Types and procedure for testing products. S. Goryunova, L. PetukhovaOrganization of control and testing of products. Technological quality assurance

INTRODUCTION

AT last years Increasing attention is being paid to conformity assessment of products, both nationally and internationally. To do this, the products are tested for compliance with international or national standards in accredited testing laboratories. Such tests are carried out primarily in terms of safe use and protection. environment. At the same time, for the purposes of certification, testing centers conduct not only testing of samples, but also periodic inspection tests of certified products to control the stability of their quality at enterprises.

The complexity of tests increases, the number of repeated tests increases. This is of particular interest in guaranteeing the reliability of the results.

There is a problem of mutual recognition of test results. Mutual recognition is the basis for reducing the need for retesting and the associated costs of material, labor and financial resources, as well as the time on the way from the supplier to the consumer.

The task of establishing trust in testing laboratories through their accreditation has become important - certifying their competence and equipment, ensuring the possibility of conducting tests at the proper level of testing fixed types of products or conducting fixed types of tests.

A special international organization has been created - the International Conference on Accreditation of Testing Laboratories - IPAC, in which all developed countries participate. IPAC collects and summarizes information on the status of this case in various countries and prepares relevant recommendations for ISO and other international organizations. A number of ISO, IEC, OIML, EOCC recommendations have been developed on the issues of mutual recognition of test results and requirements for the competence of testing laboratories claiming to recognize the results of their tests on a national and international scale.

Tests in modern world received an extremely wide scope. Without them, production is unthinkable. Tens of thousands of enterprise laboratories conduct hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of product tests every day during the manufacturing process. Testing or research laboratories, centers, test sites, together with production units form the quality industry. The problem of ensuring the quality of products today has taken on an all-Russian character, has become a paramount task of the state. The correct policy of the state in the field of quality can be the foundation of a system of measures to protect consumer market from poor quality products.

Requirements for product quality are constantly increasing. Therefore, special attention has been paid to the following issues:

– rational organization and rational testing;

– ensuring the reliability and unity of their results;

– the need for a significant expansion of the types of tests;

- increasing their complexity and labor intensity.

1. Goals and objectives of testing and control

Tests are an integral part of the relationship between the customer and the manufacturer of products, the manufacturer of the final product and enterprises - subcontractors, supplier and consumer in domestic and international trade.

Tests can be considered the source of almost all reliable information about the properties and quality of products at all stages of its life cycle. Tests are the basis for improving the design, manufacturing technology, Maintenance during operation. A synonym for the concept of "test" is an experiment. AT federal law"O technical regulation“research” and “measurement” are defined as such synonyms. Measurement is much broader than the concept of “testing”, although under certain conditions it may coincide.

The set of tests for different stages product life cycle - development, production, operation (consumption) - constitutes a test system.

Tests begin when forming terms of reference when the customer and the designer carefully study the properties of the best analogues, their individual elements.

At the stage of designing a prototype, individual samples are studied with the help of tests, and the correctness of engineering solutions is checked.

After acceptance testing and the start of mass production, the products are accompanied by other types of tests. When accepting products, the quality control department conducts acceptance tests, and after certain time periodic tests.

Thus, a certain system of tests is formed throughout the life cycle of products. A similar cycle can be traced for any other product. For example, construction materials, Rubber products, building construction, light products, Food Industry, agricultural raw materials. For each type of product, tests have their own specifics, however, and here they accompany it from creation to consumption. The test system has a multi-level character. It is an integral part of the organization of society, important element technological process creation, production and use of products and begins with the laboratories of the enterprise.

The main purpose of testing is an objective assessment of product quality at all stages of its life cycle. At the same time, quality is understood as a set of product properties that determine its suitability to satisfy needs in accordance with its purpose. According to GOST R ISO 9000-2008, quality is the degree of compliance of inherent characteristics with requirements.

The objective of the test is to obtain quantitative and qualitative assessments characteristics of the object, i.e. evaluating the ability of products to perform the required functions.

The task of control is to establish the compliance of the characteristics of an object with those specified in normative documentation requirements. This problem is solved according to the test results.

The goals and objectives of the tests are set depending on their type. So, during research tests, the characteristics and properties of the product intended for development are determined. Such tests are carried out at the stage of research development on a specially created layout.

Preliminary tests are carried out at the stage of completion of experimental design in order to determine the possibility of presenting the product for acceptance testing.

The purpose of acceptance testing is to establish the conformity of products with the requirements and to resolve the issue of the advisability of putting the tested products into production.

A prerequisite for all types of tests is to obtain reliable, objective information about the metrological, technical, operational characteristics, properties of the product, ensuring the unity and reliability of test results.

Unity and reliability of test results

– create conditions for mutual recognition of test results by the supplier and the consumer,

– are the basis for an objective assessment of the characteristics of the tested products,

– allow to exclude or significantly reduce the number and scope of tests.

Reliability and reproducibility of test results are ensured by:

- the use of certified exemplary measuring instruments (OSI), test equipment, programs and test methods;

– the stability of the characteristics of the product under test,

- the absence or minimal influence on the characteristics of the product of external influencing factors during transportation, storage, operation.

To obtain information about the quality of products at all stages of the life cycle, tests and technical control are used.

The criterion for assessing quality is the degree of compliance of the actual values ​​of parameters and quality indicators with the requirements of regulatory documentation.

According to GOST R ISO 9000-2008:

trial is the determination of one or more characteristics according to an established procedure;

control – a procedure for evaluating conformity by observation and judgment, followed by appropriate measurements, tests or calibrations.

Characteristic is a distinctive feature.

Procedure - an established way of carrying out an activity or process.

Process - a set of interrelated and interacting activities that transforms inputs and outputs.

According to GOST 16504 trials called experimental definition quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the properties of the test object as a result of exposure to it, during its operation, when modeling the object and impacts.

technical control called verification of compliance of the product with the established technical requirements.

Differences between testing and technical control

1. Tests are carried out when the product is exposed to certain external factors, and technical control - under normal climatic conditions.

2. A sample of products is subjected to testing, and usually 100% of products are subject to technical control.

3. Tests are carried out in strict accordance with the program and methodology established by the technical documentation, and control can be carried out suddenly (volatile).

Technical control is performed not only to determine the values ​​of parameters finished products, but also to assess the state of technical documentation at the stage of development and production.

4. Based on the test results, certain decisions are made about the condition of the tested products and their further use.

The test results cannot be used for automatic control of technological processes, in contrast to the results of technical control.

2. Classification of types of tests

Type of tests - this is a classification grouping of tests according to a certain attribute(GOST 16504-81).

Classification of types of tests can be carried out according to various criteria:

- depending on the objectives of the tests (control, research);

- depending on the stage of the product life cycle;

- by the level of implementation;

- by duration;

- according to the place and conditions of the event, etc.

Depending on the stages of the product life cycle (Fig. 1), the following tests are carried out: at the research stage - research; at the development stage - finishing, preliminary, acceptance; at the production stage - qualification, bearer, acceptance, periodic, standard, certification, inspection; at the stage of operation - controlled operation, operational periodic, inspection.

Research tests are carried out to study the behavior of an object with a particular external influencing factor (WWF) or if not required volume information. Most often this happens when the object is not sufficiently studied, for example, when research work, design, selection of optimal methods of storage, transportation, repair and maintenance.

Exploratory tests are often carried out as identification and evaluative tests. Target defining tests – finding the values ​​of one or more quantities with a given accuracy and reliability. At assessment tests establish the fact of the validity of an object, that is, determine whether a given instance from a number of objects of a given type satisfies established requirements or not.

Tests carried out to control the quality of an object are called control . The purpose of control tests is to check for compliance with the technical conditions of certain copies of components or constituent parts during manufacture.

Finishing tests carried out at the R&D stage to assess the impact of technical documentation changes to ensure that the specified values ​​of product quality indicators are achieved.

Target preliminary tests - determination of the possibility of presenting samples for acceptance tests. Tests are carried out in accordance with the standard or specifications. The need for testing is determined by the developer. The program of preliminary tests is as close as possible to the operating conditions of the product. The organization of the tests is the same as in the finishing tests.

Acceptance tests are carried out to determine the feasibility and possibility of putting products into production. Acceptance tests of single-piece production products are carried out to resolve the issue of the feasibility of transferring these products into operation. Experimental and prototype samples (batches) of products are subjected to tests.

Qualification tests carried out in the following cases: when assessing the readiness of an enterprise for the production of serial products, if manufacturers prototypes and serial products are different, as well as when putting into production products under licenses and products mastered at another enterprise.

Acceptance tests carried out to decide on the suitability of products for delivery or use. Tests are subjected to each manufactured unit of production or a sample from the batch.

Tests are carried out by the manufacturer's technical control service. A customer representative may be involved. During testing, the values ​​of the main parameters and the performance of the product are monitored.

Periodic testing carried out for the purpose of:

– periodic quality control of products;

- control of the stability of the technological process in the period between the next tests;

– confirmation of the possibility of continuing the manufacture of products according to current documentation and their acceptance;

– confirmation of the effectiveness of the test methods used in the acceptance control.

Periodic tests are intended for products of established serial (mass) production. During their implementation, the values ​​of indicators are controlled, which depend on the stability of the technological process, but are not checked during acceptance tests.

Type tests - control of products of the same standard size, according to a single methodology, which is carried out to assess the feasibility of changes made to the design or technological process.

Tests are subjected to product samples, in the design or technological process of which changes have been made. These tests are carried out by a testing organization. The test program is set depending on the nature of the changes made.

Inspection tests carried out selectively in order to control the stability of the quality of the samples finished products in operation. They are carried out by specially authorized organizations (state supervision bodies, organizations engaged in foreign trade operations) in accordance with the regulatory documentation for these products according to the program established by the inspection organization.

Certification tests are carried out to determine the compliance of products with safety and environmental requirements, and in some cases, the most important indicators of product quality: reliability, efficiency, etc.

Certification tests are an element of a system of measures aimed at confirming the compliance of the actual characteristics of products with the requirements of normative documents in order to obtain reliable information in the relationship between manufacturers and consumers of products. Certification tests are usually carried out by test centers independent of the manufacturer. Based on the test results, a certificate or mark of conformity of products to the requirements of ND is issued. Certification implies mutual recognition of test results by the supplier and consumer of products, which is especially important in foreign trade operations.

Controlled operation are carried out to confirm the compliance of products with the requirements of normative documents in the conditions of its use, to obtain additional information on reliability, recommendations for eliminating shortcomings, and increasing the efficiency of use. For controlled operation, samples are isolated, which create conditions close to operational ones. The results of controlled operation are included in the notifications sent by the consumer to the manufacturer.

Operational Periodic tests are carried out to determine the possibility of further operation of the product in the event that a change in its quality indicator can create a threat to safety, health, and the environment. Each unit of operated products is subjected to tests at established intervals of operating time or calendar time. Tests are carried out by state supervision bodies or the consumer. They control the compliance of products with safety and environmental standards and requirements, as well as with the standards that determine the effectiveness of its use.

It is allowed to combine the following categories of tests:

- preliminary with finishing;

- acceptance rooms with acceptance and delivery rooms - for single-piece production;

- acceptance with qualification;

- periodic with standard - with the consent of the customer (main consumer);

- certification with acceptance and periodic.

Tests are carried out at the following levels:

- state - for acceptance, qualification, inspection, certification and periodic;

- interdepartmental - for acceptance, qualification and inspection tests;

- departmental - acceptance, qualification and inspection tests.

Tests the most important types production, technical and cultural and household purposes conducted in the parent organizations for testing these types of products are called state . Thus, along with acceptance tests, that is, tests for issuing a permit for mass production, state tests may include qualification, periodic, inspection and certification tests. AT state tests representatives of all interested ministries (departments) take part.

Interdepartmental testing are carried out, as a rule, during acceptance tests, when representatives of several ministries (departments) take part in the commission.

Departmental tests - these are tests conducted by a commission of representatives of the interested ministry (department).

According to the conditions and place of the test, there can be:

laboratory conducted in laboratory conditions;

bench conducted on test equipment in testing or research departments;

polygon conducted at the test site, such as vehicle tests;

natural - testing under conditions appropriate conditions its intended use;

model testing are carried out on a physical model (simplified, reduced) of the product or its components.

According to the duration or temporal completeness of the test, there can be:

normal when the methods and conditions of carrying out ensure the receipt of the necessary amount of information about the characteristics of the properties of the product (object) in the same time interval as in the envisaged operating conditions;

accelerated when the methods and conditions of carrying out provide obtaining the necessary information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in a shorter period than during normal tests. Accelerated testing allows you to reduce the cost and time spent on product development. Acceleration of obtaining test results can be achieved by applying increased loads, increasing temperatures during thermal tests, etc.;

abbreviated when tests are carried out according to an abbreviated program.

According to the result of exposure, as in control methods, tests can be:

non-destructive - the test object after testing can function (be operated);

destructive - the object after testing cannot be used for operation.

And, finally, tests according to the determined characteristics of the object are classified into:

functional conducted in order to determine the values ​​of the indicators of the purpose of the object;

reliability conducted to determine the reliability indicators under given conditions;

strength conducted to determine the values ​​of influencing factors in order to exceed the value of certain characteristics of the object beyond the established limits or its destruction;

sustainability , carried out to control the ability of the product to perform its functions and maintain the parameter values ​​within the limits established by the normative documents during exposure to certain factors (aggressive media, shock wave, electric field, radiation, etc.);

safety conducted in order to establish a safety factor for the service personnel or persons related to the test object;

transportability conducted in order to determine the possibility of transporting an object in a particular container, without violating the ability of the object to perform its functions and maintain parameter values ​​within the limits;

boundary conducted to determine the dependencies between the maximum permissible values ​​of the object's parameters and the operating mode;

technological conducted during the manufacture of products in order to assess (ensure) its manufacturability.

The concept of certification and the history of its development

The term "certification" was first formulated and defined by the Certification Committee (CERTICO) international organization for standardization (ISO).

Currently, certification of conformity refers to the act of a third party proving that it provides the necessary confidence that a properly identified product, process or service conforms to a particular standard or other normative document.

First, certification is now directly related to the action of a third party, which is a person or body recognized as independent of the parties involved in the matter under consideration.

Secondly, the Conformity Assessment Action is carried out properly, which indicates the existence of a strict certification system that has certain rules, procedures and management.

Thirdly, the scope of conformity certification is expanding significantly. Currently, products, processes and services are subject to it, including quality management processes in enterprises (quality systems) and personnel.

Scope of certification

As already noted, certification is divided into mandatory and voluntary. Recently, mandatory certification is often referred to as certification in the legally regulated area, and voluntary certification in the legally unregulated area. Let's consider the reasons for the division of certification distribution areas.

Mandatory certification applies to products and services related to ensuring the safety of the environment, life, health and property. Legislated requirements for these goods must be met by all manufacturers in the domestic market and importers when imported into Russia. The range of goods and services subject to mandatory certification in Russian Federation, is determined by the State Standard of Russia in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Protection of Consumer Rights".

Objects of mandatory certification:

Products:

· products machine-building complex;

goods of electrical, electronic and instrument-making industries;

· Medical equipment;

goods of agricultural production and food products;

light industry goods;

goods of primary industries and woodworking;

· funds personal protection respiratory organs;

pyrotechnic products;

veterinary biologicals.

household;

· passenger transport;

Tourist and excursion;

trade;

· Catering;

Others.

Voluntary certification is carried out in cases where strict compliance with the requirements of existing standards or other regulatory documentation for products, services or processes is not provided by the state, i.e. when standards or norms do not relate to safety requirements and are voluntary for a commodity producer, for example, a series of standards GOST R ISO 9000 on models of quality systems in enterprises. Need in voluntary certification appears, as a rule, when non-compliance with standards or other regulations for objects of certification affects the economic interests of large financial and industrial groups, industries and services. On fig. groups of objects of voluntary certification are given. Consider the features of certification of these groups.

Objects of voluntary certification:

Products:

· production and technical direction;

social and household direction.

material;

intangible.

Enterprise quality systems:

during design, development, production, installation and maintenance;

during production, installation and maintenance;

· Inspection and testing of finished products.

Personnel in the area:

· non-destructive testing;

valuation of land, real estate, vehicles;

welding, etc.

Voluntary certification is subject to products for which there are no mandatory safety requirements. At the same time, its implementation limits access to the market for low-quality products by checking such indicators as reliability, aesthetics, economy, etc. At the same time, voluntary certification does not replace the mandatory one, and its results are not grounds for banning (supplying) products. It is primarily aimed at fighting for the client. This fully applies to voluntary certification of services.

The standard establishes the basic principles for organizing work on certification of quality systems (industries). Certification must ensure: voluntariness; non-discriminatory access to participation in certification processes; objectivity of assessments; reproducibility of evaluation results; confidentiality; information content; specialization of bodies for certification of quality systems (production); verification of compliance with the requirements for products (services) in the legally regulated area; the credibility of the applicant's evidence of the compliance of the quality system with regulatory requirements. Let's look at these principles in more detail.

Voluntariness. Certification is carried out only at the initiative of the applicant in the presence of a written application from him (unless otherwise provided by law).

Non-discriminatory access to participation in certification processes. All organizations that have submitted an application and recognize the principles, requirements and rules established in it are allowed to be certified in the register. Any discrimination of the applicant and any participant in the certification process is excluded (the price is too high in comparison with other applicants, unjustified delay in terms, unjustified refusal to accept the application, etc.).

Objectivity of assessments. It is ensured by the independence of the certification body and the experts involved by it from the applicant or other parties interested in the results of assessment and certification, as well as the completeness of the composition of the commission of experts (hereinafter referred to as the commission).

In the aggregate, the certification commission must know the standards for the quality system, master the technique of verification, know the features of production and regulatory requirements To her. The committee must include a specialist in the field of economic activity(sectors of the economy). If necessary, experts in metrology, economics, etc. may be included in the commission.

Fundamentals of certification testing

Measurement, testing and control are methods of conformity assessment for certification. The features of their application are determined by the tasks that the testing laboratory solves when certifying products (Table 2.1).

Test task- obtaining quantitative or qualitative assessments of product characteristics, i.e. assessment of the ability to perform the required functions in given conditions. This task is solved in testing laboratories; its solution is a prepared test report indicating the product parameters.

Table 2.1. Correlation of concepts

"measurement", "test", "control"

	Target	Quality	Accuracy rate
Measurement	Determining the value of a quantity (parameter)	The degree of closeness of the measurement results to the actual value	Measurement error ∆ meas
Trial	The same for given modes and influencing factors that determine the value of the quantity (parameter)	The same for given test modes and influencing factors	∆ and =∆ r + ∆ f + ∆ meas, where ∆ r is the mode error; ∆ f - error of factors
Control	Establishing the fact that a value (parameter) is within a given tolerance for given test modes and influencing factors	Degree of confidence that the parameter is within acceptable limits	Probability of type I and II errors, taking into account ∆ and

Control task– establishing the conformity of product characteristics with those specified in normative documents requirements, including test results. This task is solved by the experts of the certification body on the basis of the test report. Therefore, the task of control can be called the task of expert evaluation.

When certifying products, both of these operations are associated with parameter measurements. Certification systems for quality systems and services provide for conformity assessment without the use of measuring equipment using visual or organoleptic methods (audits, inspections, surveys, etc.). When certifying personnel, a certification exam is carried out according to established rules.

Control of objects or stages of the production process can be periodical- carried out after a certain period of time (hours, days, months); continuous- ongoing (permanently). Depending on the means of control, control is distinguished: visual when the object of control is subjected to inspection and its compliance with the requirements of the NTD is determined (whether all operations have been completed, the presence of marking, accompanying documentation); organoleptic- subjective method of control, carried out by specialists-experts (assessment in points); instrumental- control through measuring tool, calibers, instruments, stands, testing machines, etc. The latter type of control can be manual, automated and automatic.

Depending on the volume of production, control is distinguished solid, in which the decision on the quality of controlled products is made based on the results of checking each unit of products; selective, in which the quality decision is made based on the results of checking one or more samples (depending on the requirements of the NTD) from a batch or product stream.

By the nature of the impact on the course production process Distinguish between active and passive control. At active control (it is carried out by devices built into technological equipment) the results obtained are used to continuously control the manufacturing process of products. Passive control only fixes the result.

By the nature of the impact on the object, control can be destructive at which the product becomes unsuitable for further use for its intended purpose, and non-destructive.

According to the type of parameters being checked, control is distinguished geometric parameters(linear, angular dimensions, shape and location of surfaces, axes, parts, components and assemblies, etc.), physical properties (electrical, heat engineering, optical, etc.), mechanical properties (strength, hardness, ductility at various external conditions); micro- and macrostructures(metallographic studies); chemical properties (chemical analysis of the composition of the substance, chemical resistance in various environments), as well as special control(light, gas impermeability, tightness).

Depending on the stage of the product life cycle, the following tests are carried out:

research - research;

development - finishing, preliminary, acceptance;

production - qualification, bearer, acceptance, periodic, standard, inspection, certification;

operation - controlled operation, operational periodic, inspection

Research tests if necessary, carried out at any stage of the product life cycle. In the process of production, purchased materials, components can be subjected to control tests during incoming control, and components of own production - during operational control.

Exploratory tests are often carried out as identification and evaluative tests. Target defining tests - finding the values ​​of one or more quantities with a given accuracy and reliability. Sometimes, during testing, it is only necessary to establish the fact of the suitability of the object, i.e. determine whether a given instance of a number of objects of a given type satisfies the established requirements or not. Such tests are called appraisal.

Tests carried out to control the quality of an object are called control. The purpose of control tests is to check for compliance with the technical conditions of certain copies of components or components during manufacture. As a result of the tests, the data obtained are compared with those established in specifications and make a conclusion on the compliance of the tested (controlled) object with the normative and technical documentation (documentation for the supply of components).

Finishing tests are carried out at the R&D stage to assess the impact of changes made to the technical documentation in order to ensure that the specified values ​​​​of product quality indicators are achieved. The need for testing is determined by the developer either when drawing up the terms of reference for development, or during the development process; he draws up a program and a test procedure.

Target preliminary tests- determination of the possibility of presenting samples for acceptance tests. Tests are carried out in accordance with the standard or organizational and methodological document of the ministry, department, enterprise.

Acceptance tests are carried out to determine the feasibility and possibility of putting products into production. Acceptance tests of single-piece production products are carried out to resolve the issue of the feasibility of transferring these products into operation. Experimental or prototype samples (batches) of products are subjected to tests.

Acceptance tests are carried out to decide on the suitability of products for delivery or their use. Tests are subjected to each manufactured unit of production or a sample from the batch. Tests are carried out by the manufacturer's technical control service with the participation of a representative of the customer in specified cases.

The test procedure is established in state standard general technical requirements or technical conditions, and for single-piece production - in the terms of reference.

Periodic testing carried out for the purpose of:

Periodic quality control of products;

· monitoring the stability of the technological process in the period between successive tests;

confirmation of the possibility of continuing the manufacture of products according to the current documentation and their acceptance;

confirmation of the quality level of products released during the controlled period;

confirmation of the effectiveness of the test methods used in the acceptance control.

Periodic tests are intended for products of established serial (mass) production. During their implementation, the values ​​of indicators are controlled, which depend on the stability of the technological process, but are not checked during acceptance tests.

Inspection tests carried out selectively in order to control the stability of the quality of samples of finished products and products in operation. They are carried out by specially authorized organizations (bodies of state supervision, departmental control, organizations engaged in foreign trade operations, etc.) in accordance with the NTD for these products according to the program established by the organization that performs them, or agreed with it.

According to the conditions and place of conducting, tests are distinguished:

- laboratory carried out in the laboratory;

- bench conducted on test equipment in testing or research departments. Test equipment can be mass-produced, for example, vibration test benches, impact benches, etc., or it can be specially developed (designed and manufactured) in the process of creating a new product for testing it in order to obtain any characteristics (indicators);

- polygon performed at a test site, such as vehicle testing;

- natural– tests under conditions corresponding to the conditions of its intended use. In this case, not the components of the product or its model are tested, but only directly manufactured products. Characteristics of the properties of the product during field tests are determined directly without the use of analytical dependencies that reflect the physical structure of the test object or its parts;

- tests using models are carried out on a physical model (simplified, reduced) of the product or its components; sometimes during these tests it becomes necessary to carry out calculations on mathematical and physical-mathematical models in combination with full-scale tests of the object and its components.

According to the duration, or rather, according to the temporal completeness of the test, there can be:

- normal when the methods and conditions of carrying out ensure the receipt of the necessary amount of information about the characteristics of the properties of the product (object) in the same time interval as in the envisaged operating conditions;

- accelerated when the methods and conditions of carrying out provide obtaining the necessary information about the characteristics of the properties of the object in a shorter period than during normal tests. Accelerated testing allows you to reduce the cost and time spent on product development. Acceleration of obtaining test results can be achieved by applying increased loads, increasing temperatures during thermal tests, etc.;

- abbreviated held on a reduced program.

According to the result of exposure, as in control methods, tests are distinguished:

- non-destructive- the test object after testing can function (be operated);

- destructive- the object after testing cannot be used for operation;

Finally, according to the determined characteristics of the object, tests are distinguished:

- functional- are carried out in order to determine the indicators of the purpose of the object;

On the reliability- are carried out to determine the reliability indicators in given conditions;

On the strength- are carried out to establish the values ​​of influencing factors, in which certain characteristics of the object go beyond the established limits;

On the sustainability- are performed to control the ability of the product to implement its functions and maintain the parameter values ​​within the limits established by the NTD, during exposure to certain factors (aggressive media, shock wave, electric field, radiation, etc.);

On the safety- are carried out in order to confirm, establish a safety factor for the service personnel or persons related to the test object;

On the transportability- are carried out in order to determine the possibility of transporting an object in a particular container without violating the ability of the object to perform its functions and maintain parameter values ​​within the limits;

- boundary– are carried out to determine the dependencies between the maximum permissible values ​​of the parameters of the object and the operating mode.

The list of questions submitted for the exam on the course "Metrology, standardization, certification"

1. Measurements. Basic concepts and definitions.

2. Types of measurements. (Examples).

3. Measurement methods. (Examples).

4. Causes of errors. Methodical error.

5. Causes of errors. Instrumental, energy subjective errors. Examples.

6. Measurement errors: static and dynamic, systematic and random. Misses.

7. Measuring instruments (SI). Classification, definitions.

8. Normalized metrological characteristics SI.

9. Ways of expressing and normalizing the limits of permissible errors of SI. Accuracy class.

10 Indicators of measurement accuracy and forms of presentation of measurement results.

11. Characteristics of random errors

12. Technique of statistical processing of the results of observations.

13. Summation of errors.

14. Certification. Basic concepts and definitions. Objects of obligatory and voluntary certification.

15. Measurements, tests, control. Types and methods of product control.

16. Measurements, tests, control. Types and methods of product testing.