Activity is a way of being. The concept of activity

THOUGHTS OF THE WISE

“The more you live a spiritual life, the more independent of fate, and vice versa.”

L. N. Tolstoy (1828-1910). Russian writer

" 5. " Activity is the way people exist

Can a person do nothing in his life? Is there activity outside of consciousness and consciousness outside of activity?

HUMAN ACTIVITIES: MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

Activity is a form of interaction inherent only to man with the outside world. While a person lives, he is constantly acting, doing something, busy with something. In the process of activity, a person learns the world, creates the conditions necessary for his own existence (food, clothing, housing, etc.), satisfies his spiritual needs (for example, doing science, literature, music, painting), and also engages in self-improvement (strengthening the will, character , developing their abilities).

During human activity there is a change and transformation of the world in the interests of people, the creation of something that does not exist in nature. Human activity is characterized by such features as consciousness, productivity, transformative and social character. These are precisely the features that distinguish human activity from the behavior of animals. Let us briefly characterize these differences.

First, human activity is conscious in nature. A person consciously puts forward the goals of his activity and foresees its result. secondly, the activity is productive. It is aimed at obtaining a result, a product. These, in particular, are tools made and constantly improved by man. In this connection, they also speak of the opioid nature of activity, since for its implementation a person creates and uses tools. Thirdly, activity is transformative: in the course of activity, a person changes the world around him and himself - his abilities, habits, personal qualities. Fourthly, in human activity its social character is manifested, since in the process of activity a person, as a rule, enters into various relationships with other people.

Human activity is carried out to satisfy his needs.

A need is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality.

In modern science, various classifications of needs are used. In the very general view they can be grouped into three groups.

natural needs. In another way, they can be called innate, biological, physiological, organic, natural. These are the needs of people in everything that is necessary for their existence, development and reproduction. The natural ones include, for example, human needs for food, air, water, shelter, clothing, sleep, rest, etc.

Social needs. They are determined by a person's belonging to society. Social needs of a person are considered to be in labor activity, creation, creativity, social activity, communication with other people, recognition, achievements, i.e. in everything that is a product of social life.

ideal needs. In another way they are called spiritual or cultural. These are the needs of people in everything that is necessary for them. spiritual development. The ideal ones include, for example, the need for self-expression, the creation and development of cultural values, the need for a person to know the world around him and his place in it, the meaning of his existence.

Natural social and ideal human needs are interrelated. Thus, the satisfaction of biological needs acquires many social facets in a person. For example, when satisfying hunger, a person takes care of the aesthetics of the table, the variety of dishes, the cleanliness and beauty of dishes, a pleasant company, etc.

Describing human needs, the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) described a person as a “desiring being.), which rarely reaches a state of complete, complete satisfaction. If one need is satisfied, another one rises to the surface and directs the person's attention and effort.

This same feature human needs Russian psychologist S. L. Rubinshtein (1889-1960) also emphasized, speaking of the “non-saturation.) of the needs that a person satisfies in the course of his activity.

The theory of activity in domestic science was developed by the psychologist A. N. Leontiev (1903-1979). He described the structure of human activity, highlighting in it the goal, means and result.

STRUCTURE OF ACTIVITY AND ITS MOTIVATION

Every human activity is determined by the goals that he sets for himself. We have already talked about this, touching upon such a feature of human activity as its conscious character. The goal is a conscious image of the anticipated result, the achievement of which is directed by the activity. For example, an architect first mentally imagines the image of a new building, and then embodies his idea in the drawings. The mental image of the new building is the anticipated result.

Certain means of activity help to achieve the desired result. So, in the familiar learning activities resources are textbooks and study guides, maps, tables, layouts, devices, etc. They help the assimilation of knowledge and the development of the necessary learning skills.

In the course of activity, certain products (results) of activity arise. These are material and spiritual goods. forms of communication between people, social conditions and relationships, as well as abilities, skills, knowledge of the person himself. A consciously set goal is embodied in the results of activity.

And why does a person put forward a particular goal? He is motivated to do so. “A goal is that for which a person acts; a motive is why a person acts, ”explained the domestic psychologist V. A. Krutetsky.

A motive is a motive for an activity. At the same time, the same activity can be caused by different motives. For example, students read, i.e. they perform the same activity. But one student can read, feeling the need for knowledge. Another - because of the desire to please parents. The third is driven by the desire to get a good grade. The fourth wants to assert itself. At the same time, the same motive can lead to different activities. For example, in an effort to assert himself in his team, a student can prove himself in educational, sports, and social activities.

Usually human activity is determined not by any one motive and goal, but by a whole system of motives and goals. There is a combination, or, one might say, a composition, of both goals and motives. And this composition cannot be reduced to any of them, nor to their simple sum.

In the motives of human activity, his needs, interests, beliefs, ideals are manifested. It is motives that give meaning to human activity.

Any activity appears before us as a chain of actions. Integral part, or, in other words, a separate act, activity is called an action. For example, learning activity consists of such activities as reading educational literature, listening to teachers' explanations, taking notes, doing laboratory work, doing exercises, solving problems, etc.

If the goal is set, the results are mentally presented, the procedure for carrying out actions is outlined, the means and methods of action are chosen, then it can be argued that the activity is carried out quite consciously. However, in real life, the process of activity takes it out of the shores of any goals, intentions, motives. The emerging result of activity turns out to be poorer or richer than the initial plan.

Under the influence of strong feelings and other stimuli, a person is capable of acting without a sufficiently conscious goal. Such actions are called unconscious or impulsive actions.

Human activity always proceeds on the basis of previously created objective prerequisites and certain public relations. For example, agricultural activities during Ancient Russia fundamentally different from modern agricultural activities. Remember who owned the land in those days, who cultivated it and with what tools, what crops depended on, who owned agricultural products, how they were redistributed in society.

The conditionality of activity by objective social prerequisites testifies to its specific historical character.

VARIETY OF ACTIVITIES

Depending on the variety of needs of a person and society, a variety of specific types of human activity is also formed.

Based on various grounds, there are various types of activities. Depending on the characteristics of a person's relationship to the world around him, activities are divided into practical and spiritual. Practical activity is aimed at the transformation of real objects of nature and society. Spiritual activity is associated with a change in people's consciousness.

When a person's activity is correlated with the course of history, with social progress, then they single out an aggressive or reactionary orientation of activity, as well as a constructive or destructive one. Based on the material studied in the history course, you can give examples of events in which these activities were manifested.

Depending on the compliance of the activity with the existing general cultural values, social norms, legal and illegal, moral and immoral activities are determined.

In connection with the social forms of association of people in order to carry out activities, collective, mass, and individual activities are distinguished.

Depending on the presence or absence of novelty of goals, results of activities, methods of its implementation, monotonous, template ones are distinguished. monotonous activity, which is carried out strictly according to the rules, instructions, new in such activity is minimized, and most often completely absent, and innovative, inventive, creative activity. The word "creativity" is used to denote an activity that generates something qualitatively new, previously unknown. Creative activity is distinguished by originality, uniqueness, originality. It is important to emphasize that elements of creativity can find a place in any activity. And the less it is regulated by rules, instructions, the more opportunities for creativity it has.

Depending on the social spheres in which the activity takes place, there are economic, political, social activities and others. In addition, in each sphere of society, certain types of human activity characteristic of it are distinguished. For example, economic sphere characterized by production and consumer activities. Political is characterized by state, military, international activities. For the spiritual sphere of society - scientific, educational, leisure.

Considering the process of the formation of the human personality, domestic psychology identifies the following main types of human activity. Firstly, it is a hierarchy: subject, plot-role-playing, intellectual, sports. Gaming activities are focused not only on concrete result, how much on the process of the game itself - its rules, situation, imaginary environment. It prepares a person for creative activity and life in society.

Secondly, this teaching is an activity aimed at acquiring knowledge and methods of action.

Thirdly, it is labor - a type of activity aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

Often, along with the game, learning and work, communication is distinguished as the main activity of people - the establishment and development of mutual relations, contacts between people. Communication includes the exchange of information, assessments, feelings and specific actions.

Studying the features of the manifestation of human activity, they distinguish external and internal activity. External activity is manifested in the form of movements, muscle efforts, actions with real objects. The internal occurs through mental actions. In the course of this activity, human activity is manifested not in real movements, but in ideal models created in the process of thinking. There is a close relationship and complex relationship between these two activities. The inner activity, figuratively speaking, plans the outer one. it arises on the basis of the external and is realized through it. this is important to take into account when considering the connection between activity and consciousness.

CONSCIOUSNESS AND ACTIVITY

Consciousness is the ability inherent only in man to reproduce reality in ideal images.

For centuries, the problem of consciousness has been the scene of sharp ideological disputes. Representatives of different philosophical schools give different answers to the question about the nature of consciousness and the features of its formation. The natural-scientific approach opposes religious-idealistic views in these disputes. Proponents of the natural-scientific approach consider consciousness to be a manifestation of the functions of the brain, secondary in comparison with the bodily organization of a person. Supporters of religious-idealistic views, on the contrary, consider consciousness to be primary, and the “corporeal” person is its derivative.

But, despite the differences in the interpretation of the nature of consciousness, both of them note that it is associated with speech and goal-setting human activity. What consciousness is, what it is, is evidenced by the language of people and cultural objects - the results of labor, works of art, etc.

Based on the natural-scientific approach, domestic psychology has developed a doctrine of the formation of stable structures of human consciousness at an early age through communication with adults. According to this teaching, each person, in the course of individual development, joins consciousness, i.e., joint knowledge, through the acquisition of language. And thanks to this, his individual consciousness is formed. Thus, a person from his birth enters the world of objects created by previous generations. As a result of communication with other people, he learns the purposeful use of these objects.

Precisely because a person relates to the objects of the external world with understanding, with knowledge, the way he relates to the world is called consciousness. Any sensual image of an object, any sensation or idea, having certain value and meaning, become part of consciousness. On the other hand, a number of sensations, human experiences are beyond the scope of consciousness. They lead to little conscious, impulsive actions, which were mentioned earlier, and this affects human activity, sometimes distorting its results.

Activity, in turn, contributes to changes in human consciousness, its development. Consciousness is formed by activity in order to at the same time influence this activity, determine and regulate it. Practically realizing their creative ideas born in consciousness, people transform nature, society and themselves. In this sense, human consciousness not only reflects the objective world, but also creates it. Having absorbed historical experience, knowledge and methods of thinking, having acquired certain skills and abilities, a person masters reality. At the same time, he sets goals, creates projects for future tools, and consciously regulates his activities.

Justifying unity. activities and consciousness domestic science developed a doctrine of activity, which is leading for each age period of a person's life. The word "leading" emphasizes, firstly, that it is she who forms the most important personality traits at this age stage. secondly, in line with the leading activity, all its other types develop.

For example, for a child before entering school, the leading type of activity is a game, although he already studies and works a little (at home with his parents or in kindergarten). The leading activity of a student is teaching. But, despite the fact that work occupies an important place in his life, in his free time he still continues to play with pleasure. Many researchers consider communication to be the leading activity of a teenager. At the same time, the teenager continues to learn and new favorite games appear in his life. For an adult, leading activity is work, but in the evenings he can study, and devote his free time to sports or intellectual games, communication.

Concluding our conversation about activity and consciousness, let us once again return to the definition of activity. Human activity, or, what can be considered a synonym, conscious activity, is the activity of a person aimed at the implementation of the set goals related to the satisfaction of his needs.

PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS

1 Learn to set specific goals and determine the best means to achieve them. This gives the activity a conscious character, allows you to control its course and, if necessary, make certain adjustments.

2 Remember: it is important to see not only the immediate, but also the distant goals of your activities. This will help to overcome difficulties, will not let you stop halfway without reaching the goal.

3 Show concern for the diversity of your activities. This will enable you to satisfy different needs and develop different interests.

4 Do not forget the importance of inner activity in people's lives. This will help you to be attentive to the opinions, emotions, feelings of others, to show delicacy in your relationships with other people.

From the work of modern domestic psychologist V. A. Petrovsky "Personality in psychology: the paradigm of subjectness."

For example, we are convinced that any activity has an author (“subject”), that it is always directed to one or another thing (“object”), that at first it is consciousness, then activity. In addition, we have no doubt that activity is a process and that it can be observed from the outside, or, in any case, “from within” - through the eyes of the person himself. Everything is so, as long as we do not take into account the progress of a person to already accepted goal... But if we make the movement of activity the subject of attention, then it suddenly turns out that everything that has been said about its structure loses its distinctness ... The author loses "sharpness"; the orientation of activity toward an object gives way to orientation toward another person... the process of activity breaks up into many branching and again merging "brooks-transitions"... instead of consciousness preceding and directing activity, it itself turns out to be something secondary, derived from activity ... And all this is due to the tendencies of its own movement, self-development of activity ...

There is always an element of discrepancy between what you strive for and what you achieve ... Regardless of whether the idea turns out to be higher than the embodiment or, conversely, the embodiment surpasses the idea, the discrepancy between the aspiration and the effects of the actions taken stimulates the activity of a person, the movement of his activity. And in the end is born new activity, and not only your own, but possibly other people's.

Questions and tasks for the document

1. Based on the text of the document, explain what an object and a subject of activity are. Give specific examples of objects and subjects of activity of various types.
2. Find in the text of the document the lines where the author talks about the movement of the activity. What meaning does he put into these words? What appears as a result of the movement of activity?
3. How, according to the author, are activity and consciousness related?

SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

1. What is an activity?
2. What features are inherent in human activity?
H. How are activities and needs related?
4. What is the motive of activity? How is motive different from purpose? What is the role of motives in human activity?
5. Define the need. Name the main groups of human needs and give specific examples.
6. What can be attributed to the results (products) of human activity?
7. Name the types of human activities. Expand on specific examples of their diversity.
8. How are activities and

Throughout his life, a person constantly performs certain actions, entering into contacts with the world and other people. It cannot be otherwise - after all, he exists in nature and in society, depends on them and in one way or another reacts to the conditions in which his real existence puts him. In other words, in actions a person manifests himself, his individuality and activity, embodies his being, and we can say that for him act− means be.

However, human actions are far from equal in their orientation and role. Firstly, they can be aimed at adapting to one extent or another to the existing conditions of being, to the requirements that each individual's "life world" imposes on each individual, both natural and social. This kind of cumulative actions of a person is usually called behavior - with its help, a person tries to change not the world in which he lives, but himself, in order to be as adequate as possible to this world, to better correspond to it. Thus, our behavior in society always involves a certain adjustment to the requirements placed on us in the family and at school, the rules of behavior in public places, the norms of communication with friends, etc.

At the same time, most people are characterized by active actions aimed at transforming the current conditions of our existence to a certain extent, making them more worthy of us, making life easier for a person (and all mankind!). It is this kind of system of human actions that is usually called activities. With its help, a person remakes the world, creates a huge variety of such things and processes that cannot arise naturally (buildings, cars, computers, works of art, etc.).

Activity is characterized by the presence of a number of features that significantly distinguish it from ordinary behavior: in the latter, they are either completely absent or present in a rudimentary and implicit form.

The most common activities are:

definite purpose, usually clearly conscious and well thought out (behavior is often spontaneous, aimless and even meaningless);

program, which provides for specific methods of active actions, their sequence, possible results, etc., i.e., a kind of logic of activity (the presence of such programs in behavior is a fairly rare case);

freedom, meaning the ability of a person to choose objects to transform goals, methods of activity, expected results, etc. Of course, freedom of activity is always relative, because it is "bound" by certain limits - objective laws, real possibilities, etc. (of course, the elements of freedom are also present in behavior; moreover, it is often understood by a person in an anarchist way − behave the way I want which sooner or later comes into conflict with real life circumstances);

creation, the desire of a person to create as a result of activity something fundamentally new, which is still missing in reality. In fairness, it should be noted that not every activity is creative in nature - say, the activity for the production of serial consumer goods (it can be called reproductive, that is, reproducing what is already available. But even it is enriched with creative moments over time, leading to product improvement). In behavior, which is usually based on traditional patterns and norms, creativity is perhaps a very unique phenomenon.

Thus, human activity is always a kind of well-thought-out technology for transforming reality, subject to certain rules and norms and serving the set goals. Such technology is the most important component of the culture of society, an active factor that generates new world human existence.

In any activity, it is possible to identify some common structure, including, as a rule, two main components - subjective and objective. The subjective includes everything that is primarily associated with the "human factor" of activity - the person himself, his active actions, the goals and objectives set by him, the developed program of action, etc. The objective component includes, mainly, material components activities - initial objects and materials, the laws of their existence, ways and means of their transformation, results (main and secondary), etc. It is obvious that although the subjective side of activity is leading in the transformation of the world, active and creativity this process, the objective parameters are very important condition activities - they can both contribute to its success and restrain it (it is enough to recall, for example, how insufficient funding significantly slows down, and sometimes even blocks, the activities of teams of scientists and engineers in the creation of new drugs).

Speaking about human activity, it should be emphasized that it is this process that constantly changes the world and allows people to create something that was not originally in nature.

Activity as a way of being

Only man has this form of interaction with the outside world. Activity is such a multifaceted process that any employment of a person can be called this word.

It is activity that allows a person to create all the necessary conditions for existence, constantly learn about the world around him, satisfy spiritual needs and develop in many directions. Activities have certain characteristics.

It is productivity, consciousness, social and transformative character. It is these traits that distinguish man from animals, and this is the difference between human activity and animal behavior.

Human activity is clearly conscious character. A person is able to put forward goals and can foresee the result of his work.

A person is aimed at obtaining a certain result, this is what productivity.

transformative the nature of activity lies in the fact that it changes the world in which people live, it contributes to the improvement of the objects that surround us and ourselves.

Activity motivation

The motive is considered to be the motivating cause of the activity. And the same activity can be performed for completely different motives.

But a person is often driven not by one motive, but by a whole system of motives and their multifaceted combination.

In the motivation of human activity, his beliefs, interests, needs and ideals are manifested. And it is motivation that gives activity semantic filling.

Variety of activities

There are different types of human activity, since activity can come from completely different grounds. Therefore, there are several types of classification of the variety of activities.

Activity can be spiritual or practical, depending on the relationship of a person to the world around him. associated with a change in consciousness spiritual activity, and practical- transforms the material objects of our world.

Another classification: reactionary and progressive activity. In this case, human activity is connected with the development of mankind and the course of history. Allocate creative or destructive activities - they also apply to social progress and history.

There is also a legal illegal activity human, immoral and moral. These species arose due to the formation of certain social norms and common cultural values.

Social forms of association of people also made their own amendments to the types of activities. There is mass, collective and individual activity. There are many more classifications of human activities: innovative, creative, formulaic, inventive, monotonous, and so on.

Human society is different natural formations the fact that it has such a specific form of interaction with the outside world as human activity. In social science, activity is a complex and multifaceted category, which includes many aspects of the interaction of mankind with the world.

Activity is a form of human activity aimed at transforming the surrounding world and oneself.

Human activity is the activity of specific individuals, which takes place either in an open collectivity - among the surrounding people, together with them and in interaction with them, or face to face with the surrounding objective world - in front of the potter's wheel or at the desk. However, no matter what conditions and forms human activity takes place, no matter what structure it acquires, it cannot be regarded as withdrawn from social relations, from the life of society. For all its originality, the activity of the human individual is a system included in the system of social relations. Outside of these relationships, human activity does not exist at all. How exactly it is carried out is determined by those forms and means of material and spiritual communication that are generated by the development of production and which cannot be realized otherwise than in the activities of specific people.

The activity of each individual person depends on his place in society, on the conditions that fall to his lot, on how it develops in unique individual circumstances.

For a person, society is not only external environment to which he is forced to adapt in order not to be unadapted and to survive, in exactly the same way as an animal is forced to adapt to the external natural environment. The main thing is that in society a person finds not just external conditions to which he must adapt his activity, but in the fact that these social conditions themselves carry motives and goals of his activity, means and methods, in a word, society produces the activity of the individuals that form it.

2. Features of human activity

Unlike animals, human activity is transformative. For humans, as for animals, adaptive behavior is characteristic. So, at the early stages of its development, mankind adapted to the climatic, geographical conditions of its existence. In those distant times, a change in the course of a river, or, conversely, the flooding of fields by rivers, could significantly change the life of a particular people, the nature and types of its economic activity.

Mankind took a lot of time and effort to conquer nature and subordinate it to their goals and needs. People have learned to build complex irrigation systems, canals, dams, locks. The natural element has become subject to man. Therefore, man, unlike animals, not only adapts to nature, but also transforms it through his activity.

The following difference human from animals lies in the fact that people do not have an innate program of activity, they cannot pass it on to their descendants genetically. Smell does not lead a person to food, mechanical skill does not induce nest building. The German educator Herder called man the most helpless and unadapted to life of all living beings. Many of the first human populations died, only those who managed to develop a new non-biological way of organizing their existence survived. The condition for survival was the need to constantly change the ways, behavior, forms of activity, attitudes of the psyche.

A person independently and during his lifetime had to develop programs for his activities, select best options and pass on to their descendants. How could he do it? Through objectified (that is, separated from their creators) products of their activity. People's thoughts, their ideas, knowledge and experience acquire an objective existence in things and objects of material culture and in such formations as language, mythology, religion. Means; a person creates an objective world as a result of the objectification of his abilities.

At the same time, each person entering this world and each generation of people entering history use the accumulated knowledge and abilities of its creators. They master them, thereby joining the experience of their ancestors and becoming cultural beings.

Consequently, a whole series of mediating links grows up between man and nature, a whole world of new relations, which does not exist in the world of nature. Thus, thanks to human activity, biological existence became at the same time social. Unlike animals that live in a natural (natural) environment, people live in a social environment, which is the result of their conscious labor activity. A number of connections and relations are established between people: social, economic, political, legal, etc. biological world there are no such connections. Thus, man, being a producing being, carrying out his activities, creates a new reality. This new reality is the world of human culture and social relations.

3. Structure of activity

Human activity differs from animal life in themes; that it presupposes the presence of a subject of action that opposes the object and acts on it.

The subject is the one who performs actions, has activity directed at the object. The subject of activity can be an individual, a group of people, an organization or government agency. The actions of the subject can be directed at another person or at himself.

The object is that which opposes the subject, that which the practical and cognitive activity person. The object of activity can be nature as a whole or its individual aspects, as well as various spheres of human life.

AT broad sense words, the content of human activity is understood as the process of interaction between the subject and the object.

In other words, a person purposefully transforms certain forms of being. The condition of human activity is goal-setting, that is, the presence of a goal set by a person and activity carried out in accordance with this goal.

The goal is a subjective image of the desired result, “that for which” (Aristotle) ​​certain actions are taken.

Purposefulness of activity becomes possible due to the fact that a person has consciousness. Consciousness, organically woven into the active process, not only composes it necessary condition, a is internal integral part the process itself. Therefore, “at the end of the labor process, a result is obtained that was previously in the mind of a person” (Marx), that is, ideally. Thus, the activity of people includes two opposite forms: the ideal and the material transformation of the object.

Ideal: the transformation of the object is carried out in the mind of a person. It is consciousness, as an ideal form of human activity, that gives a purposeful character to the material process. A conscious goal set by a person determines the method and nature of his actions.

The goal that a person or a group of people sets for themselves must correspond to the real possibilities of its implementation. Everything that is used to achieve a goal is called a means of activity.

Thus, for example, labor as an expedient human activity began with the manufacture of tools. The instrumentality of human labor is its specific human feature. Only people are able to mediate their impact on the environment with the help of specially created means of labor, different from the organs of the body. The means of labor is various devices, helping a person to influence nature to enhance the muscular (and later mental) capabilities of a person: Moreover, the instrumentality of human activity is not limited to the use of ready-made, “picked up on the ground” tools, but means their systematic manufacture, improvement, storage and repeated use.

In addition to the goal and means, action implies a result. So, as a result of educational activity, the student is able to read, write, solve problems, and think abstractly. As a result of the activity of a working machine-building plant, new machines and parts for them appear. Science is the result of the activities of scientists, their research, experiments and conclusions. If the means are chosen correctly, then the result of the activity will be obtaining exactly the result that the subject was striving for.

4. Motives of activity

Any activity always has a certain motivation, leading to a decision to act with a certain goal and in a certain way. Motivation and decision-making cannot take place without knowledge of the developed values ​​and algorithms (principles) of activity.

A motive is a motive for a person's behavior and actions, arising under the influence of his needs and interests and representing the image of the good desired by a person.

Thus, the motive is understood as a conscious impulse that determines the action to satisfy any need. Arising on the basis of a need, the motive represents its more or less adequate reflection. The motive is a certain justification and justification of volitional action, shows the attitude of a person to the requirements of society. It plays an important role in evaluating actions and deeds, since it depends on them what subjective meaning the action has for a given person.

The main motive that motivates a person to activity is his desire to satisfy his needs. These needs can be physiological, social and ideal. Conscious to some extent by people, they become the main source of their activity.

A huge role is also played by people's beliefs about the goals that need to be achieved, the main ways and means leading to them. Sometimes, in their choice, people are guided by stereotypes that have developed in society, that is, some general, simplified ideas about some social process (specifically, about the process of activity). Unchanging motivation tends to reproduce similar actions of people, and as a result, a similar social reality.

5. Activities

There are various classifications of types of human activity.

In the ontogenetic development of a person, three leading types of activity are usually distinguished: play, learning, work.

So, for example, the famous philosopher and cultural historian Huizing considers all types of human activity as a manifestation of the game. The game, as a special type of interaction, is considered by many researchers as a process during which real actions are imitated, that is, it is a kind of prototype of real actions, during which skills, abilities, and abilities of a person are developed. So, for example, in the process of playing, the child masters various social roles, acquires the skill of behavior in a social environment, etc. (the educational value of the game was noted by Aristotle, who believed that learning should be entertaining).

In a narrower sense of the word, a game is understood as a type of activity that is not carried out for practical purposes, but serves for entertainment. The process of the game brings joy, supports good mood at any age.

Labor as a purposeful human activity began with the manufacture of tools. Only people are able to mediate their impact on the environment with the help of specially created means of labor, different from the organs of the body. Means of labor are various devices that help a person influence nature to enhance the muscular (and later mental) capabilities of a person. Moreover, the instrumentality of human activity is not limited to the use of ready-made, "picked up on the ground" tools, but means their systematic manufacture and storage, as well as repeated use. In contrast, the tool activity of primates is of a one-time nature, and does not imply their regular use. Throughout its history, man has improved and developed the means of his activity. It was the way from a stone ax to modern supercomputers.

More often, human activity is divided into two main types: practical and spiritual. The first is aimed at the transformation of objects of nature and society. The content of the second is the change in people's consciousness.

Practical activity is a direct transformation surrounding nature and society (including the person himself). It is customary to divide practical activity into material-production (transformation of nature) and socio-organizational (transformation of society). Modern philosophers generally refuse to recognize the advantages and special value of any one of the forms of human activity. They point to the importance, equivalence and unity of the material and spiritual worlds.

Human spiritual activity is very diverse and multifaceted. Usually, spiritual activity includes spiritual and practical activity (reflection of reality in art form, in myths, religious teachings) and spiritual and theoretical activity (reflection of reality in the sciences, laws of nature and society), it also includes a valuable understanding of the world, which is expressed in ideology and worldview.

6. Conscious and unconscious in people's behavior

In his behavior, a person is guided not only by conscious, but also by unconscious motives. The existence of consciousness is obvious, the presence of the unconscious is less obvious. The unconscious is a set of mental processes, states that are not represented in consciousness and self-consciousness. The main difference between the conscious and the unconscious is that consciousness is clearly separated external world and its reflection in images, and in the unconscious, reality and its experience by a person merge. The existence of the unconscious has been known to various scientists and philosophers for a long time, but the main merit in attracting wide attention and interest to this phenomenon belongs to the Austrian scientist, psychiatrist S. Freud, who put the problem of the unconscious at the center of his research.

At the same time, it should be noted; that many of Freud's concepts and conclusions are not shared by other scientists.

modern science identifies the following main levels of the unconscious:

Assimilation by an individual of behavior and habits typical of that social group, to which he belongs, for example, individuals learn through imitation the main features of behavior, the structure of the life of their ethnic group. At the same time, they are not aware of how such assimilation occurs, and do not consciously control it.

Unconscious stereotypes of automated behavior, For example, a person who left the house suddenly thinks that he did not lock the door, but he simply did not realize how he did it, because he performed this operation constantly, many times, and consciousness was occupied by others, more important in this moment affairs.

Unconscious perception, when a person's behavior is affected by such stimuli that lie beyond the threshold of his consciousness and which he cannot be aware of. In this case, a person is able to process information that is outside of his consciousness (for example, the problem of the so-called 25th frame).

With physiological point view unconscious processes are very useful. They perform a protective function, freeing the brain from constant stress. We do not even suspect the full amount of information stored in memory. The unconscious performs the function of automating human actions. If all elements of human life activity simultaneously required awareness and control, then a person could neither think nor act.

At the same time, the unconscious can also perform a destructive, destructive function. Breaking into our consciousness, it can overwhelm and paralyze the rational mental structures of the individual's social existence, cause rash actions of large masses of people on a huge scale, which is especially likely and very dangerous during periods of major social transformations.

7. Human capacity for creativity

Creative skills of a person are manifested on the basis of his cognitive abilities. But if the cognition of the subject is a reflection of objective reality, i.e., movement from the object to the subject, then creativity, par excellence, is movement from the subject to the object.

Creativity is the cognitive and active ability of a person to create qualitatively new material and spiritual values.

Creativity is studied by various sciences: psychology, philosophy, cybernetics, computer science, etc. Heuristics is a special science that studies creative activity. Its purpose is to create models of the creative process of solving problems under conditions of uncertainty. The name of science comes from Greek word"Eureka" - "I found." Techniques that enhance creative possibilities are called heuristic.

A person can show creative abilities in various types of activity: production and technical, scientific, artistic, inventive, political, educational and pedagogical. Creativity is most clearly manifested in art, science and technology.

Common features of the creative process or stages of creativity have been identified:

Awareness of the problem, formulation of the problem;

collection and study of information;

switching to other tasks or activities: the problem goes into the subconscious;

insight: the problem is solved from an unexpected side; the solution is found where at first no one tried to look for it;

verification: it can be logical or experimental;

assessment of the novelty of the found solution,

Intuition plays a significant role in the creative process. Judging by the memoirs of scientists and artists, a combination of logically processed knowledge and intuitive guesses is important for creativity. Creative insight is the result of the work of the mind, long searches and development of what is already known, comparisons, generalizations, reasoning of everything that forms the basis of logical thinking.

Creativity can be activated through a special organization of creative work. In the 30s. 20th century there was a method of group problem solving - brainstorming. Several people, experts in the same, related or different fields, gather to solve a problem.

5. The activity of people as the driving force of social progress.

6. Motives of activity and their manifestations in human needs.

Topic of the open lesson: " Activity as a way of existence of people ».

Subject: social science

Genre: lesson - research

Class: 10 s/e

Expected results:

Knowledge:

Define activity, motive, need, interest, beliefs;

Know the main activities;

Have an idea of ​​the structure of the activity.

Skills and abilities:

Be able to establish causal relationships;

Work with documents;

Work independently;

Work in a group;

speak in public;

Know how to stand up for yourself own opinion.

Relationships, values, internal attitudes:

Understand the meaning of activity for people's lives

Express your opinion on this issue.

Resources:

Textbook "Social Science" Grade 10

Workbook for high school students "My choice"

Presentations

Documentation

“Without a goal, there is no activity,

without interests there is no goal,

and without activity there is no life.”

V.G. Belinsky

During the classes.

Organizing time.

Motivation

Once Khoja Nasreddin woke up in the middle of the night, went out into the street and began to crow. The neighbors heard this and asked: “What are you doing, Khoja?”

“I have a lot to do today,” he replied, “I want the day to come early.”

What is this parable about?

How does it relate to the topic of our lesson?

What is an "activity"? How are animal activities different from human activities? What role do various activities play in our lives?

We will look for answers to these questions during our lesson.

The topic of our today's lesson: "Activity as a way of people's existence"

Lesson plan:

• Essence and structure of activity (presentation).

  Variety of activities.

Statement of the research problem.

Introduction to group activities. Group work.

Work with textbook and spreadsheet.

Summarizing research work(presentation).

Homework

During the classes:

Essence and structure of activity.

• What is an "activity"?

Activity is a set of social meaningful action carried out by the subject in various fields and on various levels social organization of society, pursuing certain social goals and interests and using in the name of achieving these goals and satisfying the interests various means– economic, social, political and ideological.

What are the components of the business structure?

Activity structure

Means of achievement

Action result

Define:

motives - is the urge to act

meeting the needs

Needs - human perceived need for

what is needed to sustain life

and personal development

List the types of needs: NATURAL, SOCIAL, IDEAL

Beliefs - these are stable views of the world,

ideals and principles, as well as the desire

bring them to life through their actions and deeds.

Interests - These are the values ​​that are

a certain group of people.

Target

- a conscious image of the expected result, the achievement of which is aimed at;

What is presented in the mind and expected as a result of activity.

Actions

What actions do you know?

Purposeful (based on a thoughtful and set goal),

Value-rational (based on worldview principles),

Affective (under the influence of an emotional state),

Traditional (under the influence of habit).

2. Variety of activities.

What kinds of activities do you know?

				Spiritual
	Practical
					cognitive

financially production				Social transformation vatnaya
						value orientation

predictive

Statement of the research problem.

Students are divided into groups (hand out cards with questions).

W. Churchill wrote: “This activity is as exciting as war. But more dangerous. In war you can only be killed once, in ( politics ) multiple times. About what activity in question? (political )

"A home without books is like a body without a soul." (Cicero). What activity are you talking about? ( spiritual )

"This activity not only does not exclude the possibility of mental activity, not only does not degrade its dignity, but also encourages it." (L.N. Tolstoy). What activity are you talking about? ( labor )

Work with textbook and table:

Complete task number 2, page 215 of the textbook:

Reflect knowledge about the activity and its diversity in the table.

Activities			facilities	actions
labor
spiritual
political

Group work

1 group. "Labor activity"

Based on the content of the text of the textbook (pp. 213-214, part 3) and the analysis of the text, characterize the essence Labor activity.

2 group. "Spiritual Activity"

Based on the content of the text of the textbook (pp. 213-214, part 2) and the analysis of the text, describe the essence of Spiritual activity.

3rd group. "Political activity"

Based on the content of the text of the textbook (pp. 213-214, part 4) and the analysis of the text, characterize the essence of Political activity.

Summing up the research work

(questions):

Define what phenomena can be called activity?

Who is an activist?

Determine which of the characters can be called a figure?

What is an act?

Determine what actions can be called an act?

What is the fundamental difference between the actions of man and animals?

Give examples when animal behavior seems to be

on people's activities?

Define objects and subjects of activity?

What is an activity object? Give examples?

Who is the subject of activity? Give examples?

What drives human activity?

What is legitimacy? What types of legitimacy do you know?

Homework:

Questions and assignments for chapter III (on page 215-216 of the textbook "Social Science" Grade 10) from 1,3,5.

Write an essay based on the following statement (optional):

“Without a goal, there is no activity, without interests there is no goal, and without activity there is no life. V.G. Belinsky).

“Oh, if only education were added to diligence, and diligence to education.”

Appendix No. 1.

Activities			facilities	actions
labor	natural needs, social needs,	creation of material and spiritual values;	means of production Stva, technique,	goal-oriented Traditional
spiritual	Ideal and prestigious needs	Formation of a sense of beauty Hypothesis Conducting an experiment Emotional reflection of reality Creating an artistic image Implementation into practice Acquisition of knowledge and skills.	Internet	Value- rational
political	prestige needs, social needs	long-term, current, relevant, irrelevant, priority, secondary real and unreal.	agitation, propaganda,	Rational New irrational spontaneous and organized

Application №2

Workshop

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in his famous fairy tale "The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals" places on desert island two honored officials, accustomed to living on everything ready. Here they suddenly discover that "human food, in its original form, flies, swims and grows on trees." “So, if, for example, someone wants to eat a partridge, he must first catch it, kill it, pluck it, roast it ...”. What is the activity in this passage? What is the purpose of this activity? What actions does it consist of? Do you think the generals were capable of transformative activity?

Two generals depicted by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, saved from starvation, as you know, a peasant who “began to act in front of them. First of all, he climbed a tree and picked the ten most ripe apples for the generals ... Then he dug into the ground - and got potatoes from there; then he took two pieces of wood, rubbed them against each other - and took out the fire. Then he made a snare out of his own hair and caught a hazel grouse. Finally, he lit a fire and baked ... various provisions ... ”What were the goal of the peasant’s activity, the means to achieve it and the results? What specific actions did this activity consist of? Were its results consistent with the goal?

In the famous fairy tale M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin portrays

stupid landowner, through whose prayer God cleansed all his

possessions from men. This landowner enjoyed the air, freed from the smell of chaff and sheepskin, and dreamed of what

orchard will divorce: “Here there will be pears, plums: here -

peaches, here Walnut!" He thought about what kind of cows he would breed that no skin, no meat, but all one milk, all milk, plant strawberries, all double and triple, five berries per pound, and how many of these strawberries he would sell in Moscow. How much, how little time has passed, only the landowner sees that in his garden the paths are overgrown with burdock, snakes and all sorts of reptiles are swarming in the bushes, and wild animals howl in the park, “they stopped and put and regalia, and it was not possible to get on not a pound of flour, not a piece of meat in the market.”

What were the landlord's goals? What means did he choose to achieve them? Did the means match the ends? Did the actions of the landowner lead to the results he was striving for?

Application №3

In his memoirs, L.N. Tolstoy writes about his father, who read a lot, collected a library, drew pictures for children that seemed to them the height of perfection, joked merrily and told funny stories at lunch and dinner, forced his son to read the poems he loved and learned by heart, listened attentively "and was very happy about it." Is it correct to assume that Father L.N. Tolstoy was motivated to this activity by certain interests? Justify your answer.

Teacher lower grades turned to high school students with a request to help him in the preparation new year holiday for babies. Those high school students who responded to this request organized the "Santa Claus Workshop". They composed the script for a fairy-tale performance, sewed costumes, selected music, and learned songs and games with the kids. Connected the kids to the design of a fabulous town, making Christmas decorations, surprises. Describe the structure of this activity of high school students: determine its subject, object, goal, means and results. What could be the motive for this activity?

“We will curse the present time just as you curse Stalin now ...

I don't know where to go after school. I don't want to be anyone. I don't want anything at all.

People!!! You complain that the stores are empty. And did anyone bother, why is it empty in human souls?

What would you say to this boy?

Application No. 4

The famous Italian Renaissance thinker Nicolo Machiavelli stated:

“It is superfluous to say how commendable in the state is fidelity to a given word, straightforwardness and unswerving honesty. However, we know from experience that in our time, great deeds were only possible for those who did not try to keep their word and were able to fool whomever they needed.

To achieve political goals, all means are good: lies, betrayal, meanness, deceit, torture, murder. Otherwise, you will achieve nothing in politics.”

Political activities includes a wide variety of activities: organizing the party and making government decisions, election campaigns and speeches in parliament, political rallies and diplomatic negotiations, holding party congresses and appeals to the people, developing political programs and referendums, coup d'état and visits by government delegations. It can be the actions of an individual or a group.

The actions of the subjects of politics can be rational and irrational. Rational actions are conscious, planned, with a clear understanding of the goals and necessary means. Irrational - these are actions motivated mainly by the emotional states of people, for example, their irritation, hatred, fear, impressions of ongoing events.

Political actions are spontaneous and organized (rally, conference).

“Today, many single out, and the fourth power: the media (print, radio, television, Internet), which have a huge impact on the formation public opinion. Do you think the media is power? What advantages does a politician receive in the pre-election struggle, having access to the media? What do you know about using information technology that have a huge impact on people's behavior?