Hazel (hazelnut) and hazelnuts: difference and features. What is the difference between a hazelnut and a hazelnut: definition, characteristics, similarities, differences, taste and appearance with a photo

Since ancient times, Hazel (or Hazel) has been a symbol of fertility, renewal of life and wisdom, strength and justice. Hazel had magical meaning and protected from the evil eye.

In Siberia, the elders believed that on the eve of the Trinity, the souls of their ancestors visit this world and temporarily move into the branches of Hazel.

Knowing about magical properties Hazel, with the help of a forked branch, shamans looked for treasures, water, lost things, and even deposits of gold ore.

It was believed that the branch of Hazel is a conductor of magical powers, so sorcerers made from them magic wands and staves.

names of Hazel

Hazel got its name due to the shape of the leaves, similar to the body of the fish Bream.

The Latin name for Common Hazel is Corylus avellana. This name comes from the city of Avello in Italy, where this plant, rich in gifts, was first cultivated on a large scale.

It is worth noting that Hazel is a wild plant that is the progenitor of Hazelnut. The word hazelnut itself has Turkish roots.

Where does Hazel grow?

Common hazel grows in mixed, broad-leaved and coniferous forests. Often it can be found at the bottom of the ravine and on the edges.

After fires and clearings, the shrub easily and quickly populates the spaces, forming thickets, therefore, in forestry, it is considered a weed.

There are about 17 species of wild Hazel, while its cultivated relative Hazelnut has about 200 varieties.

Hazel's homeland is Europe. In nature, Hazel is found in the Caucasus and the Middle East. The most extensive thickets exist in Norway, beyond the Arctic Circle.

In the mountains, Hazel is found at an altitude of up to two kilometers above sea level.
Hazel, like Filbert, prefers fertile and loose soil.

What does hazel look like

Most often, Hazel looks like a shrub up to 5-7 meters high, but there are also large representatives up to 10 meters high. Lushly spreading many small trunks, the bush attracts bees and other insects in spring, and in autumn all kinds of protein and birds.

The bark is light gray or brown in color and smooth in texture. The leaves are large and wide. The fruits have a hard shell and sit in velvet cups that look like flowers.

The tree begins to bear fruit at the age of 7-8 and can live up to 200 years.

When hazel blossoms

Hazel blooms along ravines and on the edges, in hollows and clearings. Yellow and golden caterpillars stretch out in the spring sun and hang from thin branches.

This is how they look male flowers carrying pollen in the wind. These flowers are a real cure for sleepy bees waking up after the winter cold.

Flowering begins in early spring in March or April depending on the weather and region. Blooming Hazel is a good honey plant.

The fruits ripen in autumn in September and fall to the ground, becoming the prey of birds and forest animals.

Healing properties of Hazel

Hazel and Hazelnut fruits contain fats, proteins and carbohydrates. They are very high in calories and are a real salvation for a traveler who has lost his way in the thicket of the forest.

It has been proven that hazelnuts are more nutritious than soy and meat. In addition, nuts contain fiber, which helps to remove toxins from the body.

Fruits rich in vitamins treat anemia and anemia, strengthen hair and immunity. Nuts crushed with honey will help to cope with rheumatism.

In medicine, the bark, roots and fruits are used. In ancient times, a decoction of the roots was the main remedy for malaria. The bark has antipyretic and antiseptic properties.

Hazel Application

Common hazel is not suitable for obtaining a nut. In today's world, nut harvesting is an ignorant method of extracting this valuable product. Proper extraction of nuts occurs only in special gardens.

Cream, butter, flour and even a coffee surrogate are obtained from the extracted kernel. Everyone knows the widespread use of nuts in the confectionery industry.

Hazelnut oil, which is not inferior in quality to almond oil, is used in the manufacture of soap. Peanut butter It is also the basis of many paints and is used in cosmetics and perfumes.

Hazel wood is small, but it is characterized by high hardness and low brittleness, has a beautiful shade and is well stained. Basically, Hazel wood goes to small items.

Contraindications

A large amount of fat contained in nuts is contraindicated for people who are obese and people who have problems with the pancreas.

In addition, the use of any nuts should always be moderate. A day is enough to eat a handful of nuts, which fits in the palm of your hand.

Hazel - Interesting Facts

Burning the thin branches of Hazel without access to air, the artists made coals for drawing.

Hazel has been known in the world for more than 6 thousand years, while archaeological excavations indicate that the progenitors of Hazel existed 50 million years ago.

The main truffle production is concentrated in European walnut groves.

In Babylon, due to its ability to stimulate brain activity, the common people were forbidden to eat hazelnuts.

The oldest representative of the wild Hazel grows in the Crimea and has a bush girth at the roots of 4.7 meters. The age of Hazel is approximately 200 years.

Hazel is popularly called hazel.

This name was given to the tree because of the special shape of the leaf, resembling a bream fish.

The tree belongs to the birch family, lives up to a hundred years, bears fruit almost all this time.

tree - bush

Hazel is both a tree and a shrub at the same time. Its height is from 3 to 7 meters, in shape it looks like a heart at the base, pointed towards the crown.

Brown adult branches are marked with white lenticels, young shoots are gray with a margin. The hazelnut is wrapped in a bell-shaped wrapper.

The leaves are dark green on the outside, gray-green on the inside.

Hazelnut loves moist fertile soils, grows in the forest, preferring to be located closer to the edge, the edge, along the edges of ravines, closer to fresh soil. gives many shoots, the photo shows how thickets of branches and leaves form around the main trunk.

Why hazel is not hazelnut

Both hazel and hazelnuts have same properties, composition, resemblance, because it is one family. They differ only in that the hazelnut is cultivated, and the hazel is a wild tree.

Hazelnuts are much larger than hazel nuts, have a richer composition of proteins, fats and other nutrients.

In Russia, there are about 20 varieties of hazel.

Most often you can find common hazel, large, tree-like, Manchurian and multi-leaved.

The most valuable and interesting variety is the Purple Hazel Corylus, otherwise known as the Lombard Nut. The inflorescence looks like a bunch of several pieces per branch. Corilus are very tasty, almond-flavored nuts.

The Kontorta hazel is graceful, twisted branches create a bewitching spectacle in winter period- than not ornamental plant and what is the use! Contorta hazel has a unique hardiness and beauty, and is well-deservedly popular with landscape architects.

Do you know that: nutritional properties nuts are highly valued, used in cooking, cosmeceuticals, folk medicine.

Common hazel is also valued. The nut has the shape of a ball, the leaf wrapper in the form of a bell is velvety and pleasant to the touch. Hazel Avellana is the most common species in Central Russia in the Crimea and the Caucasus.

Description of the species belongs to Academician A.S. Yablokov.

Frost-resistant hazelnuts, capable of growing in cold regions of the country, are represented by the varieties Severny-9, Severny-42 and others, used in the Urals and Siberia.

Moscow, Sakharny, Kudraif, Purpurny and other varieties of wood grow in the center, adapted to the conditions and soils of the Chernozem, Volga, Non-Black Earth regions.

Red-leaved hazelnut is considered a dessert variety, the Ekaterina variety with oblong red leaves and wrapped nuts is especially valued. Variety "Masha" and "Harvest" champions of fertility. unpretentious, frost-resistant, beautiful trees, according to Wikipedia, are excellent honey plants.

Hazel has the appearance of a garden culture, which has some differences from a wild bush. This is a fruit-bearing shrub with a developed root system, not capricious, practically not requiring attention.

Garden hazelnuts are much tastier than forest hazelnuts. Flowering is early, with large catkins, does not freeze, male inflorescences withstand up to -5 ° frost, female ones up to -8 °. As the pictures show, the tree is a real decoration of the estate in winter.

Gardener's advice: the tree will perfectly decorate the garden, you need to plant several at once for the effectiveness of cross-pollination .

reproduction

Plant it is not demanding on soils, however, it prefers fertile ones, does not like groundwater, rocky and wetlands.

A light-loving, wind-resistant tree propagates by seeds under stratification conditions, that is, with long-term keeping of seeds at the required temperatures.

You can plant roots, layering in the spring.

Note: most simple and effective method tree propagation - planting by layering. In the spring, take basal branches (10 cm), pin to the ground, sprinkle, leave until autumn. Dig up and plant in autumn Right place garden, garden, shelter for the winter. In a year or two, the tree will grow, in 4-5 years it will yield a crop.

Can be propagated by roots. Dig up a part of the bush with the root, move it to the right place, while the root neck should peek out of the ground by 10-20 cm. When planting, water the hole, feed it with peat, humus, that's all the care.

Propagated forest hazel must be cultivated by grafting. A kidney can be bought in nurseries, or you can take it from a lignified part of a tree or shoot, more than a year old. A cutting is grafted in the middle of summer, it is best to strengthen the cutting in a split.

Walnut cultivation. It is necessary to choose the largest fruit that has fallen to the ground, plant it before winter to a depth of 8 cm. With a favorable development of events, fruiting will occur in 8-9 years. Bushes are easy to find in the Moscow region, in the Leningrad region, everywhere to plant in your dacha in the garden.

Gardeners recommend: look for zoned hazelnut varieties for grafting. The size of the fruit is twice as large, it bears fruit actively. To help nurseries Michurin, Tambov. Growing and selling hazelnuts is more than profitable: 1kg of hazelnuts in Moscow costs from 1,500 rubles, the crop is stored for up to 5 years.

If you do not have a place in the estate, but have a desire to plant a hazel, look around. Beams located at a distance, ravines, the most the best place for this.

Plow the soil 2-3 meters wide, the length depends on the number of trees you plan to plant. Water, mulch, spread organic fertilizers. The harvest will justify all efforts in full.

In 5-6 years after planting the seedlings there will be a harvest. Hazelnuts bloom very beautifully, starting in winter. Frost is not afraid. After flowering in late spring (May), leaves bloom, and nuts can be harvested in late summer.

Mature fruit with a brown shell, yellowed leaves that are easily separated from the leaf-like wrapper.

Harvest in May leaves with healing properties, they are used in folk medicine. The bark is also harvested, removed from the branches to be pruned, during the period of sap flow, from early spring to early summer.

The collection of nuts takes place from the end of August. The collected fruits, including leaves and bark, are dried in warm, ventilated areas. Spread out in an even layer, when the leafy wrapper falls off the fruit - the nut is ready for use.

Nuts are stored for a long time, but the unique beneficial properties are preserved throughout the year. The best storage containers are paper or canvas bags.

On the healing properties of hazelnuts and hazel

Rich in vitamins and macro, microelements, the fruit is extremely useful for human body. Contained in it:

• proteins necessary for building muscle, bone and any other tissue;
• fatty oils are involved in metabolic processes, provide energy;
• carbohydrates normalize metabolism, blood sugar, block the formation of fat;
• essential oils improve the respiratory system and the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract;
• glycosides remove urine, relieve inflammation, improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system;
• tannin, improves digestion, accelerates regeneration processes;
• betulin, monitors the level of lipids, metabolic processes, insulin;
• flavonoids, regulate the nervous system, blood vessels, block the appearance of malignant cells;
• paclitaxel, a substance necessary for leukemia, sarcoma and other oncologies.

The therapeutic composition includes vitamins, mineral salts, saturated and unsaturated acids, iron, cobalt, selenium and many other vital substances.

Note: to consume hazelnuts in the amount of 25 pieces per day means to replenish the body with useful elements and improve health.

Nut "diet" is indicated for recovery after stress, illness. Useful hazelnuts, without objection, pregnant and lactating women to increase lactation.

Hazelnut is useful for people suffering from atherosclerosis, hypertension, kidney failure, liver disease.

Hazelnut with honey treats rheumatism, anemia, fever.

The beneficial properties of hazel are so great that you can’t tell in a nutshell.

Medicinal properties have long been known, included in the collections folk recipes. Hazel in your garden - a pharmacy filled with the most effective means from diseases of old age and bad mood.

Watch the video in which the specialist tells and shows where and how to plant hazel or hazelnuts:

Thanks to its unique taste and excellent decorative effect, it has long won the respect of gardeners around the world. The cultivated crops, also known as hazelnuts, are grown on an industrial scale in the southern regions. Wild thickets are found in the forests of the Southern Urals and the Perm Territory, the mountains of the Caucasus. Today we’ll talk about what a hazel is, is it a shrub or a tree, how is it grown and used? We will learn about the types and distribution of this plant on the planet, about the intricacies of caring for it, which increase its productivity and decorative qualities.

Hazel: is it a shrub or a tree?

Hazel combines the genus of shrubs, but among more than 20 species of its representatives there are also trees. For example, the bear nut, which will be discussed later, is a magnificent specimen of a tree, slender and tall, with beautiful shape crowns. But most types of hazel are still shrubs, the wild forms of which form a dense undergrowth. The most common and of high economic importance is the forest hazel, or common hazel. The history of the origin of the word "hazel" is interesting. This is primordial Russian name came from the noticed similarity of the outlines of the shrub leaf with the shape of the body of the lake fish of the bream, known since ancient times as the breadwinner of the Russians.

What does hazel look like?

The vast majority of hazel species belong to deciduous shrubs with large rounded leaves of magnificent rich green color. Hazel gravitates towards heat, moistened fertile soil deciduous forests and gets along well with their permanent residents: oaks, elms, maples, prevailing in the undergrowth and often forming a solid wall. Wild species of hazel are branched shrubs with a large number of stems coming from the rhizome. In height they reach 3-5 meters. Bushes can propagate vegetatively (offspring and cuttings) or seeds - nuts. They begin to bear fruit at the age of 6-7 with seed reproduction, at the 4th year - with vegetative reproduction. In summer, a hazel bush is easy to identify by its oval-shaped leaves, decorated along the edge with small teeth and a sharp tip. The hazel leaf is distinguished by a slightly rough texture to the touch.

In general, the hazel culture is a shrub 5-6 meters tall with even bark, the color of which varies from grayish to terracotta brown. Young shoots are usually painted in gray-green tones, interspersed with small yellowish specks. Young shoots are similar in appearance to linden shoots, differing only in fairly dense pubescence. Hazel shoots are easy to confuse with elm. Both leaves and bark are very similar in color and texture. But there are also differences. An elm, like a real tree, always has only one trunk, and the young shoots of hazel are numerous, which is characteristic of a shrub. In addition, hazel has oval gray-green buds, while elm has reddish and spiky buds.

View Features

Hazel is a shrub or tree belonging to monoecious plants, but with separate formation of male and female flowers on the same culture. Male catkin flowers are collected in soft yellowish inflorescences, similar to birch or alder catkins. Laid in June-July, in autumn they are already clearly visible and bloom in early spring, as soon as the plant overwinter. The wind picks up and carries the pollen.

The female inflorescences are practically invisible. Consisting of small, tightly pressed flowers, they are located inside special buds, also formed in the previous season. During the flowering period, the leaf scales that cover the inflorescences move apart, allowing wind-blown pollen to be caught in a bunch of bright red stigmas.

Hazel species

The genus of hazel, numbering almost 20 species, is represented by a variety of cultures. All of them are different, but many species are distinguished by high frost resistance and longevity. Hazel is unpretentious, grows on various soils, but develops more successfully and bears fruit for more fertile soils. Regardless of the type, the hazel (it is a shrub or a tree) is moisture-loving, but it does not need excess water. In its bulk, it is able to endure a slight shading, but in open sunny areas decorativeness and productivity of hazelnuts are as high as possible. Here are some types of hazel.

common hazel

This species is represented by a large multi-stemmed shrub up to 4-6 meters high with a wide spreading crown. A feature of the species is the flowering of the plant before the leaves bloom. That's why bees love hazel so much. Golden hazel catkins, appearing long before the mass flowering of trees and shrubs, help the bees recuperate after a long winter. The leaves of common hazel are dull green, light on the reverse side, in autumn they turn yellow together. The growth of hazel is uneven. In the early years, it develops slowly. In the 5-6th year, it grows sharply, forming many young shoots. In nature, forest hazel is distributed throughout the European territory of Russia and on the Crimean peninsula, in Western Europe and in the Caucasus.

Bear nut, or tree hazel

Bear nut - a representative of tree species, knocking out of common order shrub relatives. This is a medium-sized tree up to 15-20 meters high and with a crown diameter of up to 6-8 meters, having a slender beautiful trunk.

The magnificent broad-pyramidal is beautiful and different from the crowns of other species with dense dark green foliage, blooming very early and remaining on the branches for a long time. Hazel is a tree covered with whitish-gray bark, leaving in narrow plates. The bear nut grows quickly, is shade-tolerant and frost-resistant, it is not afraid of drought, but it develops better on soils fertilized with humus. The fruits are nuts of a peculiar kind, with a delicate wrapper, dissected into thin serrated slices. Hazel is a tree-like rare, albeit undemanding culture: it easily adapts, its life expectancy reaches 200 years, it reproduces by layering and seeds. Wild hazel is a tree that is found in the Caucasus and the Balkans, in Asia Minor. Tree hazel is a rare guest in broad-leaved mountain forests. In Russia, culture is protected in nature reserves. Bear nut is decorative, excellent for decorating streets and alleys, effective in linear plantings.

Lombard walnut (large hazel)

Monumentally tall hazel, shrub with magnificent straight branches gray color growing up to 10 meters in height. The leaves are rounded and serrated at the edges. Lombard walnut is a thermophilic culture, its winter hardiness is low.

Cultivated since ancient times as a nut shrub, the large hazel is common in the Balkans and Asia Minor.

The bush produces dense pubescent annual shoots. The leaves of this culture are broadly oval, almost round, up to 10-12 cm in diameter, heart-shaped at the base, ending in a short and sharp apex. A magnificent decoration are large men's earrings, reaching ten centimeters. The fruits form crowded rosettes, in which they can be up to 8 pieces, protected by a fluffy tubular wrapper.

The Lombard walnut is the ancestor of cultivated varieties of hazelnuts of industrial importance. It develops excellently on fertilized fertile, breathable soils and is often used in landscaping as ornamental shrub.

Red-leaved form of hazel

Such forms of hazel are very spectacular due to the unusual color of the foliage and are a multi-stemmed, tall (up to 4 meters) shrub with dark purple large leaves, a red fruit wrapper and a pink-colored walnut kernel. Red-leaved hazel is an extremely ornamental shrub. But he is a true southerner, and the harsh winters of temperate Russian latitudes are detrimental to these types of hazel. However, warming for the winter gives good results: the plant survives, but does not bloom and does not bear fruit. Leaving behind only a decorative function, it creates a unique surroundings on the site.

Manchurian hazel

Frost-resistant and very shade-tolerant Manchurian hazel is common in Far East, in Primorye, Korea, Northern China. It is a shrub up to 4-5 m tall with multiple strongly branching shoots. It is famous for the medicinal properties of fruits and decorative qualities: bark of brown tones, densely pubescent young shoots, wide soft leaves - dark green in summer, acquiring bright orange or luxurious golden tones in autumn. The fruit of the Manchurian hazel is a pointed nut, which is valued in Chinese medicine for its excellent anti-inflammatory qualities.

hazel

Shrub, reaching three meters in height, with a dense, spreading crown. Hazel variegated got its name due to the change in color shades of foliage in one vegetative period. Leaves unusual shape, wide obovate with three teeth at the top when blooming have terracotta shade, in summer - juicy dark green tones, and a golden-orange palette envelops hazel in autumn. The variegated hazel perfectly tolerates even severe drought, is frost-resistant, and is distinguished by ultra-early fruiting. The species is photophilous, but tolerates some shading calmly. Distribution received in the east of Siberia, in Asia, in the Far Eastern regions of Russia. It occurs in the undergrowth of mixed and pine forests, as well as on edges, clearings, on hillsides, forming impenetrable thickets.

hazel horned

A lush multi-stemmed shrub, not exceeding three meters in height, got its name from the appearance of the outer tubular wrapper of the fruit, clasping it and twisting into a tube, resembling a small horn. On pubescent legs are single or paired fruits. Nuts are large (up to 1.5 cm), edible, but poorly separated from the wrapper. The species is frost-resistant and unpretentious.

Cultivated since 1745. In nature, the plant is common in the eastern part of the North American states.

Application

Hazel is excellent as an ornamental plant. It is used in alley plantings and hedges. But in the southern regions, hazel is grown as a food crop. Hazelnut is a product of high nutritional value. It contains substances necessary for the body: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, almost all groups of vitamins, as well as a number of macro- and microelements and their unique compounds. In the food industry, nuts are traditionally popular due to their high nutritional value and excellent taste. It is indispensable in the production confectionery and all kinds of sweets, it is used as a filler in the manufacture of chocolate, creams, icing and caramel. Whole roasted hazelnuts are a favorite delicacy of many.

Hazel plant species (wild and cultivated) have excellent decorative qualities and give tasty and healthy fruits.

Plant hazel, or hazel (lat. Corylus) belongs to the genus of deciduous shrubs or trees of the Birch family. There are about 20 species in the genus, growing in Eurasia and North America and forming undergrowth in coniferous-deciduous forests. The most common species in culture is the common hazel, or hazelnut. Such cultivated types of hazel as Pontic hazel, large and common hazel are often called hazelnuts. Hazel is one of the oldest cultivated plants Europe. For centuries, hazel has been cultivated in Turkey, Spain, Italy, France, Germany and even the UK. In Russia, hazel fruits appeared in 1773 as a result of an exchange for leather and velvet. The name "hazel" comes from "fishing line" and means a forest (hazel) nut.

Planting and caring for hazel (in short)

• Landing: in spring, before the start of sap flow, and in autumn, 2-3 weeks before a steady cold snap.
• Bloom: end of March or beginning of April.
• Lighting: bright light, direct or diffused, at a distance of at least 4-5 m from other trees.
• The soil: rich in humus, light, loose, with a slightly acidic or neutral reaction.
• Watering: the first watering - a week after planting. During the season, you need to carry out 5-6 waterings - about once a month, spending 6-8 buckets of water on each adult bush. In dry summers, you can water more often and more abundantly, and in the rainy season, do not water at all.
• Top dressing: in spring, as soon as the buds swell, and in July, for the simultaneous ripening of fruits, nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil, and in the fall, hazel is fertilized with potassium and phosphorus. It is better to feed young growth with organic matter - every 2-3 years, add 10 kg of compost or rotted manure under each bush.
• Reproduction: seeds, offspring, layering, cuttings, grafting and dividing the bush.
• Pruning: in spring, late flowering to help the plant with pollination. Anti-aging pruning is carried out when the shrub reaches the age of eighteen, and its productivity drops. Do not forget to cut out unnecessary basal shoots.
• Pests: nut weevil, leaf beetle and barbel, as well as aphids and bud mites.
• Diseases: affected by rust, branch rot and powdery mildew.

Read more about growing hazel below.

Hazel or hazel - description

Hazel - tree or shrub

In height, the hazel can reach 7 m. It has a spherical or ovoid crown with a cone-shaped top. The leaves of the hazel are large, broadly oval or round, with notches along the edges. The flowers are unisexual and monoecious: male flowers develop in autumn and form dense cylindrical catkins on short twigs. In spring, they bloom before the leaves appear. Female flowers form kidney-shaped inflorescences and are located two in axils of bracts. Hazel blooms in late March or early April and gives a huge amount of pollen, which is the main food for bees after wintering. Blooming hazel is decorated with flowers and golden earrings. The fruit of the hazel is a small (about 2 cm in diameter) spherical yellow-brown one-seeded nut, surrounded by an incised tubular cover (plus) and a woody pericarp. Nuts ripen in August.

Hazel walnut prefers a temperate and subtropical climate. Its plantations can be seen in the south of Europe, Cyprus, Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Ukraine and middle lane Russia. Unfortunately, in amateur gardens, hazel can still not be found as often as others. fruit bushes-, sea buckthorn, wild rose, hawthorn, actinidia and others.

Planting hazel in the garden

When to plant hazel

Hazel planting is carried out both in spring, before the start of sap flow, and in autumn, 2-3 weeks before the onset of stable cold weather, but autumn planting preferably spring. Where to plant hazel? Find a moderately lit, draft-free area in your garden where ground water lie no higher than one and a half meters from the surface, and it is better if this place is not far from the western or southern wall of the building. Do not plant hazel in places where melt water accumulates in spring. Immediate large trees should be located at a distance of 4-5 m from the hazel, since the optimal feeding area for hazel is from 16 to 25 m². As for the composition of the soil, poor, heavy, loamy or marshy soils are not suitable for hazel. The best soil for hazel is light and loose soils rich in humus with a neutral or slightly acidic reaction. If you are going to plant several seedlings, then before preparing the pits, make a deep digging of the site.

Planting hazel in autumn

For planting, choose hazel seedlings without leaves, with 3-4 strong shoots with a diameter of at least 1-1.5 cm, with a well-developed root system. The length of the roots should be at least 50 cm, but before planting they are cut to 25 cm. If you are going to plant several bushes, then place them at a distance of 4-5 m from each other in a row with a row spacing of about 6 m.

Cooking landing pits for a month, so that the soil in them has time to settle and compact. If the soil on the site is fertile, then a pit with a depth and diameter of 50 cm will suffice. In poor soil, the depth and diameter of the pit should be at least 80 cm. Before planting, the pit is filled with a fertile mixture - soil from the top layer, mixed with 15 kg of rotted manure and two glasses wood ash or 200 g of superphosphate. It is not bad to throw a few handfuls of earth from under the forest hazel into the pit.

A hill is formed in the center of the pit, a seedling is placed on it, root system which, before planting, is immersed in a clay-dung mash. The seedling must be positioned in such a way that the root neck after embedding is 5 cm above ground level. The pit is filled up, the surface is rammed, a stake is driven in nearby and the seedling is tied to it, after which the plant is watered abundantly, spending from 3 to 5 buckets of water, regardless of whether you planted a plant in dry or wet soil. When the water is absorbed, mulch the near-stem circle with a layer of sawdust, humus or peat 3-5 cm thick.

How to plant hazel in spring

Spring planting of hazel is carried out according to the same procedure, however, it is advisable to dig holes in the fall, so that during the winter the soil in them is saturated with moisture and compacted. For guaranteed pollination of hazel, you need to plant at least three bushes on the site, and it is desirable that they are not of the same variety. And do not forget to add a few handfuls of earth from under the forest hazel to the hole when planting: it contains fungi that are favorable for hazel. At first, it is better to shade the seedlings from the bright spring sun.

Hazel care

How to care for hazel

Planting and caring for hazel is not laborious, and if you sow mustard, lupine or vetch with oats in the near-stem circle of a bush to use them as mulch after mowing, then you will have even less trouble. You can keep the soil under the hazel under black fallow, loosening it from time to time to a depth of 4-7 cm and clearing it of weeds. In addition, you will have to fight with the root shoots all the time, and it is better to do this while the offspring are still weak. Each root shoot must be dug up and cut off at the point where it departs from the root. Sections on the roots are treated with crushed coal.

Watering hazel

Hazel care includes watering the plant. Seedlings begin to water a week after planting. The lack of moisture can adversely affect the formation of flower buds and the ripening of hazel fruits. During the growing season, the soil under the hazel should be watered 5-6 times, spending 6-8 buckets per adult bush. In a dry summer, you can moisten the hazel and more often - he loves water very much. But in the rainy season, you can forget about watering the hazel. On average, hazel is watered once a month. Water is poured into the trunk circle in portions so that it does not stand in a puddle, but is absorbed. The next day after watering or rain, it is advisable to loosen the soil in the near-stem circle.

Top dressing hazel

Growing hazel involves the introduction of fertilizers into the trunk circle. In autumn, hazel is fed with potassium and phosphorus: once every 2-3 years, 3-4 kg of manure, 20-30 g of potassium salt and 50 g of superphosphate are applied under each bush. And in the spring, the hazel will need nitrogen fertilizer, for example, ammonium nitrate or urea: as soon as the buds swell, apply 20-30 g of fertilizer to the trunk circle. Nitrogen top dressing is needed for hazel in July in order for the fruits to ripen at the same time. It is advisable to feed young plants with organic matter in the form of compost or rotted manure - it is enough to apply them every 2-3 years in the amount of 10 kg per hazel bush.

Hazel care during flowering

An indicator of the successful development of hazel is its flowering. When does the hazel blossom? Flowering occurs in April, even before the leaves appear on the shrub. When the air temperature rises to 12 ºC, hazel catkins grow and add 3 cm per day, and the drier the air, the faster they lengthen, and when the catkins reach a length of 10 cm, they become loose and begin to scatter pollen. This pollination lasts from 4 to 12 days, while the female flowers open for two weeks. Female flowers catch the pollen of male flowers either from their own or from a neighboring hazel tree. That is why it is better to grow at least three hazel bushes in one area.

Hazel propagation

Hazel propagates by seeds, layering, offspring, grafting, cuttings and dividing the bush. The seed method of reproduction is mainly used to perform breeding tasks - it allows you to get new varieties adapted to certain climatic conditions. However, in amateur gardening, the generative method of propagating hazel does not justify the time and effort spent, since at best only one seedling out of a thousand reproduces the varietal properties of parent plants. To save varietal qualities resort to vegetative methods breeding, which we will describe below.

To propagate hazel by horizontal layers, you need in early spring or late autumn bend the low-growing annual hazel branches to the ground, lay them in furrows 10-15 cm deep, fix and shorten the top remaining above the surface a little. It is not necessary to fill the furrows with earth. From the buds on the branches, vertical shoots begin to grow, which should be spudded several times to the middle, cutting off the leaves of the hazel from the bottom of the shoots. Gradually, the shoots will take root, and you will have a large number of seedlings, which before planting on permanent place need to grow 1-2 years.

By the same principle, hazel is propagated by arc layering: in spring, the branches are bent in an arcuate manner, the bark is cut in the section of the branch that touches the soil, the branch is fixed in a hole 20-30 cm deep, the hole is covered, but so that the top of the shoot remains on the surface - it is tied to a peg . Rooted cuttings are separated from the mother plant in autumn, dug up and grown for 1-2 years before being planted in a permanent place.

Reproduction of hazel by vertical layering is also a very simple procedure: after rejuvenating spring pruning, hemp of large branches is hermetically covered with a film at a height of 50 cm to awaken dormant buds to growth. When the growth of the shoots begins, and they reach a height of 15 cm, they are spudded with humus to a height of 4-5 cm, having previously tied them at the very bottom with soft wire. When the length of the shoots becomes 20-25 cm, they are spudded with humus to a height of 8-12 cm, and when the shoots reach 30-35 cm, they are spudded at a height of 20 cm and mulched. After the third hilling, the film is removed. All summer the bush is watered and weeded. Hazel leaves in the lower part of the shoots are removed before each hilling. In autumn, the soil is carefully raked, so as not to damage the adventitious roots, and well-rooted shoots are broken off at the constriction. Weakly rooted shoots do not need to be separated.

The growth of hazel shoots occurs in a diameter of 1 m from the trunks. Offspring are formed in the second or third year after planting from dormant buds on the roots and appear from the ground at a distance from the bush. For reproduction, offspring aged 2-3 years are used, growing on the periphery - they are called otdirki. The otdirki are separated from the rhizome with an ax and planted for growing into a school. You can plant them immediately in a permanent place by placing 2-3 strips in one hole.

When propagating hazel by grafting, seedlings of wild hazel can be used as a rootstock, but the best stock is a bear nut seedling that does not produce offspring. Hazel is grafted in the summer by budding with a sprouting eye or in the spring by cuttings in the butt, in a split or behind the bark. Cuttings for scions are suitable for apical cuttings or they are cut from the middle part of the shoots. Harvest cuttings in winter and store them until spring in the refrigerator or in the snow.

It is also easy to propagate hazel by dividing the bush. The excavated bush must be divided into parts so that each of them has roots 15-20 cm long. After processing the cuts with crushed coal, the delenki are planted in pre-prepared pits.

Wintering hazel

Young plants are wrapped with spanbond or lutrasil for the first 2-3 winters. Some gardeners prefer to bend young bushes to the ground and cover them with spruce branches, and then throw snow in order to protect the shoots from freezing or breaking off. Mature plants winter normally without shelter.

pruning hazel

When to prune hazel

Hazel pruning can be done in winter, while the bush is at rest, but it is better to do this in spring time, at a late stage of flowering, because when pruning, the bush moves and shakes, and this increases the efficiency of hazel pollination.

How to cut hazel

You can grow hazel as a tree on a trunk 35-40 cm high, but it is more convenient to form a hazel in the form of a bush. The first pruning is done a week after planting at a height of 25-30 cm above the soil surface. Over the summer, shoots will appear on the plant that do not need to be cut: hazelnuts bear fruit on one-year-old wood. From next spring, begin to form a hazel bush. No more than 10 strong shoots are left on the bush, growing in different directions from the center of the bush at a distance from each other. Weak, broken, frozen, intertwined, deformed and diseased or pest-affected shoots must be removed. Do not let the bush thicken. The plant will begin to bear fruit in the fourth year after planting, and your task is to timely thin out and sanitary pruning hazel.

The bush begins to rejuvenate from the age of 18-20, when its productivity drops. Annually cut 2-3 old trunks onto a stump, leaving instead 2-3 basal offspring growing close to the center of the bush. New skeletal branches should be shortened slightly to stimulate the formation of side shoots on them.

If you grow a hazel tree, then a week after planting, cut off all the shoots on it, leaving only the trunk, and then, as the shoots appear, remove them from the bottom of the trunk, and form 4-5 skeletal branches at the top. Don't forget to destroy the root shoots.

Pests and diseases of hazel

hazel pests

Of the pests, hazel can be annoyed by walnut weevil, leaf beetle and barbel, as well as aphids and bud mites.

kidney mite- a small insect up to 0.3 mm long, wintering in the buds of plants, and laying eggs in them in spring. Such kidneys can be seen with the naked eye: they swell to the size of a large pea. While healthy buds begin to bloom, buds affected by mites dry up and die.

Aphid- small sucking insect that feeds on cell sap plants and transfer viral diseases. Aphids are difficult to see, and this is their danger. As a result of the activity of aphids, the leaves of the plant curl, the shoots and buds are deformed, their development slows down, and the fruits do not ripen.

nut weevil- bug Brown color up to 1 cm long. The beetle caterpillar has a yellowish milky body and a reddish-brown head. The female beetle lays eggs in immature fruits, and they feed on the pulp of the nut. With a strong defeat, you can lose up to 50% of the crop.

Nut (hazelnut) barbel- very dangerous pest, a black bug up to 15 mm long on yellow legs. It lays its eggs under the bark of young shoots. The larvae gnaw through the core of the shoots, and they dry, and the upper leaves on them turn yellow and curl.

Nut leaf beetle- bug 6-7 mm long with elytra purple, the most dangerous leaf-eating pest of hazel. The larvae of the beetle have a dark green body, poorly distinguishable against the background of the leaves on which their development takes place. This beetle damages not only hazel, but also alder and willow.

Hazel diseases

Hazel is more resistant to diseases than to pests, but can be affected by rust, branch rot and powdery mildew.

powdery mildew - a disease well known to gardeners, a symptom of which is a whitish coating on leaves and shoots, which eventually becomes dense and turns brown. Affected parts stop growing, darken and die. Inflorescences do not form ovaries, and the winter hardiness of plants is greatly reduced.

Rust- this fungal disease manifested by the formation of dark red tubercles on the upper side of the leaves, and round or oval pustules on the underside. The spots gradually turn into stripes, and the leaves of the plant turn yellow and fall off.

If you find insects on a hazel, spread a film under it and try to shake them off on it. If the occupation of the hazel by pests is very strong, you will have to resort to treating the plant with insecticides, and the sucking insects are destroyed with acaricides. The best drugs for pest control are Karbofos, Aktellik, Chlorophos and other drugs of similar action.

Against fungal diseases, if they have come into force, you will have to use fungicides - Bordeaux mixture, blue vitriol and more modern drugs based on copper. But the best protection hazel from fungi is the observance of agricultural technology, as well as good and timely care.

Types and varieties of hazel

As we have already mentioned, in nature there are about 20 species of hazel. Cultivated species of hazel have many varieties, varieties and hybrids. The following types of hazel are most in demand in culture:

- a multi-stemmed shrub, reaching a height of 4-6 meters, with a wide spreading crown with a diameter of up to 4 m. The shoots of this hazel are pubescent, the leaves are round, up to 9 wide, and up to 12 cm long. Common hazel begins to bloom before the leaves appear. nuts spherical shape up to 1.5 cm in diameter in a light brown peel ripen in September. The plant is found both in culture and in the wild;

or bear nut - an ornamental plant with very tasty fruits. This is the only type of hazel that is a tree. Tree hazel grows up to 8 meters in height, but in warm countries it can reach 20 m. Tree hazel lives up to 200 years. The leaves of this species are broadly ovate, located on petioles about 5 cm long. Despite the fact that the fruits of the tree hazel are larger than those of other types of hazel, their kernels are smaller, but they taste better than the kernels hazelnut;

- multi-stemmed, strongly branching bush up to 5 m high with fissured dark gray bark. A feature of the species are oblong leaves and fruits. Peeling nuts is difficult because they are enclosed in a spiky wrapper. This species is widespread in China and the Far East;

Variegated hazel (lat. Corylus heterophylla)

- a shrub up to 3 m high with two-lobed leaves and a truncated top. In spring, catkins of male inflorescences and almost imperceptible red buds of female flowers appear on it. Fruits are formed by 2-3 pieces in a leaf wrapper. The species is widespread in Japan, China, Korea and the Far East. It is unpretentious to climatic conditions and can grow well in the middle lane;

- an ornamental shrub 4-6 m high, attracting attention with a lush crown of dark purple foliage, which acquires a green color only in autumn. The earrings of this hazel are maroon, as are the buds. This type of hazel served as the basis for the development of many popular varieties and hybrids of the culture;

or lombard nut - a shrub up to 10 m high. The fruits of the plant are located in a tubular wrapper, which is twice the size of the nuts themselves. The fruit kernels are fleshy and elongated. In nature, this species is found in the forests of Turkey, Italy and Asian countries.

There are also Chinese hazel, American hazel, Colchis hazel, horned hazel, Himalayan hazel, or awesome hazel, Siebold hazel and other lesser known species.

Of the varieties of hazel, the most popular in our climatic conditions enjoy:

• Isaevsky- one of the most valuable frost-resistant varieties with large fruits excellent taste;
• Masha- productive and winter-hardy hybrid of red-leaved hazel with elongated fruits of medium size and excellent taste, enclosed in a thin shell;
• Roman- resistant to diseases and pests, a medium-term ripening variety of Italian selection with large, flat-round, beautiful fruits of excellent taste.

In the middle lane, such hazel varieties have proven themselves well: Ekaterina, Moscow ruby, Memory of Yablokov, Pervenets, Pushkin red, Ivanteevsky red, Kudraif, Moscow early, Purple, Sugar, Sugar, a series of varieties Severny, Tambov early, Tambov late, Lentina, Alida , Lena and others.

In the southern regions of Russia and in Ukraine, hazelnut varieties Panahessky, Altai, Cherkessky, Kuban, Perestroika, Futkurami and others are popular.

Hazel properties - harm and benefit

Useful properties of hazel

Hazelnut is the richest source of substances useful for the human body. The core contains vitamins A, PP, C and E and B vitamins, as well as amino acids, fatty oils, iron, iodine, calcium, magnesium, copper, fluorine, manganese and potassium. By biological properties, nuts are equated to proteins, so it is best to eat them separately from other products. Useful properties of hazelnuts:

• it has a positive effect on attention and memory;
• contributes to the normalization of the functioning of the cardiovascular system;
• strengthens immune system body and speeds up metabolism;
• positively affects the exhaustion of the body and helps to recover from an illness;
• indicated for anemia, allergies, obesity, rheumatism, urolithiasis, burns, measles, anemia, epilepsy, to cleanse the liver and enhance hair growth.

In addition, an infusion of hazel leaves is recommended for thrombophlebitis, dilated veins, trophic ulcers and prostatic hypertrophy. An infusion of hazel bark helps with diabetic retinopathy, it is used to improve blood circulation in small vessels and as a vasoconstrictor. A decoction of the bark and a bunch of hazel wash the hair to give it a darker shade, and a decoction of the leaves relieves redness of the skin and swelling of the eyelids.

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Most people love nuts and include them in their diet, which, due to the high content of all kinds nutrients, trace elements and vitamins, and no wonder. The most popular, along with other types of nuts, are hazelnut and hazel, the difference between them is insignificant and sometimes indeterminate by people. These nuts are not only tasty and nutritious, but also extremely beneficial for the human body. In this regard, it is especially pleasant and noteworthy that their population on the territory of our state is quite large. Moreover, they can be grown independently on your own plot. However, first of all, you need to understand: hazelnuts and hazelnuts are something that undoubtedly deserves your attention, so the question "What is the difference between hazelnuts and hazelnuts?" quite relevant today.

Hazel (hazelnut): hazel description

Hazelnut is a wild plant and already based on its second name (“hazelnut”), it becomes clear that hazel is a shrub with nuts that grows in deep forests.

Did you know? The hazel got its name due to the peculiar shape of the leaf of the shrub, similar to the fish of the bream.

Common hazel has the following description:

• This hazelnut is multi-stemmed perennial shrub, reaching up to 7 meters in height and up to 4 meters in crown diameter. The shoots of the shrub, most often, are omitted, and the leaves are up to 12 centimeters in length. Flowering is the appearance of earrings and it begins long before the appearance of leaves.
• Hazel, the fruit of which has a light brown color and the correct shape of a ball with a diameter of up to 1.5-2 centimeters, can bear fruit with single nuts and clustered fruits up to 5 pieces. Nuts are hidden in a kind of wrapper, consisting of two large leaves of a shrub. Hazel ripening occurs in early autumn and is accompanied by fruit fall.

Important! The shrub belongs to perennials and bear fruit for many years. However, during the period when hazel blossoms, in some years there is a decrease in the number of nuts. It is noteworthy that the variability of yield is a feature of the shrub, and does not at all indicate its soreness.

Thanks to the many years of work of specialists and experienced gardeners, it became possible to independently grow hazel on garden plots, however, this procedure is a rather laborious process, which often does not give the proper, expected result. The fruitfulness of a shrub depends on several factors, among which the most important is where exactly the hazel grows. When planting, it must be taken into account that this nut requires sufficient natural light and free space around the seedling (no other plants should be planted within a radius of 2 meters from the planting site of the bush).

Did you know?Due to the high content of nutrients, hazelnuts, in one form or another (yards, shoots, roots, shells, and so on) are used in traditional and folk medicine, as well as cosmetology and cooking. For many years, the effectiveness of the use of hazel has remained undeniable, which is why the popularity of the plant not only does not fall, but also grows every year.

Description of hazelnut

Hazelnut is a fruitful hazel shrub belonging to the genus Hazel. At its core, the hazelnut is a cultivated analogue of the hazelnut. Thanks to human intervention, in the process of cultivation, hazelnuts became more hardened and adapted to the conditions of its cultivation in our region. So, the yield of a hazelnut bush is higher than that of a wild hazelnut, and the fruits are larger and more nutritious. It is noteworthy that the flowering of hazelnuts is identical to the flowering of hazel, that is, it is characterized by the appearance of catkins in late spring or early summer (depending on the variety of the walnut bush). In view of this, the question of how hazelnuts bloom often simply does not arise among lovers and connoisseurs of hazel.

Important! Thanks to the cultivation of hazelnuts, the shrub has become more resistant to a number of factors and diseases, which is why fertilizers and chemicals are rarely used in the process of growing hazelnuts.

It is also important to note where and how hazelnuts grow. As noted, hazelnut is a more resistant, strong shrub adapted for self-growing. Due to this, the specified hazel can be planted in almost any soil. A powerful root system provides the bush with good nutrition, so planting can be done without the addition of fertilizers, and the frequency of watering is reduced to 3-4 times a year.

Important! Harvesting hazelnuts should be done only after the nut is fully ripe, that is, after it has shed. Unripe fruits lose taste qualities and useful properties.

Hazel and hazelnuts: what's the difference?

Despite the long-term popularity of hazel and hazelnuts, quite often people agree that these plants do not have any differences, but the difference, although not significant, is still there. And so, hazel and hazelnuts, what's the difference? First of all, it should be noted that hazel and hazelnuts are hazel. But what is a hazel and what does a hazel look like? Hazel is a fruit-bearing shrub whose fruits are edible nuts.

Usually in height the plant can reach 5 meters. The most popular and well-known hazelnuts are hazelnuts and hazelnuts, the difference between which is revealed below. It is worth paying attention to the fact that hazel and hazelnuts are varieties of the same fruitful shrub. Their main difference, which determines the difference in nuts, are the places where hazelnuts grow and where hazel grows. As mentioned earlier, hazelnuts are a kind of hazelnut, that is, hazel, however, it is a cultivated, and not a wild shrub. At its core, the hazelnut is an artificially bred hybrid of the hazelnut shrub.

Important! In the process of breeding hazelnuts, several varieties of hazelnuts were crossed, due to which hazelnuts are larger in size, and also contain large quantity useful trace elements and substances, proteins and fats.

In addition to the differences between the nuts of these shrubs, experienced gardener will certainly be able to note the differences in the structure of the shrub itself, which also determine the resistance of the plant. So, hazelnuts have a stronger and more massive root system, which guarantees a full supply of all the necessary components contained in the soil. It should also be noted that in the process of cultivation, hazelnuts became more resistant to a number of diseases, as a result of which its fruitfulness increases under any growing conditions.