People with what blood type are the most "ardent" in sex? What is a social group.

It is no secret that the blood type determines many important genetic characteristics of a person. The first thoughts that the diet and lifestyle of a person should be adjusted depending on the characteristics of his blood were expressed and scientifically substantiated by William Harvey back in the first half of the 17th century. Today, these facts have been confirmed, and scientists recommend categorically refusing certain products, in particular alcohol, if you are the owner of one or another blood type.

Blood type and alcoholism

As shown by DNA studies, the gene that determines the status of the secretor (blood type) is located in the same part of the helix as the gene suspected of hereditary addiction to alcoholism. Thus, the American psychologist R. M. Morse cites data for the United States and Japan, which may well be extrapolated to Europe and the rest of the world. According to them, almost half of all patients registered or undergoing treatment for alcoholism are the owners of the 2nd blood group (A - according to the international classification).

The exact reasons for this relationship have not yet been established, but scientists believe that it is caused by the peculiarities of the work of the adrenal glands, which is why there is a lack of glucose in the blood, which a person subconsciously compensates for with alcohol. In addition, the mechanism of stress formation also affects, which in people with the 2nd blood group is relatively easily removed with alcohol. That is, they begin to drink to relax and eventually get used to such a behavioral model.

Thus, the regular intake of alcohol for the owners of the 2nd blood group is fraught with the risk of a gradual slide into alcoholism. The problem is aggravated by the fact that, due to the nature of health, it is people with this blood type who are recommended to regularly take (in moderate doses) red wine - to dissolve cholesterol plaques and normalize the digestive tract.

Blood group and health

Blood type determines not only psychological dependence, but also the health of the body. Therefore, experts recommend that people with the 3rd blood group completely stop drinking alcohol. Although the owners of this group are not prone to alcohol addiction, and alcohol itself (non-carbonated and not stronger than 20 degrees) does not harm their body for a long time (it is a neutral product), these are temporary phenomena. Among patients with alcoholic forms of heart and liver diseases, most of all are the owners of this particular blood type.

Alcohol will not bring anything good to people with the 1st blood group, despite the fact that they have a strong psychological resistance to its effects. Due to high acidity and frequent problems with the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, representatives of this group can relatively safely (and in moderation) consume only high-quality red and white wine or beer.

The most tolerant to alcohol (both psychologically and physically) are representatives with the 4th blood group. But this does not mean at all that they can fearlessly hit all the hard ones - everyone, unfortunately, has the same health.

Man cannot live in complete solitude.

Social group - association of people in order to meet the needs of individuals in the implementation of joint actions. People are united according to various criteria: belonging to a nation (a historical and cultural community of people united by language, common features of a psychological make-up), profession, age group, citizenship, ideology, religion, and common interests. A group can be defined as an association of people according to a certain attribute. The groups have certain norms(rules of conduct) and values, deviation from which is punishable by sanctions (from condemnation to boycott and exclusion from the group).

All groups of people can be divided into large(nations, classes) and small(family, group of friends). The difference between them is not only quantitative (according to various estimates, a small group includes 7-20 people), but also qualitative (a feature of a small group is the possibility of direct contacts between all members of the group).

A small group is a small association of people whose members have a common goal and are in direct personal contact with each other. Quantitative composition: from 2 to 40 people.

small group characterize: the presence of a common goal, joint activities, personal (direct) interaction of group members, a certain emotional background, duration of existence, voluntary nature, the presence of mutual expectations.

Small groups are:

Conditional (members of the group do not have constant contacts with each other);

Real (members of the group have constant contacts with each other);

Natural (folding on their own).

Natural groups are divided into:

Formal - groups that are created and exist only within the framework of officially recognized organizations;

Informal - groups that arise and exist on the basis of the personal interests of their members and operate outside of official organizations.

All groups can be highly developed and underdeveloped.

The group exerts a certain pressure on the individual. According to the method of reaction to such pressure, possible behavior patterns: conformism or opportunism (a person changing his behavior in order to outwardly meet the requirements of other people with internal disagreement), suggestibility (a person accepts a line of behavior), active consent (consciously defending the interests of the group), nonconformity (disagreement with the majority, defending one's own interests).

Groups can be primary or secondary.

Primary groups- each member of such a group sees other members as personalities and individuals (family, friendly company). Here a personality is usually formed, everyone finds an intimate environment, sympathies and opportunities for the realization of personal interests.

Secondary groups- social contacts in them are impersonal, one-sided in nature (master - brigade, coach - team). Members find an effective mechanism to achieve their own goals, but often at the cost of losing the intimacy and warmth of the relationship.

Religion, atheism and freedom of conscience.

Religion is the worldview and behavior of an individual, group, community, which is determined by belief in the existence of the supernatural.

Typology of religions:

1) Historical types:

a) Archaic (ancient) religions:

Totemism - belief in animals and plants (totem) with supernatural powers.

Fetishism is the worship of a fetish, an inanimate object endowed with supernatural powers. In the future, the properties attributed to the object became, as if “separated” from it, independent entities - “spirits”.

Animism is the belief in ghosts and spirits that inhabit the world along with people.

b) Modern religions

Theistic - belief in gods (Christianity, Judaism, Islam)

Ethical - belief in ethical ideals of connection with the Universe (Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism)

2) By the number of gods:

Polytheistic - belief in multiple gods

Monotheistic - belief in one single god.

3) According to the degree of distribution on the planet:

World - Buddhism, Christianity, Islam

Local (national) - Judaism, Confucianism, Shintoism.

Atheism is a system of views that rejects religious ideas (belief in God, in the immortality of the soul, in the resurrection from the dead, etc.). As a system of views, atheism is not limited to the historical, philosophical, natural science criticism of religion. Atheism explains the causes of origin, the sources of faith in people, studies the social nature of religion. Atheism should be distinguished from other types of criticism of religion (anti-clericalism, freethinking, etc.). These are historically diverse forms of the denial of religious ideas and worship and the assertion of the inherent value of the existence of the world and man. Modern atheism views religion as an illusory consciousness.

One of the ways to overcome religious contradictions is the recognition and observance of freedom of conscience and religion.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Article 18 proclaims: “Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion: this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom to manifest his religion or belief…”

According to the Constitution, the Russian Federation is a secular state. No religion can be established as a state or obligatory one. Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law. Article 28 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states: “Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, including the right to profess any religion or not to profess any, freely choose, have and disseminate religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them.”

Ticket number 9

1. Society and its types. The main areas of public life.

Society - in a broad sense - a part of the material world, inextricably linked with nature and including the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification

In a narrow sense - a set of people endowed with will and consciousness, carrying out actions and deeds under the influence of certain interests, motives, moods. (e.g. book society, etc.)

The concept of "society" is ambiguous. In historical science there are concepts - "primitive society", "medieval society", "Russian society", meaning a certain stage in the historical development of mankind or a specific country.

Society is usually understood as:

A certain stage of human history (primitive society, medieval, etc.);

People united by common goals and interests (the society of the Decembrists, the society of book lovers);

Population of a country, state, region (European society, Russian society);

All mankind (human society).

Society functions:

Production of vital goods;

Systematization of production;

Human reproduction and socialization;

Distribution of labor results;

Ensuring the legality of the administrative activities of the state;

Structuring the political system;

Formation of ideology;

Historical transmission of culture and spiritual values

Human society includes a number of areas - spheres of public life:

- economic - relations between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material and non-material goods, services and information;

- social- interaction of large social groups, classes, strata, demographic groups;

- political - activities of state organizations, parties and movements related to the conquest, retention and exercise of power;

- spiritual - morality, religion, science, education, art, their impact on people's lives.

Under public relations refers to the diverse connections that arise between people in the process of economic, social, political, cultural life and activities. There are relations in the sphere of material production, in spiritual life.

The manifestation of the spheres of society:

a) Political and legal sphere:

Ratification of an international treaty

Introduction of amendments to the law

Holding parliamentary elections

b) Economic sphere:

Growth in the number of joint-stock enterprises

Increasing the money supply in the country

Decreased production of goods

Introduction of a new tax

Property Relations

c) Social sphere:

Demographic changes in the state

Society types:

1) pre-industrial (traditional) - the competition of man with nature

It is characterized by the predominant importance of agriculture, fishing, cattle breeding, mining and woodworking industries. About 2/3 of the able-bodied population is employed in these areas of economic activity. Manual labor dominates. The use of primitive technologies based on everyday experience passed down from generation to generation.

2) industrial - the competition of man with the transformed nature

It is characterized by the development of the production of consumer goods, which is carried out through the widespread use of various kinds of equipment. Economic activity is dominated by centralism, gigantism, uniformity in work and life, mass culture, a low level of spiritual values, the oppression of people, and the destruction of nature. The time of brilliant craftsmen who could invent a loom, a steam engine, a telephone, an airplane, etc. without fundamental special knowledge. Monotonous assembly line work.

3) post-industrial - competition between people

It is characterized not only by the widespread use of the achievements of science and technology in all areas of human activity, but also by the purposeful improvement of technology itself on the basis of the development of fundamental sciences. Without the application of the achievements of fundamental sciences, it would be impossible to create either an atomic reactor, or a laser, or a computer. Man is being replaced by automated systems. One person with the help of modern technology armed with a computer can produce the final product, and not in a standard (mass) version, but in an individual version in accordance with the consumer's order.

4) New information technologies, according to modern scientists, can lead to fundamental changes in our entire way of life, and their widespread use will mark the creation of a new type of society - information society.

2. Global problems of mankind.

Global problems are a set of problems of mankind that confronted him in the second half of the 20th century, and on the solution of which the existence of civilization depends.

Main global problems:

a) overcoming the ecological crisis and its consequences:

Depletion of natural resources

Environmental pollution

b) demographic problem (problem of world population growth)

c) the problem of narrowing the gap in the level of economic development between countries

G) the problem of preventing the threat of a third world (nuclear) war

e) fight against international terrorism, drug mafia and drug addiction

f) preventing the spread of AIDS

Global problems:

Originated in the second half of the 20th century

All global problems are interconnected

Cover all aspects of people's lives

Applies to all countries of the world without exception

Causes: exploitation of resources, arms race, low culture of people, population growth

Among the social consequences of the NTR is

Growing requirements for specialist training

Increasing the share of employees in the service sector

Increasing the duration of schooling
- the growth of education of the population

In order to find answers to this and other questions, we went to the repository of all medical wisdom - Shuya Medical College.

Our gaps in this area were filled by teachers: surgeon Evgeny Plyaskin and teacher of disaster medicine Alexander Kumokhin.

-What is a blood group?

All people inherit a specific protein and antibodies to it. Antibodies are located in the plasma - there are two of them: alpha and beta. And on the surface of erythrocytes there are antigens: A and B. Depending on their variations, 4 main blood groups differ.

- People with which blood group more?

The most common blood type is the first. There are 38% of such people. There are fewer people with the second group - 31%. Owners of the third group 18%. The rarest group is the fourth; only 8% of people have it. Most people also have the D antigen, that is, a positive Rh. Their 85%. The remaining 15% do not have this antigen, which determines their Rh negative.

- Do the inhabitants of central Russia differ in this regard from the peoples living in other parts of the world?

There are some observations in this regard. It has been noticed that in Europe almost everyone has a positive Rh blood, but in Russia and some other regions it is not rare and negative. In addition, people of the Negroid and Mongoloid races tend to have more often 3 and 4 blood groups, but Slavic peoples are dominated by 1 and 2.

-Does blood type affect human immunity and susceptibility to certain diseases?

It cannot be said that the blood type somehow determined the immunity of a person. That is, how a person endures colds and infectious diseases or climate change is largely determined not by his blood type, but by a number of other factors. In any case, we are not aware of any research in this direction. And yet, the blood type is somehow tied to certain diseases, that is, it determines some predispositions. For example, it has been noticed that ulcers are, as a rule, people with the second blood group.

-At one time it was very fashionable to eat according to the blood group. How useful is it?

As for the benefits of nutrition by blood type, it has no solid scientific justification. To a greater extent, this is from the area of ​​\u200b\u200bsomeone's logically built conclusions and probabilities.

A group is a community of people, which is created on the basis of some factors: joint activities, characteristics of the organization, social affiliation.

Group definition and their classification

All groups are divided into two categories: large and small social groups. Large social groups include people who create a certain part of society - professional groups, social strata, ethnic communities, age groups.

So a striking example of a large group based on age indicators is the group of pensioners. Small groups include families, neighborhood communities, and friendly companies. The basis of small groups is the interpersonal relationships of their members.

Man in a group

Man is the main link in every social group. Belonging to a social group has a positive effect on a person. Both small and large groups contribute to the development of his personality.

So thanks to the group, a person is socialized, which favorably affects his existence, and also facilitates the education of future generations. It is in a group that a person can fully engage in his activities - this is facilitated by both competition and team spirit.

Belonging to a social group satisfies a person's expressive needs for approval, respect, and trust.

group laws

The social laws of a group are stable rules of behavior for members of large and small groups that are necessary for their interconnection. Group laws did not arise consciously - they were formed in the course of the historical development of social groups.

So a person, without realizing it, adheres to the basic laws of a particular social group. The laws of groups are necessary in order to most effectively improve the situation of group members, as well as exercise control over them.

Team spirit of the group

Often, members of each social group have common goals that guide their joint activities. On this basis, the team spirit of the group arises. The team spirit of the group is inherent in both large and small groups.

Thanks to the team spirit, group members can consolidate their efforts, unite their activities in order to achieve all the interests and goals of the group.

Man cannot live in complete solitude. The people with whom he interacts directly are called the small group.

Group- this is a real-life formation in which people are united according to some specific characteristics. sign, which distinguishes the group, can be considered some kind of common activity subordinated to a common goal. The unity of purpose is the basic principle of uniting people in a small group, and the main means of uniting is interpersonal interaction.

The groups have certain norms (rules of conduct) and values, deviation from which is punishable by sanctions (from condemnation to boycott and exclusion from the group).

All groups of people can be divided into large (nations, classes) and small (family, group of friends). The difference between them is not only quantitative (according to various estimates, a small group includes 7-20 people), but also qualitative (a feature of a small group is the possibility of direct contacts between all members of the group).

small group- this is a small association of people whose members have a common goal and are in direct personal contact with each other. Quantitative composition: from 2 to 40 people.

small group characterize: the presence of a common goal, joint activities, personal (direct) interaction of group members, a certain emotional background, duration of existence, voluntary nature, the presence of mutual expectations.

Small groups are :

Formal - groups that are created and exist only within the framework of officially recognized organizations;

Informal - groups that arise and exist on the basis of the personal interests of their members and operate outside of official organizations.

These relationships develop as if by themselves. Although this is not entirely true. The position of a person in a small group is called a word "status"(from the Latin position, state). It defines the rights, duties and privileges of a person. In different groups, the same person may have different status, different position.

Man is always playing "social role". It's like a way of behavior, determined by the status of a person. Some roles seem to be permanently assigned to a person: the role of a family member, the role of an employee. While you are in school, your role is a student. In a group, a person plays different roles. These roles are determined by the nature of the group's activities.

The most important is the role of the leader. Leader in a group - this is a person who has influence on others when they perform joint actions. This may be an ordinary member of the group, if he is obeyed, his leadership is recognized. Moreover, in the course of activity, the leader can change.

The group exerts a certain pressure on the individual. According to the method of reaction to such pressure, possible behavior patterns:

conformity or opportunism (a person changing his behavior in order to outwardly meet the requirements of other people with internal disagreement),

suggestibility (a person does not hesitate to accept the line of behavior adopted in the group),

active consent (consciously defending the interests of the group),

non-conformism (disagreement with the majority, defending one's own interests).

u What small groups are you a member of? Give 3 examples. What kind of group behavior do you use?