Words with homogeneous members of the sentence. Separate members of the sentence

The concept of a complicated sentence

Proposals with homogeneous members

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Generalizing words with homogeneous members of a sentence

1. The concept of a complicated sentence

Complicated sentences include such sentences in which there are relatively independent syntactic constructions and turns: isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, introductory constructions, plug-in constructions, appeals, comparative turns. Complicated sentences on the scale of transitivity occupy the transition zone between simple and complex sentences. The complicating part of the sentence contains a semi-predicative that complements the main predicative core of the sentence. Thus, semi-predicativity is an additional message to the main statement about the relation of the statement to reality.

1. Proposals with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members of a sentence – these are members of the same name, connected with each other by a coordinative connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence, i.e. united by the same relationship to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are connected or can be connected by coordinating conjunctions and are pronounced with enumeration intonation. In the absence of unions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses. The selection of homogeneous components is based on three leading characteristics:

1. single functionality;

2. subordinating relationship with a common / co-subordinating or co-subordinating / word;

3.compositional connection between them, marked by intonation or compositional unions.

For example: The story is needed not onlychildren , but alsoadults /K.Paustovsky/ - in this sentence, homogeneous indirect objects are equally subordinate to the predicate need and are among themselves in the relationship of comparison, realized by the coordinating union. Homogeneous subjects, unlike all other homogeneous members, do not obey, but subordinate to themselves the member of the sentence associated with them - the predicate: Neither power nor life amuses me/A.Pushkin/.

The main members of one-component sentences are not covered by all three parameters, so their syntactic structure is not recognized or questioned: They didn’t knock, they didn’t shout, they didn’t ask questions/BUT. Chekhov/: Night, street, lamp, pharmacy/A.Blok/.

Homogeneous can be both main and secondary members of the sentence, for example: Gardenershut up, stuck a tube for the top of a boot (P.S.) - homogeneous predicates; Dunyashki walked pastcaps and headscarves, overcoats Andoveralls (E.N.) - homogeneous subjects; Vasya drew on the corners of album sheetsbirds, animals Andangels (P.S.) - homogeneous additions.

Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but may be expressed by different parts of speech: Saidhe is calm, without sadness, without complaint in voice andSo , as if he himself were attentively listening to his speech, checking it mentally(Bitter).

Homogeneous members of the proposal are characterized by the following signs:

They occupy the position of one member of the proposal;

Associated with the same member of the sentence by a subordinating relationship;

Connected with each other by a coordinating connection;

Often have the same morphological expression;

Usually express the same type of concepts.

The presence of homogeneous members of the proposal is not seen in the following cases:

When repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of the action, the multitude of persons or objects, the increased manifestation of the sign, etc., for example: I'm going, I'm going in an open field (P.); Here is a dark, dark garden (N.).Drink-drink and the water from the earth keeps flowing and flowing/IN. Peskov/.

In integral phraseological expressions: and day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forth, etc. .

When combining two verbs in the same form, acting as a single predicate (in the meaning of an action and its goal, an unexpected or arbitrary action, etc.), for example, I'll go look Timetable of classes;took and did vice versa, etc.

The members of the sentence connected by explicative / clarifying-explanatory / relations are not homogeneous: Now, in the middle of April, the oak was black and gloomy/IN. Krutilin/.

Nor does such a phenomenon of modern language as an indication of an object in relation to another object give syntactic homogeneity: Tolstoy and Contemporaries: Readers and the Book: Student and Perestroika. The presence of an imaginary coordinating connection does not indicate homogeneity, but a stylistic assignment: We will drink tea with sugar and with dad/K.Simonov/.

In the block of homogeneous members, its parts are interconnected by meaning and grammatical means: intonation, composing conjunctions and lexical and grammatical means.

The most significant indicator of homogeneity is the coordinative connection.

To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, the following categories of coordinating conjunctions are used:

Connecting unions: and, yes,(in the meaning of "and"), no no etc. Soyuz And can be single and repetitive. A single union shows that the enumeration is exhaustive, for example: Outside, screeching, barking and howling (Ars.) were heard.

Union repetition And before each homogeneous member of the sentence, makes the row incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner for years (P.).

Union And can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: They agreed: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).

Recurring union no no used in negative sentences, acting as a union And, for example: Behind the rain, neither the sea nor the sky was visible (M. G.)

Union Yes(in the meaning of "and") is used mainly in colloquial speech, its use in works of art gives the speech a touch of simplicity, for example: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit next to me (P.).

Union Yes is also used as a repeating, but cannot appear before the first homogeneous member, for example: Dog, Man, yes Cat, yes Falcon once swore to each other in eternal friendship(Cr.).

Opposing alliances: ah but yes(meaning "but") however, etc.

Union but shows that one concept is affirmed and the other is denied: She put on the Titmouse of glory, but did not light the sea(Cr.).

In the absence of negation union but indicates opposition: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly(proverb).

Union but introduces a shade of limitation: On the right bank there are peaceful, but still restless villages(L.T.)

Union Yes brings in a conversational tone: Who is noble and strong, but not smart, so bad if he is with a good heart(Cr.).

Emphasize opposition alliances but And but: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.).

A connecting union can act as an opposing union And: I wanted to travel around the whole world, and did not travel a hundredth(Gr.).

Divisive unions: or, either, whether ... whether, then ... that, not that ... not that, or ... or and etc.

Union or(single or repeated) indicates the need to choose one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other: They let me go with Evseich to the river every day, either in the morning or in the evening (Ax.)

Union or, with the same meaning (usually repeated), is colloquial: Gavrila decided that the mute either ran or drowned with his dog (T.)

Recurring union then ... then indicates an alternation of phenomena, The stars either blinked with a faint light, then disappeared (T.)

Recurring union whether ... whether has a separating enumeration value.

Recurring alliances not that ... not that, either ... or indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choice: In the heart, not laziness, not tenderness (T.)

Comparative(gradational): as - so and; not only but; although and - but; if not, then; not that - but (but); not so much - how much, how much - so much comparisons matter: Although it looks simple, it has a wonderful property (Kr.).

Connecting:yes and; a and; but also; yes and that; and also that also have an associated meaning: I peacefully enjoyed my work, success, fame, as well as the work and success of friends (P.)

There can be several blocks (rows) of homogeneous members in one sentence. In one composed row, there are synonyms, antonyms, forming additional meanings that explode the external uniformity of the row: Rejoicing and mourning, And spilling black blood She looks, looks, looks at youAnd with hate and with love (Block).

What are the good rules of the Russian language? The fact that even without knowing all the subtleties of their application, absolutely everyone uses them. Do you want an example? Please! Arriving from school, the child begins to talk about everything he did: he wrote an essay, solved a problem, played football, pushed Masha. At the same time, neither you nor your child will think that his story turned out to be so complete, thanks to the very important homogeneous members of the sentence. So what are homogeneous members of a sentence?

How to find homogeneous members

First, let's remember what a proposal is. These are words that express a complete thought. The words that make up a sentence are called members of the sentence. This is the subject, predicate, definition, object, circumstance.

Offers consisting of different members (main and secondary) are considered common. They may have members that are similar in function. They answer one question and refer to one common word, that is, they are homogeneous.

And what are homogeneous members for? In the above example from school life, the child listed everything he did in class. Thus, the main purpose of homogeneous members is enumeration. Homogeneous members make the narrative more interesting, allow you to talk about several actions, objects or their signs at once.

What members of the sentence are they

What are homogeneous members, and which members of a sentence can be them? The answer is simple: any. Accordingly, they can be any parts of speech.

For example, the main member of the sentence is the subject expressed by the noun: Roses, hydrangeas and poppies grew in the garden.

Homogeneous predicates look like this: In physical education, the guys ran, jumped, did push-ups, played volleyball. All verbs here are predicates (they answer the question: what did you do?) and homogeneous members of the sentence (because they refer to the same subject).

Example of homogeneous circumstances: Crows sat on the fence, roof and trees.

Homogeneous definitions give several characteristics to one object at once: The water in the sea was warm, clean and transparent.

In a sentence: He painted in watercolor, gouache, pencil - homogeneous additions.

Punctuation marks and conjunctions

In writing, homogeneous members are distinguished by commas and connected by unions, and when pronunciation - by the intonation of enumeration: “And the wind, and the rain, and the haze Above the cold desert of water” (I. Bunin). In this example, the words are linked by a repeating conjunction.

Commas are also placed if homogeneous members are connected by opposing unions: The spool is small, but expensive. The conjunction "yes" is used in the sense of the adversative conjunction "but".

In the case of using separating unions, commas are also necessary: ​​I will buy either apples, or pears, or plums.

So, you have learned what homogeneous members of a sentence are, examples of their use, and you probably realized that it is simply not possible to do without them in everyday communication.

Often in sentences there are homogeneous members. What are they and what is their function? This article is devoted to these questions.

What are homogeneous members

In the science of the Russian language, the conceptual basis of this phenomenon has long been developed.

So, homogeneous members are such parts in a sentence that perform the same function in a syntactic sense. In another way, we can say that they belong to one common word or have a dependence on it. For example, all adjectives in the sentence "White, blue and green balloons flew into the air" are homogeneous definitions. In writing, they are separated by punctuation marks, as a rule, commas, as well as unions. In speech, pauses form between them. Not always homogeneous members are the same parts of speech. An example of this is the sentence "The student answered correctly, sensibly, in beautiful language. Homogeneous members are equal, independent of each other. In addition to this, they answer the same question.

Signs of homogeneous members

The main properties of such words in sentences have already been briefly indicated above. Let's consider them in more detail with the given examples. First, homogeneous members always answer the same question. For example, in the sentence "Blue, yellow and pink flowers grew in a clearing" all definitions answer the question "what?". Thus, they are homogeneous. Secondly, they are the same members of the sentence. So, in the sentence "Brother and sister met" homogeneous members are subjects. Thirdly, they have to do with a single specific word. So, in the phrase "they rested and worked" all verbs have a connection with the pronoun. And, finally, fourthly, homogeneous members are equal in rights and are connected by a coordinating connection. That is, you can always insert the union "and" between them.

Punctuation issues

How are homogeneous members indicated in writing? As mentioned above, they must be separated by something.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members are, as a rule, commas. They are placed in cases where these equal parts are not connected by unions. If such a situation exists, then there is no need for punctuation marks. Another thing is if adversarial or repetitive unions are used. An example of this would be the sentences "She felt happy but tired" and "In the evening they either dance or read."

The value of homogeneous members

The Russian language is rich and multifaceted. Some people have a question: "Why do we need homogeneous members of a sentence?" After all, from the whole wealth of words, you can choose the only true and necessary one. The most common answer to this question is that homogeneous members make speech more expressive. Without them, proposals are dry and lifeless. They are used to prevent speech from becoming poor and primitive. In addition, homogeneous members are used in order to more accurately describe any objects and phenomena. IN

Simple sentences with a complicated structure are diverse. They may contain:

1) homogeneous members;
2) isolation;
3) introductory words and sentences and plug-in constructions;
4) appeals.

Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.

§one. Homogeneous members of a sentence

Homogeneous Members- these are sentence members associated with the same word and answering the same question. They are equal, independent of each other and are one and the same member of the proposal. Between themselves they are connected by a coordinating or non-union syntactic connection.
The composing connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of composing unions: single or repeated. The unionless connection is expressed intonationally.

I like ice cream.

I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.

(simple two-part common sentence)

Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.

(a simple two-part common sentence complicated by homogeneous members)

Any member of the sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, additions, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.

There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.

(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)

The girl is educated and well educated.

(educated and educated- homogeneous predicates)

I loved books, constructors and cartoons.

(books, designers, cartoons- homogeneous additions)

We spent all the days in the forest or on the river.

(in the forest, on the river- similar circumstances

It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.

(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed by words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible, which are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically designed in different ways.

The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, in beautiful language.

(homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly and noun phrase beautiful language)

Due to the sudden downpour, we got wet to the skin and froze.

(homogeneous predicates expressed by phraseological phrase soaked to the skin and verb frozen)

Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into the sentence in different ways and be punctuated in different ways.

Homogeneous members of the sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and / or non-union connection. If these are secondary members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formalized intonation, and in written speech - punctuation.

In one sentence there can be several rows of homogeneous members.

Masha, Seryozha and Petya sat around the table in the dining room and drew.

(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sitting and drawing- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)

§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members

The series of homogeneous members can carry words with a general meaning, referring to all the words of the series. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.

Generalizing words are words denoting:

• generic and specific concepts:

  The room was furnished with plain furniture: an old sofa, a table, two chairs.

  (generalizing word - furniture);

• words: all, all, always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere etc., conveying the idea of ​​universality:

  Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.

In a sentence, generalizing words can be both before and after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:

On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.

The place occupied by generalizing words depends on the punctuation of sentences.

§3. Distinguishing between homogeneous and non-homogeneous definitions

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a number of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the one hand, on one basis, for example, in size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles, on different grounds.

A cheerful, laughing girl ran into the room.

(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)

A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.

(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)

The vase contained red, orange and yellow flowers.

(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color)

The vase contained large red fragrant flowers.

(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are inconsistent definitions)

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:

At the end of November, the first light snow fell.

(words first And easy belong to different parts of speech: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that homogeneous members are sentence members associated with the same word and answering the same question?

2. Are homogeneous members of the sentence equal?

3. Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinate relationship?

4. Are proposals with several rows of homogeneous members possible?

5. Is the number of homogeneous members limited?

6. Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be joined by coordinating unions?

7. What is the name of a word with a generalizing meaning that homogeneous members can carry?

   • generalizing word
   • appeal
   • circumstance

8. Is the generalizing word always the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?

9. Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot.?

   • homogeneous definitions
   • heterogeneous definitions

10. What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, orange leaves.?

    • homogeneous definitions
    • heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous members of a sentence - members of a sentence that refer to the same word, answer the same question and perform the same syntactic function.

Homogeneous subjects and objects are usually represented by nouns. Homogeneous members of a sentence of this type answer questions Who? What?, as well as questions of indirect cases.

Examples of homogeneous members of a sentence expressed by nouns:

boys And girls together took up the cleaning of the class ( subject). AND letters, And parcels the postman brings at the end of the week ( additions). Masha made a bouquet of daisies And cornflowers (additions). The school grew birches, Pine and old maple (subject).

With homogeneous subjects and objects, a generalizing word can be used. It is usually represented by a noun or pronoun that plays the same syntactic role as the homogeneous parts of the sentence.

Examples: He was familiar here (what?) all: And the mountains, And fields, And rivers. I met (who?) friends: Vitya And Katya.

Homogeneous members of the sentence are used in speech for concretization and accuracy of description. When an item is described with multiple definitions rather than just one, the description will therefore be more accurate.

Homogeneous members of the sentence show the simultaneity or sequence of actions. In artistic speech, with the help of homogeneous members of a sentence, such a figure as gradation is created - synonyms arranged as they increase.

The expression of speech most accurately, using homogeneous members, namely nouns denoting an object, gives speech expressiveness, clarity. Sometimes the writer simply needs this enumeration, since it is not always possible to express the quantity simply in the plural, it is important, without neglecting a single word, to express the sequence.

In a series of homogeneous members, the equality of components is found, their semantic and grammatical independence from each other, provided, however, their logical and lexical comparability. Such members of the sentence are connected by enumerative, comparative or separative relations. At the same time, homogeneous members are united by the same syntactic relation to the same member of the sentence.

The latter can manifest itself in their subordination, i.e., in parallel dependence on a certain third member, or, conversely, in a subordinating role in relation to this third member of the sentence, for example: I peacefully enjoyed my work, success, fame, as well as the work and success of friends.(enjoyed work, success, fame; labors and successes of friends). Such a subordinating relationship exposes homogeneity, emphasizes it.

However, subordination is by no means an obligatory property of homogeneous members of a sentence: it is hardly legitimate, for example, to consider homogeneous subjects as subordinate, since they are not subordinate to any member of the sentence. It is also difficult to detect their subordinate role in relation to the predicate: the connection between the subject and the predicate is mutually conditioned, coordinating.