II errors, taking into account ∆ and |
Control task– establishing the conformity of product characteristics with those specified in normative documents requirements, including test results. This task is solved by the experts of the certification body on the basis of the test report. Therefore, the task of control can be called the task of expert evaluation.
When certifying products, both of these operations are associated with parameter measurements. Certification systems for quality systems and services provide for conformity assessment without the use of measuring equipment using visual or organoleptic methods (audits, inspections, surveys, etc.). When certifying personnel, a certification exam is carried out according to established rules.
Control of objects or stages of the production process can be periodical- carried out after a certain period of time (hours, days, months); continuous- ongoing (permanently). Depending on the means of control, control is distinguished: visual when the object of control is subjected to inspection and its compliance with the requirements of the NTD is determined (whether all operations have been completed, the presence of marking, accompanying documentation); organoleptic- subjective method of control, carried out by specialists-experts (assessment in points); instrumental- control through measuring tool, calibers, instruments, stands, testing machines, etc. The latter type of control can be manual, automated and automatic.
Depending on the volume of production, control is distinguished solid, in which the decision on the quality of controlled products is made based on the results of checking each unit of products; selective, in which the quality decision is made based on the results of checking one or more samples (depending on the requirements of the NTD) from a batch or product stream.
By the nature of the impact on the course production process Distinguish between active and passive control. At active control (it is carried out by devices built into technological equipment) the results obtained are used to continuously control the manufacturing process of products. Passive control only fixes the result.
By the nature of the impact on the object, control can be destructive at which the product becomes unsuitable for further use for its intended purpose, and non-destructive.
According to the type of parameters being checked, control is distinguished geometric parameters(linear, angular dimensions, shape and location of surfaces, axes, parts, components and assemblies, etc.), physical properties (electrical, heat engineering, optical, etc.), mechanical properties (strength, hardness, ductility at various external conditions); micro- and macrostructures(metallographic studies); chemical properties (chemical analysis of the composition of the substance, chemical resistance in various environments), as well as special control(light, gas impermeability, tightness).
Depending on the stage of the product life cycle, the following tests are carried out:
research - research;
development - finishing, preliminary, acceptance;
production - qualification, bearer, acceptance, periodic, standard, inspection, certification;
operation - controlled operation, operational periodic, inspection
Research tests if necessary, carried out at any stage of the product life cycle. In the process of production, purchased materials, components can be subjected to control tests during incoming control, and components of own production - during operational control.
Exploratory tests are often carried out as identification and evaluative tests. Target defining tests - finding the values of one or more quantities with a given accuracy and reliability. Sometimes, during testing, it is only necessary to establish the fact of the suitability of the object, i.e. determine whether a given instance of a number of objects of a given type satisfies the established requirements or not. Such tests are called appraisal.
Tests carried out to control the quality of an object are called control. The purpose of control tests is to check for compliance with the technical conditions of certain copies of components or constituent parts during manufacture. As a result of the tests, the data obtained are compared with those established in the technical specifications and a conclusion is made about the compliance of the tested (controlled) object with the regulatory technical documentation(documentation for the supply of components).
Finishing tests are carried out at the R&D stage to assess the impact of changes made to the technical documentation in order to ensure that the specified values of product quality indicators are achieved. The need for testing is determined by the developer or when compiling terms of reference for development or in the process of development; he draws up a program and a test procedure.
Target preliminary tests- determination of the possibility of presenting samples for acceptance tests. Tests are carried out in accordance with the standard or organizational and methodological document of the ministry, department, enterprise.
Acceptance tests are carried out to determine the feasibility and possibility of putting products into production. Acceptance tests of single-piece production products are carried out to resolve the issue of the feasibility of transferring these products into operation. Experimental or prototype samples (batches) of products are subjected to tests.
Acceptance tests are carried out to decide on the suitability of products for delivery or their use. Tests are subjected to each manufactured unit of production or a sample from the batch. Tests are carried out by the manufacturer's technical control service with the participation of a representative of the customer in specified cases.
The test procedure is established in state standard general technical requirements or technical conditions, and for single-piece production - in the terms of reference.
Periodic testing carried out for the purpose of:
Periodic quality control of products;
· monitoring the stability of the technological process in the period between successive tests;
confirmation of the possibility of continuing the manufacture of products according to current documentation and their acceptance;
confirmation of the quality level of products released during the controlled period;
confirmation of the effectiveness of the test methods used in the acceptance control.
Periodic tests are intended for products of established serial (mass) production. During their implementation, the values of indicators are controlled, which depend on the stability of the technological process, but are not checked during acceptance tests.
Inspection tests carried out selectively in order to control the stability of the quality of samples of finished products and products in operation. They are carried out by specially authorized organizations (bodies of state supervision, departmental control, organizations engaged in foreign trade operations, etc.) in accordance with the NTD for these products according to the program established by the organization that performs them, or agreed with it.
According to the conditions and place of conducting, tests are distinguished:
- laboratory carried out in the laboratory;
- bench conducted on test equipment in testing or research departments. Test equipment can be mass-produced, for example, vibration test benches, impact benches, etc., or it can be specially developed (designed and manufactured) in the process of creating a new product for testing it in order to obtain any characteristics (indicators);
- polygon performed at a test site, such as vehicle testing;
- natural- testing under conditions appropriate conditions its intended use. In this case, not the components of the product or its model are tested, but only directly manufactured products. Characteristics of product properties during full-scale tests are determined directly without the use of analytical dependencies that reflect the physical structure of the test object or its parts;
- tests using models are carried out on a physical model (simplified, reduced) of the product or its components; sometimes during these tests it becomes necessary to carry out calculations on mathematical and physical-mathematical models in combination with full-scale tests of the object and its components.
According to the duration, or rather, according to the temporal completeness of the test, there can be:
- normal when the methods and conditions of carrying out ensure the receipt of the necessary amount of information about the characteristics of the properties of the product (object) in the same time interval as in the envisaged operating conditions;
- accelerated when the methods and conditions of carrying out provide obtaining the necessary information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in a shorter period than during normal tests. Accelerated testing allows you to reduce the cost and time spent on product development. Acceleration of obtaining test results can be achieved by applying increased loads, increasing temperatures during thermal tests, etc.;
- abbreviated held on a reduced program.
According to the result of exposure, as in control methods, tests are distinguished:
- non-destructive- the test object after testing can function (be operated);
- destructive- the object after testing cannot be used for operation;
Finally, according to the determined characteristics of the object, tests are distinguished:
- functional- are carried out in order to determine the indicators of the purpose of the object;
On the reliability- are carried out to determine the reliability indicators in given conditions;
On the strength- are carried out to establish the values of influencing factors, in which certain characteristics of the object go beyond the established limits;
On the stability- are performed to control the ability of the product to implement its functions and maintain the parameter values within the limits established by the technical documentation, during exposure to certain factors (aggressive environments, shock waves, electric field, radiation, etc.);
On the security- are carried out in order to confirm, establish a safety factor for the service personnel or persons related to the test object;
On the transportability- are carried out in order to determine the possibility of transporting an object in a particular container without violating the ability of the object to perform its functions and maintain parameter values within the limits;
- boundary– are carried out to determine the dependencies between the maximum permissible values of the object parameters and the operating mode.
The list of questions submitted for the exam on the course "Metrology, standardization, certification"
1. Measurements. Basic concepts and definitions.
2. Types of measurements. (Examples).
3. Measurement methods. (Examples).
4. Causes of errors. Methodical error.
5. Causes of errors. Instrumental, energy subjective errors. Examples.
6. Measurement errors: static and dynamic, systematic and random. Misses.
7. Measuring instruments (SI). Classification, definitions.
8. Normalized metrological characteristics SI.
9. Ways of expressing and normalizing the limits of permissible errors of SI. Accuracy class.
10 Indicators of measurement accuracy and forms of presentation of measurement results.
11. Characteristics of random errors
12. Technique of statistical processing of the results of observations.
13. Summation of errors.
14. Certification. Basic concepts and definitions. Objects of obligatory and voluntary certification.
15. Measurements, tests, control. Types and methods of product control.
16. Measurements, tests, control. Types and methods of product testing.
Tests are subject to prototypes (batches) and products of serial,
mass and single production. Prototype or an experimental batch
subjected to preliminary and acceptance tests (checks) according to a special
developed programs. preliminary carried out to determine compliance
products to the terms of reference, the requirements of standards, technical documentation and
to resolve the issue of the possibility of submitting it for acceptance tests.
This type of testing is organized and carried out by an enterprise (organization) - a developer with
involving, if necessary, an enterprise - a manufacturer of products and enterprises -
co-executors.
Acceptance– in order to determine the conformity of products
terms of reference, requirements of standards and technical documentation, evaluation
technical level, determining the possibility of putting products into production,
development of recommendations on establishing the quality category.
The prototype (pilot batch) provided for testing must be
finalized, and technical documentation corrected based on the results
preliminary tests. Acceptance tests are organized by the enterprise -
developer and conducts them according to a pre-developed program and methodology with the participation
enterprise - manufacturer and customer (main consumer), under the guidance of
acceptance (state, interdepartmental, departmental) commission.
Acceptance tests (checks) can be carried out by a specialized
testing organization (state testing centers,
machine-building stations, leading institutes by types of equipment) with the participation
developer and manufacturer. In this case, a specialized test
the organization submits the test results to the acceptance committee for use
them at work.
Products subject to state acceptance tests, as a rule,
tested by a specialized testing organization.
The commission for conducting acceptance tests is approved by the Ministry -
the developer or, in agreement with him, the ministry - the manufacturer. For some
For types of products, this commission can be approved by the contracting authority together with
ministry-developer. State Acceptance Commission and its
chairman for products included in the State Standard List, jointly approves
with Gosstandart leading ministry. Chairman of other state and
interdepartmental acceptance commissions appoint a representative of the customer (main
consumer).
Members of the commission, signing acceptance test documents, as a rule,
coordinate specifications, a map of technical level and product quality,
draw up an act of acceptance of a prototype (pilot batch). In accordance with the experienced
sample (pilot batch) to the requirements of the technical specifications, standards and technical
documentation, the commission in the acceptance certificate recommends these products for putting on
production. If, as a result of acceptance tests, the commission revealed the possibility
improvement of individual properties of products that are not established by quantitative values in
terms of reference, the acceptance certificate contains a list of specific recommendations for
improvement of products, indicates the need for their implementation before
transfer of technical documentation to the manufacturer. Acceptance certificate
approves the management of the organization that appointed the acceptance commission
tests.
For products for which the technical level and quality indicators turned out to be lower
requirements of the terms of reference, the acceptance committee determines further
direction of work to improve the design of products, improve their
production and technical characteristics, and also decides on carrying out
repeated acceptance tests or the termination of further work.
Serial and mass production products are subject to acceptance,
periodic testing of the installation series (first industrial batch),
called qualifying; products of a single production - only acceptance
acceptance tests.
The procedure and scope of acceptance tests are not standard. They are indicated in
regulatory and technical documentation for products. Acceptance results
tests are reflected in the accompanying documentation for the product. products,
positively withstood acceptance tests, subjected to periodic
tests, which are carried out mainly by the manufacturer in order to evaluate
compliance of products with the requirements of standards. Technical conditions and stability
indicators. Authorities take part in periodic testing of measuring instruments
Gosstandart. The results of periodic tests are documented in a protocol that
signed by the employees who conducted the tests, if necessary - by representatives
organization-developer and customer (main consumer), approves the head
the company that conducted the tests, copies of the protocol the company that conducted
periodic tests, sends test participants to the enterprise -
manufacturer to correct the identified deficiencies.
Tests of the installation series (the first industrial batch) are carried out by the manufacturer
with the participation of the developer, the customer (the main consumer) and the representative of the authorities
Gosstandart (for products included in the List of Gosstandart). According to the results
testing commission decides on the completion of the process of development of products and
mass production possibilities. If the tests of the installation series showed that
the production process does not provide the output of the established
technical level, and the quality indicators are lower than those provided, then the commission,
who conducted the tests, gives recommendations for improving the production
process, establishes a deadline for eliminating the identified deficiencies and conducting
repeated tests.
Tests are carried out to assess the possibility of producing products for export
sample (s) of products of serial and mass production. Tests are being carried out
commission appointed by the ministry - manufacturer with the participation of representatives
Ministry of Foreign Trade. Samples of products manufactured according to
documentation that takes into account export requirements and passed acceptance
tests. The decision to manufacture products for export is an approved
ministry act of the commission that conducted the tests. An indispensable condition for this
is the availability of a fully developed set of technological process,
technological documentation, complete set provided equipment,
equipment, measuring instruments, qualification composition of workers providing
release of products for export with stable quality indicators.
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR
SYSTEM OF STATE TESTING OF PRODUCTS
TESTING AND CONTROL
PRODUCT QUALITY
BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
GOST 16504-81
USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS
DEVELOPED State Committee USSR by standardsPERFORMERSL. M. Zaks, G. K. Martynov(theme leaders), G. V. Anisimova, V. P. Belyavtsev, Yu. S. Veniaminov, G. A. Gukasyan, M. G. Dolinskaya, V. D. Dudko, L. I. Zavalko, A. A. Zenkov, M. G. Iofin, V. V. Kreshchuk, E. N. Leonova, O. G. Lositsky, A. E. Manokhin, M. M. Manzon, V. V. Melentiev, V. P. Nikiforov , V. A. Novikova, E. V. Nikitina, A. G. Osetrov, V. A. Pavlov, O. F. Poslavsky, V. I. Pereponov, V. I. Pronenko, V. N. Smirnov, N K. Sukhov. V. G. Stepanov, E. I. Taver, A. L. Terkel, R. V. Utkina, N. M. Fedotov, I. A. Khalap, S. S. Chernyshev, V. N. Chupyrin, V. I. Churilov, N. G. Sherstyukov, E. P. Schmidt, E. S. Ehrenburg. INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards Head of the Department for Attestation and State Product Testing M. A. Ushakov APPROVED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards of December 8, 1981 No. 5297STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR
Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated December 8, 1981 No. 5297 established the deadline for introductionfrom 01.01.1982.
This standard establishes the terms and definitions of the basic concepts used in science, technology and production in the field of testing and quality control of products. The terms established by this standard are mandatory for use in all types of documentation, scientific and technical, educational and reference literature. There is one standardized term for each concept. The use of synonymous terms for the standardized term is prohibited. Synonymous terms that are unacceptable for use are given in the standard as reference and are marked with the mark "Ndp". In cases where the necessary and sufficient features of concepts are contained in the literal meaning of the term, the definition is not given, and, accordingly, a dash is put in the “Definition” column. For individual standardized terms in the standard are given as reference short forms, which are allowed to be used if the possibility of their various interpretations excluded. Standardized terms are printed in bold, short form in light, invalid terms in italics. The standard provides reference foreign equivalents for a number of standardized terms in English (E) and French (F) languages. The standard contains alphabetical indexes the terms contained in it in Russian and their foreign equivalents. Reference Appendix 1 provides explanations for some terms marked with an asterisk, Reference Appendix 2 provides a systematization of the types of tests and controls according to their main features.
|
Definition |
1. TESTING |
1. Tests * E. Test F. Essai | Experimental determination of quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of the properties of the test object as a result of the impact on it, during its operation, when modeling the object and (or) impacts. Note. Definition includes assessment and/or control | 2. Terms tests * E. Test conditions F. Conditions d'essais | The set of influencing factors and (or) modes of operation of the object during testing | 3. Normal test conditions * E. Normal test conditions F. Conditions d'essais normales | Test conditions established by the normative and technical documentation (NTD) for this type of product | 4. View tests E. Mode of test F. Type d'essai | Classification grouping of tests according to a certain attribute | 5. Category tests E. Category of test F. Category d'essai | Type of tests, characterized by an organizational sign of their implementation and decision-making based on the results of the assessment of the object as a whole | 6. An object tests * E. Item under test F. Objet a essayer | Products under test | 7. Sample for testing E. Test specimen F. Echantillon pour essai | Product or part thereof or sample directly subjected to experiment during testing | 8. Prototype E. Pilot sample F. prototype | A product sample made according to the newly developed working documentation for verification by testing compliance with its specified technical requirements in order to make a decision on the possibility of putting into production and (or) use for its intended purpose | 9. Test model E. Test model F. Modele pour essai | Product, process, phenomenon, mathematical model, which are in a certain accordance with the test object and (or) influences on it and are able to replace them in the test process | 10. Layout for testing E. Test mock - up F. Maquette pour essais | A product representing a simplified reproduction of the test object or part thereof and intended for testing | 11. Method tests E. Test method F. Methode d'essais | Rules for the application of certain principles and means of testing | 12. Volume tests E. Extent of test F. Taille des essais | Characteristics of tests, determined by the number of objects and types of tests, as well as the total duration of tests | 13. Test program * E. Test program F. Program d'essais | Organizational and methodological document, mandatory for implementation, establishing the object and objectives of the tests, the types, sequence and scope of the experiments, the procedure, conditions, place and timing of the tests, provision and reporting on them, as well as responsibility for the provision and conduct of tests | 14. Methodology tests * E. Test procedure F. Procedure d'essais | An organizational and methodological document that is mandatory for implementation, including a test method, test tools and conditions, sampling, algorithms for performing operations to determine one or more interrelated characteristics of object properties, data presentation forms and assessment of accuracy, reliability of results, safety and environmental protection requirements environments | 15. Certification methods tests E. Approval of test procedure F. Certification de la procedure d'essais | Determination of the values of indicators of accuracy, reliability and (or) reproducibility of test results provided by the method and their compliance with specified requirements | 16. Test tool * E. Test means F. Moyen d'essais | Technical device, substance and (or) material for testing | 17. Test equipment E. Test equipment F. Equipement d'essais | Test tool, which is a technical device for reproducing test conditions | 18. Certification trial equipment E. Certification of test equipment F. Certification de l'equipement d'essais | Determination of the normalized accuracy characteristics of the test equipment, their compliance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation and the establishment of the suitability of this equipment for operation | 19. Test system * E. Test system F. Systeme d'essais | A set of test tools, performers and certain test objects interacting according to the rules established by the relevant regulatory documentation | 20. Accuracy of test results E. Accuracy of test results F. Precision des resultats d'essais | Test property characterized by the closeness of test results to the actual values of the characteristics of an object, under certain test conditions | 21. Reproducibility of test methods and results * E. Reproducibility of test methods and results F. Reproducibility des methodes et resultats d "essais | A characteristic determined by the similarity of test results of identical samples of the same object using the same method in different laboratories, by different operators using different equipment | 22. Test data E. Test data F. Donnees d'essais | Values of characteristics of the properties of the object and (or) test conditions, operating time, as well as other parameters that are initial for further processing, recorded during testing | 23. Test result E. Test result F. Resultat d'essais | Evaluation of the characteristics of the properties of the object, establishing the compliance of the object with the specified requirements according to the test data, the results of the analysis of the quality of the functioning of the object during the test | 24. Test report E. Test report F. Proces-verbal d'essais | A document containing the necessary information about the test object, the methods used, means and test conditions, test results, as well as a conclusion on the test results, drawn up in the prescribed manner | 25. Test polygon E. Testing (proving) ground F. Terrain d'essais | Territory and test facilities on it, equipped with test equipment and providing testing of the object in conditions close to the operating conditions of the object | 26. Test organization E. Test organization F. Organisme d'essais | An organization that, in accordance with the established procedure, is entrusted with testing certain types of products or carrying out certain types of tests | 27. Parent organization for state product testing | An organization that is approved in accordance with the accepted procedure for conducting state-level tests of established the most important types production, technical and cultural and household purposes | 28. State testing center E. State testing center F. Center national d'essais | A specialized subdivision of the head organization for state testing, designed to conduct state tests of established critical types of products for industrial, technical, cultural and community purposes | 29. Republican (regional) testing center E. Republican (regional) testing center F. Center republicain (regional) d'essais | An organization approved in accordance with the accepted procedure for conducting certain categories of tests of fixed types of products manufactured and (or) developed by enterprises and organizations of the republic (region), regardless of their departmental subordination | 30. Departmental test Centre E. Departmental testing center F. Center sectoriel d'essais | An organization entrusted by a ministry or department with carrying out certain categories of testing of fixed types of products manufactured and (or) developed by enterprises and organizations of this ministry or department | 31. Test unit E. Testing division F. Unite d'essais | A subdivision of an organization to which the management of the latter is entrusted with conducting tests for its own needs | 32. Basic test unit of the parent organization Base unit | A subdivision appointed in accordance with the accepted procedure for testing certain types of products or types of tests from among those assigned to the head organization for state testing | 33. Stronghold of the parent organization for state product testing strong point | An organization that is a consumer of products subject to testing, appointed in the accepted manner to test these products in operational conditions | 34. E. Certification of testing organizations and divisions F. Agrement des organismes et des unites d'essais | Certification of the competence of testing organizations and divisions and their equipment, ensuring that all tests of fixed types of products and (or) types of tests provided for by the regulatory and technical documentation are carried out at the proper technical level |
Test types |
35. Research tests * E. Investigation test F. Essais de recherche | Tests carried out to study certain characteristics of the properties of an object | 36. Control tests E. Check test F. Essais de controle | Tests carried out to control the quality of the object | 37. Comparative tests E. Comparative test F. Essais comparatifs | Tests of similar or identical objects carried out under identical conditions to compare the characteristics of their properties | 38. Definitive tests E. Determinative test F. Essais de determination | Tests carried out to determine the values of the characteristics of the object with the given values of the indicators of accuracy and (or) reliability | 39. State tests * E. State test F. Essais officiels | Testing of identified critical products by a parent government testing organization or acceptance testing by a government commission or testing organization that has been granted the right to conduct them | 40. Interdepartmental tests * E. Interdepartmental test F. Essais intersectoriels | Product testing conducted by a commission of representatives of several interested ministries and (or) departments, or acceptance tests established species products for the acceptance of the components of an object developed jointly by several departments | 41. Departmental tests E. Departmental test F. Essais sectoriels | Tests conducted by a commission of representatives of the interested ministry or department | 42. Finishing tests Ndp. Structural tests E. Developmental test F. Essais de finition | Research tests carried out during the development of products in order to assess the impact of changes made to it to achieve the specified values of its quality indicators | 43. Preliminary tests E. Preliminary test F. Essais preliminaires | Control tests of prototypes and (or) pilot batches of products in order to determine the possibility of their presentation for acceptance tests | 44. Acceptance tests * E. Acceptance test F. Essais d'acceptation | Control tests of prototypes, pilot batches of products or products of a single production, carried out respectively in order to resolve the issue of the advisability of putting these products into production and (or) use for their intended purpose | 45. Qualification tests E. Qualification test F. Essais de qualification | Control tests of the installation series or the first industrial batch, carried out in order to assess the readiness of the enterprise for the production of products of this type in a given volume | 46. Bearer trials E. Predelivery test F. Essais de presentation | Control tests of products carried out by the technical control service of the manufacturer before presenting it for acceptance by a representative of the customer, consumer or other acceptance bodies | 47. Acceptance tests * E. Approval test F. Essais de reception | Control tests of products during acceptance control | 48. Periodic tests E. Periodical test F. Essais periodiques | Control tests of manufactured products, carried out in the volumes and within the time limits established by the regulatory and technical documentation, in order to control the stability of product quality and the possibility of continuing its production | 49. Inspection tests E. Inspection test F. Essais d'inspection | Control tests of established types of manufactured products, carried out on a selective basis in order to control the stability of product quality by specially authorized organizations | 50. Type tests Ndp. Verification tests E. Type test F. Essais type | Control tests of manufactured products, carried out in order to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of changes to the design, formulation or technological process | 51. Qualification tests E. Evaluation test F. Essais d'attestation | Tests carried out to assess the level of product quality during its certification by quality categories | 52. Certification tests * E. Certification test F. Essais de certification | Control tests of products carried out in order to establish the conformity of the characteristics and properties of national and (or) international regulatory and technical documents | 53. Laboratory tests E. Laboratory test F. Essais de laboratoire | Object tests carried out in laboratory conditions | 54. Bench tests * E. Bench test F. Essais au banc | Object tests carried out on test equipment | 55. Field tests E. Ground test F. Essais au terrain | Object tests carried out at the test site | 56. Natural tests * E. Verification test in situ F. Essais in situ | Testing an object under conditions corresponding to the conditions of its intended use with direct evaluation or control of the determined characteristics of the object's properties | 57. Model tests * E. Test with modeling F. Essais avec utilisation des modeles | - | 58. Performance test * E. Field test F. Essais pratiques | Object tests carried out during operation | 59. Normal tests E. Normal test F. Essais normaux | Tests, methods and conditions of which provide obtaining the necessary amount of information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in the same time interval as in the envisaged operating conditions. | 60. Accelerated Trials E. Accelerated test F. Essais acceleres | Tests, the methods and conditions of which provide the necessary information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in a shorter period than during normal tests | 61. Reduced Trials E. Reduced test F. Essais tronques | Tests carried out according to an abbreviated program | 62. Mechanical tests * E. Mechanical test F. Essais mecaniques | Tests for the impact of mechanical factors | 63. Climate test * E. Environmental test F. Essais climatiques | Impact Tests climatic factors | 64. Thermal testing * E. Thermal test F. Essais thermiques | Thermal Factor Testing | 65. Radiation testing E. Radiation test F. Essais de radiation | Tests for the influence of radiation factors | 66. Electromagnetic testing * E. Electromagnetic test F. Essais electromagnetiques | Electromagnetic Field Tests | 67. Electrical tests * E. Electric test F. Essais electriques | Impact Tests electrical voltage, current or zero | 68. Magnetic testing * E. Magnetic test F. Essais magnetiques | Impact Tests magnetic field | 69. Chemical testing * E. Chemical test F. Essais de resistance chimique | Tests for the impact of special environments | 70. Biological tests * E. Biological F. Essais biologists | Tests for the influence of biological factors | 71. non-destructive tests E. Non-destructive test F. Essais non-destructifs | Tests using non-destructive control methods | 72. Destructive tests E. Destructive test F. Essais destructifs | Tests using destructive control methods | 73. Strength tests E. Strength test F. Essais d'endurance | Tests carried out to determine the values of influencing factors that cause the values of the characteristics of the properties of the object to go beyond the established limits or its destruction | 74. Stability tests E. Stability test F. Essais de stabilite | Tests carried out to verify the ability of a product to perform its functions and maintain parameter values within established norms during the action of certain factors | 75. Functional tests E. Functional test F. Essais functionnels | Tests conducted to determine the values of the indicators of the purpose of the object | 76. Reliability testing E. Reliability test F. Essais de fiabilite | Tests carried out to determine the reliability performance under specified conditions | 77. Safety tests E. Safety test F. Essais de securite | - | 78. Tests for transportability E. Transportability test F. Essais d'aptitude au transport | - | 79. Boundary tests E. Marginal test F. Essais limits | Tests carried out to determine the dependencies between the maximum permissible values of the parameters of the object and the operating mode | 80. Technological tests E. In-process test F. Essais de technicite | Tests carried out during the manufacture of products in order to assess their manufacturability |
2. CONTROL |
81. Technical control * E control. Inspection F. Control technique | Checking the compliance of the object with the established technical requirements | 82. Control quality products E. Product quality inspection F. Controle de la qualite des produits | Control of quantitative and (or) qualitative characteristics of product properties | 83. Evaluation quality products E. Assessment of product quality F. Estimation de la qualite des produits | Determination of values of product characteristics with indication of accuracy and (or) reliability | 84. Object of technical control * E. Item under inspection F. Objet a controler | Products subject to control, processes of its creation, application, transportation, storage, Maintenance and repair, as well as the relevant technical documentation | 85. View control E. Mode of inspection F. Type de controle | Classification grouping of control according to a certain attribute | 86. Volume control E. Amount of inspection F. Taille du controle | The number of objects and the totality of controlled features established for control | 87. Method control E. Inspection method F. Methode de controle | Rules for the application of certain principles and controls | 88. Method destructive control E. Method of destructive inspection F. Methode destructive | Method of control, which may violate the suitability of the object for use | 89. Method non-destructive control E. Method of non-destructive inspection F. Methode of non-destructive | Method of control, in which the suitability of the object for use should not be violated | 90. Means control E. Inspection means F. Moyens de controle | Technical device, substance and (or) material for control | 91. Controlled sign E. Characteristic under control F. Caractere a controler | Characteristic of the object subjected to control | 92. Control dot * E. Point of inspection F. Point de controle | Location of the primary source of information about the controlled parameter of the control object | 93. Control sample * E. Reference specimen F. Specimen temoin | A product unit or part thereof, or a duly approved sample, the characteristics of which are taken as the basis for the manufacture and control of the same product | 94. System control E. Inspection system F. Systeme du controle | A set of controls, executors and certain objects of control interacting according to the rules established by the relevant regulatory documentation | 95. System departmental control E. Departmental management system F. Systeme du controle sectoriel | Control system carried out by bodies of the ministry or department | 96. Automated system control * E. Automated control system F. Systeme de controle automatise | Control system that provides control with partial direct participation of a person | 97. Automatic system control * E. Automatic control system F. Systeme de controle automatique | Control system that provides control without direct human participation |
Types of control |
98. Production control * E. Manufacturing supervision F. Controle de fabrication | Control carried out at the production stage | 99. Operational control * E. Field inspection F. Controle en utilization | Control carried out at the stage of product operation | 100. Input control E. incoming inspection F. Controle a l'entree | Control of the supplier's products received by the consumer or customer and intended for use in the manufacture, repair or operation of products | 101. Operating control E. Operational inspection F. Controle des operations | Product or process control during execution or after completion technological operation | 102. Acceptance control E. Acceptance inspection F. Controle de reception | Control of products, based on the results of which a decision is made on its suitability for supply and (or) use | 103. Inspection control E. Inspection check-up F. Audit | Control carried out by specially authorized persons in order to verify the effectiveness of previously performed control | 104. Total control E. 100% inspection F. Controle a 100% | Control of each unit of production in a batch | 105. Selective control E. Sampling inspection F. Controle par echantillonnage | According to GOST 15895-77 * _________ * GOST R 50779.10-2000, GOST R 50779.11-2000 apply on the territory of the Russian Federation | 106. Volatile control * E. Casual inspection F. Controle volant | Random Time Control | 107. Continuous control E. Continuous inspection F. Controle continu | Control, in which the flow of information about the controlled parameters occurs continuously | 108. Periodic control E. Periodical inspection F. Controle periodique | Control, in which the receipt of information about the controlled parameters occurs at specified time intervals | 109. destructive control E. Destructive inspection F. Controle destructif | - | 110. non-destructive control E. Non-destructive inspection F. Controle non-destructif | - | 111. Measuring control E. Control by measurement F. Controle par mesures | Control carried out using measuring instruments | 112. Registration control E. Registration control F. Controle par enregistrement | Control by registering values controlled parameters products or processes | 113. Organoleptic control * E. Organoleptic inspection F. Controle organoleptique | Control, in which the primary information is perceived by the senses | 114. Visual control E. Visual inspection F. Controle visuel | Organoleptic control exercised by the organs of vision | 115. Technical inspection E. Technical check-up F. Visite technique | Control carried out mainly with the help of the sense organs and, if necessary, means of control, the nomenclature of which is established by the relevant documentation |
INDEX
Test Equipment Qualification 18
Certification of testing organizations and divisions 34
Test method certification 15
Test type 4
Type of control 85
Reproducibility of methods and test results 21
Test data 22
Trials 1
Attestation tests 51
Biological tests 70
Departmental tests 41
State tests 39
Boundary tests 79
Finishing tests 42
Research tests 35
Inspection tests 49
Qualification tests 45
Climatic tests 63
Structural tests 42
Control tests 36
Laboratory tests 53
Magnetic tests 68
Interdepartmental tests 40
Mechanical tests 62
Testing with Models 57
Safety tests 77
Reliability testing 76
Identification tests 38
Strength tests 73
Transportability tests 78
Stability tests 74
Field tests 56
Non-destructive tests 71
Tests normal 59
Periodic tests 48
Field tests 55
Preliminary tests 43
Bearer tests 46
Acceptance tests 47
Acceptance tests 44
Verification tests 50
Radiation tests 65
Destructive tests 72
Certification tests 52
Reduced tests 61
Comparative tests 37
Bench tests 54
Thermal tests 64
Technological tests 80
Type tests 50
Tests accelerated 60
Functional tests 75
Chemical tests 69
Operational tests 58
Electrical tests 107
Electromagnetic tests 66
Visual control 114
Selective control 105
Input control 100
Measuring control 111
Inspection control 103
Product quality control 82
Volatile control 106
Continuous monitoring 107
Non-destructive testing 110
Operational control 101
Organoleptic control 113
Periodic control 108
Acceptance control 102
Production control 98
Destructive control 109
Registration control 112
Continuous control 104
Technical control 81
Operational control 99
Test layout 10
Test Method 11
Test model 9
Control method 87
Destructive control method 88
Non-destructive control method 89
Test Method 14
Test equipment 17
Control sample 93
Scope of control 86
Test scope 12
Test object 6
Object of technical control 84
Experimental sample 8
Stronghold of the parent organization for state testing 33
Test organization 26
Lead organization for state testing of products 27
Technical inspection 115
Product quality assessment 83
Probation Unit 31
Subdivision test basic 32
Test site 25
Feature controlled 91
Test program 13
Test report 24
Test result 23
Test System 19
Control system 94
Automated control system 96
Automatic control system 97
Departmental control system 95
Test tools 16
Control 90
Test conditions 2
Test conditions normal 3
Control point 92
Accuracy of test results 20
Departmental testing center 30
State testing center 28
Republican testing center (regional) 29
(Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).
ENGLISH INDEX OF TERMS 1
Accelerated test 60
Acceptance inspection 102
Acceptance test 44
Accuracy of test results 20
Amount of inspection 86
Approval of test procedure * 15
Approval test 47
Assessment of product quality 83
Automated control system 96
Automatic control system 97
Base testing division of head organization 32
Biological test 70
Casual inspection** 106
Category test 5
Certification of test equipment * 18
Certification of testing organizations and divisions * 34
Certification test 52
Characteristic under control 91
Comparative test 37
Continuous inspection 107
Control by measurement 111
Departmental management system 95
Departmental test 11
Departmental testing center 30
Destructive inspection 110
Destructive inspection method 88
Destructive test 72
Development test 42
Durability test 76
electric test 67
Electromagnetic test 66
environmental test 63
Evaluation test * 51
Extent of test 12
Field inspection 99
Functional test 75
Head organization for state product test 27
Incoming inspection 100
In-process test * 80
100% inspection 104
Inspection check-up 103
inspection means 90
Inspection method 87
Inspection system 94
Inspection test 49
Interdepartmental test 40
Investigation test 35
Item under inspection 84
item under test 6
Laboratory test 53
Magnetic test 68
Manufacturing Supervision 98
marginal test 79
mechanical test 62
Mode of inspection 85
Non-destructive inspection 110
Non-destructive inspection method 89
Non-destructive test 71
Normal test conditions 3
Operational inspection 101
Organoleptic inspection 113
Periodical inspection 108
Periodical test 48
Point of inspection 92
Predelivery test*46
Preliminary test 43
Product quality assessment 83
Product quality inspection 82
Qualification test 45
Radiation test 65
Reference specimen 93
Registration control ** 112
Reliability test 76
Reproducibility of test methods and results 21
Republican (regional) testing center** 29
Sampling inspection 105
Stability test 74
Stale testing center 28
strength test 73
Technical check-up 115
test conditions 2
test equipment 17
Test procedure 14
Test with modeling 57
Test division 31
Testing (proving) ground 25
Testing organization 26
Testing station accredited by head organization 33
Transportability test 75
Verification test in situ * 55
Visual inspection 114
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TERMS IN FRENCH 1
Agrement des organismes et des unites d'essais 34
Caractere a controller 91
Category d'essais 5
Center national d'essais 28
Center republicain (regional) d'essais 29
Center sectoriel d'essais 30
Certification de la procedure d'essais 15
Certification de 1'equipment d'essais 14
Conditions d'essais 2
Conditions d'essais normales 3
Controle a 100% 101
Controle a 1’entree 100
Controle continu 107
Controle de fabrication 98
Controle de la qualite des produits 82
Controle de reception 102
Controle des operations* 101
Controle destructif 109
Controle en utilization 99
Controle non-destructif 110
Controle organoleptique 113
Controle par echantillonnage 105
Controle par enregistrement 112
Controle par mesures 111
Controle periodique 108
Controle sectoriel 93
Control technique 81
Control visual 114
Controle volant 106
Donnees d'essais 22
Echantillon pour essai 7
Equipement d'essais 17
Essais acceleres 60
Essais au bank 54
Essais au terrain 55
Essais avec utilization des modeles * 57
Essais biologists 70
Essais climatiques 63
Essais comparatifs 37
Essais d'acceptance 44
Essais d'aptitude au transport 78
Essais d'attestation * 51
Essay decertification 52
Essais de controle 36
Essais de determination 38
Essais d'endurance * 73
Essais de fiabilite 76
Essais de finition 42
Essais de labouratoire 53
Essay de presentation 46
Essais de radiation 65
Essais de recherches 35
Essais de resistance chimique 69
Essais de stabilite * 74
Essais destructits 72
Essais de qualification 45
Essais de reception 47
Essais de securite 77
Essais de technicite** 80
Essais inspection*49
Essais electriqucs 67
Essais electromagnetiques 6
Essais functionnels 75
Essais in situ 56
Essais intersectoriels 40
Essais limits 79
Essais magneliques 68
Essais mecaniques 62
Essais non-destructifs 71
Essais normaux 59
Essais ofticiels 39
Essais periodiques 48
Essais pratiques 58
Essais preliminaires 43
Essais secloriels 41
Essais thermiques 64
Essais tronques 61
Estimation de la qualite des produits 83
Maquelle pour essais 10
Methode de controle 87
Methode d'essais 11
Methode destructive 88
Methode non-destructive 89
Modele pour essais 9
Moyen de controle 90
Moyen d'essais 16
Objet a essayer 6
Objet a controller 84
Organisme d'essais 26
Organisme pilote pour les essais officiels des produits 27
Point de controle 92
Precision des resultats d'essais 20
Procedure d'essais 14
Proces verbal d'essais 24
Program d'essais 13
Reproducibility des methodes et resultsats d "essais 21
Resultats d'essais 23
Specimen temoin 93
Systeme de controle automatique 97
Systeme de controle automatise 96
Systeme d'essais 19
Systeme du controle 94
Systeme du controle sectoriel 95
Taille des essays * 12
Taille du controle*86
Terrain d'essais 25
Type de controle 85
Type d'essais 4
Unite d'essais 31
Unite d'essais de base d'un organisme pilote ** 32
Visit technique 115
1 Terms marked with a single asterisk (*) are approximate equivalents; terms marked with two asterisks (**) should be considered translations; terms without designations are full equivalents. (Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).
ATTACHMENT 1
Reference
EXPLANATION TO SOME TERMS
To the term "Tests" (clause 1)
Experimental definition characteristics of the properties of an object during testing can be carried out by using measurements, analyses, diagnostics, organoleptic methods, by registering certain events during testing (failures, damages), etc. Characteristics of the properties of an object during testing can be evaluated if the task of testing is to obtain quantitative or qualitative estimates, but can be controlled if the task of testing is only to establish the compliance of the characteristics of the object with the specified requirements. In this case, the tests are reduced to control. Therefore, a number of types of tests are control tests, during which the task of control is solved. The most important feature of any test is the adoption of certain decisions based on their results. of the object functioning. Determination of the characteristics of the object during testing can be carried out both during the functioning of the object and in the absence of functioning, in the presence of impacts, before or after their application.
To the term "Test conditions" (clause 2)
The test conditions include external influencing factors, both natural and artificially created, as well as internal influences caused by the operation of the object (for example, heating caused by friction or the passage of electric current) and the modes of operation of the object, methods and place of its installation, mounting, fastening, travel speed, etc. (Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).
To the term "Normal test conditions" (clause 3)
Normal test conditions (values of influencing factors, modes of operation) must be specified in the NTD for test methods for specific types of products. So, for example, normal climatic conditions tests for various kinds of other technical products. Normal conditions for performing linear and angular measurements, etc.
A wide range of types of tests combined in the category of tests is characterized by organizational features of their implementation, namely, the level (state, interdepartmental, departmental tests), development stages (preliminary, acceptance), various types of tests of finished products (qualification, acceptance, periodic , typical, etc.). Based on the results of all these tests, an assessment of the object as a whole is made and an appropriate decision is made - on the possibility of presenting the product for acceptance tests, on putting the product into production, on the completion of mastering mass production, on the possibility of its continuation, on assigning a product to one or another quality category, etc.
To the term "Test Object" (clause 6)
The main feature of the test object is that, based on the results of its tests, one or another decision is made on this object - on its suitability or rejection, on the possibility of presenting it for the next test, on the possibility of serial production, and others. Depending on the type of product and the test program, the object tests can be a single product or a batch of products subjected to complete or selective control, a separate sample or a batch of products from which a sample specified in the RTD is taken. The object of testing can be a mock-up or model of the product and the decision based on the test results can relate directly to the mock-up or model. However, if, when testing a product, some of its elements have to be replaced by models for testing or certain characteristics of the product are determined on models, then the object of testing remains the product itself, the assessment of the characteristics of which is obtained on the basis of model testing. Examples: 1. A computer is being tested as part of input and output devices, a memory device, an arithmetic device, etc. The computer as a whole is considered to be the test object.2. One of several channels of the communication system is presented for testing. In this case, the test object is the given channel of the communication system.3. A batch of TVs with a volume of N. From N products are sampled in n products for which the characteristics of their properties are determined. Based on the use of selective evaluation and control methods, the test results apply to the entire batch of N TVs. In this case, the test object is the entire batch of N TVs.
To the term "Test Program" (clause 13)
The test program must contain test methods or references to them, if these methods are designed as independent documents.
To the term "Test Method" (clause 14)
The test procedure, which essentially determines the technological process of their implementation, can be drawn up in an independent document or in a test program, or in a regulatory and technical document for products (standards, specifications). The test procedure must be certified.
To the term "Means of testing" (clause 16)
The term test means covers any technical means used in testing. This includes, first of all, test equipment (clause 17), which refers to the means of reproducing test conditions (clause 2). Test tools include measuring instruments, both built into the test equipment and used in tests to measure certain characteristics of an object or control test conditions. Test tools should also include auxiliary technical devices for fixing the test object, recording and processing results. Test tools also include basic and auxiliary substances and materials (reagents, etc.) used in testing.
To the term "Test system" (clause 19)
The main characteristic feature of any testing system is the presence of some organized set of performers (organizations or individuals) who have the necessary testing tools and interact with certain test objects according to established rules. In this sense, they speak, for example, of a system for testing agricultural machines, based on the machine-testing stations of the State Committee for Agricultural Engineering; on the system of state testing of measuring instruments, based on metrological institutes and regulated by the relevant state standards; on the system of state testing of the most important types of products, based on the parent organizations for state testing and regulated by the relevant set of regulatory documents.
to the term "Reproducibility of test methods and results” (p. 21)
The reproducibility of test methods and results, except for the test procedure (including the method, means, algorithm, etc.) may largely depend on the properties of the test object. If the object is, for example, a batch of products subjected to random tests, then such tests supplier and consumer tests may be carried out on identical samples taken from a given lot, in which case the heterogeneity of the products can significantly, sometimes decisively, affect the reproducibility of the test results. (Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).
To the term "Research tests" (p. 35)
Research tests are carried out with the aim of: determining or evaluating the quality indicators of the functioning of the tested object in certain conditions of its use; choosing the best modes of using the object or best performance properties of the object; comparison of many options for the implementation of the object in the design and certification; construction of a mathematical model of the functioning of the object (estimation of the parameters of the mathematical model); selection of significant factors affecting the quality indicators of the functioning of the object; selection of the type of mathematical model of the object (among a given set of options).
To the term "State tests" (p. 39)
By the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 695 of July 12, 1979, the concept of " state tests» extended to the most important types of products for industrial, technical and cultural purposes. The head organizations for state testing of these types of products, approved in accordance with the decree, are entrusted with conducting a wide range of state tests, including, along with acceptance tests, also tests of serial products, imported products, attestation and other types of tests. Accordingly, the content of the concept of "state tests" for these critical types of products has been changed. At the same time, for other major types of products that are not covered by the activities of the parent organizations, the previous content of the concept of "state tests" has been retained as acceptance tests conducted by the state commission with the addition of the possibility of their carried out by organizations to which such a right has been granted.
To the term "Interdepartmental tests" (p. 40)
For certain types products, the concept of “interdepartmental testing”, by decision of the ministries concerned, can apply only to certain categories of tests (for example, only to acceptance tests), regardless of the fact that representatives of different ministries may also participate in commissions for testing other categories.
To the term "Acceptance tests" (clause 44)
Acceptance tests of prototypes or batches of products are carried out to resolve the issue of the advisability of putting these products into production, and acceptance tests of single-piece production products are carried out to resolve the issue of the advisability of transferring these products to operation (GOST 15.001-88 *). * On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST R 15.201-2000 applies. (Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).
To the term "Acceptance tests" (clause 47)
Acceptance tests are usually carried out by the product manufacturer. If the manufacturer has a representative of the customer, acceptance tests are carried out by him in the presence of the representative of the manufacturer.
To the term "Certification tests" (p. 52)
The procedure and conditions for conducting certification tests are established in the certification documentation. Based on the results of these tests, the compliance of product quality with the requirements of national or international standards is checked.
To the term "Bench tests" (p. 54)
The concept of "test bench" in various industries is interpreted in different ways. So, for example, in the vibration testing technique, a vibration stand is understood to be a vibrating table on which the tested product is installed, and the whole complex of control and measurement tools together with the table is called a vibration installation. An engine test stand, on the contrary, includes the whole complex of tools necessary to carry out these tests. There are big discrepancies in the interpretation of this term and in foreign terminology. Since the term “test equipment” (clause 17) as a test tool for reproducing test conditions fully covers all interpretations of the concept of “test stand”, then, accordingly, the common term “bench tests” is defined as tests carried out on test equipment.
To the term "Field tests" (p. 56)
Full-scale tests are implemented if three main conditions are met: 1. The directly manufactured products (i.e., the test object) are subjected to tests without the use of models of the product or its components.2. Tests are carried out under conditions and under impacts on products that correspond to the conditions and impacts of use for the intended purpose.3. The determined characteristics of the properties of the test object are measured directly without using analytical dependencies that reflect the physical structure of the test object and its components. It is allowed to use the mathematical apparatus for statistical processing of experimental data. Examples: 1. An all-round radar station is presented for testing. The purpose of the test is to determine the detection range of this station aircraft(LA) of a given type with a given reflective surface. During the tests, aircraft flights with a given reflective surface are carried out along pre-selected routes, the radar detection range is determined directly (radar coordinates are known in advance, aircraft coordinates are known for any moment of time), the detection time is determined during testing. In this case, all three of the above conditions are met. Consequently, the radar is subjected to full-scale tests. Tests will remain full-scale if, instead of an aircraft, some physical body with characteristic movements close to the characteristics of an aircraft of a given type with a given reflective surface is used.2. Under the conditions of example 1, the tests are carried out without the use of an aircraft. During the tests, the sensitivity of the radar receiving path, the transmitter power, the frequency of the radiated energy, etc. are directly measured. The measurement results are substituted into the radar formula and the detection range of the radar is determined. In this case, the third of the above conditions is not met (in fact, a mathematical model is used - the radar formula) and the radar tests are not full-scale.
To the term "Tests using models" (paragraph 57)
Tests using models include carrying out calculations on mathematical or physical and mathematical models of the test object and (or) impacts on it in combination with full-scale tests of the object and its components (experimental-theoretical test method), as well as the use of a physical model of the test object or its constituent parts. Field test data are required as initial data for modeling, and are also used to verify the correct functioning of the test object (correct docking of the component parts of the object, the ability of the object to perform the tasks for which it is intended, etc.).
To the term "Performance tests" (clause 58)
One of the main types of operational tests is pilot operation. In addition, controlled operation can be carried out, which to some extent can also be conventionally referred to as operational tests. Controlled operation is a natural operation, the course and results of which are observed by personnel specially designed and trained for this purpose (additional or full-time) and guided by documentation also developed specifically for collecting, accounting and primary processing of information, the source of which is controlled operation.
To terms
"Mechanical tests" (p. 62),
"Climatic tests" (p. 63),
"Thermal tests" (p. 64),
"Radiation testing" (p. 65),
"Electrical tests" (p. 67)
"Electromagnetic testing" (p. 66)
"Magnetic tests" (p. 68),
"Chemical testing" (p. 69),
"Biological tests" (p. 70)
The listed types of tests are carried out to check the performance and (or) maintain the appearance of products within the limits established by the NTD, under conditions and (or) after exposure to these factors. (Changed edition. Rev. No. 1).
To the term "Technical control" (p. 81)
The essence of any control is reduced to the implementation of two main stages: 1. Obtaining information about the actual state of some object, about the signs and indicators of its properties. This information can be called primary.2. Comparison of primary information with pre-established requirements, norms, criteria, i.e. detection of compliance or non-compliance of actual data with the required (expected). Information about the discrepancy (discrepancy) between the actual and required data can be called secondary. The object, the data on the state and (or) properties of which are subject to comparison with the established requirements during control, can be a product or process (see explanations and examples for the term "Object of control") .In some cases, the time limit between the first and second stages of control is indistinguishable. In such cases, the first stage may not be clearly expressed or may be practically not observed. A typical example is the control of the size with a caliber, which is reduced to the operation of comparing the actual and maximum allowable size values. Further, the secondary information is used to develop appropriate control actions on the object subjected to control. In this sense, any control is always active. It should be noted in this regard that any control, in addition, should always be preventive to one degree or another, since secondary information can be used to improve the development, production and operation of products, to improve its quality, etc. However, the adoption decisions based on the analysis of secondary information, the development of appropriate control actions is no longer a part of control. This is the next stage of management, based on the results of control - an integral and essential part of any management. During technical control, primary information is compared with the technical requirements recorded in the regulatory documentation, with the signs of a control sample, with data recorded using a caliber, etc. At the stage of product development, technical control consists, for example, in checking the conformity of a prototype and (or ) the developed technical documentation, the rules for registration and the terms of reference. At the manufacturing stage, technical control covers the quality, completeness, packaging, labeling and quantity of products presented, the course (state) of production processes. At the stage of product operation, technical control consists, for example, in checking compliance with the requirements of operational and repair documentation.
To the term "Object of technical control" (p. 84)
The objects of technical control are objects of labor (for example, products of the main and auxiliary production in the form of products, materials, technical documentation, etc.) means of labor (for example, equipment industrial enterprises) and technological processes.
To the term "Checkpoint" (p. 92)
The control point of the control object can be a part (element) of the controlled object or be located at some distance from it (for example, monitoring the content of carbon monoxide in exhaust gases by its content in the atmosphere outside the pipe). A sensor is usually placed at the control point, the beginning of the output from the electrical circuit to measuring instrument etc. A control point is a designated sampling site for a substance.
To the term "Reference sample" (paragraph 93)
The control sample can be used to normalize quality indicators. When controlling the quality of products, it is allowed to use duplicates of control samples. A control sample of products should be distinguished from the basic sample of products used in its certification (establishing a quality category). its reproduction in products during the production process.
To the terms "Automatic control system" (p. 97), "Automated control system" (p. 96)
The automatic control system consists of controls that perform all the functions of controllers. In an automated control system, control tools perform only part of the functions of controllers.
To the term "Industrial control" (p. 98)
Production control, as a rule, covers all auxiliary, preparatory and technological operations.
To the term "Operational control" (p. 99)
The objects of operational control can be operated products and the operation process.
To the term "Flying control" (p. 106)
The effectiveness of flying control is determined by its suddenness, the rules for ensuring which must be specially developed. Volatile control, as a rule, is carried out directly at the place of manufacture, repair, storage, etc.
To the term "Organoleptic control" (p. 113)
Organoleptic control is based on the perceptions of the senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) of such information that is not presented in numerical terms. color shades, odor assessment, etc.). In organoleptic control, control means that are not measuring, but increase the resolution or susceptibility of the senses, can be used.
APPENDIX 2
Reference
Systematization of types of tests according to the main features
|
Sign of the type of tests |
Type of tests |
| Assignment of tests | Research |
| Control | |
| Comparative | |
| Determinants | |
| Level of testing | State |
| Interdepartmental | |
| Departmental | |
| Product Development Stages | Finishing |
| preliminary | |
| Acceptance | |
| Finished product testing | Qualifying |
| bearer | |
| Acceptance | |
| Periodic | |
| Inspection | |
| Typical | |
| Attestation | |
| Certification | |
| Conditions and place of testing | Laboratory |
| Poster | |
| Polygon | |
| Natural | |
| Model tests | |
| Operational | |
| Test duration | Normal |
| Accelerated | |
| Abbreviated | |
| Type of impact | Mechanical |
| climatic | |
| Thermal | |
| Radiation | |
| Electrical | |
| electromagnetic | |
| Magnetic | |
| Chemical | |
| Biological | |
| Impact result | non-destructive |
| Destructive | |
| Durability Tests | |
| Strength tests | |
| Stability tests | |
| Defined characteristics of the object | Functional |
| Reliability Tests | |
| Safety Tests | |
| Transportability Tests | |
| Boundary tests | |
| Technological tests |
Systematization of types of control according to the main features
|
Sign of the type of control |
Type of control |
| Stage of creation and existence of products | Industrial |
| Operational | |
| Stage of the production process | Input |
| Operating | |
| Acceptance | |
| Inspection | |
| Completeness of control coverage | Solid |
| Selective | |
| Volatile | |
| Continuous | |
| Periodic | |
| Influence on the object of control | destructive |
| non-destructive | |
| Application of controls | Measuring |
| Registration | |
| Organoleptic | |
| Visual | |
| Technical inspection |
We also recommend
Loading...