Placement of floor slabs. Layout of floor slabs drawing

Reinforced concrete slabs are one of the most common types of floors. They provide high strength and allow you to mount a rigid structure in the shortest possible time. Installation of floor slabs is a responsible task that requires certain knowledge in the field of construction. About everything in order.

Types of floor slabs

Before you start mounting a horizontal structure, you must select the type. Reinforced concrete prefabricated structures are produced in the form of:

• multi-hollow;
• flat (PT);
• tent panels with ribs located along the perimeter;
• with longitudinal ribs.

Most often, the use of reinforced concrete multi-hollow. They are produced in two types, depending on the method of manufacture:

• round-hollow (PC);
• continuous molding (PB).

Diagram of a hollow core slab with holes

Hollow-core slabs are time-tested products that have been used in construction for several decades. Many have been developed for them. normative documents and installation rules. Thickness - 220 mm. Products are installed according to serial sizes, which creates inconvenience during individual construction.

The manufacturing technology of these plates involves the use of reusable molds for pouring, and before manufacturing non-standard products, you first need to prepare the formwork. Therefore, the cost of the desired size can increase significantly.. Standard plates PCs have a length of 2.7 to 9 meters in 0.3 m increments.

Scheme of reinforced concrete products with dimensions

The width of reinforced concrete products can be:

• 1.0 m;
• 1.2 m;
• 1.5 m;
• 1.8 m

Structures with a width of 1.8 m are purchased extremely rarely, because due to the large weight, the process of installation in the design position is greatly complicated.

PBs are used in much the same way as the previous type. But the technology of their manufacture allows you to give the product any length. Thickness - 220 mm. Width same as PC series. The disadvantage is the little experience of use and the rawness of regulatory documentation.

As additional elements for multi-hollow slabs, flat PTs are often purchased. They are available with a thickness of 80 or 120 mm and are smaller in size, allowing you to block narrow corridors, closets, bathrooms.

Slab support

The laying of floor slabs is carried out after the preparation of the project or scheme on which the products are laid out. Floor elements must be selected so that they are sufficiently supported by a brick wall or expanded clay concrete blocks and laying without gaps in width.

The minimum support for PB and PK series depends on their length:

• products up to 4 m long - 70 mm;
• products longer than 4 m - 90 mm.

A visual diagram of how to properly and incorrectly support floor slabs

Most often, designers and constructors take the optimal value of leaning on the wall of 120 mm. This value guarantees reliability with small installation deviations.

It will be correct to pre-arrange the load-bearing walls of the house at such a distance that it is easy to lay the slabs. The distance between the walls is calculated as follows: the length of standard plates minus 240 mm. PK and PB series must be laid with support on two short sides without intermediate supports. For example, PK 45.15 has a size of 4.48 m, 24 cm is subtracted from it. It turns out that the distance between the walls should be 4.24 m. In this case, the products will lie down with an optimal support value.

The minimum support of products of the PT series on the wall is 80 cm. Installation of such reinforced concrete slabs is possible with the location of support points on all sides.

The support must not interfere with the passage of the ventilation ducts. The optimal thickness of the bearing internal brick wall is 380 mm. 120 mm on each side goes under reinforced concrete floors, and 140 mm remains in the middle - standard width ventilation duct. In this case, it is necessary to lay as correctly as possible. Displacement of the product towards the ventilation opening will lead to a decrease in its cross section and insufficient ventilation of the premises.

A summary of what has been said:

• PK and PB series up to 4 m are supported on two sides by at least 7 cm;
• PK and PB series more than 4 m - not less than 9 cm;
• PT series - on two, three or four sides at least 8 cm.

Slab storage

Schemes of warehousing products different types

After the scheme has been developed and the products have been purchased, they must be placed on the building site for easy installation in the design position. There are rules for warehousing materials:

• you need to lay the elements under a canopy;
• the place of storage should be located in the access zone of the crane;
• linings are provided under the support points.

Failure last rule will cause it to break in half. PC, PB and PT products work in such a way that the appearance of intermediate supports or a solid base leads to cracks. Laying is performed in the following order:

• wooden bars or boards are laid on the ground under the edges of the slab;
• I shift the floor element onto the boards with a crane from the machine;
• boards or bars are again placed on the laid slab;
• unload the second plate from the machine;
• repeat points 3 and 4, the maximum storage height is 2.5 m.

masonry requirements

Floor slab calculation scheme

In order to properly install floor slabs, it is necessary to ensure that special requirements for a brick wall are met:

• evenness of masonry at the place of laying floors;
• laying in three rows until the overlap of reinforcing mesh with a cell of 5 by 5 cm from wire with a diameter of 3-4 mm;
• top row to frets with inside should be sticky.

If the slabs are mounted on expanded clay concrete blocks, a monolithic belt is additionally arranged under the floors. This design will help to evenly distribute the load from heavy floors on expanded clay concrete blocks with less strength. The construction technology provides for pouring a monolithic concrete tape 15-20 cm thick onto the blocks.

Floor laying

To carry out the work, at least three people will be required: one performs the slinging, and two install them in the design position. If the installers and the crane operator cannot see each other, another worker will be needed during the installation of the slab to give commands to the crane.

Scheme of laying reinforced concrete products

Fastening to the crane hook is carried out with a four-branch sling, the branches of which are fixed at the corners of the slab. Two people stand on both sides of the support and control its evenness.

When installing a PC, pinching into the wall is carried out in a rigid way, that is, bricks or blocks are laid on top and bottom of the slab. When using ceilings according to the PB series, it is recommended to perform hinged fastening. For this, the plates are not pinched from above. Many builders mount the PB series in the same way as PCs and buildings stand, but it’s not worth the risk, because human life and health depend on the quality of installation of load-bearing structures.

Another important feature of the use of products from the PB series is that it is forbidden to make technological holes in them.

These punches are needed for heating, water supply and sewerage pipes. Again, many builders, even when building multi-storey buildings, neglect this. The difficulty is that the behavior of this type of floors under load over time has not been fully studied, since there are no objects built a long time ago yet. The ban on punching holes is justified, but it is rather preventive.

Slab cutting

Sometimes, in order to install the slab, it is necessary to cut it. The technology provides for the work of a grinder with a disk on concrete. It is impossible to cut the PC and PT slabs along the length, since they have reinforced reinforcement in the support zones. If you support such a cut slab, then one edge will be weakened, serious cracks will go along it. It is possible to cut PB plates along the length, this is due to the peculiarities of the manufacturing method. A bar or board is placed under the cut site, which will facilitate the work.

Separation along the length is performed along the weakened part of the section - the hole. this method is suitable for PC, but not recommended for PB, since the width of the walls between the holes is too small.

After installation, the holes in the areas of support on the walls are poured with lightweight concrete or clogged with mineral wool. This is necessary to provide additional strength in places pinched into the walls.

What to do if it was not possible to evenly spread the products across the width

Sometimes the dimensions of the room do not correspond to the width of the products, in which case all the gaps are driven into one. This space is covered with a monolithic section. Reinforcement occurs with curved meshes. In length, they rest on the top of the ceiling and seem to sag in the middle of a monolithic section. for floors, concrete not lower than B 25 is used.

The technology of prefabricated floors on bricks or blocks is quite simple, but requires attention to detail.

The length of the supporting structures of the floor is equal to the distance between the alignment axes. The choice of material and floor structures is determined by the span of the load-bearing walls. Ceilings of low-rise buildings can be beamless (from reinforced concrete slabs) or beamed (on wooden or reinforced concrete beams).

Beamless floors are made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs with round voids 220 mm thick, resting directly on the load-bearing walls. The length of the plates is from 4800 to 6300 mm in increments of 300 mm, the width is 1000, 1200, 1500, 1800 mm (Fig. 3.5).

Wooden floors consist of wooden beams and planks

Rice. 3.5. Beamless floor plan

Rice. 3.6. Floor plan for wooden and reinforced concrete beams (DB - wooden beam, BZ - reinforced concrete beam, Sh - roll shield, P - slab, A - anchors)

ty shields of interbeam filling. Wooden beams cover the span up to 4.8 m, the height of the beam should be from 1/10 to 1/20 of the overlapped span, the width of the beam is assumed to be 60-120 mm. To support the inter-beam shields, cranial bars with a section of 4050 mm are nailed to the sides of the beams. The pitch of the beams is taken from 600 to 1500 mm, which determines the width of the filling shields. Length wooden shields determined by the length of the boards (up to 2 m).

Ceilings on reinforced concrete beams consist of reinforced concrete tee beams and inter-beam filling in the form of solid lightweight concrete slabs or hollow stone-liners (ceramic or lightweight concrete). The length of the beams is from 2.4 to 6.4 m (in 200 m), the bearing on the load-bearing wall is at least 150 mm. The ends of the beams are anchored into the wall. The step of the beams is determined by the size of the inter-beam filling and can be 600, 800 and 1000 mm.

Examples of floor marking plans are given in fig. 3.6.

3.5. Development of foundation plans

According to the constructive solution, the foundations of low-rise buildings can be tape and columnar. Foundations are located under all load-bearing and self-supporting walls, as well as under pillars, stoves, fireplaces and ventilation ducts.

Strip foundations they represent a continuous tape under all main walls and can be monolithic (made directly at the construction site) and prefabricated, from prefabricated elements.

Pillar foundations arrange under separate supports or under walls if the laying depth exceeds 2 m. In this case, columnar foundations are placed at all angles and intersections of walls, as well as under piers. The distance between the individual foundations does not exceed 6 m. Reinforced concrete foundation beams on which walls are built.

Foundation material: rubble stone, rubble concrete, concrete (monolithic and prefabricated).

Thickness rubble and rubble concrete tapes are taken wider than the wall thickness by 80-100 mm, because the edge of such a foundation is not always smooth. The thickness of the prefabricated foundations is taken equal to the thickness of the foundation blocks: 300, 400, 500, 600 mm, while the wall can be 40-50 mm wider than the foundation. The length of the blocks is 1200, 2400 and 800 mm. To reduce the pressure on the ground, the foundations are made with an expanded sole in the form of one or two ledges 300-400 mm high and 150-250 mm wide. In prefabricated foundations, to widen the sole, a reinforced foundation slab-cushion is used with a width of 600 to 1600 mm (in 200 mm), a height of 300 mm. The length of the plates is 1200 and 2400 mm.

Foundation depth(i.e. the distance from the surface of the earth to the base of the foundation) accepted, in accordance with SNiP 2.02.01-83 "Foundations of buildings and structures", depending on depth of seasonal soil freezing.

With heaving soils, the depth of laying under the outer walls is taken not less than the estimated depth of seasonal freezing of the soil , determined by the formula

,

table 2

Features of the building	Coefficient at the calculated average daily air temperature in the room adjacent to the external foundations, ˚С
					20 or more
Without a basement with floors, arranged:
on the ground
on joists on the ground
along the insulated basement overlap
With basement or technical underground

Depth of laying under internal walls does not depend on the depth of soil freezing and is taken equal to 0.5 m.

Panel houses from reinforced concrete floors are one of the most common types of construction. Reinforced concrete (RC) slabs are laid at the heart of the structure, they divide the structure into floors, they are called prefabricated floor slabs. Information about the type and size of panels is mandatory entered into the floor plan. The information is useful at the construction stage, as well as when performing repairs, reconstruction and helps in calculating the thermal conductivity, the need for insulation, etc.

General information about precast floor slabs

Houses, which are made of precast concrete slabs, have standard dimensions, but differ in type.

Prefabricated buildings have a number of advantages in comparison with a monolith:

• high speed ;
• slabs can be laid regardless of the conditions: frost, heat, rain, etc. will not be a problem;
• low price, you can save up to 15% of the cost of the monolith.

Reinforced concrete slabs, together with the concrete floor of the first floor, lead to the main drawback of the design - a large mass. Due to the high weight, the slabs have a limited area of ​​​​use and require the installation of a high-strength foundation. By increasing the depth of foundations for internal and load-bearing walls, the estimate for construction increases. Even taking into account the additional costs, reinforced concrete slabs are cheaper than a monolith.

Numerous comparisons have shown that slab ceilings 50-70% cheaper than monolithic slabs and hollow core slabs

The thickness of the outer and inner walls of the building is different, the bearing plates have a thickness of 140-220 mm, and a length of up to 9 m, depending on the span. The thickness of the inner walls is about 8-12 mm. When working with panels, it is important to consider the layout and type of construction.

In total, there are 3 main types:

• corpulent. Without voids, have the greatest weight. Differ in the greatest durability. They are included in the plan, the drawing of the floors of exclusively multi-storey buildings. Are applied to creation of interfloor overlappings. Due to the continuous structure, the plates have reduced heat and sound insulation properties;
• empty. Inside there are longitudinal voids, usually round in shape. The addition of air tanks resulted in an increase in thickness - 220 mm. They are the most common prefabricated elements. They are distinguished by high insulating characteristics. Due to the presence of voids, in comparison with, hollow blocks create less load on the base and walls. An added advantage is the ability to cover large spans and load-bearing walls, since the length of the plates reaches 12 m;
• tented. They are a tray with ribs pointing up or down. The thickness of the plates is from 140 to 160 mm.

When working with a roof and external walls, monolithic ceilings are often used due to their advantages in comparison with prefabricated slabs:

• evenly distribute the load;
• construction does not require the involvement of special equipment;
• can be laid not only on walls, but also on columns;
• the monolith can be prepared in any size, including non-standard.

The ceiling retains its monolithic-reinforced structure

Monolithic panels have 3 main disadvantages:

• the complexity of construction;
• the need for a complex process of strengthening the structure; it is unlikely that it will be possible to do without the help of highly qualified builders;
• the formation of formwork is required, the process is time-consuming and requires a lot of materials.

When a plan is drawn up and the layout of floor slabs is considered, it is worth considering the features of each type of floor.

Floor slab plan

An important step in drawing up the scheme is the calculation of the number of plates. The indicator is defined as the sum of the floor areas and the area of ​​​​one slab. When dividing, a non-integer value may result, rounding up is carried out.

When considering the plan, you can select several types of floors for different floors. Differences are often made in relation to rooms below the planning level of the ground, but changes can be made for each floor separately.

It is better to give the drawing of the floor plan scheme to a professional. The work itself is within the power of a beginner or an unskilled worker, but the drawing requires an understanding of the properties of reinforced concrete slabs and correct calculations. Any mistake can result in the destruction of the structure. The architect will take into account the features of the building and help determine the best plan.

Floor plan - graphic image horizontal design, performing a bearing and enclosing function

For overlapping, they are used with a tee section and inter-beam filling (lightweight concrete slabs or hollow liners). The length of the beams ranges from 2.4-6.4 m. Support on the wall - from 150 mm. On both sides, the ends are anchored into the wall. The pitch is defined as the size of the aggregate, usually 60 cm, 80 cm or 1 m.

If you plan to lay wooden floors, the situation is greatly simplified, since you will have to operate not with heavy structures, but with easily moved beams. If errors are made in terms of overlaps, they are easier to eliminate, the result of the error is not deplorable. Even a beginner can perform overlapping with a tree. It is important to choose impregnated beams, and their laying is a simple procedure.

Wooden beams are capable of covering a span of up to 4.8 m. The height of the timber is selected in the range of 5-10% of the span, and the width is in the range of 60-120 mm. The support of the inter-beam shields are cranial beams 40-50 mm, which are attached to the sides of the beams. The step of the beams is taken from 600 to 1500 mm, this has a decisive value on the width of the shields. The length of the shields is calculated based on the length of the boards.

Floor slab layout plan

After drawing up sketches regarding the approximate location of the plates, it is important to determine the axes of the overall dimensions of the panels along the axes. The dimensions of the slab will help determine the height of the building and the number of panels. The vertical dimensions take into account the relative heights from the level of the finished floor.

To draw up a plan, it is important to take into account the location of the load-bearing walls to which the floors will be attached.

When laying out the load-bearing elements of the floor, you will see that the selection of their width is as important as the length.

Plan of load-bearing floor structures

Hollow-core slabs rest on a load-bearing brick wall on the short side, at least 90 mm. If cellular concrete acts as a support - 120-150 mm. it is not recommended to rest the long side on self-supporting elements. For the construction of low-rise buildings, it is better to use slabs with a width of 1.8 m and a length of up to 7.2 m.

If the walls in the building are made of cellular concrete, it is better to use a ceiling of the same material. On the short side, they should be supported by load-bearing walls - 10-15 cm, and on the sides - 2-5 cm. To strengthen the structure, a reinforced concrete belt from a monolith that surrounds the building and internal walls should be included in the plan.

When drawing up a plan for a structure made of precast concrete or cellular concrete slabs, it is important to make footnotes with the dimensions of the elements, indicate the sections of the monolith, the height of the support, the width of the reinforced concrete belt and the anchoring of the panels.

Mainly used for overlays I-beams with a height of 16-27 cm. Floor beams should rest on the walls by 18 cm or more. To form HDD, you should connect the beams together and attach them to the walls. A distance of 60, 77, 80 cm or 1, 1.1 m is maintained between the beams. The type of inter-beam filler has the greatest influence on the step. It is better to fix the beams along the edges of the structure near the bearing walls (up to 5 cm from the edge of the beam to the wall). Elements non-standard shape it is better to produce from monolithic concrete.

At the end of the location of the bearing elements on the walls of the building, they proceed to the application of designations and dimensions

General information about installation

Prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs are installed with a minimum gap between them. Installation requires special lifting equipment. Floor joints are filled with cement mortar. Metal anchors, which are mounted to the hinges of the plates, will help to create a complete and extremely rigid horizontal overlap. In places where the panels come into contact with the internal plates, composite anchors are used, which are fastened by welding.

If prefabricated slabs are based on external walls, it is recommended to attach their ends to the masonry using L-shaped anchors. After installation, they are poured with cement, it will prevent corrosion. If gaps appear between the plates and partitions, they can be eliminated with brickwork.

An important rule is that reinforced concrete slabs are laid exclusively on load-bearing walls, other self-supporting structures and partitions are laid after the installation of the slabs.

Under load-bearing and self-supporting walls with a thickness of over 250 mm, when laying the slabs, a foundation is formed. Additionally, the base is installed under the ventilation ducts and individual supporting elements. To create a foundation sketch, you must consider the size of the base under the walls and determine the binding of the base of the foundation to the modular alignment layers. When using columnar and prefabricated bases, the width foundation slabs determined according to the strength required to withstand the loads.

In addition to a good economic effect on the cost of construction and the speed of erection of buildings, the use of reinforced concrete provides a number of advantages.

The thickness of rubble concrete and rubble tapes is determined 8-10 cm wider than the wall. The size of the prefabricated foundation is determined equal to the thickness of the blocks (30-60 cm), but the wall itself is sometimes 4-5 cm wider than the base. Common block lengths: 80, 120, 240 cm To reduce pressure on the soil, the foundation can be made with an expanded sole with 1-2 ledges with dimensions (HxW) - 30-40x15-25 cm. , 30 cm high.

The sequence of installation of floor slabs

Initially, 2 steps should be performed:

1. Training. It is important to create the correct level between all the supporting walls of the structure. The allowable difference is 1 cm, it is not necessary to eliminate it. To check the horizontal plane use building level. A beam is laid between opposite walls and the evenness is checked. If there are small irregularities, they can be eliminated with cement mortar.
2. Next, a distribution belt is made to level the wall. The reinforcing belt is made of cement M500 1 to 3 with sand. It is important to ensure the purity of the sand, if necessary, rinse, sift. The solution is prepared with medium viscosity. The mixture is poured into the formwork and pierced or rammed to remove voids. Drying of the solution takes up to 3-4 weeks.

The main qualities for which reinforced concrete is valued are always called strength and good resistance to bending moment.

Floor slab installation technology

To install prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs, it will be necessary to rent a crane and 4 workers: a machinist, a slinger and 2 installers.

Bearing walls should be calculated taking into account the need for a gap of 5 cm from the street. Insulation is placed in the recess, it prevents drafts through cracks in the ceiling. The wear of thermal insulation in such houses leads to the appearance of cold, dampness and drafts.

Installation procedure:

1. Concrete is laid on the prepared cement mortar cushion on the supporting walls with a layer of 15-20 mm.
2. The panel is lifted with a crane and placed on top of the installation site.
3. Installers turn the slab to guide it to the desired position. Crowbars will help to accurately place the slab before removing the slings. Correct location implies a place where the wall and the slab are in contact by at least 15 cm on each side.
4. The slings are unhooked and a final check of the installation is carried out.

There are no temperature restrictions for reinforced concrete

Checking the correct installation of floor slabs on supporting load-bearing walls

The most accurate way to determine the correctness of the installation will help the sight and the building level. If the walls have a difference of more than 4 mm on opposite sides, the slab must be reinstalled. It is raised, the solution is corrected and the mixture is added to large quantities from the low side. If the cement begins to harden, it is better to remove it and knead it again. Even after adding water to the old mixture, it will no longer acquire the desired strength. In the absence of problems with the level, the plates are fixed.

To fix the reinforced concrete panels, anchors are welded to the mounting loops. Next, the loops are welded together. The cracks are filled with cement. To prevent the solution from spilling out from below, crushed stone (up to 2 cm) is poured into the gap.

In the process of fastening, tools will come in handy:

• tap;
• compressor unit;
• scaffolding;
• building levels;
• hammers, including jackhammers;
• crowbars;
• trowels;
• hacksaws for metal;
• tank or surface for preparing the solution.

Features of the installation of prefabricated floor slabs in private construction

The procedure is similar to the previous methods, but there are differences that occur due to a decrease in the size and weight of the plates. Even with the reduction in weight, the load on the supporting elements remains high. To prevent the destruction of the structure, it will be necessary to increase the estimate for the calculation of the load, the construction of the foundation, and the thickening of the walls. Additional cost is the need to hire skilled workers with work experience.

Easier to cover wooden beam, the technique is much easier and less expensive. Unequivocal preference for reinforced concrete slabs is given during construction flat roof. On top of the panels, a roll or sheet is simply laid roofing material. When using reinforced concrete slabs for roofing, a more durable and durable coating is obtained.

1. Apply thin dash-dotted lines to all the coordination axes of the building with their designation.

2. Draw with thin lines the contours of all the main walls of the building, observing the bindings to the coordination axes.

3. Lay out the floor slabs above each cell of the building, enclosed by capital walls. Lay out so that the edge of the first plate coincides with the inner edge of the outer wall. It is not allowed to support the plates on self-supporting walls.

4. Mark the floor slabs on the drawing.

5. Depict the anchor connections of the floor slabs with the outer walls and between themselves.

6. Apply the dimensions of the monolithic sections.

7. Outline the image, the contours of the floor slab, outline with solid main thick lines (0.5mm), anchors with thickened lines (0.7mm), walls with solid thin lines (0.35mm), and invisible edges of the walls with dashed lines (0.35mm ).

8. In all directions, put down dimension lines that determine the distance between the near and the extreme coordination axes.

9. Sign the image.

10. Fill in the specification.

On the floor plan, the coordination axes of the building are shown, load-bearing structures are applied in thin lines - walls, columns, girders, floor slabs with markings, the contours of mines, platforms, loggia floors are shown. For buildings with brick walls, elements are shown that ensure the rigidity of the floors: anchors, metal fittings. Monolithic sections on the plan are shaded and numbered. On the floor plan, dimensions are put down between the axes, the dimensions of monolithic sections, holes. All elements directly related to floor structures are outlined with a line 0.8-1 mm thick, and the contours of the remaining elements (walls, columns, etc.) with a line 0.4-0.5 mm thick.

In order to select the plates, we make simple calculations:

1. Find the distance from the inner edge of the wall along axis A to the inner edge of the wall along axis B (reference 200mm), that is

5700-400=5300mm

2. With a minimum support of the plate on the walls of 90mm, we find

5300+180=5480mm

3. Using series 1.141-1. Issue 60 we select the length of the plate, which is within 5700 plate 5480, that is, according to the catalog this plate is 5680 mm long, these plates are 990 mm, 1190 mm, 1490 mm, 1790 mm wide.

4. The slabs must be laid between axes 1 and 2, that is, at a distance between the axes of 16300mm or in cleanliness 15900 (16300-400) (binding on both sides), or 12 slabs of 1190mm and 1 slab of 1490mm. On the wall along the side edge, the plate can go up to 100 mm as a maximum.

A lintel is a section of a wall located directly above a window, door or gate opening. Lintels are brick, arched, ordinary reinforced brick, steel, reinforced concrete. The most common precast concrete lintels. They consist of reinforced concrete standard bars and slabs.

Prefabricated jumpers are marked with the letters PR. If the jumpers, in addition to the weight of the masonry, carry the load from the ceiling, they are called carriers.

On the plans, jumpers are marked according to the type PR-1, PR-2, etc.

The lintel plan is drawn separately if the floor plan of the building is full of images, sizes and inscriptions and it is difficult to indicate the types of lintels on it, as well as when used in a building a large number jumper types.

On the plan of lintels, the contours of the main walls of the building are drawn at all levels where these lintels are arranged. The jumper is shown conditionally with one line above each opening and is marked (Fig. 10.8.1). On the same sheet, as a rule, a list of jumpers is placed. In fig.

How to reinforce a floor slab?

10.8.2 shows the form and filling out the list of jumpers for civil buildings, and in fig. 10.8.3 - form and completion of the specification.

In addition, notes and, if necessary, symbols may be placed on this sheet.

The contours of the walls of the building on the plan of the lintels are drawn with lines 0.3-0.4 mm thick, and the lintels themselves - with lines 0.6-0.8 mm thick.

The jumper plan is drawn on a scale of 1:400, 1:800.

The plan of the attic or interfloor ceiling on wooden beams is carried out on the same scale as the plan of the building. The plan shows the contours of the bearing walls, the location of the purlins and floor beams, their anchoring, the type of floor shields, the location of hatches, channels, etc. (Fig. 10.8.4).

On the floor plan of reinforced concrete, the contours of the external and internal walls of the building, girders, panels, as well as all openings, channels and hatches are shown.

Floor plans are usually combined with prefabricated floor layouts. On the floor plan, a callout of individual units and parts is made or project sheets or albums of typical parts are indicated, where these elements are shown in detail. They indicate the brands of girders, panels, their number, width and distance from the edge of the panel to the plane of the wall, the amount of their support, as well as the mark of the bottom of the panel.

Specifications for anchors, precast concrete elements, etc. are placed on the sheet of the installation plan for floors.

On fig. 10.8.5, a, 6 shows a floor panel with round voids of the PE brand (see Fig. 10.8.5, a), floor plan, details of supporting the panel on the wall and adjoining the panel to the wall: 1 - cement mortar; 2- concrete; 3- armature. MS - steel anchors that are attached to the mounting loop of the panel or slab and embedded in the wall masonry (see Fig.

rice. 10.8.5, b).

In any type modern construction buildings with more than one floor, Special attention is given to such a process as reinforcing a floor slab.

Today there is more than a wide choice various materials, as well as equipment and tools for the so-called individual construction.

Finished slabs or monolithic

Calculating upcoming installation work, and making the choice of technology for erecting floors between floors, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors.

It is worth noting that the creation of a single monolithic slab that meets the requirements of the current SNIP is characterized by undeniable advantages, namely:

• ease of installation of the entire structure;
• relatively low cost;
• increased strength and ability to withstand loads that exceed those for which the calculation was made.

The main feature is that the properly executed reinforcement of a monolithic floor slab ensures an even distribution of loads on all walls of the building.

If we are talking about hollow core slabs, then it is necessary to focus on the fact that the reinforcement that provides rigidity is located in their lower part.

Another indisputable advantage of the described overlap is the ability to create it in any size and desired shape.

This can be seen by looking at the photos of buildings already erected.

Quite often it is difficult to find ready-made plates.

Before starting installation work and the reinforcement itself, it is required to make a full calculation and make an appropriate drawing, taking into account the following factors:

• overlap thickness;
• overall dimensions of the plate;
• characteristics of the armored belt (mesh pitch, presence, as well as the location of reinforcements, etc.).

Do not forget that all of the above parameters are clearly established by modern building codes and regulations (SNIP).

Design features

All without exception reinforced concrete products combine the characteristics of concrete and metal.

This applies both to a monolithic one, created directly on the object, and to a ready-made multi-hollow slab.

For its part, solid concrete withstands compressive forces, while reinforcement takes on tensile loads.

Any overlap will work for a break.

It is this fact that is taken into account in its manufacture. Monolithic technology involves the creation of two armored belt meshes - upper and lower.

The calculation of the pitch and thickness of the rods themselves is carried out by specialists, based on the requirements of the current SNIP.

In most cases, the reinforcement is fixed with knitting wire, but ready-made welded meshes can also be used.

Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the rods must necessarily be inseparable.

In those situations where it is required to connect individual segments, the overlap of the reinforcement should be at least 40 * d (in this case, d is the diameter of the rod).

Specific parameters should contain a drawing.

In most photos of residential premises, you can see that the thickness monolithic floors with a span of no more than six meters is about 20 cm.

Architecture. METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS for settlement and graphic work: "Introduction to the profession"

In this case, the cell size of the armored belt should be 200x200 mm. The rods of the lower mesh have a diameter of 12 mm, and the upper one - 8 mm.

Reinforcement technology

In any type of construction, perhaps the most popular product made of reinforced concrete is the floor slab.

The basis of this design, regardless of the technology of its manufacture, is iron reinforcement.

Taking into account the area and potential loads, all technological parameters are calculated in accordance with SNIP.

A detailed reinforcement scheme for the floor slab should be displayed in the technical documentation containing the drawings.

Reinforcement of floor slabs erected using monolithic technology is characterized by the following features:

1. No need for special construction equipment.

   These are, in particular, cranes;

2. Possibility of installation of ceilings of any shape and overall dimensions;
3. Increased strength of the mounted structure, capable of withstanding almost any external impact.

   For example, a monolithic slab can withstand exposure to a flame for more than an hour.

Reinforcement rules

The calculation and subsequent reinforcement is always carried out according to certain rules and must fully meet all requirements.

These include:

• In the presence of spans of more than 8 meters, the so-called stressed mesh of reinforced reinforcement bars is used;
• In welded structures, rods with a diameter of 8-14 mm are used, while the distance between them should not exceed 60 cm;
• The calculation of the thickness of a monolithic slab in accordance with SNIP is made depending on its width according to the formula 1:30;
• If the plate is not thicker than 150 mm, then one mesh will be quite enough for its armored belt;
• When concreting, liquid concrete is used, the grade of which must be at least 200, since other building materials are not able to guarantee the required strength of the ceiling being erected;
• It is imperative that the drawing and diagram show the places of reinforcement reinforcement.

  In this case we are talking that the transverse and longitudinal reinforcement of the entire reinforcement belt in the middle of the slab, as well as in the places of its contact with the supports, must be correctly done.

  Particular attention should be paid to areas where maximum loads are expected;

• Self mounting metal frames it is impossible if a competent calculation is not made by qualified specialists according to the standards indicated in building codes and regulations (SNIP);
• Additional reinforcement bars are installed, as a rule, around technological holes.

Reinforcement stages

Masters determine the most milestone in installation monolithic slabs namely the installation of formwork.

In this case, special attention should be paid to the support posts, which should be fixed as stable as possible.

It should be borne in mind that the transverse overlap has a large mass.

Illustrative examples of the installation of the mentioned structural elements can be seen in the corresponding photos in the instructions. Loads can reach three hundred kilograms per square meter.

The next step will be the construction of the reinforcing belt itself, taking into account the SNIP and all design features in each individual case.

Special stands are installed between the lower grid and the formwork web, allowing you to create protective layer concrete.

It should be noted that reinforced concrete floor, made using monolithic technology, it is possible to fully subject to the loads that the calculation provides for only after the concrete has not only completely dried, but also gained the required strength.

Most schemes provide for such frame components as:

• working reinforcement of the upper layer;
• rods that evenly distribute the load;
• linings - most often they are made of wire rod.

In practice, schemes can differ significantly from each other.

On the other hand, all concrete products function in the same way and therefore their installation can be carried out according to general principles and having become familiar with the necessary technical documentation backed up by certain photos.

Naturally, certain construction skills and equipment will be required to perform such work.

The main loads on the slabs are initially carried out in a downward direction, and then evenly distributed over the entire surface.

Consequently, it is the lower reinforcement mesh that takes over most of it.

Given this phenomenon, SNIP impose stringent requirements on the installation of the supporting frame.

Modern technologies allow you to create floors of any complexity, which are characterized by maximum strength, reliability and fast installation.

GOST 21924.0-84 Reinforced concrete slabs for pavements of urban roads

The normative act determines the production of road slabs of 9 different forms (4 of which are additional ones) designed for H-30 and H-10 car loads (vehicle tonnage).

GOST also contains the main parameters of road slabs. High-strength heavy-duty concrete slabs with heavy reinforcement, designed for the installation of a cathedral pavement for permanent and temporary city roads in any climatic conditions (up to minus 40 °C). The standard describes in detail each standard size and shape of the slab, accompanying reinforced concrete road slabs with drawings, reference information, reinforcement schemes and installation of mounting loops.

Production standards and parameters of a rectangular slab for urban roads are enshrined in GOST 21924.2-84 and GOST 21924.2-84.

Reinforcement schemes for road slabs are indicated on the drawings of GOST 21924.1-84. The shape and dimensions of reinforcing and assembly-butt elements in accordance with GOST 21924.3.

GOST 21924.0-84 prescribes the production of heavy concrete slabs with a density of 2500 kg / m3 (compressive strength class B30 and B22.5). The release of the road slab is possible in 2 reinforcement options: a road slab up to 3 m long is made with pre-stressed reinforcement, and a slab over 3 m long will already be pre-stressed.

The subtleties of laying floor slabs

The working (top) surface of the road slab should be corrugated to improve bonding with the asphalt applied on top.

Concrete grade for frost resistance and water resistance of a rectangular road slab (for temperatures up to minus 40 ° C) for permanent roads - F200 and W4, for temporary roads - F150 and W2.

GOST 21924.0-84 allows that the plate may have mounting loops, holes for collets or grooves for loopless mounting, while the loops do not protrude beyond the working surface of the plate edge.

Technical requirements for the production of road slabs include requirements for shapes, readiness, strength, crack resistance, as well as compliance with GOST 13015.0 for the following indicators:

• in terms of the actual strength of concrete (at the design age, tempering and
• transmission);
• to the quality of materials used for the preparation of concrete;
• to the quality of reinforcing and embedded products and their position in the slab;
• by grades of reinforcing steel;
• by steel grades for embedded products and mounting loops;
• by the deviation of the thickness of the protective layer of concrete to the reinforcement.

Separately, GOST 21924.0-84 contains tables of permissible geometric deviations of reinforced concrete slabs.

Requirements for the acceptance of products at the stage of readiness and delivery to the consumer are prescribed in detail in this regulatory act. Transportation and storage of road slabs must be carried out in accordance with the rules of GOST 21924.0-84.

Floor plans

Work begins with building plans of the first and second (mansard) floors.

First of all, you need to find out the purpose various premises, study them mutual arrangement and the connection between them. When assigning the dimensions of the premises, it is necessary to take into account regulatory requirements.

Yes, area common room should not be less than 16 m 2, the area of ​​​​a bedroom for one family member is at least 9 m 2, for two - at least 12 m 2, a working kitchen - at least 5 m 2, a kitchen-dining room - at least 9 m 2. The dimensions of the entrance hall (width not less than 1.4 m), the width of the corridors (not less than 1.2 m if they lead to living rooms and not less than 0.9 m if they lead to utility rooms) are also standardized. Minimum size toilet from the condition of installing only a toilet bowl can be 0.8x1.2 m, and if there is a washbasin - 1.2x1.4 m. The dimensions in terms of the bathroom and the combined sanitary unit must provide accommodation in them for a bathtub with a length of at least 170 cm, a washbasin, a washing machine and (for a combined bathroom) a toilet bowl.

Having dealt with the space-planning decision of the building, it is necessary to determine what functions the vertical elements perform, separating the premises from each other or from the external space. First of all, it is necessary to find out which walls the ceilings (bearing walls) will rest on, where self-supporting walls will be located (for example, with ventilation ducts), and where are partitions that perform only enclosing functions.

Drawing plans should begin with drawing a grid modular center axles, which correspond to the location of all load-bearing and self-supporting walls. The distance between the axles is recommended to be taken as a multiple of the enlarged module 3M = 300 mm(the main module M = 100 mm).

The coordinate axes are applied on the drawings with thin dash-dotted lines and denoted by Arabic numerals or capital letters of the Russian alphabet, excluding the letters Z, Y, O, X, H, b, b, s, in circles with a diameter of 6-12 mm (depending on the scale of the drawing) . The sequence of numerical and alphabetic designations of the axes is taken from left to right and from bottom to top. As a rule, the axes are applied on the lower and left sides of the plan. If necessary, you can additionally apply axes on the upper and (or) right sides.

After applying the grid of axes, they begin to draw the walls. Wall thickness adopted according to the given design depending on the materials used. Figure 2.1 shows some of the possible options for constructive solutions for external walls corresponding to the task options, as well as the range of blocks made of cellular concrete. Brick dimensions - 120x250x65(88) mm, ceramic stones - 120(250)x250x138mm. The standard thickness of horizontal joints is 12 mm (in walls made of cellular concrete blocks when using adhesive compositions - 1-2 mm), and vertical 10 mm.

The thickness of internal self-supporting walls made of bricks or ceramic stones can be taken as 250 or 380 mm, and if there are smoke or ventilation ducts in this wall - 380 mm. The dimensions of the channels in brick walls must be a multiple of the dimensions of the brick and, taking into account the seams, are taken equal to 140x140 or 140x270 mm.

Device ventilation ducts required in rooms high humidity, with increased heat or gas emission (bathroom, toilet, kitchen, boiler room, garage, etc.), while at least one independent channel should be provided in each room. Options for arranging channels in internal and external brick walls, using smoke and ventilation blocks, as well as attached ventilation ducts, are shown in Figure 2.2 . Ventilation and smoke ducts should be shown on the floor plans.

Figure 2.1. Structural solution of external walls

a - two-layer with an inner bearing layer of brick and an outer plastered insulating layer ("thermal coat"); b - two-layer with an inner brick layer, an outer insulating layer and protective screen at a distance; c - three-layer with an inner bearing layer of brick, an outer self-supporting layer and a middle layer of effective insulation; d - the same, with a ventilated air gap; e - three-layer with an inner bearing layer of cellular concrete blocks, an outer self-supporting brick layer, a middle layer of effective insulation and a ventilated air gap; e - nomenclature of cellular concrete blocks

Figure 2.2. Device of ventilation ducts

a - in internal brick walls; b - in the outer brick walls; c - with the help of attached ventilation ducts, d - in buildings with load-bearing structures made of cellular concrete; e - chimney and ventilation blocks made of lightweight concrete

The thickness of the internal load-bearing walls is influenced by the structure of the ceiling. The use of floors made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs makes it possible to arrange internal load-bearing walls made of bricks 250 mm thick (in the absence of ventilation ducts in them) or cellular concrete blocks 300 mm thick. The installation of floors using steel, reinforced concrete or wooden beams requires an increase in the thickness of the brick wall to 380 mm, since the beams must rest on the walls by at least 180 mm.

The location of the walls relative to the modular centering axes, i.e. binding, in the general case is determined in accordance with Figure 2.3. Thus, internal load-bearing and self-supporting walls usually have an axial reference (the geometric axis of the wall coincides with the center axis). The binding of the inner face of the outer load-bearing walls (along the A and B axes) is determined from the condition of supporting the floor structures and is usually taken approximately equal to half the thickness of the inner wall (100, 120, 130, 150, 200 mm). External self-supporting walls (along axis 1 in Figure 2.3) most often have a zero reference (the axis coincides with the inner face of the wall).

However, in some cases, the use of certain floor structures requires a change in the value of bindings or distances between the axes. External self-supporting walls can have a binding other than zero (for example, 50 or 100 mm), if this simplifies the structure of the ceiling (you can avoid the construction of monolithic sections, etc.).

The need to change the distance between the axes most often arises when using precast concrete floor slabs, if the thickness of the internal load-bearing wall is determined not by the size of the support of the slabs, but by other factors (the presence of ventilation or smoke ducts, the magnitude of the acting loads, etc.). Some possible options wall bindings to the axes are shown in Figure 2.4 .

To clarify the values ​​of bindings of load-bearing and self-supporting walls, it is recommended to carry out the plan of load-bearing structures of floors in parallel (section 2.2).

Partition thicknesses assigned according to their purpose. In rooms with normal humidity, indoor stationary partitions can be made of gypsum concrete stones or slabs with a thickness of 80, 90 or 100 mm, concrete stones (90 mm), cellular concrete stones (100 mm) bricks and ceramic stones (120 mm). If increased soundproofing requirements are imposed on partitions (for example, inter-apartment partitions), it is recommended to design them as three-layer (with an air gap of at least 60 mm or a middle layer of effective heat-insulating material) with a thickness of 220-260 mm. Partitions of damp and wet rooms are not allowed to be made of gypsum concrete.

Where appropriate, collapsible or transformable partitions can be used.

Figure 2.3. Snap walls to axes (general case)

After drawing the contours of the external and internal walls and partitions, it is necessary to develop entry node. For climatic conditions Republic of Belarus entrance nodes should be arranged with vestibules with a depth of at least 1200 mm, preventing the flow of cold air into the living quarters. The floor mark in the vestibule should be 20 mm lower than the floor mark of the first floor. In cases where the vestibule fencing is thin partitions or walls, they should be insulated from the side of cold air intake. This will avoid condensation on the walls of warm rooms. Additional exits (back door, access to a loggia, terrace, etc.) may not have vestibules, but they should be equipped with insulated or double doors. The area in front of the entrance should not be narrower than 1400 (1200) mm and have a mark 20 mm smaller than the floor in the vestibule or other adjacent room.

In individual residential buildings, vestibules may not be provided if the entrances to the building are organized through verandas.

The next step is drawing window and door openings. Dimensions window openings assigned depending on the required illumination of the premises. In general, the area of ​​the glazed surface is recommended to be taken equal to 1/5.5 - 1/8 of the floor area of ​​the given room. The nominal width and height of window openings are most often assigned as multiples of 3M (600x900, 900x1200, 900x1500, 1200x1500, 1500x1500, 1500x1800, 1500x2100mm, etc.). Dimensions doorways and constructive solution of doors are determined by their purpose. The nominal dimensions of doorways are accepted: 2100x700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200 mm (width door leaf respectively 600,700,800,900,1100mm) - internal single-leaf doors (openings with a width of 700 and 800 mm can only be used in sanitary facilities); 2400x1500 (1900) mm - internal double-field; 2100 (2400) x1000 (1200) mm - external single-field; 2100(2400)х1300(1500, 1900) mm - external two-field.

Figure 2.4. Some options for binding walls to axes

Corresponding constructive size window or door opening must be slightly larger than the nominal size. For example, for a window 1200x1800 mm, it is recommended to take the width of the opening 1210 mm, and the height - 1810 mm.

In all cases where the design of the outer wall allows it, window and door openings are recommended to be made with quarters. Quarters (in brick walls measuring 120x65 mm) are arranged at the outer edge of the wall from above and on the sides to facilitate the installation of window and door blocks and reduce airflow (Figure 2.5).

Dimensions piers it is recommended to design multiple dimensions of the walls used for masonry stone materials. So, for brick walls, piers up to 1.03 m long can be equal to 380, 510, 640, 770, + n 130 mm. When assigning piers of a larger value, the size of the stone can not be adhered to. In buildings with walls made of cellular concrete blocks, the width of the walls must be at least 300 mm in self-supporting walls and at least 600 mm in load-bearing walls.

Floor plans should show sanitary and kitchen equipment(toilets, bathtubs, washbasins, sinks, gas stoves etc.), symbols, the main dimensions and placement options of which are shown in Figures 2.6 and 2.7.

Figure 2.5. Device openings Figure 2.6. Sanitary and

quartered kitchen equipment

Figure 2.7. Options for placing sanitary equipment

When designing stairs it should be borne in mind that their geometric dimensions should be determined by the purpose of the stairs. Conventions stairs on the floor plans are given in figures 2.8 and 2.9.

For intra-apartment stairs, the minimum width of the march c 0.9 m is taken, and the slope of the flight of stairs is not more than 1: 1.25 (40 °). In some cases, an increase in slope up to 1: 1 (45 °) is allowed. The number of steps in a march is taken at least 3 and no more than 16. In single-flight stairs, an increase in the number of steps to 18 is allowed. h(Figure 2.9, a) take 135 - 200 mm, and the width of the tread b- 250 - 300mm. Landing Width a should not be less than the width of the march.

To determine the dimensions of the stairs in terms of height and should perform its graphical construction. We will consider the sequence of building a plan and a profile of an intra-apartment staircase using the example of a two-flight staircase (Figure 2.9b, c ) . Floor height H(from floor to floor) is divided into parts equal to the height of the step h, i.e. H = kh, where k- the number of risers. If within the floor two marches have the same number steps, then in each march there will be k/2 risers and n=k/2-1 tread (the function of one tread is performed by the landing). The length of the flight of stairs l = b(k/2-1). So the width of the stairwell is clear (wall to wall) B=2c+d (d- clearance between marches, c- the width of the march), and the length L = b(k/2-1)+2a (but- platform width).

Figure 2.8. Intra-apartment

stairs

Example. It is required to perform a graphical construction of a two-flight staircase in a building with a floor height H= 3m. We accept the slope of the stairs 1: 2, the width of the treads b= 300mm and riser height h = 150mm.

We assign the width of the march taking into account the requirements of the norms (at least 900 mm), and also depending on the width of the staircase in cleanliness (in our case 2150 mm), taking into account the minimum gap d= 50mm. Thus, we get the width of the flight of stairs

from\u003d (2150 - 50) / 2 \u003d 1.05m

We assign the width of the landing equal to the width of the flight of stairs, i.e. a = c= 1.05 m.

The number of risers in the stairs k \u003d H / h= 3000/150 = 20, and in one march k/2 = 20/2 = 10.

The number of treads in the march n = k/2 – 1 = 10 - 1 = 9.

The length of the horizontal projection of the march l = bn\u003d 300 * 9 \u003d 2.7 m.

Full length of the staircase L equal to the sum of the length of the march and the widths of the storey and intermediate platforms

L = l + 2a\u003d 2.7 +2 * 1.05 \u003d 4.8 m

Figure 2.9. Graphic construction of a two-flight staircase

a - steps; b - the profile of the stairs; c - plan of the stairs; d - providing passage when designing stairs; e - the image of the stairs on the plan of the 1st floor

The construction of stairs on plans and sections is carried out as follows:

On the longitudinal section of the staircase, the height of the floor is divided by the number of risers with thin horizontal lines;

In terms of the length of the march is divided by the number of treads and transferred to the section;

In the resulting grid draw the profile of the stairs.

When drawing a profile, it should be borne in mind that the treads of the marches converging at the landing are placed on the same vertical.

If the layout of the building allows, you can increase the width of the landing. On the other hand, under cramped conditions for stair placement, you can reduce the number of steps (increase the slope), reduce the width of the tread, design a staircase with winder steps, etc. Width winder steps in the middle should be approximately equal to the width of the steps of the march.

When designing a staircase, its placement in relation to the entrance to the building is taken into account. If it is carried out through the stairwell and located under the first intermediate platform, it is necessary that the site mark be at a level that provides free passage under it and the placement of the front door and vestibule door. This is ensured by the device of a special basement (invitation) march of 5-6 steps leading from the entrance to the first floor platform, while the height of the passage under the platform must be at least 2.1 m. When designing a single-flight staircase, it should be possible to pass at least 2 m (Figure 2.9, d) .

Dimensions on construction drawings applied in millimeters without specifying the unit of measurement. If the dimensions are applied in other units, this is specified in the notes to the drawings. To limit the dimension lines, serifs 2-4 mm long are used, which are applied at an angle of 45 ° to the dimension lines. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the extreme extension lines by 1-3 mm.

On building plans, linear dimensions are applied along the outer and inner contours.

Along the outer edge images dimensions are applied along the outer walls of the building in the form of several closed chains. The first chain is located at a distance of at least 10 mm from the outer contour of the walls, and the subsequent ones at a distance of 7-10 mm from each other.

External dimensions are applied in the following order, starting from the wall:

Binding of load-bearing structures (walls or columns) to coordination axes;

Dimensions of all piers and openings (for educational purposes, it is enough to show only one side of the building);

Distance between coordination axes;

The distance between the extreme coordination axes.

Dimensions along the inner contour the plan is placed in chains at a distance of at least 10 mm from the line of the inner contour of the wall. Internal dimensions should indicate the length and width of each room, the thickness of all walls and partitions, the size and binding of doorways to the nearest wall. For instructional purposes, show at least one horizontal chain and one vertical chain of internal dimensions.

In addition to linear dimensions, floor plans indicate floor level marks, different from the main one for this image, as well as area of ​​all rooms.

Behind zero mark take the mark of the clean floor of the first floor. Marks below zero level have negative values. On floor plans, marks are made in rectangles with a “+” or “-” sign in meters with an accuracy of thousandths without specifying a unit of measurement.

squares rooms are indicated in the lower right corner in meters to the nearest hundredth and underlined. The dimension is also not indicated.

On plans drawn at a scale of 1:200, three external chains of dimensions are shown. Chains with dimensions of piers and openings, as well as internal chains of dimensions are not given. Window openings are shown without quarters, and interior partitions are in one line. Door opening direction, sanitary and kitchen equipment are not shown.

Examples of the implementation of plans for the 1st and 2nd floors are shown in Figures A2.1 - A2.4.

Plan of load-bearing floor structures

The implementation of the course work involves the development of a plan for the load-bearing structures of the interfloor overlap (above the first floor).

The floor plan should show modular alignment axes and three chains of dimensions: wall references, distances between adjacent axes and distance between extreme axes.

Structural solution hollow core floor slabs shown in Figure 2.10, a, b. The slabs should be supported with a short side on load-bearing brick walls by at least 90 mm, and on walls made of cellular concrete - by 120-150 mm. Leaning with the long side on self-supporting walls should be avoided. The dimensions of the plates are given taking into account the normalized gap of 20 mm (nominal dimensions). In low-rise buildings, it is recommended to use slabs no more than 1.8 m wide and no more than 7.2 m long.

Usage aerated concrete floor slabs(Figure 2.10, c - e) is most appropriate in buildings with walls made of cellular concrete blocks. The slabs should rest with their short sides on the load-bearing walls by 100-150 mm, and with the side faces - by 20-50 mm. Along the perimeter of the building and along the inner walls, a monolithic reinforced concrete belt should be arranged.

On the floor plan using prefabricated reinforced concrete multi-hollow flooring or cellular concrete slabs, the dimensions of all slabs, monolithic sections, the size of the support of the slabs on the walls, the width of the reinforced concrete belt, the anchoring of the slabs should be indicated (Figures A2.5, A2.6).

Constructive decisions beams are given in Figure 2.11. Beams in beam ceilings rest on load-bearing walls by at least 180 mm. For creating hard drive overlapping beams between themselves and with the walls are connected with steel ties (anchors).

Distance between axles reinforced concrete beams(beam pitch) take 600, 770, 800, 1000 or 1100 mm, depending on the adopted design of the inter-beam filling. Variants of prefabricated inter-beam filling are shown in Figure 2.12. steel beams usually made of I-beams with a height of 160-270mm ( I 16-27).

Figure 2.10. floor slabs

a - multi-hollow slabs; b - adjoining a multi-hollow slab to the wall; c - floor slabs made of cellular concrete; g - supporting cellular concrete slabs on the wall; e - pairing of cellular concrete slabs with each other

The options for the installation of floors on reinforced concrete beams are shown in Figure 2.13, and on steel beams - in Figure 2.14.

Figure.2.11. floor beams

a - reinforced concrete; b - steel from I 16-27; c - wooden with one and two cranial bars; g - wooden glued

Figure 2.12. Inserts of interbeam filling

a - gypsum or gypsum concrete; b - lightweight concrete double-hollow; c - reinforced concrete top slab; g - expanded clay concrete insert of a solid section; e - reinforced concrete trough section; e - reinforced concrete vaulted

wooden beams most often they are made of beams with a section of (80-100) x (180-220) mm with one or two cranial bars (Figure 2.1, c), which serve as a support for inter-beam filling in the form of roll-up shields, slabs or gypsum concrete liners. Such beams can be used for spans not exceeding 6.5 m (the maximum length of standard lumber). It is also possible to use glued wooden beams (Figure 2.11, d), which can have significantly big sizes section and length. The distance between wooden beams can be taken from 600 to 1100 mm, but it is better that it does not exceed 800 mm.

Figure 2.15 shows the support nodes of wooden beams on brick walls. For the outer wall, a variant of closed embedding is given, performed in cases where the thickness of the bearing brick layer does not exceed 510 mm. Figure 2.16 shows some options for flooring on wooden beams.

Beam floor plans should indicate the steps of the beams and the binding of the extreme beams to the axes or to the edges of self-supporting walls, the anchoring of the beams. On a small fragment of the plan, you should show the elements of the inter-beam filling (liners or roll-up shields).

Floor plans should show stairs, ventilation and smoke ducts on the first floor.

Examples of the implementation of the floor plan for reinforced concrete and wooden beams are shown in Figures A2.7 and A2.8.

Figure 2.13. Ceilings on reinforced concrete beams

a, b - interfloor; c - attic

Figure 2.14. Interfloor ceiling on steel beams

Figure 2.15. Supporting wooden beams

a - on the outer wall; b - on the inner wall of rooms with normal humidity;

1 - bearing brick layer; 2 - antiseptic ends of the beams (including the end); 3 - wrap ends with roofing paper (excluding ends); 4 - blind embedment with cement-sand mortar; 5 - steel L-shaped anchor 50x5 mm; 6 - two layers of roofing; 7 - an anchor made of strip steel

Figure 2.16. Ceilings on wooden beams

a - interfloor with a roll of slabs; b - interfloor with a roll of wooden shields; in - attic with a roll-up of shields; d - interfloor with a false ceiling

Foundation plan

Foundations must be laid under all load-bearing and self-supporting walls, as well as under individual pillars (columns), ventilation units, stoves and fireplaces weighing more than 750 kg.

The thickness of the upper part of strip foundations, foundation beams of columnar foundations and pile grillages is determined depending on the thickness of the wall, its design solution and the design features of the foundations (material, manufacturing method, etc.).

Figures 2.17-2.20 show design solutions for strip, column and pile foundations, typical for low-rise buildings with walls made of small-sized elements.

Figure 2.17. Monolithic strip foundations

a - rubble without ledges; b - rubble with ledges; c - rubble concrete with ledges; g - concrete with ledges; d - reinforced concrete; 1 - brick wall; 2 - edge of the foundation; 3 - ledge (step); 4 - foundation sole

Figure 2.18. Prefabricated strip foundation

1 - brick wall; 2 - concrete blocks of basement walls; 3 - reinforced concrete foundation slab-pillow

Outsole dimensions strip foundations (b) depend on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil and the magnitude of the acting loads. Under more loaded walls (supporting ceilings on both sides, a large cargo area, etc.), it is recommended to increase the width of the sole of strip foundations by arranging ledges in monolithic foundations or using reinforced concrete foundation pads of greater width in prefabricated ones.

Prefabricated foundation cushions can be located with a standardized gap of 20 mm or with gaps of 0.2-0.9 m (discontinuous foundation).

In buildings with columnar or pile foundations foundation pillars or piles should be installed at the corners of the building, at the intersection or junction of walls, under the walls, as well as in the gap, while the pitch of the pillars or piles should be taken in accordance with figures 2.19 and 2.20. Under more loaded walls, foundation pillars or piles should be placed with a smaller step, or the dimensions of the base of the foundation pillars should be increased.

Figure 2.19. Column foundation Figure 2.20. pile foundation

The foundation plan should show modular alignment axes, two external chains of dimensions, dimensions and binding of the sole of a strip or column foundation to the axes, dimensions and binding of foundation beams or a pile grillage.

When using prefabricated strip foundations, it is sufficient to show on the plan the bottom row of prefabricated elements (foundation pads or blocks of basement walls) indicating their dimensions, while it is recommended to start laying out prefabricated elements from load-bearing walls. For intermittent foundations, the distances between these elements must be given.

In the case of pile or column foundations, the spacing of the piles or foundation columns must be specified.

You should also mark the bottom of the strip or column foundations, mark the bottom of the grillage or foundation beams.

Examples of implementation of foundation plans are shown in Figures A2.9 - A2.11.

Roof plan

Attic shape pitched roof is determined mainly by the outlines of the building in plan and the requirements of architectural expressiveness. The most commonly used pitched roof options are shown in Figure 2.21. When constructing a roof plan, it should be borne in mind that with the same slopes of the slopes, their intersection occurs at an angle of 45 °. An example of building a roof plan for a building complex shape shown in Figure 2.22. For educational purposes, it is enough to design a gable roof.

Roof plans should show extreme axes, axes of walls with ventilation ducts, axes along which the height or shape of the building changes in plan, one or two chains of dimensions between the axes. It should also show the outer edges of the outer walls (dashed line of an invisible contour), ventilation and chimneys, dormer and skylights, indicate the slopes of the slopes (see section 2.6), the values ​​of the overhangs of the cornices, the marks of the cornice, the ridge, the top of the chimney and ventilation pipes, the top of the dormer windows.

Figure 2.21. pitched types attic roofs

The best options for the location of ventilation and chimneys are shown in Figure 2.23. In these cases, the likelihood of snow bags and roof leaks is reduced.

Dormer windows are needed to ventilate the attic space and exit to the roof. In small two-story buildings with a gable roof, it is possible to arrange ventilation holes in the gables of the building.

In buildings with unorganized drainage, the overhang of the cornice must be at least 600 mm, and in buildings with organized drainage - at least 500 mm. In the latter case, the roof plan should show the location of the gutters and pipes. The overhang of the roof from the gable side is recommended to be at least 400 mm.

Figure 2.22. Construction example Figure 2.23. Accommodation options

pitched roof plan for smoke and ventilation ducts

Examples of the implementation of the roof plan are shown in Figure P2.12 and P2.13.

The plan of the bearing structures of the coating

The constructive solution of the bearing part of the coating depends on the dimensions of the building, its shape, the location of the internal supports, etc. In low-rise civil buildings, wooden layered rafters, the most commonly used schemes of which are shown in Figure 2.24.

The main elements of layered rafters, rafter legs, made of beams (120-140) x (180-240), logs Ø140-220 mm or boards (50-80) x (150-200) and placed perpendicular to the cornice line with a step of 1200-1600 mm with rafters made of logs or beams and 700-1200 mm with rafters from boards. It is advisable to place the extreme rafter legs of gable roofs next to the outer wall (pediment), the intermediate ones should not fall on ventilation or chimneys.

Supports for rafter legs are runs from bars (140-160) x (160-200) and Mauerlats(wall bars), which are also most often made of bars (160-200) x (140-160) mm.

Runs rely on racks from bars 120x120 - 160x160 or, if possible, on the walls. It is desirable to take the distance between the supports from 2 to 4.5 m. The racks with their lower end rest on sill from a bar (160-200) x (140-160) mm.

Additional supports that reduce the span of the rafter legs with a significant distance between the walls are struts made of bars 120x120 - 160x160 mm. The upper end of the struts is cut into the rafter legs, and the lower end into the bed.

With a spacing of racks from 4.5 to 6 m (for example, in buildings with a large spacing of transverse load-bearing walls), to reduce the estimated span and increase the rigidity of the girders, install longitudinal struts, which are cut into the racks with the lower end, into the runs with the upper end.

Figure 2.24. Schemes of layered rafters

To reduce the amount of spacer (horizontal force transmitted to the walls by rafter legs), it is recommended to arrange horizontal crossbars (puffs) from boards 50x200 mm.

On the plan of load-bearing structures of coverings made of beams or logs, all elements of the rafters (rafter legs, mauerlats, girders, crossbars, etc.) should be shown with two solid main lines. Filly, used for the device of the roof overhang, and the rafter legs from the boards can be shown in one line. Invisible elements (racks and struts) are shown conditionally. For example, struts are shown with a dashed line with an arrow. The dashed line also depicts wind ties made from boards and necessary to ensure the longitudinal rigidity of gable roofs.

In addition to the two external chains of dimensions, the plan should show the pitch of the rafters, the distance between the posts, the locations of the dormer windows, and the ventilation pipes. It is also recommended to lay out the elements of the batten under the roof on a small fragment of the plan.

hanging rafters (wooden truss trusses) are made of beams, logs or boards and are used in buildings with a span of up to 12 m in the absence of intermediate supports (internal walls or columns). The distance between the farms is assigned from 1 to 2 m. The schemes of the hanging rafters are shown in Figure 2.25.

Figure 2.25. Hanging rafter schemes

An example of the implementation of the plan of the supporting structures of the coating with layered rafters is shown in Figure P2.14.

Incision

The cut should be made along the stairs, while window and, if possible, doorways should fall into the section. If necessary, the incision can be broken. The location of the cut must be marked on the floor plans. It is also desirable to mark the place of the cut on the plans of foundations, load-bearing structures of floors, roofs and load-bearing structures of the roof.

It is recommended to start the construction of the section by drawing horizontal lines corresponding to the ground level and the floor levels of the first and second floors, as well as vertical center lines passing along the walls cut by the cutting plane.

The height of the premises from floor to ceiling must be at least 2.5 m. In this case, it is desirable to set the height of the floor equal to 3.0 or 3.3 m (at least 2.8 m). In the premises of apartments with sloping ceilings (mansard), a lower height is allowed on an area not exceeding 50% of total area premises. The height of the walls from the floor to the bottom of the sloping ceiling should be at least 1.2 m with a minimum ceiling slope of 30 ° and not less than 0.8 m with a slope of 45 °. With a ceiling slope of 60 degrees or more, there are no height restrictions. In the bathroom minimum height premises - 2.1 m.

Next, you should apply the edges of the outer and inner walls with a binding corresponding to the plan, the bottom and top of the supporting structures of the floor, and also outline the position flights of stairs and sites. To determine the thickness of the slab, it is recommended that the slab be supported on the outer wall beforehand (see section 2.7).

The load-bearing structures of the floors that fell into the cut plane should be shown in sufficient detail (dimensions of the slabs, sections of the beams).

IN term paper it is recommended to use stairs from small-sized elements, with constructive solutions which can be found in works /1-8/. The graphic construction of the stairs should be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of Section 2.1 (Figure 2.9), while the main structural elements (strings, bowstrings, strut and platform beams, etc.) should be shown in sufficient detail.

Window openings that have fallen into the cutting plane are arranged in such a way that the distance from the floor level to the bottom of the window is at least 700 mm to ensure safety and from the condition of placing heaters. Above the window and door openings, prefabricated or prefabricated-monolithic lintels should be shown in accordance with the developed unit for supporting the ceiling on the wall.

The construction of the attic part of the building is carried out on the basis of the plan of the supporting structures of the coating and the selected rafter scheme. In doing so, keep in mind the following:

The distance from the top of the attic floor to the bottom of the Mauerlat is recommended to be at least 400 mm (for ease of inspection during operation);

The slopes of the slopes should be taken depending on the roofing material, taking into account the data in Table 2.1;

The distance from the attic floor to the lower element of the supporting structures of the coating in the middle part is recommended to be at least 1900 (1600) mm (Figure 2.24);

Table 2.1

Minimum pitches for pitched attic roofs