Language genres of the Russian language. What are the texts in Russian, genres

There are not only stylistically opposed language units, but also the language laws of their use. If you look at several pages of the dictionary words marked "colloquial." and “high.”, then you can immediately notice that there are much fewer high words than colloquial ones. This reflects the norm of the modern literary language in the text (written or oral) there can be many colloquial words, and this does not disgust the modern language taste. On the contrary, words of high style should be used sparingly so as not to give the impression of deliberate exaltation or insincerity. Such is the taste of time, reflected in speech and in the laws of the use of linguistic units.

On the squares of Maloyaroslavets and Mozhaisk, I saw the holy Mongols, the brave men who participated in the liberation of these cities are buried here. Years will pass. The terrible months of the war will be forgotten. People will build new cities, new schools, new clubs. More beautiful, our cities will become bigger than before.

Expensive monuments will remain in the heart of the liberated cities. And the mother, pointing the child to the plinth with the inscribed names, will say “Here, Petya, who saved you ...” And in the zero the collective farmers will honor the lonely grave of a Red Army soldier. The ears of corn will part around it. Time won't touch her...
Our fighters, who fell on the battlefield, defeated not only the enemy, he also defeated death. They died for their loved ones, for friends, for their small village and for our vast country. Orphans will find mothers - all the women of Russia. The dead childless will have descendants - the entire Russian people (I. G. Ehrenburg).
There are few solemn words in this text, but they are enough to convey a feeling of sorrow, gratitude and high sadness.

The text may consist of neutral style units and colloquial style units; may consist of neutral style units and high style units. There are texts from only units of the neutral style, but they are rare.

There are types of combination of colored language units in one text that are stable in this era. Such types are called stylistic genres. In the modern era, we meet such stylistic genres as fiction, scientific research, newspaper information, playful everyday dialogue, a fable, a lyric poem, a report at a scientific conference, a feuilleton, a meeting protocol, an application to an institution, advertising, a report on work, a conversation between a seller and a shopper in a store, telling a friend about an event, a journalistic interview, a non-fiction theory, a travel guide, etc.

These genres belong not only to speech, but also to language. The very laws of combining different colored words within each genre (what is permissible and what is not, or permissible as a special case, what saturation of the text with these colored units is possible, how they should be introduced into the text, etc.) are to a certain extent stable in each era, they characterize not only the given text, but also the genre as a whole. Therefore, such laws have not only a speech, but also a linguistic character.

Language genres and those studied by literary criticism do not coincide with each other. For example, a literary critic distinguishes between a story and a story - for a linguist, this is one genre of artistic narration. There are no actual linguistic (moreover, typified) differences to oppose the story to the story. And even in those cases when the genre is distinguished from both linguistic and literary positions, it is important for the linguist in it to be stable, beyond the scope of personal creativity, general linguistic, and for the literary critic - individual, that which in this text creates the unity of this figurative system and her given artistic expression.

Here genre of family writing:
My Tungus friends! Did you have rain when Ivan returned from the Lavra? In Yaroslavl, it was raining so hard that you had to put on a leather chiton. The first impression of the Volga was poisoned by the rain, the tear-stained windows of the cabin, and the wet nose of Gurland, who went out to the station to meet me. ...)
On the steamer, my first duty was to give free rein to my talent, that is, to go to bed. Waking up, I saw the sun. The Volga is not bad; water meadows, sun-drenched monasteries, white churches; the expanse is amazing; wherever you look, it is convenient to sit down and start fishing everywhere. On the shore, classy ladies roam and nibble green grass, occasionally a shepherd's horn is heard.

Kostroma is a good city. I saw Plyos, where the languid Levitan lived; I saw Kineshma, where I walked along the boulevard and watched local shpakovs.
Well, stay healthy and prosperous (A.P. Chekhov).
The linguistic genre of family writing is very pronounced. Such features are characteristic; colloquial style vocabulary (thrashed - about rain, not bad, chilly, etc.), occasionally colloquial words (everything was filled up inside) ", a lot of playful figurative meanings, ironic use of high words (put on, beheld), the inclusion of words of the family language - so M. P. Chekhov spoke in childhood, Drishka is a family form of the name Daria, the introduction of fragments of other language systems (menu), the predominance of simple syntactic constructions (there are no particularly dissected sentences, with a deep "syntactic perspective"), a very moderate use of participial and adverbial phrases .

As can be seen, different language genres are characterized not only by different use of words of high or colloquial style, but also by a number of other features. They present the signs of functional varieties of the language in different ways. What is called the functional varieties of the language
Some genres show linguistic affinity. So, for example, a notarial deed, a business contract, minutes of a meeting, and an official notice are similar to each other. A characteristic feature of these genres is the use of vocabulary related to a particular area. human activity, frequent use of grammatical (primarily syntactic) features that are relevant in texts intended for this area. All these signs make up the distinctive features of the business variety of the modern Russian language. It is characterized not only by what is appropriate in it, but also by the fact that, as a rule, it does not contain words of a colloquial style (darling, tyutelka in tyutka, Vanyusha, seeded), high, solemn words are completely inappropriate, emotional means of language are uncommon (ah, eh, eyes, nose, white, blue-blue, the worst, and I forget about this contract).

Functional varieties of language are distinguished by generalizing those features that a certain group of language genres has. It is possible to group language genres in different ways, so different researchers have a different set of functional varieties of the language. Most often, such functional varieties are distinguished: business, journalistic, scientific and popular science, informational (for example, a newspaper chronicle), household (for example, a conversation on everyday, everyday topics).

The first clear division of the forms of verbal communication was made by Aristotle. A major role in identifying everyday speech genres belongs to M. M. Bakhtin, who, without using the term "pragmatics", characterized the necessary pragmatic components of speech communication, emphasized the importance of the role of the addressee (the Other, in his terminology), anticipating his response. M. M. Bakhtin defined speech genres as relatively stable and normative forms of utterance, in which each utterance obeys the laws of integral composition and types of connection between sentences-utterances. Dialogue is defined as classic shape verbal communication.

According to the types of communicative attitudes, according to the way partners participate, their role relations, the nature of the remarks, the ratio of dialogic and monologue speech, the following genres are distinguished: conversation, conversation, story, story, proposal, recognition, request, dispute, remark, advice, letter, note, message on pager, diary.

1. Conversation. This is a genre of verbal communication (dialogue or polylogue), in which, with a cooperative strategy, the following occurs: a) an exchange of views on any issues; b) exchange of information about the personal interests of each of the participants - to establish the type of relationship; c) aimless exchange of opinions, news, information (phatic communication). Different types of conversation are characterized by the corresponding types of dialogic modality.

The second type of conversation involves spiritual "consonance", praise, approval, compliments, sincere confessions.

The third type of conversation genre is idle talk, in which participants relieve emotional stress, practice wit by telling jokes, make political predictions, share their worries, seek sympathy, tell jokes and stories. This type of conversation is characterized by an emotional modality.

The genre of conversation is the type of conversation in which, with various tactics, the strategy of solidarity in opinions and agreement dominates. The exchange of information in a conversation can be one of the phases of speech interaction, an auxiliary tactic, so the modality can be expressed with introductory words like: You know; You can not imagine; And what do you think was there?; Imagine that; these modal words and the reaction of the addressee(s) to them - I can't imagine; Really; Is; How should I know; I have no idea; - play the role of regulators in the course of a conversation, determining the vector of verbal communication. Therefore, the words of N. Abramov (“The Gift of Words”, 1901) that “conversation is an exchange of sympathies” can rightly be attributed to the conversation.

All of the above information about the relationship and mutual influence of pragmatic factors on the course of speech interaction can be applied to conversation, this basic type of communication.

2. Conversation. In this genre, both cooperative and non-cooperative strategies can be implemented. According to the goals of communication, they differ: a) informative conversation; b) prescriptive conversation (requests, orders, demands, advice, recommendations, beliefs in something); c) conversations aimed at clarifying interpersonal relationships (conflicts, quarrels, reproaches, accusations). Purposefulness is a characteristic feature of conversation, in contrast to conversation, which can be an idle speech genre. The special features of the conversation are evidenced by stable expressions that have historically developed in the language system, for example: I have a conversation with you; serious conversation; big conversation; unpleasant conversation; cheerful conversation; useless conversation; pointless conversation; business, conversation.

The initial cue of the conversation may be indicative of the type of conversation. In a conversation of the first type, it indicates the speaker's interest in obtaining the necessary information. This type is characterized by question-answer replication, and the role of the leader, the participant directing the course of the conversation, is played by the questioner, with short replicas-questions, re-questions, clarifications-questions, and the role of the “slave” is the participant who owns knowledge, with replicas-answers of various length. The main condition for the success of an informative conversation is the correspondence between the world of knowledge of the sender and the addressee. Importance also have the communicative competence of the participants in the conversation, their knowledge of social norms of etiquette. Communicative competence includes the ability of speakers to choose a situationally appropriate form of knowledge representation, interpretation of events and facts, the nuances of using indirect speech acts, non-literal expressions.

The conversations of the second type, as a rule, occur between participants who have different social and role characteristics, for example, between a father and a son, between neighbors who have different social status. The motives of the conversation are revealed by the verbs: I ask, I demand, I advise, I recommend, I convince, I beg, I order, I insist, etc. respectively, tactics of influencing the addressee, systems of threats and punishments.

The structure of this type of conversation, as well as others, is determined not only by the speech rules for introducing replicas of consent or refusal, but also by the behavioral reactions of the participants in the communication. These behavioral reactions in the conduct of a conversation are valuable not only in themselves, but also as motives for including this or that language element, this or that way of expression in a dialogical cue.

The next type of conversation - a conversation aimed at clarifying the relationship - is based on a non-cooperative strategy of quarrel, conflict, reproaches, squabbles. Here, mockery, irony, hint often become a verbal form of expression of aggression. Metalanguage of replicas: “I am like that and treat me like that! What I say in this form is significant. The hyperbole of questions-denials, affirmation-denials acts as a negative assessment; for example: You are always so; You think so?; That's what he did to you! The strategic goal may be pursued by silence - the desire to stop communication.

3. Dispute. An argument is an exchange of opinions with the aim of making a decision or finding out the truth. Various points views on this or that issue, however, have a common phase, not explicitly expressed in linguistic forms - an interest in communication. This determines a positive beginning in a dialogue or polylogue, a kind of code of trust, truthfulness and sincerity, expressed in etiquette forms of address, politeness, and the truth of arguments. The purpose of the dispute is to find an acceptable solution, but at the same time it is also a search for truth, the only correct solution. Depending on the topic of the dispute, it is possible to form an epistemic modality (in disputes on topics of science, politics) or an axiological modality (in disputes about the world of values, morality, etc.).

A constructive beginning in this genre of verbal communication is the emphasis by the interlocutors of the commonality of views, the commonality of positions. The declaration of the infallibility of one's own view, on the contrary, leads to a communicative failure. In the theory of a dispute, there is a rule of “presumption of an ideal partner”, which puts the subject of the dispute in the center of attention and prohibits touching on the personal qualities of partners. The expression of disagreement by the speaker, the presentation of his point of view, the argumentation of its truth is expedient using the so-called verbs of opinion (we believe, we believe it is possible, etc.).

The participants in the dispute, citing various arguments in defense of their point of view, demonstrate their commitment to the truth, and not just their disagreement. Argumentation, or showing that a statement is true, has many techniques. The "impression of truth" is created by the conscious use of explanatory complex sentences like: It goes without saying, chcho...; It is known that ... etc.; or sentences with particles, adverbs that refer the addressee to the assessment of truth; for example: Yes, son, we forgave you too much with your mother ...

In addition to bringing objective arguments and using the techniques of a hidden dispute, when conducting a dispute, sometimes there is an “argument to the individual”. This can be either flattery to the addressee so that he accepts the addresser's point of view, or, conversely, the reception of psychological pressure on the addressee through the humiliation of his human dignity, insulting feelings. Many "arguments to the individual" are considered forbidden techniques in the theory of dispute.

In domestic disputes, with the strategy of reconciliation of positions, the tactic of changing the topic is appropriate: for example, a statement like: Let's better talk about the weather. In any disputable situations, partners should be treated with respect, treated as equals.

4. Story. It's a genre colloquial speech, in which the monologue form of speech predominates within a dialogue or polylogue. The main strategic line of verbal communication is solidarity, consent, cooperation, “permission” for one of the participants to carry out their communicative intention, which basically comes down to information. The topic of the story can be any event, fact that happened to the narrator or anyone else. The course of the story may be interrupted by remarks-questions or remarks-evaluations, to which the narrator answers with varying degrees of completeness.

A characteristic feature of the genre of the story is the integrity of the transmitted information, provided by the coherence of individual fragments. In the story, the addresser, interpreting real events, acts as the author, arbitrarily, from his point of view, evaluates them. At the same time, with the help of a certain functional perspective of sentences, word order, intonation, introductory and plug-in constructions, particles, adverbs, paraphrases (for example: And Petya, this Plyushkin, suddenly became generous ...) the addresser creates not only an epistemic addressee oriented to the world of knowledge) the modal plan of the story, but also the axiological outline of the story (offers a hierarchy of value orientations, consistent with the world of socio-cultural stereotypes of the addressee).

Support for the communicative initiative of the narrator and the interest of the listeners can be manifested in interruptions, replicas, repetitions, exclamations not addressed to the speaker.

The theme of the story and the nature of real events (terrible, neutral, funny, instructive) also determine the modality of speech.

Phraseology, idioms, allusive precedent texts and "fashionable" lexemes are both semantic blocks and a way of presenting oneself as a speaker as a narrator.

5. History. This genre of colloquial speech, like the story, is primarily monologue speech, which takes into account all the components of the pragmatic situation. In addition, an important pragmatic factor of speech in telling a "story" is memory. This factor determines the structure of the narrative and the content of speech. Characteristically, the stories do not include the addressee himself as a character.

The communicative goal of history is not only the transmission of information about events that occurred earlier (at an unspecified moment), but also a summing up of semantic results, a summary, a comparison with an assessment of contemporary events and facts.

In contrast to other types of verbal communication, story and story refer to the planned types of speech, "allowed" by the participants in the communicative interaction. Therefore, communicative success is predetermined here to a greater extent, but not absolutely.

The style of history absorbed all the features of colloquial syntax: thematic fragmentation (“mosaic”), associative deviations from the “plot” of the narrative, elliptical constructions, question-answer moves. The expressiveness of lexical elements is due to the cultural background of the communication situation, reflects the spontaneity, unpreparedness of the narrative, therefore, there is an abundance of concretizing lexemes in speech, as well as introductory words that show the speaker's control over the course of presentation and the way of expression.

6. Letter. Necessary condition This genre of verbal communication is sincerity, which is possible with the internal proximity of kindred or friendly people. “The context of consent, characteristic of the concept of sincerity, corresponds to the etymological meaning of the word: sincere meant “close, approximate, nearby.” Whatever mode prevails in writing, the very fact of addressing one’s feelings-thoughts in writing, which implies a non-momentary reading, indicates that the author has the opportunity to use the natural way of explicating himself as a person (and this is the most important pragmatic condition for any verbal communication).

The regularity of correspondence is determined by a number of factors: a) the relationship between the participants in this type of verbal communication; b) the external circumstances of the correspondence; c) topic relevance for the addressee; d) frequency of correspondence.

I. N. Kruchinina, analyzing the stylistic features of this genre, comes to the conclusion that the ease of relations with the addressee is the main condition for correspondence, and “the absence of this prerequisite is usually immediately felt as an obstacle to communication and may even lead to its termination; see, for example, in Pushkin's letter to Vyazemsky: "Darling, I'm tired of writing to you, because I can't appear in a dressing gown, unbuttoned and with my sleeves down" (November 1825)."

The element of colloquial speech in writing is reflected in the dissonance of linear syntactic connections; this testifies to the “quick pronunciation” of the writer, the arbitrary nature of the thematic elements in the course of the presentation of thoughts (for example: I laughed about Valya when I read about her tricks ...; which may be an analogue of the construction of the codified language: As for Valya, I laughed ...). This trend of "stringing" thematically important, from the point of view of the author of the letter, elements is also characteristic for the formation of the entire structure of the letter: the letter can be thematically discrete, saturated with associative elements and additional messages.

The pragmatic condition of solidarity and agreement in the genre of writing finds its formal expression in the "formulas" of greeting and farewell, originating in the mists of time.

7. Note. Unlike writing, this genre of written colloquial speech is largely formed common peace feelings-thoughts of the sender and the addressee, the same epistemic and axiological modality, the relevance of the same circumstances. Therefore, the content of the note is usually brief; a detailed argument can be replaced by one or two words that play the role of a hint.

So, for example, a note left in a student dormitory may contain only two words: “They called: We are waiting.” The addressee of the note guesses both the authors of the note and their communicative purpose. The situational conditioning and close relationship between sender and addressee make free expression and reticence possible; see, for example, A. N. Ostrovsky’s note to N. A. Dubrovsky: “Nikolka! Why don't you lead Vetlitsky, and where the hell are you yourself? Will you listen to me! Well, you wait!”

You can’t write like that, I just thought so, but you need to write like this:

"Your Majesty

Nikolai Alexandrovich,

Would you like to welcome me today directly from the office to the dining table, which will greatly oblige your deeply respectful and devoted A. Ostrovsky. ”

(Oct. 1870)".

The informal friendly tone of the first note and the purely official nature of the second explain the incompleteness of the structure of the first note (where are you going?). The second note does not have the modal components of the first one: the probability of failure and the tactics of influencing the addressee are not expressed here.

In a note, as in a letter, it is possible for the addressee to self-check the way of his expression, the train of thought; For example: Shall I go? (no, I'll run early in the morning). In addition, a note, like a letter, may not be a spontaneous flow of feeling-thought, but a processed version, written off from a draft, in which the irregularities of improvisation are “softened” and reduced, the unexpected appearance in consciousness of the meaningful elements of the statement.

8. Diary. Diary entries are texts of addressed colloquial speech, and therefore, they have all the stylistic features of texts due to the multifactorial pragmatic space. The addressee of the texts of the diary is the alter ego, the supersubject, “the highest instance of reciprocal understanding” (in the terminology of M. M. Bakhtin), which helps the writer express his thoughts, feelings and doubts. This pragmatic factor forces the author of diary entries to verify the accuracy of the expression of thoughts, to introduce synonyms and concretizers, to use such syntactic devices as gradation, question-answer moves, rhetorical questions; introductory words and sentences that are signals of the author's reflection; see, for example, a fragment of the diary of Andrei Bely (entry August 8, 1921; the day after the death of A. Blok): physical plane) is a part of myself. How so? I am alive, but the content, the living content of my soul, has died? Nonsense?! Then I realized that some huge stage of my life was over” [Literaturnaya. newspaper. 1990. August 1].

The style of diary entries is determined by all aspects of the personality (I-intellectual, I-emotional, I-spiritual, etc.); depending on the predominance of one or another beginning, the nature of the presentation changes. Diary entries are divided into two major categories. Some diaries reflect the author's orientation towards describing the day as a temporary space. This can be a list of what has been done, a summary, reflections, an analysis of feelings and thoughts, plans, etc. Diaries of a different type (they may be conducted irregularly) - “talking” about oneself in “time, thinking about what excites, a kind of” stream of consciousness” with associative subtopics of the “main” thoughts of the day. The diaries of people doing creative work are a laboratory of creative research and differ little from the "notebooks" and "workbooks" of writers and poets.

Culture of Russian speech / Ed. OK. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaeva - M., 1999

Art style used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, possibilities different styles, characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

Emotionality artistic style differs from the emotionality of colloquial and publicistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

Genre as a concept appeared a long time ago, back in the ancient world. At the same time, a typology of genres appeared. Today, text typologies are more rigorous and have clear boundaries. Moreover, they are used in all areas of life - in government activities, in professional areas, theater, medicine and even everyday life.

Genres in fiction is a special complex issue. As you know, all literary works, depending on the nature of the depicted, belong to one of three genera: epic, lyric or drama. A literary genre is a generalized name for a group of works, depending on the nature of the reflection of reality.

EPOS(from the Greek "narrative") is a generalized name for works depicting events external to the author.

LYRICS(from the Greek "performed to the lyre") is a generalized name for works in which there is no plot, but the feelings, thoughts, experiences of the author or his lyrical hero are depicted.

DRAMA(from the Greek. "action") - a generalized name of works intended for staging on stage; the drama is dominated by the dialogue of the characters, the author's beginning is minimized.

Varieties of epic, lyrical and dramatic works are called types of literary works .

Type and genre - concepts in literary criticism very close .

Genres called variations of the type of literary work. For example, a genre version of a story can be fantastic or historical tale, and the genre variety of comedy is vaudeville, etc. Strictly speaking, a literary genre is a historically established type of work of art containing certain structural features and aesthetic quality characteristic of this group of works.

TYPES (GENRES) OF EPIC WORKS:

epic, novel, story, short story, fairy tale, fable, legend.

EPIC- a major work of art, telling about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the epic novel genre appears - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs in the course of their participation in historical events.

NOVEL- a large narrative work of art with a complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.

STORY- a work of art that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of volume and complexity of the plot. In ancient times, any narrative work was called a story.

STORY- work of fiction small size, which is based on an episode, an incident from the life of a hero.

FAIRY TALE- a work about fictional events and heroes, usually with the participation of magical, fantastic forces.

FABLE(from "bayat" - to tell) - this is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, moralizing or satirical in nature.

TYPES (GENRES) OF LYRICAL WORKS:

ode, hymn, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message.

OH YEAH(from Greek “song”) - choral, solemn song.

HYMN(from Greek “praise”) - a solemn song to verses of a programmatic nature.

EPIGRAM(from the Greek. "Inscription") - a short satirical poem of a mocking nature, which arose in the 3rd century BC. e.

ELEGY- a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyric poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called an elegy "a song of sad content." The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "mournful song". The elegy originated in Ancient Greece in the 7th century BC e.

MESSAGE- a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish, a confession.

SONNET(from the Provencal sonette - "song") - a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator is the poet Jacopo da Lentini), appeared in England in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of the sonnet are Italian (from 2 quatrains and 2 tercetes) and English (from 3 quatrains and the final couplet).

LYROEPIC TYPES (GENRES):

poem, ballad

POEM(from the Greek poieio - “I do, create”) - a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, usually on a historical or legendary topic.

BALLAD- a story song of dramatic content, a story in verse.

TYPES (GENRES) OF DRAMA WORKS:

tragedy, comedy, drama (in the narrow sense).

TRAGEDY(from the Greek tragos ode - “goat song”) - a dramatic work depicting a tense struggle of strong characters and passions, which usually ends with the death of the hero.

COMEDY(from the Greek komos ode - “merry song”) - a dramatic work with a cheerful, funny plot, usually ridiculing social or domestic vices.

DRAMA(“action”) is a literary work in the form of a dialogue with a serious plot, depicting a person in his dramatic relationship with society. Drama may be tragicomedy or melodrama.

VAUDEVILLE- a genre variety of comedy, it is a light comedy with singing couplets and dancing.

FARCE- a genre variety of comedy, this is a theatrical play of a light, playful nature with external comic effects, designed for a rude taste.

Discipline: Russian language and literature
The type of work: abstract
Topic: Styles and genres of speech

Kazan State University

Faculty of Journalism and Sociology

By subject

Russian language and culture of speech

Styles and genres of speech

Completed:

Fatykhov D.F.

Group 1333

Teacher:

Markelov V.S.

Kazan, 2004
Table of contents.

Introduction. 3

1. Scientific style of speech. 4

2. Newspaper and journalistic style of speech. 8

3. Official business style of speech. eleven

4. Conversational style of speech. fourteen

5. Artistic style of speech. 15

6. About the genres of speech. 16

Conclusion. 24

Bibliography. 26

Introduction.

Speech has a communicative nature and is thus addressed to someone. Depending on the form of information exchange, speech is divided into oral.

Depending on the number of participants in communication - monologue and dialogue. The basis of both written and oral types of speech is the literary language. It should be noted that for each communication situation in one or another social sphere activities, there are rules of speech behavior, speech norms, functional styles of speech are distinguished, each of which is characterized by its own selection of language means. The most well-established includes five functional styles:

scientific style
Newspaper-journalistic style
Formal business style
Conversational style
Art

Each of the styles gives preference to oral or written form, dialogic or monologue speech.

1. Scientific style of speech.

The main features of the scientific style both in written and oral form are:

Accuracy
Abstraction
Logic
Objectivity of presentation

The scientific style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, incl. and international.

The peculiarity of the vocabulary is that polysemantic words are not used in all meanings, but only in one. This brings it closer to the vocabulary of the official business style. The volume of text in a scientific style is increased by repeated repetition of the same words. There is no colloquial vocabulary. Estimates are present, have a rational, not emotional character. Also used in the syntax are complex allied sentences, complicated simple sentences. The texts contain various formulas, tables and graphs.

The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science.

So let's take a look at this style with an example. Analyzes the chapter from the textbook "Economy without secrets" I. Lipsits. In this chapter, entitled "This is a sweet word - budget", in continuation of the theme of the textbook on the basics of a market economy, the author reveals the content of some concepts of modern economic theory.

It reveals causal relationships between phenomena, reveals patterns.

The text of the chapter is presented objectively and differs in logical sequence. It begins with an explanation of what is the basis of the “state budget”, how it is implemented, who is involved in it (“financiers”), how they resolve situations in case of excess of “expenditures” over “revenues” - “budget deficit”.

"cutting social programs"
"Issue of fiat money"

The text provides definitions of the concepts under consideration. They are underlined on both sides and in dark font, for example: “State budget deficit is a financial situation that occurs when……”

The special scientific terms mentioned above and put in quotation marks are also highlighted in the text.

This chapter provides figures on the structure of budget revenues and expenditures. The content of the textbook includes both graphs and tables with numbers.

There are ambiguous words in the text, which here have exactly one meaning, for example, “financial transactions” (We know that this word is ambiguous, because it is also “ military operation and "surgery").

Abstract concepts can be found in the text, for example, “the authority of government securities”.

Many words, scientific terms, are repeated many times, thereby increasing the volume of the text, for example: “state”, “ securities”, “yield”, “debt”, “money”, “loans”, “credits”, etc.

Here, simple sentences are also actively used, complicated:

introductory words: “as a matter of fact”, “really”, “of course”, “as a rule”
phrases: "absolute amounts", "world experience"
involved and participle turns: "having become acquainted with the list of items of public expenditure" ...

All this helps to understand the true essence of phenomena, to identify scientific patterns. Scientific texts require repeated reading.

Example: "This textbook is designed for students in grades 9-11, colleges and technical schools, so the author tried to explain the essence of complex economic laws as intelligibly as possible."

Scientific style is the style of scientific works, articles, textbooks, lectures, reviews. They contain information about various phenomena of the world around us. In the field of vocabulary, the scientific style is characterized primarily by the presence of special vocabulary, terms: declension, conjugation, theorem, bisector, logarithm, etc. Words are used, as a rule, in their direct meanings, since scientific speech does not allow ambiguity and should be extremely accurate. The syntax of scientific works is characterized by the widespread use of complex sentences, isolated minor members, introductory words indicating the sequence and logical connection of thoughts: Plot (from the French sujet - subject, content) - a system of events that make up the content of the action of a literary work, more broadly - "the history of character." (M. Gorky), shown in the system of events. It is important to keep in mind, first of all, the content of the plot, the reflection in it of the conflicts of life itself, illuminated by the writer's worldview. Plots are socially conditioned.

2. Newspaper and journalistic style of speech.

The main feature of the newspaper-journalistic style is the interaction of two trends:

tendencies to expressiveness (due to the function of persuasion, emotional impact on the reader, listener);
tendencies towards the standard (due to the informational and content function, and the information should be known in the shortest possible time to a huge number of people - this distinguishes the newspaper and journalistic style from others)

The emotional impact is enhanced by the expression of the author's attitude to the information being reported, corrected by the opinion of a certain social group people to which the author belongs.

Given the above, let's analyze E. Arsyukhin's "Stumbling Pretzel" (" Russian newspaper» No. 95 2003)

Here, the expression of the title immediately draws attention to itself. The phraseological unit “stumbling block” is known (that is, something that cannot be solved in any way, around which there is a lot of controversy and everyone “stumbles” about this “stone”). The author, paraphrasing it, draws attention to the subject of the article. And the subtitle with elements of colloquial speech close to the jargon “bakers want to make money” leaves no doubt about the conclusion made by the author – “bread will rise in price”.

In the article, we find an interweaving of words and phrases that are characteristic of the scientific style (“resonance”, “traders”, “profitability”, “cost”, “intervention”), and typical for colloquial speech (“make money”, they have room to shrink” , "reduce the price of rolls").

In the language of the article, there are standard expressions typical of the newspaper-journalistic style - clichés (“the root of evil”, “the interests of both sides”, “heroic efforts”, etc.) which, on the other hand, certainly facilitate communication.

In the text, the author uses a very expressive figurative comparison given by a grain expert from the Institute of Agricultural Marketing Yu. Ognev: “... grain was cheaper than truck dust ...”, thereby increasing the power of influence on the reader.

Discussing how the government struggled with the cheapness of grain and in the end achieved its rise in price, but thereby provoked an increase in bread prices, without taking into account the political nature of this price increase, and even strategic, the correspondent publicistically sharpening his thought raises the question: “It turns out, for what did they fight?…”, meaning “they ran into it!”. With this question and the implied answer, he emphasizes his author's position.

We conclude that many features of the newspaper-journalistic style are presented in this article.

The most common genres of journalism include an editorial, correspondence, essay, speech at a rally, meeting, etc. In the works of journalism, two tasks are usually set: firstly, a message, information about certain social phenomena or acts, and, secondly, / an open assessment of the issues raised in order to actively influence the listener or reader in order to attract the interlocutor to support the position taken and defended by the author.

The vocabulary of this style contains many words and phraseological phrases of a socio-political nature: progressive humanity, the struggle for peace, advanced ideas. To enhance expressiveness in the vocabulary, obsolete words and forms are often used: faithful sons of the Fatherland, kneel, ancestor (ancestor), solemnly elevated words are widespread: power, it has happened, sacred duty, year. For a more effective impact on the interlocutor, figurative means are used, and in syntax - exclamatory and motivating sentences: Today there is no need to guess "whose groan is heard over the great Russian river." Then the Volga itself groans, pitted far and wide, sick, with brine water, constricted by hydroelectric dams, swollen from reservoirs with the famous fish wealth decreasing from year to year. Looking at the Volga, you especially well understand the price of our civilization - those blessings with which a person was lured like an unreasonable child, replacing him with the joy of being the joy of selfish victories and achievements. It seems that everything that could be defeated, even the soul, even the future; more and more bitterness, like ashes from factory pipes, oppresses our hearts ... (V. Rasputin)

3. Official business style of speech.

For official business speech, common style features are characteristic.

Accuracy and impersonality of presentation, not allowing for the possibility of differences in interpretation
Impartial statement
Detailed presentation
Stereotyped, standardized presentation
Officiality, rigor of thought
Objectivity and logic

Genres of business style perform informational, prescriptive, stating functions in different types activities. Therefore, the main form of implementation of this style is written.

Main scope official business style:

Administrative and legal activity
Registration business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in an official environment.

We will analyze this style of speech using the example of the “Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation”.

In the text of this resolution, there are practically two paragraphs, consisting of two sentences, in which the same type of phrases are repeated several times and occupy a large amount of text (“in the field of preventing and eliminating emergency situations, ensuring fire safety, as well as restoring and building residential buildings, facilities housing and communal farms ... etc.)

The repetition of these phrases clearly shows us that no discrepancies and other interpretations of the text are simply unacceptable here.

The second point presents us with the changes that have taken place in the composition of the Government Commission. Here, verbs in the infinitive are widely represented, containing the theme of obligation and prescription, characteristic of the official business style (“introduce”, “include”, “release”, “exclude”)

The names of persons included and excluded from the composition of the commission are called, with indications of positions, which is typical for this style of speech, and no characteristics are given and no assessments are made of these changes in the composition of the commission.

So, style features the text of the resolution is the standardization and detail of the presentation, the unambiguity of reading the text.

The official business style serves a wide area of ​​legal, administrative, diplomatic relations. Its main purpose is information, communication. This style is used when writing various documents, instructions, charters, etc. The words in it are used in their direct meaning in order to avoid their misinterpretation. In the vocabulary of this style, there are many words and stable combinations assigned specifically to this style: petition, statement, resolution, order, protocol, appeal, sue, draw up a petition; We, the undersigned. It often uses nouns in -nie: in order to improve the supply of the population; failure to comply with the decision; compound prepositions: due to, in case, on condition, etc.

In the field of syntax, business style is characterized by the use of verb phrases with a noun: to declare gratitude (thank - neutr.), I ask for permission (instead of asking for permission). Frequent in the syntax of this style are impersonal sentences with the meaning of necessity, order: it is urgent to prepare; action should be taken, etc.

IN formal business style widely used complex sentences, as well as simple, significantly common, including isolated revolutions, homogeneous members: A storm warning. A cyclone is moving towards the shores of Scandinavia. The water level in the Neva has risen by 162 cm. All organizations located in the flood zone should prepare for a possible flood. Roshydrometcenter.

4. Conversational style of speech.

Conversational style is primarily for direct communication with the people around us. It is characterized by ease and unpreparedness of speech. Colloquial words are often used in it (young instead of newlyweds, start instead of start, now instead of now, etc.), words in figurative meaning(window means break).

Words in a colloquial style often not only name objects, actions, signs, but also contain their assessment: good fellow, dodger, careless, take a nap, be smart, cheerful. In a colloquial style, words with diminutive suffixes are used: little book, spoon, bread, pretty, seagull, etc.

Phraseological turns are found especially often in a colloquial style: go at a snail's pace, get up at a little light, rush with all your might. Colloquial style syntax is characterized by the use of simple sentences. Incomplete sentences are widely presented in it, since colloquial speech is more often a dialogue. For example:

“Uncle,” Tolik asked, “why did you remove the sign from Bim?”

“Are you out of your mind, boy? He answered a question with a question.

“You took him away with a sign. I haven't seen one.

(G. Troepolsky)

5. Artistic style of speech.

The art style is used in works of art to paint a living picture, depict an object or event, convey the author's emotions to the reader. Statements of the artistic style are distinguished by figurativeness, visualization, and emotionality.

The characteristic language means of style include: words with a specific meaning, words in figurative use, emotional-evaluative words, words with the meaning of a sign, object or action, words with the meaning of comparison, comparison; perfective verbs with the prefix for-, denoting the beginning of the action, the figurative use of tense and mood forms (Akim fall in love with this Dunyasha!); emotionally-colored sentences: Suddenly, something broke in the stagnant air, the wind blew strongly and whirled around the steppe with noise, with a whistle. Immediately, the grass and last year's weeds raised a murmur, and on the road the dust swirled in a spiral, ran across the steppe and, dragging straw, dragonflies and feathers, rose to the sky in a black spinning pillar and clouded the sun. (A. Chekhov)

6. About the genres of speech.

The verbal-sign design of typical situations of social interaction between people is called speech genres.

M. M. Bakhtin was the first to pose the problem of studying the genres of speech. With his light hand the study of this linguistic object led to the creation of a special promising direction, the field of anthropocentric linguistics - genre studies (generics). Bakhtin considered the speech genre as a category that allows you to connect social reality with the reality of language. Genres of speech he called "transmission belts from the history of society to the history of language." At the same time, genres of speech ...

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Language and society. Language as the main means of human communication exists only in a society of people. The connection between language and society is two-way: there is no language outside of society and there is no society without language. Thus, language is primarily a social phenomenon, so it cannot but be influenced by social factors.

Any society is heterogeneous in its composition: people differ in their social status, level of education, place of residence, age, gender, etc. Everyone, of course, notices the differences that exist in the speech of urban and rural residents, people with higher education and illiterate people, etc. But this social differentiation language is not limited. Everyone knows that in the speech of people united by one profession, there are words that are incomprehensible to the "uninitiated" - this is professional jargon. And in some cases, differences in the language of people also depend on their gender. For example, in the language of the Yana Indians (Northern California), men call an object one word, and women another. In Japan, the speech of girls is much richer and more varied than that of boys, because it is necessary requirement to the girl's education in preparation for family life.

Common language and its varieties. Language given people taken in the totality of its inherent features that distinguish it from other languages, is called public, or national language. Speaking of the national language, we mean Russian, English, German, French, etc. National language- means of written and oral national communication nation. N.Ya. - a historical category, it is formed during the formation of a nation, its development from a nationality.

Russian N.Ya. according to family ties that arose and formed in the process of historical development, it belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. This group has three subgroups: East Slavic(Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian), West Slavic(Czech, Slovak, Polish, Kashubian, Serbolusatian and dead Polabian), South Slavic(Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene, Ruthenian and dead Old Church Slavonic). In terms of prevalence, Slavic languages ​​​​rank fifth in the world (after Chinese, Indian, Germanic and Romance languages). Today they are spoken by 280 million people. The Russian literary language dominates among other Slavic languages ​​in terms of the number of speakers. Together with English, French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic it is recognized as the official and working language of the United Nations. More than 250 million people study the modern literary language in almost 100 countries of the world.

The main functions of the language. Language is inherently multifunctional. It serves as a means of communication, allows the speaker (individual) to express his thoughts, and another individual to perceive them and, in turn), somehow react (take note, agree, object). In this case, the language does communicative function (lat. Communicare - to inform, talk).

Language also serves as a means of consciousness, promotes the activity of consciousness and reflects its results. Thus, the language is involved in the formation of the thinking of the individual (individual consciousness) and the thinking of society ( public consciousness). This cognitive function. ( cognitive, epistemological).

Language, moreover, helps to preserve and transmit information, which is important both for the individual and for the whole society. In written sources (chronicles, documents, memoirs, newspapers, fiction), in oral folk art, the life of a people, nation, the history of native speakers of a given language is recorded. This is the function - accumulative.

In addition to these three main functions (communicative, cognitive, accumulative), the language performs: emotional function (expresses feelings and emotions); function impact (voluntarily).

Here, for example, how, figuratively characterizing language, Aesop, the hero of the drama of the Brazilian theater critic, writer Guillermo Figueiredo, “The Fox and the Grapes”, emphasizes its multifunctionality: “Language is what unites us when we speak. Without language, we could not communicate our thoughts. Language is the key of science, an instrument of truth and reason. Language helps build cities. Language expresses love. Language is taught, persuaded, instructed. With the tongue they pray, explain, sing. Language describes, praises, proves, affirms. With the tongue we pronounce the word "beloved" and the sacred word "mother". This language we say "Yes". It is the language that orders the troops to win.” The first sentence indicates the communicative function of the language, the second and third - the cognitive one; fifth - on the emotional; the sixth - on the voluntarily.

The concept of "modern Russian literary language". Any national language is not uniform in composition, since it is used by people who differ in their social status, occupation, level of culture, etc., and, in addition, they use it in different situations(business conversation, lecture, etc.). It exists in several forms. These include dialects (territorial), vernacular (speech of illiterate or insufficiently literate sections of the urban population), jargon (speech of individual professional, social groups for the purpose of language isolation) and literary language .

LITERARY LANGUAGE. The highest form of the national Russian language is literary language. It serves various spheres of human activity: politics; culture; office work; legislation; verbal art; household communication; international communication. Literary language is the main means of communication between people of the same nationality. It is characterized by two main properties: processing and standardization. Processedness literary language arises as a result of purposeful selection of all the best that is in the language. This selection is carried out in the process of using the language, as a result of special studies by philologists, writers, and public figures. normalization expressed in the fact that the use of linguistic means is regulated by a single universally binding norm. The norm as a set of rules of word usage is necessary to preserve the integrity and comprehensibility of the national language, to transfer information from one generation to another. If there were no single language norm, then such changes could occur in the language (for example, in vocabulary) that people living in different parts of Russia would no longer understand each other.

Main requirements, which the literary language must correspond to is its unity and general intelligibility. Other varieties of the common language do not meet these requirements.

The modern Russian literary language is multifunctional, that is, it is used in various fields of human activity. In this regard, the means of the literary language (lexicon, grammatical constructions, etc.) are functionally differentiated: some are used in some areas, others in others. The use of certain language means depends on the type of communication. Therefore, the literary language is divided into two functional varieties: colloquial and bookish. In accordance with this, there is Speaking And book language.

colloquial a kind of literary language, or colloquial speech, is used, as a rule, in situations of easy communication. The main features of colloquial speech:

oral form of expression;

The implementation is predominantly in the form of a dialogue;

Unpreparedness, unplanned, spontaneity;

Direct contact between communicants.

The norm in colloquial speech is the result of a speech tradition, determined by the appropriateness of using an expression in a given situation. Depending on how clearly, carefully the words are pronounced, in oral colloquial speech they distinguish three pronunciation styles: full, neutral, colloquial. Full style characterized by distinct articulation, careful pronunciation of all sounds, unhurried pace. Samples of this style can be heard mainly in the public speeches of experienced speakers, in the speech of professional radio and television announcers. neutral style characterized by a fairly distinct articulation, but at the same time some reduction of sounds (that is, "swallowing", contraction). The pace of speech is faster, medium. Business conversations, negotiations and similar situations of business communication, as a rule, are conducted in a neutral style. Conversational style - this is a way of pronouncing, characteristic of situations of communication in everyday life, in a relaxed atmosphere. Fuzzy articulation, "swallowing" sounds and syllables, fast pace - these are the features inherent in this style. The differences between styles can be illustrated by the example of the word "sixty": [sixty] – full style, [shi-ishat]- neutral, [shut]- colloquial.

book language- second functional variety literary language. Its main features are a written form of expression and implementation mainly in the form of a monologue. It is because of the written form of expression that this functional variety has received the name "book language", that is, the language used in books. The main property of the bookish language is the ability to preserve the text and thus serve as a means of communication between generations. All types of indirect communication are carried out with the help of bookish language. It has all the means necessary for the various purposes of communication, for the expression of abstract concepts and relations. The functions of the bookish language are numerous and become more complex with the development of society.

Since the bookish language serves different areas of society, it is divided into functional styles. functional style – a kind of bookish language that is characteristic of a certain sphere of human activity and has a certain originality in the use of linguistic means. Each functional style is realized in speech genres. genre - this specific view texts that have specific features that distinguish genres from each other, as well as commonality, which is due to the fact that certain groups of genres belong to the same functional style. For example, in an official business style, the genres of a business letter, statements, instructions, etc. are distinguished.

There are three main functional styles in bookish language: scientific, official business, journalistic . scientific style characterized by abstractness, strict logic of presentation, a large number of special terms, certain syntax features. It uses mainly bookish, special, as well as stylistically neutral vocabulary. The following genres are distinguished in the scientific style: article, monograph, dissertation, textbook, review, review, abstract, etc. Formal business style is distinguished by the accuracy of wording, impersonality and dryness of presentation, high standard, big amount steady turns, clichés (for example, oblige, in the absence of, take action etc.). There are a large number of genres in this style: law, resolution, note, contract, instruction, announcement, complaint, etc. Journalistic style primarily for the means mass media. Its specificity lies in the combination of two functions of the language: informational and propaganda (in order to influence the reader or listener). It is characterized by the use of expressive-evaluative vocabulary (along with neutral and general functional), as well as phraseology. The following genres of journalistic style are distinguished: editorial, report, essay, reportage, feuilleton, etc.

Along with the listed styles in the national language, there is also the language of fiction. It is sometimes referred to as the fourth functional style of bookish language, or erroneously referred to as literary language. However, artistic speech is characterized by the fact that all linguistic means can be used here: not only words and expressions of the literary language, but also elements of colloquial speech, jargons, territorial dialects. The author of a literary text uses these means to express the idea of ​​a work, to make it expressive, to reflect the local color, etc.

Genres of speech communication. The nature and forms of language use are as diverse as the areas of human activity. Each individual statement is, of course, individual, but each sphere of language use develops its own relatively stable types statements that are called speech genres. Genre is a form of organization of speech material within a particular style of speech. The richness and diversity of speech genres is boundless, because the possibilities of various human activities are inexhaustible. speech genre determine as a relatively stable statement developed by a certain area of ​​language use. It is considered as a phenomenon of speech reality, a model of consciousness. Its defining feature is dialogicity, since the genre of speech is not just a separate statement that exists only as an abstract concept, but necessary element in the structure of a holistic dialogue. Along with dialogicity, other features of the speech genre are distinguished: goal-setting, completeness, connection with a certain area of ​​communication. Everyone speech genre in each area of ​​speech communication has its own typical concept of the addressee that defines it as a genre.

Classification of speech genres. Speech genres are divided into:

Written;

Primary (simple);

Secondary (complex): novels, dramas, scientific research of all kinds, large journalistic genres, etc.

Genre is inextricably linked with style, which is especially clearly revealed when analyzing functional styles. In essence, functional styles are nothing more than genre styles of certain areas of communication. Each person, as a rule, uses only certain speech genres, that is, all his statements have certain and relatively stable typical forms of constructing the whole. These speech genres are given to us almost in the same way that we are given our native language, which we are fluent in and without theoretical study grammar. We learn our native language - its vocabulary and grammar - not from dictionaries and textbooks, but from specific statements that we hear and which we ourselves reproduce live. speech communication with the people around us. Forms of language and typical forms of utterance, i.e., speech genres, come into our experience and into our consciousness together and in close connection with each other. Speech genres organize our speech in much the same way as grammatical (syntactic) forms organize it. The better we master genres, the more freely we use them, the more fully and vividly we reveal our individuality in them.

So, a person masters speech genres in the process of socialization. They are present in the mind of a linguistic personality in the form of ready-made samples (frames) that affect the process of unfolding thoughts in speech. These ready-made samples the linguistic personality acquires gradually in the course of its social formation. The wider the range of mastered speech genres, the higher the level of human communicative competence. This is true for both the speaker and the listener. The formation of genre thinking, i.e., knowledge of how they speak and behave in a particular socially significant situation of communication, increases the predictability of a speech message, which significantly improves its understanding. Speech genres are much more changeable, flexible, plastic than language forms, but for the speaker they have a normative meaning, they are not created by him, but given to him.

For modern man having a high level of communicative competence, it is necessary to know the genres of speech communication that function in different areas. So, in the educational field of activity, the genres of speech communication include explanation of the teacher, pedagogical dialogue between the teacher and the student in the situation of the survey, lecture, seminar, defense of the term paper, thesis. The main goal of educational speech communication is the transfer of knowledge and control over the level of knowledge. In the scientific field, the main genres of speech communication are scientific report, scientific message at the conference, round table(if there are listeners) defense of candidate And doctoral dissertations on the academic council (if there are invited guests). The main function of oral scientific communication is finding scientific truth or recognizing the found scientific truth as truth. In the business sphere, it is possible to single out genres of speech communication that are common to all subjects of activity, regardless of the field of work (factory, theater, school, etc.) - meeting, banquet, anniversary, requiem, the purpose of which is to ensure the functioning of the labor collective as a single organism. There are also special genres of business speech communication, specific for such labor areas as parliamentary, judicial activities - parliamentary debate, court session(open), which are a complex of genres of public communication. The purpose of special genres of business speech communication is to ensure the functioning of the state, ensure the safety of citizens, and impose punishment. Among the general genres of public business communication, the so-called. PR genres that serve to create a positive publicity of the organization, for example, press conference And presentation perform, on the one hand, the function of informing the public, i.e. reporting to the public the point of view of the organization on topical issue, and on the other hand, the function of persuasion, which consists in forming a positive attitude towards the organization among the public with the help of the text. In the socio-political and socio-cultural spheres, oral journalistic speech is represented by genres political speech at a rally, public television interviews And discussions(if there are spectators in the studio). The function of these genres is to influence the minds of the listeners in order to draw attention to socially significant problems and create public opinion. The religious sphere of communication is characterized by such a genre of public communication as sermon aimed at the formation of moral values ​​and the general spiritual growth of parishioners.

Thus, public communication gives a person the opportunity to:

To carry out joint activities with others to successfully solve life problems;

Get knowledge about the world;

Form patterns and models of their behavior;

Organize thinking, develop the ability to analyze and evaluate, create an image of the world.

Types of public communication. Modern scientific and methodological literature notes the variety of types of public communication and classifies them according to various grounds. They authors divide oral presentations into 1) monologue and 2) dialogic; others into 1) emotional and 2) rational, etc.

The most complete classification of modern eloquence is presented in the book by G.Z. Apresyan "Oratory". The author identifies the following main types of eloquence: socio-political, academic, social, judicial, theological and ecclesiastical. The socio-functional feature of speech is taken as the basis of this classification.

Each genus combines certain types of speech, depending on the function that speech performs from a social point of view.

1. The author refers to socio-political eloquence a report on socio-political and political-economic topics, a summary report, a political speech, a diplomatic speech, a political review, a rally speech, an agitational speech.

2. To academic eloquence - university lecture, scientific report, scientific review, scientific report.

3. To judicial eloquence - prosecutor's, or accusatory, speech, public accusatory speech; lawyer, or defensive, speech; public defense speech; defendant's self-defence.

4. To the social and everyday - anniversary speech, drinking speech (toast), memorial speech (tombstone),

5. To the theological and ecclesiastical eloquence - a sermon, a speech at a council.

This classification quite fully reflects the modern oratory, although it does not cover all types of eloquence. In particular, it does not include debatable and polemical speeches, such an effective form of oratory as a replica, answers at press conferences, a word for " round table”, as well as types of eloquence used on radio and television.

TERRITORIAL DIAECTS. Every modern developed language presupposes the presence of territorial dialects, which are the most archaic and natural forms of linguistic existence.

Dialect called a variety of a national language used as a means of communication between people connected by a close territorial community. Dialects of the Russian language developed as stable territorial formations in a fairly early period- period feudal fragmentation. In the twentieth century, in connection with the growth of education, the development of radio, television, the influence of the literary language increases and the process of degradation of dialects is activated.

Dialects exist only in oral form, they serve for everyday communication (among fellow villagers, in a peasant family). Dialects differ from jargons and vernacular in that they have a set of phonetic, grammatical, and lexical differences characteristic of each dialect.

In the national Russian language, there are three groups territorial dialects: North Russian, South Russian and Central Russian. They differ from the literary language and from each other by a number of features in phonetics, grammar and vocabulary. Northern Russian dialects distributed north of Moscow, on the territory of Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Novgorod and some other regions. They are inherent the following features:

- Okane- sound pronunciation [about] in an unstressed position (in pre-stressed syllables) where the sound is pronounced in the literary language [a]. For example, [water] vm. [vada], [milk] vm. [málako] etc.

- clatter- indistinguishable sounds [c] And [h]: pronounce [zasy] vm. clock, [chicking] vm. chicken etc.

– vowel contraction when pronouncing personal endings of verbs: [know], [know] vm. you know [understand] vm. understands etc.

– shape match instrumental plural nouns with dative form: go for mushrooms and berries vm. go for mushrooms and berries etc.

South Russian dialects distributed south of Moscow, in the territories of Kaluga, Tula, Oryol, Tambov, Voronezh and some other regions. They have the following features:

- akanye– indistinguishability of sounds [about] And [but] in unstressed syllables: [vada] vm. water, [karova] vm. cow(this pronunciation is typical for the literary language);

- yak– sound pronunciation [but] after a soft consonant in place of letters I And E in unstressed (pre-stressed) syllables: [n "asu] vm. I carry, [b "hell] instead of trouble etc.;

– special pronunciation sound [G]: it's pronounced like a slit [y](this is how the word is pronounced in the literary language God);

– sound pronunciation [T] how soft in verb forms: [goes'] vm. goes [singing] vm. sing etc.;

– consonant pronunciation [to] as soft in words type barrel, Tanya:[barrel], [tan'k'a].

Central Russian dialects occupy an intermediate position between northern and southern Russian. They are located between the distribution areas of northern and southern dialects. Their inherent features include both North Russian and South Russian dialect features: as in North Russian dialects - sound [G] explosive, sound [T] solid; as in the southern Russian dialects - akanye. Features that distinguish Central Russian dialects from others:

- hiccup- sound pronunciation [and] in place of the letters I and E in the pre-stressed syllable: [rooster] vm. rooster, [pitak] vm. nickel etc.;

– sound pronunciation [w] long soft in place of the letter Щ or combinations of SC, SS (for example, in words pike, happiness, crevice and etc.);

– sound pronunciation [f] long soft in place of combinations LJ, ZZH (for example, in words buzz, splash and etc.).

It should be noted that the main features of Russian literary pronunciation have developed precisely on the basis of the phonetics of Central Russian dialects.

These territorial dialects also have their own lexical features. For example, the device with which they take a frying pan is called in some places frying pan, in others - teapot, third - chapel, heron or stove-maker. It is sometimes very difficult for a person who does not speak dialect vocabulary to understand the true meaning of words. Here is a short excerpt from the book "Vyatka Elegy" by P.L. Yakovlev, writer, friend of A.S. Pushkin, who recorded a conversation between two peasants: “Shtee at teya?” - "Shores!" - "Lonsky?" - "Lonskie lonistas are sold." - "Do you have selushki?" - "No, boy, I sold everyone." - “Yes, have the tals turned red?” – “Yes shte! After the coma, you know!” - “Well, forgive me, dear: go buy chalk!”

And here is the “translation” of this dialogue into literary language: “What do you have?” - "Turkeys!" - "Last year's?" - "Last year's last year sold." “Do you have chickens?” “No, boy, I sold everyone.” - "Why are your eyes reddened?" – “What! After the fever, you know! - "Well, goodbye, dear: I'll go buy some yeast!"

Nowadays, dialects are being destroyed under the pressure of the literary language, which, with the help of the mass media, penetrates into the most remote areas. However, individual dialectal features (primarily phonetic) in a person who is a carrier of a particular dialect persist throughout life and can only be eliminated as a result of purposeful studies.

SPACE– another variety of the national Russian language. Unlike local dialects, which are territorially limited, vernacular is not attached to any particular place - it is the speech of an urban poorly educated population who does not know the norms of the literary language. It was formed as a result of mixing different dialect speech in the conditions of the city, where people from various rural regions of Russia have long moved. The main feature of the vernacular is anorativity, i.e., the absence in speech of the norms of the literary language: everything that exists in the system of language is possible here, but without any kind of normatively conditioned selection. The carriers of vernacular do not realize such a violation of the norm, they do not catch, do not understand the difference between non-literary and literary forms.

Modern Russian vernacular has the following characteristic features.

In the field of pronunciation: 1. softening of consonants before soft vowels: candy, brick etc.; 2. solid pronunciation [R] in words: capricious, princess etc.; 3. inserting a sound between vowels: cheerfully, what; 4. inserting a vowel between consonants: life, rubel(vm. ruble); 5. likening consonants to each other: afraid(vm. afraid); 6. dissimilarity of consonants: announcer(vm. director), collidor(vm. corridor), tranway(vm. tram).

In the field of morphology: 1. alignment of consonants in the stem of a word during conjugation: want – want, bake – bake etc.; 2. mixing genders of nouns: Eat all jam . Which apples sour! etc.; 3. mixing case forms of one word: sister, mother; 4. building up the end -ov in the genitive plural: a lot of work, no places; 5. declension of indeclinable nouns: without a coat, there will be no kina.

In the area of ​​syntax: 1. full form adjective or participle as part of a nominal predicate: I don't agree. I don't need you. Dinner already cooked; 2. the use of gerunds on -mosses in the function of the predicate: He's drunk. I don't spam; 3. the use of the dative case vm. genitive with a preposition: My stomach hurts; 4. inflexibility of numerals: Time is ten to three; 5. inflexibility of nouns: What time is it? no time(vm. time).

In the field of vocabulary: 1. the use of words denoting the degree of relationship when referring to strangers: father, brother, daughter, sister, as well as words man Woman; 2. the use of nouns with diminutive suffixes: Do you want a seagull? Shave your temples?; 3 replacement of some words that are falsely understood as rude: relax(vm. sleep), express(vm. swear), eat(vm. there is); 4. the use of emotional vocabulary in a "blurred" meaning: to poke, to spit, to chip, to scratch (Rainspatter . He spatter On guitar. She speaks great English spatter ).

JARGON- the speech of social and professional groups of people united by a commonality of occupations, interests, social status, etc. They are characterized by the presence of specific vocabulary and phraseology. There are jargons of musicians, actors, students, athletes, hunters, etc. They do not represent a complete system. The grammar in them is the same as in the national language. Their specificity lies in the vocabulary: many words in them have a special meaning and sometimes differ in form from commonly used words. Professional jargons are used by people of the same profession mainly when communicating on production topics. In the jargon of pilots, the bottom of the fuselage of an aircraft is called belly, aerobatics - barrel, slide, loop. In the speech routine of physicians, for example, the words brilliant green, castor oil, injections are slang. Social jargon - is the speech of a socially isolated group of people. Often the emergence of social jargon is dictated by the needs of the functioning and livelihood of a social group of people. An example is the argot ofenei that existed in pre-revolutionary Russia. Ofenya - traveling merchant small goods, peddler. It happened that pedlars were attacked, their money and goods were taken away from them, so they were forced to hide their intentions and actions from outsiders. They were helped in this by a specially developed "language", incomprehensible to others. Some elements of the beggarly, thieves' and Offen jargons have survived in our time, and some words have become common, having lost their jargon coloring and undergone semantic changes: double-dealer(among the poor, this was the name of the one who collected alms with two hands), Linden(fake), rogue, sly and etc.

In modern Russian, there are no such jargons that would be created with the special purpose of encrypting a way of communication. Now such group jargons are widespread that reflect specific associations of people by interests (fans, motorists, collectors, etc.). In many languages, there are youth jargons - school and student, which are characterized by reversing the form and meaning of the word in order to create expressive, emotionally colored means. (ancestors, spur, tail, cool). Sometimes, when characterizing the speech of representatives of various social strata, terms are used slang, pidgin, koine. slang called a set of slang words that make up a layer of colloquial vocabulary, reflecting a rudely familiar, sometimes humorous attitude to the subject of speech. This category is rather vague. Some researchers identify slang with vernacular, others with jargon. pidgins name the structural-functional types of languages ​​that do not have a community of native speakers and have developed by simplifying the structure of the source language. Pidgin is a language widely spoken in former colonies: in Southeast Asia on the territory of India, Bangladesh, etc. speak pidgin English. This is “corrupted” English, the pronunciation of which sometimes only remotely resembles normative (the word itself pidgin comes from a corrupted pronunciation of the word business), and some English words have a specific meaning. In African countries, the population, communicating with foreigners, speaks pidgin French, pidgin Portuguese, etc. Koine – functional type of language used as the primary means everyday communication and used in various communicative spheres (subject to regular social contacts between speakers of different dialects and languages). Word koine Greek origin and in translation means "common". Koine is any means of communication (oral) that provides communicative connectivity of a certain region in the process of interethnic communication. Medieval Latin is considered to be written Koine as a language of science, linking scholars of different generations and nationalities.

Thus, the national language is heterogeneous in its composition. There are noticeable differences in the speech of representatives of different strata of society. In addition, different language means are used in different situations of communication. A person’s speech can “tell” a lot about him to his interlocutor. In order to make a good impression, to succeed in business, it is necessary, firstly, to know the norms of the literary language (pronunciation, grammatical) and, secondly, to use linguistic means depending on the situation and the purpose of communication (to know the stylistic gradations of language units) . These requirements form the basis of the culture of speech.

questions to control

1. What is the national language? In what century was the Russian national language formed?

2. What is functional style? What are the types of functional styles?

3. What is jargon? What types of jargon do you know?

4. What is a dialect? Give examples of dialects of the Russian language?

5. Describe such a phenomenon as a pidgin.

6. What is a speech genre? What types of speech genres do you know?

7. What types of public communication do you know?