The value of the machine-building complex and its structure

Machine building complex is a complex cross-sectoral education covering mechanical engineering and metalworking. In turn, mechanical engineering includes many specialized industries that are similar in technology and raw materials used and create machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, at home, on transport, etc. Metalworking is an industry metal structures and products, as well as the repair of machinery and equipment. In addition, the complex includes "small metallurgy" - the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building enterprises.

Mechanical engineering is a necessary link in any industrial complex. No wonder it occupies a leading position in the structure of the world economy. modern life can hardly be imagined without the use of products engineering industry, which is very diverse in its content and includes both the production of elementary consumer goods, such as calculators, machine tools and household appliances, and the production of various high-speed supercomputers, satellites, luxury cars and airliners.

Modern mechanical engineering is developing at an increasingly rapid pace and already affects almost all areas of the economic and production activities human, deeply rooted in everyday life. Gradually, electronics, robotics, automotive and aerospace industries are becoming increasingly important in the structure of the industry.

Mechanical engineering can rightfully be considered the engine of progress, since the achievements of this particular industry, in particular electronics, largely contribute to the entry of mankind into the era of information society on the threshold of which we are now.

All this once again proves the great importance of the modern machine-building complex in the structure of the world economy, and also confirms the need for its further study, development and modernization.

The structure of mechanical engineering is very complex. At present, the structure of the machine-building complex includes 20 large complex industries, which include over 100 specialized sub-sectors and industries. The complex independent industries include: energy, metallurgical, mining and ore mining, hoisting and transport, railway, chemical and oil, tractor and agricultural, road construction and municipal engineering, diesel engineering, electrical engineering, machine-tool and tool industry, industry of intersectoral productions, instrumentation, computer industry, automotive, bearing industry, machine building for light and Food Industry, production of sanitary and gas equipment, shipbuilding, aviation industry, rocket science, arms and ammunition industry, radio and electronic industry.

In the volume of output of engineering products, 27.4% falls on the automotive industry, 12.3% - on electrical engineering and instrumentation, 10.3% - on heavy, energy and transport engineering, 6% - on chemical and petrochemical engineering, 2.4% - for mechanical engineering for light and food industries, 2.1% - for construction and road engineering, 1.9% - for the machine-tool industry, 1.8% - for tractor and agricultural engineering, over 35% - for defense and other sub-sectors.

The structure of domestic mechanical engineering is characterized by the fact that the production of means of production for heavy industry prevails, and is also characterized by a high degree of militarization, i.e. the share of military equipment is high, with a noticeable lag in the output of consumer goods and equipment for the non-manufacturing sector.

A feature of the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex is that over the years Soviet power in various areas former USSR the largest machine-building enterprises were created, producing almost all the necessary technological equipment for all sectors of the national economy. But the domestic engineering industry is characterized by an extremely high degree of territorial concentration, moreover, mainly in the European part of the country, and an insufficient level of specialization and intersectoral cooperation. In addition, many large machine-building plants and production associations were designed and formed as universal, according to the principle of "natural economy", with a full range of procurement, auxiliary and repair industries. Therefore, in the coming years, the sectoral, territorial and technological structure of mechanical engineering should undergo fundamental changes, the main directions of which should be improving product quality, deconcentration, increasing the level of specialization and cooperation of production, reducing irrational transport and other costs, saturating production with new technical means and technologies, which will ultimately lead to further economic growth of the country, increasing efficiency and productivity social labor and growth in the well-being of the population.

Classification of engineering industries depending on the features of the technical and economic specification and importance in the economy

Mechanical engineering is the most complex and differentiated branch of industry. Depending on the intended purpose of the products, it is divided into:

- energy;

- transport;

- agricultural;

- construction and road;

- production technological equipment for industry;

- railway;

- machine tool and tool;

- automotive engineering and other groups.

In the industry structure of mechanical engineering, all industries are divided into:

1.old- these are industries that have stabilized in their development, or are in decline;

2. new- industries that show some growth in production;

3. latest- Industries that are the main "catalysts" of scientific and technological revolution demonstrate rapid and sustainable growth.

The latest branches of engineering are science-intensive. These primarily include electronics, rocket science, robotics, nuclear engineering, sensor equipment, computer-aided design systems, etc. The production of computers, microprocessors, industrial robots, and communications equipment is growing at a faster pace.

At present, an almost completely independent branch of mechanical engineering, the electronics industry, stands out from the electrical engineering industry. This is the most important macrostructural change in the entire engineering industry. Noticeable shifts have taken place in the mesostructures of the engineering industries: in the transport industry, the importance of the automotive and aviation industries has sharply increased, sharply pushing shipbuilding and the production of rolling stock for railways. The rocket and space industry, which is still part of the aviation industry, is turning into an independent industry. Very big changes are taking place in the microstructures of the entire industry. New directions also ensure the creation of new technological processes, including automatic plants operating on "unmanned" technology.

Mechanical engineering industries are also subdivided depending on the location of production and features technological process on the.

ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING

the leading branch of the world industry, ranks first among all industries in terms of the number of employees and the value of products. Approximately 9/10 of all machine-building products are produced by developed countries, 1/10 - by developing countries. However, recently in Brazil, India, Argentina, Mexico, and the newly industrialized countries of Asia, mechanical engineering has reached a high level. The main machine-building regions: Sev. America, overseas Europe, Vost. and South East. Asia, CIS. MACHINE-BUILDING COMPLEX (MSC), a set of industries that produce equipment for all departments of the national economy, as well as many consumer goods. The task of the MSC is to provide the economy with more and more advanced machines. It includes more than 70 industries: instrument making, chemical, electrical, power engineering, machine tool building and tool industry, road construction, tractor engineering and automotive industry. Features that determine the geography of MSCs: science intensity (the latest industries - robotics, the production of computers, radio and television equipment is focused on research centers), labor intensity (machine tool building, aviation and electronics industries - are focused on the availability of qualified personnel), metal consumption (heavy engineering enterprises are focused on metallurgical bases), specialization and cooperation (factories are usually located in accordance with the placement of component suppliers), consumer orientation (special heavy equipment, such as grain harvesters or timber trucks, is produced in the areas of their operation).

Brief geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008 .

Mechanical engineering

one of the most important manufacturing industries. It is this industry that reflects the level of scientific and technological progress and the country's defense capability, and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. Modern mechanical engineering consists of a large number sub-sectors and industries. It is the most complex and differentiated branch of industry, which produces machines and machine tools, devices and assemblies, various mechanisms for industrial, domestic and military purposes, devices and equipment for scientific research. According to estimates, the world engineering produces St. 3 million types of individual products. According to the range of products, the features of the location of production and the technological process, the following are most often distinguished: general engineering (specializing in the production production equipment for all sectors of the economy), transport engineering, electronics with electrical engineering, instrumentation, power engineering, production of weapons and military equipment and a number of other industries. Machine-building enterprises are divided into full-cycle plants and assembly plants (these include enterprises that receive at least 50% of components from the outside). There is a classification of engineering industries according to the technical and economic features of production, which determine the main. differences in requirements for accommodation conditions: metal-intensive, labor-intensive and science-intensive engineering. In economically highly developed countries, engineering products account for 35–40% of the cost of industrial production, and 25–35% of all industrial workers are employed in it. In most developing countries (with the exception of the "newly industrialized" countries of Asia), mechanical engineering has less importance. The USA is the world leader in mechanical engineering, but Japan is rapidly catching up with them. This is followed by Germany and other Western European countries, as well as China, Rep. Korea, Brazil. In terms of exports of engineering products, Japan (¼), Germany (1/5), Italy, Switzerland, USA, about. Taiwan, UK.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

Synonyms:

See what "ENGINEERING" is in other dictionaries:

Engineering … Spelling Dictionary

Complex of manufacturing industries. Includes: general engineering, transport engineering, radio-electronic, electrical engineering, instrument-making industry, agricultural engineering, machine tool building, ... ...

The most important complex branch of the manufacturing industry, including: machine tool building, instrument making, energy, metallurgical, chemical, agricultural engineering (including tractor building); transport engineering ... ... Financial vocabulary

ENGINEERING, mechanical engineering, pl. no, cf. (those.). industrial production machines. "... Mechanical engineering is the main lever for the reconstruction of the national economy ..." Stalin. Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Publishing house, Moscow. Leads from 1931, modern name from 1964. Literature on design, device, manufacturing technology, operation of machinery and equipment, scientific and technical and production journals ... Large encyclopedic Dictionary - noun, number of synonyms: 39 aircraft engine building (2) aircraft rocket building (1) ... Synonym dictionary

mechanical engineering- — EN mechanical engineering The branch of engineering concerned with the design, construction, and operation of machines. (Source: CED)… … Technical Translator's Handbook

mechanical engineering- A group of industries producing automobiles (automotive industry), aircrafts(aircraft industry), river and sea ​​vessels(shipbuilding), machine tools and tools (machine tool industry) … Geography Dictionary

Mechanical engineering is the largest complex industry that determines the level of scientific and technological progress in the entire national economy, since it provides all industries with machines, equipment, instruments, and the population with consumer goods. It also includes metalworking, repair of machinery and equipment. It is especially characterized by the deepening of the specialization of production and the expansion of its scale. To the listed divisions of mechanical engineering, one should add "small" metallurgy - the production of steel and rolled metal, both in foundries of machine-building enterprises, and at individual specialized enterprises for the production of castings, forgings, stampings, and welded structures for mechanical engineering. In the specified structure of the industry, the most complex is mechanical engineering, which includes such important sub-sectors as mechanical engineering for intersectoral productions(electronic and radio industry, instrument making, machine-tool and instrumental, bearing industry, etc.); production of equipment for sectors of the national economy(construction and road engineering, transport, tractor and agricultural engineering, etc.); for industries(power engineering, metallurgical, mining and mining engineering, chemical engineering, production of technological equipment for textile industry and etc.); for non-production sphere(municipal engineering, production of household appliances and machines, military equipment, etc.). In addition to industry classification, mechanical engineering can be divided into stages of the technological process for workpiece; machining and assembly. According to metal consumption, as well as labor and energy intensity, it is customary to allocate heavy, general and the average mechanical engineering. Heavy engineering is characterized by high consumption of metal, relatively low labor intensity and energy intensity. It includes the production of metal-intensive and large-sized products. For general engineering characterized by average consumption of metal, energy, low labor intensity. Basically, this is the production of equipment for individual industries. General and secondary engineering are quite similar and do not have clearly defined patterns in geography. In mechanical engineering, there chronological classification. The newest industries that emerged in the second half of the 20th century are singled out. First of all, these are the industries of the highest floors of mechanical engineering: electronics, radio engineering, robotics, rocket and space industry, etc. New industries that arose in the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries: aircraft and motor vehicles, steam locomotive and diesel locomotive building, production equipment for numerous sectors of the national economy and industry, etc. To the old industries that arose back in the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries. includes the production of metal products for the primary sectors of the economy - agriculture and forestry, the mining industry. Great importance buy nowadays new forms of cooperation between countries. The importance of the machine-building complex can hardly be overestimated. Its most important task is to implement the achievements of scientific and technological progress, to ensure comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, to supply national economic sectors with new equipment, and to satisfy the population with modern consumer goods. 2. Raw materials of the industry Main structural material in mechanical engineering is ferrous metal and, therefore, the main raw material supplier is ferrous metallurgy. At the same time, in modern mechanical engineering, ferrous metals are increasingly being replaced by non-ferrous metals, primarily light ones (aluminum), as well as composites and plastics. However, in mechanical engineering, which is the most complex industry that determines the level of development of scientific and technical progress, everything is not as clear-cut as in other industries. Here the main role is played by labor-intensive, knowledge-intensive, non-material-intensive industries (with the exception of a number of sub-sectors of heavy engineering, the production of metal products and structures, blanks, etc.). Therefore, first of all, we should talk about the main resource - a fairly large number of highly skilled labor. Consumers are also of great importance, which are not only the population, but also other enterprises and even industries. The following problems directly relate to mechanical engineering: reducing metal consumption by improving its quality and reducing the weight of products, reducing waste and metal losses during its processing - due to the production of a larger share of rolled products. 3. Placement of the industry The location of mechanical engineering as a whole is determined by socio-economic factors and, above all, by the presence of a sufficiently large number of qualified labor resources, as well as consumers of finished products. A characteristic feature of mechanical engineering that affects the location is the high development specialization and cooperation. Specialization facilitates the organization of mass production, promotes more rational use equipment, increasing productivity. One of the most characteristic, in terms of the wide development of specialization and cooperation of enterprises, in mechanical engineering is the automotive industry. 5. Structure of the industry The highest floors of mechanical engineering (fine, precise, precision engineering). This group of the latest industries includes the electronic and radio industries, the production of precision machines, machine tools, instruments and tools, robotics, rocket and space technology and is distinguished by the lowest metal consumption and the highest labor and science intensity. The technological process is reduced mainly to precise machining and assembly. Automotive industry is a typical representative of medium-sized engineering, producing complex machines and equipment of medium dimensions for sectors of the national economy, specialized in stages of the technological process, with developed cooperation and orientation of the main production to areas of concentration of skilled labor resources, distinguished by a high technical culture. The automotive industry includes enterprises for the production of cars of all kinds, buses, trolleybuses, motorcycles, bicycles, as well as automobile, motorcycle, bicycle and boat engines and spare parts. heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining, mining, large power and handling equipment, heavy machine tools and forging and pressing machines, as well as other metal-intensive and large-sized products. Agricultural engineering includes enterprises for the production of agricultural machinery for the mechanization of all types of agricultural production (tillage, sowing crops, harvesting), including livestock. Tractor engineering includes enterprises for the production of tractors, tractor and combine engines, specialized enterprises for the production of aggregates, assemblies, parts and spare parts for tractors. 6. World engineering in the late 90s Mechanical engineering occupies 1st place among the world's industries, both in terms of the number of employees and the value of products. Over 90% all engineering products are produced by developed countries. There are six machine-building regions in the world: the USA, Europe, the CIS, Japan, China and the newly industrialized countries of Asia. All types of mechanical engineering are developed in the G8 countries and in China. The small countries of Western Europe specialize in precision engineering, the newly industrialized countries in labor-intensive engineering industries, and in many developing countries in Africa, South-West Asia and Central Africa mechanical engineering is practically non-existent. 7. Automotive world 90% of all cars produced in the world are passenger cars. More than 40 million are produced annually in the world. cars. The largest manufacturers of passenger cars in the world are: 1) Japan (8.5 million units); 2) USA (6.8 million units) 3) Germany (4.4 million units) France, Spain, South Korea, Canada, Brazil, Italy and UK. The world's largest automotive centers are Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, Yokohama (Japan), Detroit (USA), Wolfsburg, Stuggart, Munich, Cologne (Germany), Paris (France), Turin (Italy), London (Great Britain), Seoul ( South Korea), Toronto (Canada), Sao Paulo (Brazil). 8. Railway engineering of the world. Railway engineering is developed in the USA, Japan, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, China and India. 9. Shipbuilding of the world The leading countries in the production of ships are: 1) Japan (40% of the world tonnage of ships) 2) South Korea (33% of the world tonnage of ships) 3) Germany Shipbuilding is also developed in Brazil, Taiwan, Denmark, Poland, China, USA, Finland, Russia and Ukraine. The largest centers shipbuilding in the world are Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagasaki, Busan, Hamburg, Gdansk, Marseille, Toulon, Genoa, Shanghai, Baltimore, New Port News, New Orleans, San Francisco, St. Petersburg, Nikolaev. 10. Aviation industry The aviation industry, focusing on the scientific base and highly qualified personnel, has been developed only in economically developed countries. The largest aircraft manufacturers are the USA (Houston, Seattle, Atlanta, New York), Russia, France (Paris and Toulouse), Germany (Stutggart and Munich), Great Britain (London) and Italy (Turin). 11. Electrical industry The electrical and electronics industry in developed countries relies on a developed scientific base, highly skilled labor resources and consumers, and in newly industrialized countries - on cheap labor resources. This industry is characterized by a diversified structure, however, among the leaders one can meet a rather limited group of countries belonging to the category of developed or newly industrialized countries, as well as China. In terms of the production of TV sets (130 million units), the world leaders are: 1) China (25 million units) 2) South Korea (16 million units) 3) Japan (15 million units) 170 million pieces) are allocated: 1) China (over 50 million pieces) 2) Malaysia (more than 20 million pieces) 3) Singapore (20 million pieces) For the production of watches (about 800 million pieces). ) the leading positions are occupied by: 1) China (almost 400 million units) 2) Japan (about 300 million units) 3) Switzerland (25 million units) In terms of production washing machines stands out China, tape recorders– Japan, computers– USA and Japan, industrial robots- USA, Germany and Japan. 12. Machine tool industry of the world The world production of machine tools at the end of the 1990s amounted to more than 1.2 million pieces. Once being the world's machine tool industry, Russia has practically lost this industry. Currently, the production of machine tool products stands out: 1) Japan (200 thousand units) 2) China (150 thousand units) And then Germany, the USA, Italy, and Switzerland follow in a dense group, producing approximately 100 thousand machine tools . 13. Agricultural engineering of the world. Agricultural engineering has a consumer location factor and is therefore concentrated in the main agricultural regions of the world. Developed countries that have achieved the highest level of agricultural mechanization are reducing the production of agricultural machinery, paying attention to improving its quality and technological capabilities, and are gradually losing their leadership to developing countries in absolute terms of production. Currently, the following stand out in the production of tractors: 1) Japan (150 thousand units) 2) India (100 thousand units) 3) USA (about 100 thousand units) The leading position of Japan is explained by its specialization in the production of mini-tractors , and in the rest of the world, as a rule, they produce medium and powerful tractors. Table 7 14. Grouping of countries according to the level of development of mechanical engineering USA Brazil Mongolia Saudi Arabia Canada China Iran Libya Germany Australia Peru Madagascar Russia India Cuba Somalia France Argentina Albania Iceland Sweden Mexico Indonesia Laos Italy South Africa Algeria Botswana Japan Korea Egypt Congo United Kingdom Spain Chile Panama Switzerland Portugal Iraq Costa Rica Austria Ireland Turkey Haiti Netherlands Denmark Zaire Tunisia Belgium Norway Nigeria Sudan Poland Finland Vietnam Swaziland Romania Greece Thailand Nepal 15. Distribution of engineering products Almost ¾ of engineering products are redistributed among developed countries. This is due to the fact that developing countries cannot afford large expenditures on science. The developed capitalist and newly industrialized countries are distinguished by the scale of engineering products intended for export, and hence their increased attention to improving the quality of their products. The main cargo flows of engineering products are distributed as follows: Japan Þ USA USA Þ Western Europe The machine-building complex of Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries, China, India, Brazil works mainly for the domestic market, and this often leads to the production of low quality products.

The machine-building complex is a complex intersectoral formation, including mechanical engineering and metalworking.

Mechanical engineering combines specialized industries that are similar in technology and the raw materials used.

Metalworking includes the industry of metal structures and products, repair of machinery and equipment.

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of the country's heavy industry. By creating the most active part of fixed production assets - tools of labor, mechanical engineering largely influences the pace and direction of scientific and technological progress in various industries economic complex.

At present, there is no branch of the national economy that does not use machines and mechanisms of the widest scale. They are essential components in our lives.

This complex also affects the growth of labor productivity and other economic indicators that determine the effectiveness of development total production. Only as a result of saturation of all branches of the national economy with high-performance machines, the introduction of comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, it is possible to achieve an increase in labor productivity and an expansion of the output of various products.

Thanks to the machine-building complex, we save our time and get the most effective products, with the help of which we fulfill various needs.

Without the development of transport and the transport network, it is impossible to establish industrial relations.

The machine-building complex occupies an important place in the economy of large economic regions of Russia. It is a key factor in life productive forces and the population of the country. In 1995, it accounted for 18.2% of the value of manufactured industrial products; 38.6% - industrial and production personnel, 25% - the cost of fixed industrial production assets. This complex has a significant impact on the formation of the budget of the Russian Federation.

Of the entire set of objects and means of labor used by society in the process of material production, the decisive role belongs to mechanical tools - the bone and muscular system of production. Their level and degree of development serve as an important measure of the functioning of the productive forces of mankind. It is no coincidence that from the beginning of a new economic era, called machine civilization, and to the present, machines remain one of the synonyms of technical progress, and mechanical engineering is the material basis of any large industrial state.

The use of machines makes it possible to increase the muscular and intellectual effort of a person, increase the productivity of his labor, ensure the quality and standardization of work performance, regularly carry out expanded reproduction and gradually replace manual labor from all new spheres of human activity.

In recent decades, the machine-building complex has been formed in accordance with the current needs of the country's economy and defense for a specific range of end products. As a result, subject-specialized enterprises were created with rigid technological ties, low flexibility and mobility of production.

The crisis situation that was brewing by the beginning of the 1990s in the country had a significant impact on the industry.

The structure of mechanical engineering is characterized by extreme heaviness with a high degree of militarization. The renewal of products decreased, the depreciation of fixed assets reached 50%. differed high level concentration and monopolization of production, excessive, inefficient production activity, only about ¼ of new technologies corresponded to the world level.

Companies stop producing complex products that require deep cooperation, and are switching to the production of non-core, but cheap and simple products that are in demand.

A serious shortcoming of domestic engineering is specific gravity obsolete products that do not meet the requirements of today. This happened from the incapacity of domestic design and technological personnel and mechanical engineering itself. After all, for 70 years Russian machine-building products have always only been distributed among its consumers, and not sold, as is most natural. The market is the final and indisputable measure of the quality and required volumes of manufactured machine-building products.

The material and technical base of the industry was hopelessly outdated: by the beginning of the 1990s, the average service life of equipment in mechanical engineering was 26 years. Basically, the equipment in the Russian mechanical engineering was replaced with a new one only after the expiration of its complete physical deterioration.