During the reign of Khrushchev, many innovations began that affected the housing issue. Citizens, in his opinion, had to move from the terrible conditions of communal apartments to more comfortable, individual housing.

An active program has begun to build entire microdistricts with the same typical five-story buildings. Such brick Khrushchev- the layout of which now causes slight sarcasm, at that time seemed to many a luxury.

Building Features

Low (2.5 - 2.6 m) ceilings, adjoining rooms, a combined bathroom, a sit-down bath and an entrance hall where two people can hardly disperse. According to these signs, you can immediately determine the type of apartment, just entering it. The construction of Khrushchev continued until the mid-80s, and occasionally there were houses of the same series, but with a more prestigious layout, 8 or even 9 floors.

Now many of them are recognized as emergency and are gradually being demolished, although there are buildings that are very well preserved. Some were built of concrete blocks, but the main part was still built of brick.

Among of this type met houses with a more prestigious layout. This is predominately the I-528 series, with well-lined walls, higher ceiling (2.70 m), carefully inserted window frames and parquet floors.

Less respectable is the I-335 series, bearing walls they are insulated mineral wool, but partitions only a few centimeters thick let all the noise through. An adjacent bathroom and a small balcony, or even its absence, do not add any pluses.

Brick houses of other series

1. Brezhnevka. A little later, in the 70s, during the Brezhnev stagnation, there appeared new program And new layout apartments in brick houses 5 floors. Many began to call them "improved slums", as the kitchen was already a little larger, the hallway was a little wider, and the ceilings were slightly higher, reaching 2.7 m. Many houses were already equipped with an elevator and a garbage chute, which added convenience. Often there were also panel ones, but the brick, nevertheless, remained a priority. Large loggia, often - pantry, separate rooms.
2. Houses of a later era. These are buildings erected from the late 80s to the present. Projects have become so diverse that now it is quite difficult to find two similar apartments.

Note! Recently, buildings made according to individual projects, as well as houses with elite apartments, have begun to appear. As a rule, they are not built higher than five floors, and this, in part, adds respectability to the owners.

Features and advantages of a brick five-story building

1. Does not heat up in the summer, as a result of which enough comfortable temperature even in the heat. In winter, in the house.
2. The standard layout of a 5-storey brick house implies good thermal and sound insulation. An exception may be at home enough old building, where interior partitions very thin.
3. Often on different floors you can find apartments with a different layout from each other. Quite often in Khrushchev houses even hinged balconies were built, starting only from the second floor or not in all apartments.
4. Often in five-story buildings, apartments with an improved layout are equipped with both a balcony and a loggia, which is very convenient for the owners.

1. Bearing walls with a thickness of at least 64 cm and a reinforced foundation give a sense of reliability. The house does not shrink and the likelihood of distortion is minimal, even on mobile soils and in the vicinity of groundwater.
2. Holes for ventilation are made inside the walls. Therefore, there are no boxes spoiling the interior. In many old five-story buildings, ventilation is provided even under the floor covering, this prevents dampness and mold in the cold season.
3. Apartments in brick houses are very convenient for almost any redevelopment.

Note! For example, redevelopment of Khrushchev 2 rooms in a brick house will cost almost two times cheaper and faster than in a concrete one. There is no need to demolish the load-bearing walls with a puncher, the excess can be carefully removed with a chisel and a hammer.

1. The environmental friendliness of housing is also important. As you know, a person feels much better in houses made of natural material. Plants and animals grow and develop better, this is confirmed by many years of research.
2. In a brick building, it is possible to equip a two-level apartment. This is very difficult to do in analogues made of concrete.
3. In regions with increased seismic activity, homeowners can live in peace. A house with a reliable foundation and thick walls will stand firmly without even cracking (see also the article).

redevelopment

A house built of brick is not only valued higher, it is much easier to remake an apartment to your liking in such housing. For example, redevelopment of a three-room Khrushchev in a brick house will take only a few days. As is known, concrete walls it is very difficult to remove, and demolition of supporting structures is generally prohibited.

In brick houses, there are much fewer load-bearing walls, and the interior partitions are quite thin. They are most often removed by the owners who started repairs.

This will not bring much harm to the house as a whole, but apartment owners can gain a lot by redoing an unsatisfactory layout. Moreover, it is worth redoing the apartment of the old layout, where much is inconvenient for everyday life.

The most common cases of redevelopment

What is most often done and how is it more profitable to use even a small usable area?

1. Often two or three adjacent rooms are combined into one. This will not only visually, but also actually increase the area and expand the space. Interior partitions are removed, and the resulting room can be zoned to your liking.
2. Often, absolutely all the walls are removed, making a studio apartment out of housing. This is quite a trendy trend. But it is worth considering that if the house is too old, the floors will become weaker from this. This can partly threaten the safety of both the owners themselves and their neighbors.
3. If you have a very old layout: 5 storey brick house, most likely, it is not equipped with a good loggia. IN best case may be small balcony which can be used. It is desirable to glaze and insulate well. Insulation, if possible, is done outside to save a small space. With well-done work, you will get an extra room.

1. Very often they combine the kitchen with the living room. This profitable option especially if the kitchen is small. The resulting room can be simply divided into zones. Often, a do-it-yourself bar counter plays the role of a boundary between spaces. It is both fashionable and beautiful, and convenient, especially if friends often come to you.
2. The kitchen overlooking the balcony or loggia can also be expanded. It is not necessary to completely remove the doorway. You can arrange it in the form of a wide arch, it will formally divide the rooms, and at the same time decorate the interior. The cooking area can be placed on the balcony, and the dining room can be placed in the former kitchen space.
3. A walk-through bathroom is a common inconvenience in old Khrushchev houses. At the same time, the user can get to the kitchen only by passing from the hallway through the bathroom. Many solve this problem by using ordinary building bricks and laying the passage. Entrance to kitchen room equip with a living room. Given the lack of other options, this is not optimal, but the way out.
4. Expansion of the hallway or cramped corridor - actual problem. As a rule, a bathroom is adjacent to the corridor. Moreover, it is usually indecently small in size, and you can barely fit in it. In this case, although the instructions forbid it, it is possible to combine the toilet with the bathroom, and move the hallway apart, removing unnecessary partitions.
5. The sitz bath is another sign of an old building. Moreover, the room usually does not allow replacing it with a standard design. For those who like to take a shower, there is an option to install a shower stall. This will give you extra space and save you from the old unprepossessing bathtub of the 60s.

Redevelopment and law

If you are going to remake the apartment inside to your liking, do not forget that not everything and not always is allowed by the world. It doesn’t matter what years of construction, and what series your house is, the design is provided for by the plan and should not be violated without the appropriate permission.

Moreover, the alteration is fraught with consequences if you interfere with the design of the old fund. The fact is that in most cases, the floors, as well as the interior partitions of Khrushchev and Brezhnevka, are made of wood.

The material loses its strength over time, some fragments may already be rotten and fairly deformed. By demolishing additional reinforcing walls, you thereby weaken the main ones.

Even if a solid double was used to build a house silicate brick M 150, this is no reason to relax. It will be necessary to coordinate the repair not only with the neighbors, but also with the housing inspection.

You will need to provide the organization with an architectural design developed by the design bureau, as well as PPM 508 documentation in edition 840-PP. After reviewing your plans and documents and obtaining official permission in writing reconstruction can begin.

In the houses of the new fund, apartments with an arbitrary layout are often found. On the one hand, this is convenient, because you will no longer have to redo the old, but only supplement the missing.

But with the coordination, difficulties may arise, since the inspection will be carried out after the reconstruction. And the price of such a problem is not always the approval and permission from the organization, as a result of which you will have to eliminate some designs.

Output

Since 1957, after the adoption of a law that provided for the elimination of excesses in the design of houses, buildings of a new type began to be erected in the USSR. Among the people, such houses were called "Khrushchev" (derived from the surname Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev). Such houses received a second name - Khrushchev, mainly due to the inconvenient and disproportionate layout of the rooms, narrow corridors and spans of platforms, thin walls and as a result - terrible sound insulation. In this article we will talk about what a typical series of Khrushchev houses are, we will try to highlight the main pros and cons of these buildings. We will provide layout features in the form of descriptions and photos.

Typical series of Khrushchev houses: the main pros and cons of houses

Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments and determine the features of each series of Khrushchev houses that have been built for 27 years. It is worth noting that initially Khrushchev was supposed to be used as temporary housing and the operational life of the building ranged from 25 to 50 years. But, as you know, people live in such houses in our time. The disadvantages of Khrushchev include poor sound insulation and thermal insulation (it is cool in winter and too hot in the apartment in summer), not always good planning apartments and entrances: narrow corridors, small kitchen, lack of a garbage chute and very often an elevator. The main advantages of such houses include low cost.

The main advantages of such houses include the low cost of housing and the developed infrastructure around the building. As a rule, there are kindergartens, schools, shops and excellent transport interchange not far from Khrushchev. If Money not enough to buy an apartment, then - not the worst option. Moreover, such buildings in Moscow and other cities of Russia are subject to demolition, in which case the owners receive brand new housing, or reconstruction and redevelopment.

Series 1-464 (1960 - 1967)

General drawing:

One of the most popular series of Khrushchevs in the USSR was 1-464 (1960 - 1967). This is a panel house with 5 floors, you can rarely see 3 and 4 storey buildings. All apartments have balconies (also additional closets), but there are no elevators and the residents of the building have to go up and down the stairs, which is quite difficult for the elderly, families with small children. The bathrooms in the apartments are combined, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. The ceiling height in the apartments is 2.5 m2, the kitchen is less than 6 m2, to be more precise - 5.8 m2. Apartments 1, 2 and 3 rooms.

Picture - drawing:

1 room:

2 room:

3 room:

Series 1-335 (1963 - 1967)

From 1963 to 1967 the territory was built up with houses of the 1-335 series. These are also panel buildings, with a ceiling height of 2.54 m, balconies in each apartment, combined bathrooms, and the absence of an elevator and a garbage chute. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m2, the ceiling area is 2.5 m. There are four apartments on the site - from 1 to 3 rooms. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional storage rooms and built-in wardrobes.

1 room:

2 room:

Series 1-434 (1958 - 1964)

This series was built from 1958 to 1964; in different years of construction, the layouts of the apartments were slightly modified. So, for example, in the buildings of 1958 in one-room apartments the area of ​​the living room was 18.6 m2, and in 1959 it decreased to 18.2 m2, in 1969 the area of ​​the room was 17.7 m2. And so in all types of apartments, the area of ​​​​residential premises varied in the direction of decreasing and increasing. But the kitchen area remained unchanged - 5.8 m2, as well as the ceiling height - 2.5 m. The houses are brick, combined bathrooms, and each apartment has a balcony, a pantry and built-in wardrobes.

Pictures - drawing (by years)

1 room 1958

1 room 1959

1 room 1960

1 room 1961

1 room 1964

2 room 1958

2 room 1959

2 room 1960

2 room 1964

Five-storey panel houses series 1-464

Large-panel 4-5-story residential buildings of the 1-464 series of standard projects are the most common first-generation prefabricated buildings. The solution of the houses of the considered series is based on the cross-wall structural system.

The main load-bearing skeleton of the buildings are transverse reinforced concrete walls, located at intervals of 3.2 and 2.6 m, due to which the houses of this type are called houses with a "narrow" pitch of transverse load-bearing walls. They rely on reinforced concrete slabs floors the size of "per room". They also rest on the outer and inner longitudinal walls, which take part of the vertical load, while at the same time providing the longitudinal rigidity of the building.

The floor slabs laid at 3.2m spacing are calculated and operate as supported along the contour. Since all the internal walls separating the rooms carry the load from the ceilings and the overlying floors, it is impossible to move these walls and thereby change the width of the rooms. For the same reason, the removal of the outer walls at a step of 3.2 m is excluded, without ensuring the support of the floor slab along the short outer wall.
The outer walls are made of panels - three-layer, consisting of two reinforced concrete shells and a layer of insulation between them, or single-layer panels (made of lightweight concrete). Internal load-bearing walls 12cm thick and floor slabs 10cm thick are solid reinforced concrete flooring. Roof - combined with roll soft roof or attic truss with corrugated asbestos cement roofing.

When redeveloping houses of the 1-464 series, it becomes necessary to install new or expand existing openings in the transverse walls. This is possible to a limited extent, but requires confirmation by calculations.

When modernizing a building, floor slabs cannot be dismantled. However, during the superstructure of the building, the floor slabs above the existing fifth floor can be partially dismantled. The arrangement of new openings in them is possible, but with large sizes such openings may require reinforcement of the overlap.

In the series under consideration, balconies are placed at a step of 3.2 m. Balcony reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick and 90 cm wide were mounted according to two schemes. During the initial period of construction, they relied on outer wall and were held in the project position by two metal rods, which, passing through the joint between the outer walls, were attached to the end of the inner wall panel. In later projects, such a solution was abandoned and, counting balcony slab as a console, supported on the outer wall, it was connected to the floor slab with the help of welded embedded elements.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-468

Sample projects residential buildings series 1-468 were originally developed at the Gostroyproekt Institute, since 1961 - at TsNIIEPzhilishcha.

The load-bearing skeleton of the houses of this series are transverse load-bearing walls located in the plan with a step of 3 and 6 m, due to which, unlike the houses of the 1-464 series, the houses of this constructive system are called houses with a "mixed" step of the transverse load-bearing walls.
The most common representative of the houses in this series is a five-story, four-section residential building. In it, the outer wall panels are made of cellular concrete autoclaved or lightweight concrete, and multi-hollow reinforced concrete floors are based on transverse load-bearing reinforced concrete walls. The longitudinal walls of the building are self-supporting. The roofs of such houses were erected in two versions: combined with a roll coating and attic truss with a roof of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets.

The main advantage of the houses in this series is that the floor panels do not rest on the longitudinal walls of the building. Therefore, these walls, except for individual sections inner wall, adjoining the stairwells and ensuring the longitudinal stability of the building, can be dismantled in some places. It is this circumstance that, when modernizing such buildings, opens up wide opportunities for eliminating the shortcomings in the layout of existing apartments by adding additional volumes to the building. The device of new and expansion of existing openings in the bearing transverse walls is possible only if the calculation confirms and strengthens the "contours" of the openings.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-335

Five-story residential buildings of the 1-335 series of standard projects are representatives of the frame-panel structural system. Typical projects of this series were originally developed by the author's team of the Leningrad Design Bureau, and then continued at the LenZNIIEP Institute.

The structural scheme of the house is a so-called "incomplete" frame, which consists of one row reinforced concrete columns, located on the middle longitudinal axis of the building with a step of 3.2 and 2.6 m and reinforced concrete crossbars located across the building and resting on one side on reinforced concrete columns, and on the other, on metal support tables embedded in the body of the bearing external wall panels. Reinforced concrete floor slabs "per room" in size are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides. The columns are interconnected by girders that provide longitudinal rigidity of the building.

In the houses of the system under consideration, load-bearing external walls were used mainly layered. They have outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed “shell” and an internal (insulating) one made of foam concrete 26 cm thick, the surface of which is plastered from the side of the premises. There are no internal load-bearing walls in these houses, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the intersection walls of the stairwells.

With the same dimensions and steps of houses of different series in the houses of the frame-panel system, the principle of "free planning" can be fully implemented. The presence of crossbars under the floor slabs can be considered as a certain disadvantage that prevents the traditional formation of the interior of living rooms.

A modification of this constructive system was the introduction of two more rows of columns into it - at the outer walls of the building to support crossbars on them. Such houses are called "full frame houses". In them, the outer walls are self-supporting and can be dismantled during reconstruction.

Five-storey brick houses series 1-447

The 1-447 series includes standard projects 4-5 storey brick residential buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. The load-bearing skeleton of the houses in this series are three longitudinal load-bearing walls and transverse brick walls - external end and internal, between which there are stairwells. Transverse brick walls act as stiffening diaphragms. All other walls (internal and inter-apartment) are non-bearing.

The ceilings are made of reinforced concrete. many hollow core slabs, supported by short sides on longitudinal brick walls. The most loaded is the middle wall, on which the floor panels rest on both sides. Openings in the outer longitudinal walls can only be enlarged by eliminating the window sill while maintaining the existing piers. Lintels above windows should also be preserved. In the end walls of the building during reconstruction, it is possible to make openings.

Possible dismantling of partitions in series 1-447

The project of a 5-storey 3-section residential building was completed in 2011 on the basis of the design assignment and the Decree of the head of the rural settlement of Gabovskoye, Dmitrovsky district, Moscow region. The plot intended for construction, with total area 0.52 ha is located in the village of Gabovskoye, Dmitrovsky district, Moscow region. The project provides for a residential building for 53 apartments with an exploited attic and an exploited technical underground area. On the ground floor of the house there are office premises with workplaces for the administrative services of the Gabovskoye settlement in the amount of 19 places. The building was erected in October 2012.

Architectural and planning solutions:

Residential building - 5-storey, 3-section, rectangular shape, with an exploited attic and an exploited technical underground area. The dimensions of the house in the extreme axes are 15.3 × 53.32 m. The project provides for 3 ordinary rectangular sections. Inside the building from the 1st to the 5th floor there are apartments. On the ground floor there are also office premises with separate exits directly to the outside. Each section of the house has its own stairwell to which doors open. For the life support of people with limited mobility and people with handicapped ramps with a slope of 1:12 are provided at the entrances to the entrance and inside the building in front of the stairs.

Space-planning solutions:

The space-planning decisions of the building were made in accordance with the design assignment, technological solutions for residential and office space current building codes and regulations, sanitary standards, technical regulations and town planning code. Structural scheme of the building - frameless wall, consisting of brick walls, hollow core floor slabs, roofing and monolithic reinforced concrete strip foundation. The load-bearing elements are foundations, walls and floor slabs. The building provides for an exploited attic for laying communications and an unexploited underground.

The walls of the building, external and internal, are brick (external b = 380 mm, internal transverse and longitudinal b = 250.380 mm). The basement of the building is made of solid red brick b = 510 mm. Floor slabs and coverings are prefabricated reinforced concrete. flights of stairs are made of metal stringers and prefabricated reinforced concrete steps. The sites are reinforced concrete monolithic metal beams. The roof is double pitched. The foundations of the building are monolithic reinforced concrete tape.

Technical and economic indicators of the designed facility:

number of storeys of the building: overground floors - 5; attic - 1;
construction volume of the building: 12680.60 cubic meters m;
built-up area of ​​the building: 748.50 sq. m;
total building area: 663.54 sq. m;
living area of ​​the building: 663.54 sq. m;
number of apartments: 53 (including one-room: 36, two-room: 14, three-room: 3);
total area of ​​apartments: 2364.54 sq. m;
total built-in area: 410.50 sq. m;
area technical premises+ attic: 19.0 + 206.40 sq. m.

Project of a 5-storey apartment building. dwg

Sections AR, QOL, EO, VK, OV

Project of a 5-storey residential building. Description of design solutions

Building solutions and structures

The building is 5-storey, monolithic-frame, reinforced concrete. Floor height -3.0 meters.
After the excavation of the pit, carry out a soil analysis. (If other soils are found, the grounds should be reported to the project developers).
The foundations are designed for base soils - solid loams with the following design characteristics: y=19kN/m3, U=19 deg. с=25 kPa. (stock material "report on engineering and geological surveys at the facility:" Shop on Perov St. ". arch. No. 930 DSP). Subsidence loams of the first type
foundations and monolithic walls technical underground to perform on sulfate-resistant cement.
The foundations for the columns are monolithic reinforced concrete columnar, for the walls of the technical underground and stiffness diaphragms - tape.
The walls of the technical underground are monolithic reinforced concrete 300 mm thick. insulated with a 100 mm thick mineral plate.
Columns - monolithic reinforced concrete with a section of 400x400 mm.
Rigidity diaphragms - monolithic reinforced concrete 200 mm thick.
Overlappings and coverings - monolithic, reinforced concrete 220 mm thick. The pavement is concrete.

Coat all unspecified surfaces of structures in contact with the ground with hot bitumen 2 times, using a primer of liquefied bitumen.
Concreting at negative temperature environment and temperatures above +25 degrees. the requirements of SNIP RK 5.03-37-2005 "Bearing and enclosing structures" must be met.

When performing all types of work, be guided by SNIP RK 1.03-05-2001 "Labor protection and safety in construction.
Paint steel structures with enamel PF-115 GOST 6465-76 in 2 layers according to the primer GF-021 GOST 25129-82 in 1 layer in accordance with SNIP RK 2.01-19-2004.
fire protection steel structures perform with intumescent coating VPM-2 (GOST 25131-82) at a consumption of 6 kg/m2 and with a coating thickness after intumescence of 4 mm.

Water supply and sewerage

The project adopted the following technical solutions:

Laying of distributing networks of cold and hot water supply in the technical underground.
- release of domestic sewage to the well of the general network.
- a water meter with a cold water meter is installed at the entrance to the building
- hot water supply - central (see section "HV")

Heating and ventilation

The project for heating and ventilation of a residential building was developed in accordance with the drawings of the AU, in accordance with the requirements of SNiP RK 4.02-05-2001, SNiP RK 3.02.01-2001.
The design temperature of the outdoor air for heating is assumed to be Tn = -31 C.
The heat supply source of the building is CHP.
The duration of the heating period is 200 days.
The total estimated heat supply is 580,000 kcal/hour.
Heat carrier parameters 130 - 95 C.
Hot water supply - from the thermal unit.
The heating system of a residential building is a single-pipe, dead-end with U-shaped risers, the wiring of the supply and return lines along the technical underground.
Used as heating devices cast iron radiators M90-108.
Ventilation of the residential building is provided - exhaust, natural, through the ventilation ducts of kitchens and bathrooms. Ventkanals perform a box section. 200x200 from a flat asbestos-cement sheet.
Pipes are accepted - steel water and gas pipes in accordance with GOST 3262-75 **
Installation of heating and ventilation systems should be carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.05.01-85.

Power supply and lighting

A switchboard of the ASU type, which is installed in the technical underground of the house, was adopted as an input-distribution device. For the power supply of apartments, supply lines depart from the input-distribution board, which are suitable for SHE 3300 cabinets.

SchE electrical cabinets are installed on the landings of the floor. The cabinets contain meters for residential electricity metering, automatic devices for protecting group lines of apartments and junction boxes for low power devices.

In the lighting floor boards of the ShchE, reinforce the cabinet doors with a locking device that provides access to them only to the personnel of the power supply organization. Accounting for electricity for lighting the basement and stairwells is carried out by a meter installed on the ASU panel.

Group lighting lines are made with PUNP brand wire, laid in a pipe hidden along the ceiling, in the walls.