Effect of mineral fertilizers on seedlings. The effect of mineral fertilizers on plants Organic fertilizers and a positive effect on the soil

At present, fertilizers are considered as an integral part of the farming system, as one of the main means of stabilizing yields in drought conditions. The use of fertilizers is constantly growing and it is very important to apply them efficiently and rationally.

Organic fertilizers contain nutrients, mainly in the composition of organic compounds, and are usually products of natural origin (manure, peat, straw, feces, etc.). In a separate group, bacterial fertilizers are distinguished, which contain cultures of microorganisms that, when they are introduced into the soil, contribute to the accumulation of digestible forms of nutrients in it. (Yagodin B.A., Agrochemistry, 2002)

Organic fertilizers, especially manure, have a good and stable effect on all soils, especially on alkaline and alkaline soils. With the systematic introduction of manure, soil fertility increases; in addition, heavy clay soils become loose and permeable, while light (sandy) soils become more cohesive and water-intensive. The combination of mineral fertilizers with organic fertilizers gives a great effect.

Mineral fertilizers are industrial or fossil products containing elements necessary for plant nutrition and soil fertility. They are obtained from minerals by chemical or mechanical processing. These are mainly mineral salts, but some organic substances, such as urea, also belong to them. (Yagodin B.A., Agrochemistry, 2002)

The basis of the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers is differentiated, taking into account soil-climatic and other factors, and calculated depending on them, the doses for their introduction.

Nitrogen fertilizers dramatically increase the growth and development of plants. When these fertilizers are applied in meadows, the leaves and stems of plants develop stronger, become more powerful, which significantly increases the yield. This is especially true for cereal plants.

Phosphorus fertilizers shorten the vegetation period of grasses, promote the rapid development of the root system and its deeper penetration into the soil, make plants more drought-resistant, which is especially valuable for estuary meadows.

With an increase in fertility, the doses of fertilizers are reduced, which makes it possible to switch to a fertilizer system in crop rotation links with the widespread use of row phosphorus fertilizer.

Potash fertilizers have a stronger effect on low-lying swampy and upland meadows with temporarily excessive moisture. Contribute to the accumulation of carbohydrates, and, consequently, increase the winter hardiness of perennial fodder grasses. Apply potash fertilizers in spring or after mowing, as well as in autumn.

Microfertilizers should be applied differentially, taking into account soil conditions and biological characteristics of plants.

When introducing micronutrient fertilizers into the soil, great attention is paid to ensuring that they are washed out as little as possible and remain in forms available to plants for a longer time. Thus, the use of complex granular fertilizers reduces the contact with the soil of the microelements included in the granules. With this method of application, microelements are less converted into indigestible forms.

With the qualified use of fertilizers, soil fertility, agricultural productivity, fixed assets and capital productivity, labor productivity and its payment, net income and profitability of production increase.

Currently there is an ecological crisis. This is a real-life process caused in nature by anthropogenic activity. Many local problems appear; regional problems become global. Pollution of air, water, land, food is constantly increasing.

As a result of anthropogenic impact, heavy metals accumulate in the soil, which adversely affects agricultural crops, its composition, concentration, reaction and buffering capacity of the soil solution change.

The application of fertilizers to the soil not only improves plant nutrition, but also changes the conditions for the existence of soil microorganisms, which also need mineral elements.

Under favorable climatic conditions, the number of microorganisms and their activity after fertilizing the soil increase significantly. The decomposition of humus intensifies, and as a result, the mobilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements increases.

There was a point of view that the long-term use of mineral fertilizers leads to a catastrophic loss of humus and a deterioration in the physical properties of the soil. However, experimental data did not confirm it. So, on the soddy-podzolic soil of the TSCA, Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov laid an experiment with a different fertilizer system. On the plots where mineral fertilizers were used, on average, 36.9 kg of nitrogen, 43.6 kg of P2O5 and 50.1 kg of K2O were applied per 1 ha per year. In the soil fertilized with manure, it was applied annually at the rate of 15.7 t/ha. After 60 years, a microbiological analysis of experimental plots was carried out.

Thus, over 60 years, the humus content in the fallowed soil decreased, but in the fertilized soils, its losses were less than in the unfertilized ones. This can be explained by the fact that the application of mineral fertilizers contributed to the development of autotrophic microflora in the soil (mainly algae), which led to some accumulation of organic substances in the steaming soil, and, consequently, humus. Manure is a direct source of humus formation, the accumulation of which under the action of of this organic fertilizer is quite understandable.

On plots with the same fertilizer, but occupied by agricultural crops, fertilizers acted even more favorably. Harvest and root residues here activated the activity of microorganisms and compensated for the consumption of humus. The control soil in the crop rotation contained 1.38% humus, which received NPK-1.46, and the manured soil - 1.96%.

It should be noted that in fertilized soils, even those treated with manure, the content of fulvic acids decreases and relatively increases the content of less mobile fractions.

In general, mineral fertilizers stabilize the humus level to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the amount of crop and root residue left. Manure rich in humus further enhances this stabilization process. If manure is applied in large quantities, then the humus content in the soil increases.

Very indicative are the data of the Rothamsted Experimental Station (England), where long-term studies (about 120 years) were carried out with winter wheat monoculture. In the soil that did not receive fertilizers, the humus content decreased slightly.

With the annual introduction of 144 kg of mineral nitrogen with other minerals (P 2O 5, K 2O, etc.), a very slight increase in the humus content was noted. A very significant increase in the humus content of soils occurred with an annual application of 35 tons of manure per 1 ha to the soil (Fig. 71).

The introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers into the soil increases the intensity of microbiological processes, resulting in a conjugated increase in the transformation of organic and mineral substances.

Experiments conducted by F. V. Turchin showed that the application of nitrogen-containing mineral fertilizers (labeled with 15N) increases the yield of plants not only as a result of a fertilizing effect, but also due to a better use of nitrogen from the soil by plants (Table 27). In the experiment, 420 mg of nitrogen were added to each vessel containing 6 kg of soil.

With an increase in the dose of nitrogen fertilizers, the proportion of soil nitrogen used increases.

A characteristic indicator of the activation of the activity of microflora under the influence of fertilizers is an increase in the "breathing" of the soil, that is, the release of CO2 by it. This is the result of accelerated decomposition of soil organic compounds (including humus).

The introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers into the soil contributes little to the use of soil nitrogen by plants, but enhances the activity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms.

The above information allows us to conclude that, in addition to the direct effect on plants, nitrogen mineral fertilizers also have a great indirect effect - they mobilize soil nitrogen.

(obtaining "extra nitrogen"). In humus-rich soils, this indirect effect is much greater than the direct one. This affects the overall efficiency of mineral fertilizers. Generalization of the results of 3500 experiments with grain crops carried out in the Nonchernozem zone of the European part of the CIS, made by A.P. Fedoseev, showed that the same doses of fertilizers (NPK 50-100 kg/ha) give significantly greater yield increases on fertile soils than on poor ones. soils: respectively 4.1; 3.7 and 1.4 c/ha on highly, medium and poorly cultivated soils.

It is very significant that high doses of nitrogen fertilizers (about 100 kg/ha and more) are effective only on highly cultivated soils. On low-fertile soils, they usually act negatively (Fig. 72).

Table 28 shows the generalized data of scientists from the GDR on nitrogen consumption for obtaining 1 quintal of grain on different soils. As can be seen, mineral fertilizers are most economically used on soils containing more humus.

Thus, in order to obtain high yields, it is necessary not only to fertilize the soil with mineral fertilizers, but also to create a sufficient supply of plant nutrients in the soil itself. This is facilitated by the introduction of organic fertilizers into the soil.

Sometimes the application of mineral fertilizers to the soil, especially in high doses, has an extremely unfavorable effect on its fertility. This is usually observed on low-buffer soils when using physiologically acidic fertilizers. When the soil is acidified, aluminum compounds pass into the solution, which have a toxic effect on soil microorganisms and plants.

The adverse effect of mineral fertilizers was noted on light, infertile sandy and sandy loamy podzolic soils of the Solikamsk agricultural experimental station. One of the analyzes of the variously fertilized soil of this station is given in Table 29.

In this experiment, N90, P90, K120 were introduced into the soil every year, manure - 2 times in three years (25 t/ha). Based on the total hydrolytic acidity, lime was given (4.8 t/ha).

The use of NPK over a number of years has significantly reduced the number of microorganisms in the soil. Only microscopic fungi were not affected. The introduction of lime, and especially lime with manure, had a very beneficial effect on the saprophytic microflora. By changing the reaction of the soil in a favorable direction, lime neutralized the harmful effects of physiologically acidic mineral fertilizers.

After 14 years, the yields with the application of mineral fertilizers actually dropped to zero as a result of strong soil acidification. The use of liming and manure contributed to the normalization of soil pH and obtaining a crop sufficiently high for the indicated conditions. In general, the microflora of the soil and plants reacted to changes in the soil background in approximately the same way.

The generalization of a large amount of material on the use of mineral fertilizers in the CIS (I. V. Tyurin, A. V. Sokolov, and others) allows us to conclude that their effect on the yield is associated with the zonal position of soils. As already noted, in the soils of the northern zone, microbiological mobilization processes proceed slowly. Therefore, there is a stronger shortage of basic nutrients for plants, and mineral fertilizers are more effective than in the southern zone. This, however, does not contradict the above statement about the best effect of mineral fertilizers on highly cultivated backgrounds in certain soil and climatic zones.

Let us briefly dwell on the use of microfertilizers. Some of them, such as molybdenum, are part of the enzyme system of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. For symbiotic nitrogen fixation

boron is also needed, which ensures the formation of a normal vascular system in plants, and, consequently, the successful flow of nitrogen assimilation. Most other trace elements (Cu, Mn, Zn, etc.) in small doses enhance the intensity of microbiological processes in the soil.

As has been shown, organic fertilizers and especially manure have a very favorable effect on the soil microflora. The rate of mineralization of manure in the soil is determined by a number of factors, but under other favorable conditions, it depends mainly on the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C: N) in the manure. Usually manure causes an increase in yield within 2-3 years in contrast to. nitrogen fertilizers that have no aftereffect. Semi-decomposed manure with a narrower C:N ratio exhibits a fertilizing effect from the moment it is applied, since it does not have carbon-rich material that causes vigorous uptake of nitrogen by microorganisms. In rotted manure, a significant part of the nitrogen is converted into humus, which is poorly mineralized. Therefore, manure - sypets as a nitrogen fertilizer has a smaller, but lasting effect.

These features apply to composts and other organic fertilizers. Taking them into account, it is possible to create organic fertilizers that act in certain phases of plant development.

Green fertilizers, or green manures, are also widely used. These are organic fertilizers plowed into the soil, they are more or less quickly mineralized depending on the soil and climatic conditions.

Recently, great attention has been paid to the issue of using straw as an organic fertilizer. The introduction of straw could enrich the soil with humus. In addition, the straw contains about 0.5% nitrogen and other elements necessary for plants. During the decomposition of straw, a lot of carbon dioxide is released, which also has a beneficial effect on crops. As early as the beginning of the 19th century. the English chemist J. Devi pointed out the possibility of using straw as an organic fertilizer.

However, until recently, plowing straw was not recommended. This was justified by the fact that the straw has a wide C:N ratio (about 80:1) and its incorporation into the soil causes the biological fixation of mineral nitrogen. Plant materials with a narrower C:N ratio do not cause this phenomenon (Fig. 73).

Plants sown after plowing straw are deficient in nitrogen. The only exceptions are legumes, which provide themselves with nitrogen with the help of root nodule bacteria that fix molecular nitrogen; crops that provide themselves with nitrogen with the help of nodule bacteria that fix molecular nitrogen.

The lack of nitrogen after embedding the straw can be compensated by applying nitrogen fertilizers at the rate of 6-7 kg of nitrogen per 1 ton of plowed straw. At the same time, the situation is not completely corrected, since the straw contains some substances that are toxic to plants. It takes a certain period of time for their detoxification, which is carried out by microorganisms that decompose these compounds.

The experimental work carried out in recent years makes it possible to give recommendations for eliminating the adverse effect of straw on agricultural crops.

In the conditions of the northern zone, it is advisable to plow the straw in the form of cutting into the topsoil. Here, under aerobic conditions, all substances toxic to plants decompose rather quickly. With a shallow plowing, after 1-1.5 months, the destruction of harmful compounds occurs and biologically fixed nitrogen begins to be released. In the south, especially in the subtropical and tropical zones, the time gap between straw incorporation and sowing can be minimal even with deep ploughing. Here all the unfavorable moments disappear very quickly.

If these recommendations are followed, the soil is not only enriched with organic matter, but mobilization processes are also activated in it, including the activity of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Depending on a number of conditions, the introduction of 1 ton of straw leads to the fixation of 5-12 kg of molecular nitrogen.

Now, on the basis of numerous field experiments conducted in our country, the expediency of using excess straw as an organic fertilizer has been fully confirmed.

Nowadays, it is hard to imagine the cultivation of vegetable and fruit crops without mineral fertilizers. After all, they all have a positive effect on plants, without which it is difficult to imagine their normal growth. Even ardent opponents of mineral fertilizers admit that they have an optimal effect on seedlings and do not harm the soil.

Of course, if mineral fertilizers are poured onto a small area in large big bags, there can be no talk about their benefits, but if you follow all the rules and technologies, then everything will definitely work out. In this article, you will learn about the effect of certain mineral compounds on plants, because each of them will be used in different cases.

Let's start with the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on plants. First, nitrogen is one of the main elements that affect the growth of a seedling. They are advised to be used by introducing directly into the soil during spring plowing in the form of urea (carbamide) or ammonia acid. Note that nitrogen fertilizers are transported in large quantities in special big bags.

When should nitrogen fertilizers be applied?

They are used when there is a lack of nitrogen in plants. Determining the lack of nitrogen is very simple. Plant leaves turn yellow or pale green.

The main advantages of nitrogen fertilizers:

1) They can be operated on different soils;

2) They fertilizers create conditions for the rapid growth of the plant;

3) They fertilizers improve fruit quality.

Now we will talk about the effects of potassium compounds on seedlings. Potassium is an element that affects yield, drought tolerance and low temperature tolerance. Finding out that a plant is deficient in potassium is as easy as finding out that a plant is deficient in nitrogen. A sign that the plant lacks potassium is white borders along the edge of the leaf, low elasticity of the leaf. When using potash fertilizers, plants quickly revive and grow.

When using potassium salts, you need to remember the rules and technologies for their use and avoid abuse, because mineral fertilizers should be applied only when necessary. Also, do not forget that the soil needs to be allowed to rest.

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The use of mineral fertilizers (even in high doses) does not always lead to the predicted increase in yield.
Numerous studies indicate that the weather conditions of the growing season have such a strong influence on the development of plants that extremely unfavorable weather conditions actually neutralize the effect of increasing yields even at high doses of nutrients (Strapenyants et al., 1980; Fedoseev, 1985). The coefficients of use of nutrients from mineral fertilizers can differ sharply depending on the weather conditions of the growing season, decreasing for all crops in years with insufficient moisture (Yurkin et al., 1978; Derzhavin, 1992). In this regard, any new methods to improve the efficiency of mineral fertilizers in areas of unsustainable agriculture deserve attention.
One of the ways to increase the efficiency of the use of nutrients from fertilizers and soil, strengthen the immunity of plants to adverse environmental factors and improve the quality of the products obtained is the use of humic preparations in the cultivation of crops.
Over the past 20 years, interest in humic substances used in agriculture has increased significantly. The topic of humic fertilizers is not new either for researchers or for agricultural practitioners. Since the 50s of the last century, the effect of humic preparations on the growth, development, and yield of various crops has been studied. At present, due to a sharp rise in the price of mineral fertilizers, humic substances are widely used to increase the efficiency of the use of nutrients from the soil and fertilizers, increase plant immunity to adverse environmental factors and improve the quality of the crop of the products obtained.
Diverse raw materials for the production of humic preparations. These can be brown and dark coals, peat, lake and river sapropel, vermicompost, leonardite, as well as various organic fertilizers and waste.
The main method for obtaining humates today is the technology of high-temperature alkaline hydrolysis of raw materials, which results in the release of surface-active high-molecular organic substances of various masses, characterized by a certain spatial structure and physico-chemical properties. The preparative form of humic fertilizers can be a powder, paste or liquid with different specific gravity and concentration of the active substance.
The main difference for various humic preparations is the form of the active component of humic and fulvic acids and (or) their salts - in water-soluble, digestible or indigestible forms. The higher the content of organic acids in a humic preparation, the more valuable it is both for individual use and especially for obtaining complex fertilizers with humates.
There are various ways of using humic preparations in crop production: processing of seed material, foliar feeding, introduction of aqueous solutions into the soil.
Humates can be used both separately and in combination with plant protection products, growth regulators, macro- and microelements. The range of their use in crop production is extremely wide and includes almost all agricultural crops produced both in large agricultural enterprises and in personal subsidiary plots. Recently, their use in various ornamental crops has grown significantly.
Humic substances have a complex effect that improves the condition of the soil and the system of interaction "soil - plants":
- increase the mobility of assimilable phosphorus in soil and soil solutions, inhibit immobilization of assimilable phosphorus and retrogradation of phosphorus;
- radically improve the balance of phosphorus in soils and phosphorus nutrition of plants, which is expressed in an increase in the proportion of organophosphorus compounds responsible for the transfer and transformation of energy, the synthesis of nucleic acids;
- improve soil structure, their gas permeability, water permeability of heavy soils;
- maintain the organo-mineral balance of soils, preventing their salinization, acidification and other negative processes leading to a decrease or loss of fertility;
- shorten the vegetative period by improving protein metabolism, concentrated delivery of nutrients to the fruit parts of plants, saturating them with high-energy compounds (sugars, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds), and also suppress the accumulation of nitrates in the green part of plants;
- enhance the development of the root system of the plant due to good nutrition and accelerated cell division.
Particularly important are the beneficial properties of humic components for maintaining the organo-mineral balance of soils under intensive technologies. Paul Fixsen's article "The Concept of Increasing Crop Productivity and Plant Nutrient Efficiency" (Fixen, 2010) provides a link to a systematic analysis of methods for assessing the efficiency of plant nutrient use. As one of the significant factors affecting the efficiency of the use of nutrients, the intensity of crop cultivation technologies and the associated changes in the structure and composition of the soil, in particular, the immobilization of nutrients and the mineralization of organic matter, are indicated. Humic components in combination with key macronutrients, primarily phosphorus, maintain soil fertility under intensive technologies.
In the work of Ivanova S.E., Loginova I.V., Tyndall T. “Phosphorus: mechanisms of losses from the soil and ways to reduce them” (Ivanova et al., 2011), the chemical fixation of phosphorus in soils is noted as one of the main factors of a low degree the use of phosphorus by plants (at the level of 5 - 25% of the amount of phosphorus introduced in the 1st year). Increasing the degree of phosphorus use by plants in the year of application has a pronounced environmental effect - reducing the ingress of phosphorus with surface and underground runoff into water bodies. The combination of the organic component in the form of humic substances with the mineral in fertilizers prevents the chemical fixation of phosphorus into poorly soluble calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminum phosphates and retains phosphorus in a form available to plants.
In our opinion, the use of humic preparations in the composition of mineral macrofertilizers is very promising.
Currently, there are several ways to introduce humates into dry mineral fertilizers:
- surface treatment of granulated industrial fertilizers, which is widely used in the preparation of mechanical fertilizer mixtures;
- mechanical introduction of humates into powder with subsequent granulation in small-scale production of mineral fertilizers.
- introduction of humates into the melt during large-scale production of mineral fertilizers (industrial production).
The use of humic preparations for the production of liquid mineral fertilizers used for foliar treatment of crops has become very widespread in Russia and abroad.
The purpose of this publication is to show the comparative effectiveness of humated and conventional granular mineral fertilizers on grain crops (winter and spring wheat, barley) and spring rapeseed in various soil and climatic zones of Russia.
Sodium humate Sakhalin was chosen as a humic preparation to obtain guaranteed high results in terms of agrochemical efficiency with the following indicators ( tab. one).

The production of Sakhalin humate is based on the use of brown coal from the Solntsevo deposit on Sakhalin, which have a very high concentration of humic acids in digestible form (more than 80%). Alkaline extract from brown coals of this deposit is almost completely soluble in water, non-hygroscopic and non-caking powder of dark brown color. Microelements and zeolites also pass into the composition of the product, which contribute to the accumulation of nutrients and regulate the metabolic process.
In addition to the indicated indicators of Sakhalin sodium humate, an important factor in its choice as a humic additive was the production of concentrated forms of humic preparations in industrial quantities, high agrochemical indicators of individual use, the content of humic substances mainly in water-soluble form and the presence of a liquid form of humate for uniform distribution in the granule in industrial production, as well as state registration as an agrochemical.
In 2004, Ammofos JSC in Cherepovets produced an experimental batch of a new type of fertilizer - azophoska (nitroammofoska) grade 13:19:19, with the addition of Sakhalin sodium humate (alkaline extract from leonardite) into the pulp according to technology, developed at OAO NIUIF. The quality indicators of humated ammophoska 13:19:19 are given in tab. 2.

The main task during industrial testing was to substantiate the optimal method for introducing the Sakhalin humate additive while maintaining the water-soluble form of humates in the product. It is known that humic compounds in acidic environments (at pH<6) переходят в формы водорастворимых гуматов (H-гуматы) с потерей их эффективности.
The introduction of powdered humate "Sakhalinsky" into the recycle in the production of complex fertilizers ensured that the humate did not come into contact with an acidic medium in the liquid phase and its undesirable chemical transformations. This was confirmed by the subsequent analysis of finished fertilizers with humates. The introduction of humate actually at the final stage of the technological process determined the preservation of the achieved productivity of the technological system, the absence of return flows and additional emissions. There was also no deterioration in physicochemical complex fertilizers (caking, granule strength, dustiness) in the presence of a humic component. The hardware design of the humate injection unit also did not present any difficulties.
In 2004, CJSC "Set-Orel Invest" (Oryol region) conducted a production experiment with the introduction of humated ammophosphate for barley. The increase in barley yield on an area of 4532 hectares from the use of humated fertilizer compared to the standard ammophos grade 13:19:19 was 0.33 t/ha (11%), the protein content in the grain increased from 11 to 12.6% ( tab. 3), which gave the farm an additional profit of 924 rubles/ha.

In 2004, field experiments were conducted at the SFUE OPH "Orlovskoye" All-Russian Research Institute of Legumes and Cereals (Oryol Region) to study the effect of humated and conventional ammophoska (13:19:19) on the yield and quality of spring and winter wheat.

Experiment scheme:

Experiments with winter wheat (variety Moskovskaya-39) were carried out on two predecessors - black and sideral fallow. An analysis of the results of the experiment with winter wheat showed that humated fertilizers have a positive effect on yield, as well as the protein and gluten content in grain compared to traditional fertilizer. The maximum yield (3.59 t/ha) was observed in the variant with the introduction of an increased dose of humated fertilizer (N39 P57 K57). In the same variant, the highest content of protein and gluten in the grain was obtained ( tab. 4).

In the experiment with spring wheat (variety Smena), the maximum yield of 2.78 t/ha was also observed when an increased dose of humated fertilizer was applied. In the same variant, the highest content of protein and gluten in the grain was observed. As in the experiment with winter wheat, the application of the humated fertilizer statistically significantly increased the yield and the content of protein and gluten in the grain compared to the application of the same dose of the standard mineral fertilizer. The latter works not only as an individual component, but also improves the absorption of phosphorus and potassium by plants, reduces the loss of nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle of nutrition, and generally improves the exchange between soil, soil solutions and plants.
A significant improvement in the quality of the crop and winter and spring wheat indicates an increase in the efficiency of mineral nutrition of the production part of the plant.
According to the results of the action, the humate additive can be compared with the influence of microcomponents (boron, zinc, cobalt, copper, manganese, etc.). With a relatively small content (from tenths to 1%), humate additives and microelements provide almost the same increase in yield and quality of agricultural products. The work (Aristarkhov, 2010) studied the effect of microelements on the yield and quality of cereal grains and legumes and showed an increase in protein and gluten on the example of winter wheat with the main application on various types of soil. The directed influence of microelements and humates on the productive part of crops is comparable in terms of the results obtained.
High agrochemical production results with minimal refinement of the instrumentation scheme for large-scale production of complex fertilizers, obtained from the use of humated ammophoska (13:19:19) with Sakhalin sodium humate, made it possible to expand the range of humated grades of complex fertilizers with the inclusion of nitrate-containing grades.
In 2010, OJSC Mineralnye Udobreniya (Rossosh, Voronezh Region) produced a batch of humated azophoska 16:16:16 (N:P 2 O 5:K 2 O) containing humate (alkaline extract from leonardite) - not less than 0.3% and moisture - not more than 0.7%.
Azofoska with humates was a light gray granular organomineral fertilizer, differing from the standard one only in the presence of humic substances in it, which gave a barely noticeable light gray tint to the new fertilizer. Azofoska with humates was recommended as an organo-mineral fertilizer for the main and “before sowing” application to the soil and for root dressings for all crops where conventional azofoska can be used.
In 2010 and 2011 On the experimental field of the State Scientific Institution Moscow Research Institute of Agriculture "Nemchinovka", studies were carried out with humated azofoska produced by JSC "Mineral Fertilizers" in comparison with the standard one, as well as with potash fertilizers (potassium chloride) containing humic acids (KaliGum), in comparison with the traditional potash fertilizer KCl.
Field experiments were carried out according to the generally accepted methodology (Dospekhov, 1985) on the experimental field of the Moscow Research Institute of Agriculture "Nemchinovka".
A distinctive feature of the soils of the experimental plot is a high content of phosphorus (about 150-250 mg/kg), and an average content of potassium (80-120 mg/kg). This led to the abandonment of the main application of phosphate fertilizers. The soil is soddy-podzolic medium loamy. Agrochemical characteristics of the soil before laying the experiment: the content of organic matter - 3.7%, pHsol. -5.2, NH 4 - - traces, NO 3 - - 8 mg / kg, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O (according to Kirsanov) - 156 and 88 mg/kg, respectively, CaO - 1589 mg/kg, MgO - 474 mg/kg.
In the experiment with azofoska and rapeseed, the size of the experimental plot was 56 m 2 (14m x 4m), the repetition was four times. Pre-sowing tillage after the main fertilization - with a cultivator and immediately before sowing - with RBC (rotary harrow-cultivator). Sowing - with an Amazon seeder in optimal agrotechnical terms, seeding depth of 4-5 cm - for wheat and 1-3 cm - for rapeseed. Seeding rates: wheat - 200 kg/ha, rapeseed - 8 kg/ha.
In the experiment, spring wheat variety MIS and spring rapeseed variety Podmoskovny were used. The MIS variety is a highly productive mid-season variety that allows you to consistently obtain grain suitable for the production of pasta. The variety is resistant to lodging; much weaker than the standard is affected by brown rust, powdery mildew and hard smut.
Spring rapeseed Podmoskovny - mid-season, vegetation period 98 days. Ecologically plastic, characterized by uniform flowering and maturation, resistance to lodging 4.5-4.8 points. The low content of glucosinolates in the seeds allows the use of cake and meal in the diets of animals and poultry at higher rates.
The wheat crop was harvested in the phase of full grain ripeness. Rape was cut for green fodder in the flowering phase. Experiments for spring wheat and rapeseed were laid out according to the same scheme.
The analysis of soil and plants was carried out according to standard and generally accepted methods in agrochemistry.

Scheme of experiments with azofoska:

Agrochemical efficiency of complex fertilizers with humates was also demonstrated in the extremely dry conditions of 2010, confirming the key importance of humates for stress resistance of crops due to the activation of metabolic processes during water starvation.
During the years of research, the weather conditions differed significantly from the long-term average for the Non-Chernozem zone. In 2010, May and June were favorable for the development of agricultural crops, and generative organs were laid in plants with the prospect of a future grain yield of about 7 t/ha for spring wheat (as in 2009) and 3 t/ha for rapeseed. However, as in the entire Central region of the Russian Federation, a long drought was observed in the Moscow region from early July until the wheat harvest in early August. The average daily temperatures during this period were exceeded by 7 ° C, and daytime temperatures were above 35 ° C for a long time. Separate short-term precipitation fell in the form of heavy rains and water flowed down with surface runoff and evaporated, only partially absorbed into the soil. The saturation of the soil with moisture during short periods of rain did not exceed the penetration depth of 2-4 cm. In 2011, in the first ten days of May, after sowing and during plant germination, precipitation fell almost 4 times less (4 mm) than the weighted average long-term norm (15 mm).
The average daily air temperature during this period (13.9 o C) was significantly higher than the long-term average daily temperature (10.6 o C). The amount of precipitation and air temperature in the 2nd and 3rd decades of May did not differ significantly from the amount of average precipitation and average daily temperatures.
In June, the precipitation was much less than the average long-term norm, the air temperature exceeded the average daily by 2-4 o C.
July was hot and dry. In total, during the growing season, precipitation was 60 mm less than the norm, and the average daily air temperature was about 2 o C higher than the long-term average. Unfavorable weather conditions in 2010 and 2011 could not but affect the state of crops. The drought coincided with the grain filling phase of wheat, which ultimately led to a significant reduction in yield.
Prolonged air and soil drought in 2010 did not give the expected effect from increasing doses of azophoska. This has been shown in both wheat and rapeseed.
Moisture deficiency turned out to be the main obstacle in the implementation of the soil fertility, while the wheat yield was generally two times lower than in the similar experiment in 2009 (Garmash et al., 2011). Yield increases when applying 200, 400 and 600 kg/ha of azofoska (physical weight) were almost the same ( tab. five).

The low yield of wheat is mainly due to the frailty of the grain. The mass of 1000 grains in all variants of the experiment was 27–28 grams. Data on the structure of the yield on the variants did not differ significantly. In the mass of the sheaf, the grain was about 30% (under normal weather conditions, this figure is up to 50%). The tillering coefficient is 1.1-1.2. The mass of grain in an ear was 0.7-0.8 grams.
At the same time, in the variants of the experiment with humated azofoska, a significant yield increase was obtained with an increase in fertilizer doses. This is due, first of all, to the better general condition of plants and the development of a more powerful root system when using humates against the background of the general stress of crops from long and prolonged drought.
A significant effect from the use of humated azofoska was manifested at the initial stage of development of rapeseed plants. After sowing rapeseed seeds, as a result of a short rainstorm followed by high air temperatures, a dense crust formed on the soil surface. Therefore, seedlings on the variants with the introduction of conventional azophoska were uneven and very sparse compared to the variants with humated azophoska, which led to significant differences in the yield of green mass ( tab. 6).

In the experiment with potash fertilizers, the area of the experimental plot was 225 m 2 (15 m x 15 m), the experiment was repeated four times, the location of the plots was randomized. The area of the experiment is 3600 m 2 . The experiment was carried out in the link of crop rotation winter cereals - spring cereals - busy fallow. The predecessor of spring wheat is winter triticale.
Fertilizers were applied manually at the rate of: nitrogen - 60, potassium - 120 kg of a.i. per ha. Ammonium nitrate was used as nitrogen fertilizers, and potassium chloride and the new KaliGum fertilizer were used as potash fertilizers. In the experiment, spring wheat variety Zlata, recommended for cultivation in the Central region, was grown. The variety is early maturing with a productivity potential of up to 6.5 t/ha. Resistant to lodging, much weaker than the standard variety is affected by leaf rust and powdery mildew, at the level of the standard variety - by septoria. Before sowing, the seeds were treated with the Vincit disinfectant in the norms recommended by the manufacturer. In the tillering phase, wheat crops were fertilized with ammonium nitrate at the rate of 30 kg of a.i. per 1 ha.

Scheme of experiments with potash fertilizers:

In experiments with potash fertilizers, there was a tendency to increase the yield of wheat grain in the variant with the tested fertilizer KaliGum compared to traditional potassium chloride. The protein content in the grain when the humated fertilizer KaliGum was applied was 1.3% higher compared to KCl. The highest protein content was observed in the variants with the minimum yield - the control and the variant with the introduction of nitrogen (N60 + N30). Data on the structure of the yield on the variants did not differ significantly. The weight of 1000 grains and the weight of a grain in an ear were practically the same for the variants and amounted to 38.1–38.6 g and 0.7–0.8 g, respectively ( tab. 7).

Thus, field experiments have reliably proven the agrochemical effectiveness of complex fertilizers with humate additives, determined by the increase in yield and protein content in grain crops. To ensure these results, it is necessary to correctly select a humic preparation with a high proportion of water-soluble humates, its form and place of introduction into the technological process at the final stages. This makes it possible to achieve a relatively low content of humates (0.2 - 0.5% wt.) in humated fertilizers and to ensure a uniform distribution of humates over the granule. At the same time, an important factor is the preservation of a high proportion of the water-soluble form of humates in humated fertilizers.
Complex fertilizers with humates increase the resistance of agricultural crops to adverse weather and climatic conditions, in particular, to drought and deterioration of soil structure. They can be recommended as effective agrochemicals in areas of risky farming, as well as when using intensive farming methods with several crops per year to maintain high soil fertility, in particular, in expanding zones with a water deficit and arid zones. The high agrochemical efficiency of the humated ammophoska (13:19:19) is determined by the complex action of the mineral and organic parts with an increase in the action of nutrients, primarily phosphorus nutrition of plants, an improvement in the metabolism between soil and plants, and an increase in plant stress resistance.

Levin Boris Vladimirovich – candidate of technical sciences, deputy general. Director, Director for Technical Policy of PhosAgro-Cherepovets JSC; e-mail:[email protected] .

Ozerov Sergey Alexandrovich - Head of Market Analysis and Sales Planning Department of PhosAgro-Cherepovets JSC; e-mail:[email protected] .

Garmash Grigory Alexandrovich - Head of the Laboratory of Analytical Research of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Moscow Research Institute of Agriculture" Nemchinovka ", Candidate of Biological Sciences; e-mail:[email protected] .

Garmash Nina Yuryevna - Scientific Secretary of the Moscow Research Institute of Agriculture "Nemchinovka", Doctor of Biological Sciences; e-mail:[email protected] .

Latina Natalya Valerievna - General Director of Biomir 2000 LLC, Production Director of the Sakhalin Humat Group of Companies; e-mail:[email protected] .

Literature

Paul I. Fixsen The concept of increasing the productivity of agricultural crops and the efficiency of the use of plant nutrients // Plant Nutrition: Bulletin of the International Institute of Plant Nutrition, 2010, No. 1. - from. 2-7.

Ivanova S.E., Loginova I.V., Tundell T. Phosphorus: mechanisms of losses from the soil and ways to reduce them // Plant Nutrition: Bulletin of the International Institute of Plant Nutrition, 2011, No. 2. - from. 9-12.
Aristarkhov A.N. et al. The effect of microfertilizers on productivity, protein harvest and product quality of grain and leguminous crops // Agrochemistry, 2010, No. 2. - from. 36-49.
Strapenyants R.A., Novikov A.I., Strebkov I.M., Shapiro L.Z., Kirikoy Ya.T. Modeling of the regularities of the action of mineral fertilizers on the crop. Vestnik s.-kh. Nauki, 1980, No. 12. - p. 34-43.
Fedoseev A.P. Weather and fertilizer efficiency. Leningrad: Gidrometizdat, 1985. - 144 p.
Yurkin S.N., Pimenov E.A., Makarov N.B. Influence of soil and climatic conditions and fertilizers on the consumption of the main nutrients in the wheat crop // Agrochemistry, 1978, No. 8. - P. 150-158.
Derzhavin L.M. The use of mineral fertilizers in intensive agriculture. M.: Kolos, 1992. - 271 p.
Garmash N.Yu., Garmash G.A., Berestov A.V., Morozova G.B. Trace elements in intensive technologies for the production of grain crops // Agrochemical Bulletin, 2011, No. 5. - P. 14-16.

All mineral fertilizers, depending on the content of the main nutrients, are divided into phosphorus, nitrogen and potash. In addition, complex mineral fertilizers containing a complex of nutrients are produced. The raw materials for obtaining the most common mineral fertilizers (superphosphate, saltpeter, sylvinite, nitrogen-fertilizer, etc.) are natural (apatite and phosphorite), potassium salts, mineral acids, ammonia, etc. Technological processes for obtaining mineral fertilizers are diverse, more often they use the decomposition method phosphorus-containing raw materials with mineral acids.

The main factors in the production of mineral fertilizers are the high dust content of the air and its gas pollution. Dust and gases also contain its compounds, phosphoric acid, salts of nitric acid and other chemical compounds that are industrial poisons (see Industrial poisons).

Of all the substances that make up mineral fertilizers, the most toxic compounds are fluorine (see), (see) and nitrogen (see). Inhalation of dust containing mineral fertilizers leads to the development of catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract, laryngitis, bronchitis, (see). With prolonged contact with the dust of mineral fertilizers, chronic intoxication of the body is possible, mainly as a result of the influence of fluorine and its compounds (see). A group of nitrogen and complex mineral fertilizers can have a harmful effect on the body due to methemoglobin formation (see Methemoglobinemia). Measures to prevent and improve working conditions in the production of mineral fertilizers include sealing dusty processes, setting up a rational ventilation system (general and local), mechanization and automation of the most labor-intensive stages of production.

Measures of personal prevention are of great hygienic importance. All workers at enterprises for the production of mineral fertilizers must be provided with overalls. When working, accompanied by a large release of dust, overalls are used (GOST 6027-61 and GOST 6811 - 61). Dust removal and disposal of overalls is mandatory.

An important measure is the use of anti-dust respirators ("Petal", U-2K, etc.) and goggles. Protective ointments should be used to protect the skin (IER-2, Chumakov, Selissky, etc.) and indifferent creams and ointments (silicone cream, lanolin, petroleum jelly, etc.). Personal prevention measures also include daily showering, thorough hand washing, and before meals.

Those working in the production of mineral fertilizers must at least twice a year undergo a mandatory X-ray examination of the skeletal system with the participation of a therapist, neuropathologist, otolaryngologist.

Mineral fertilizers - chemicals applied to the soil in order to obtain high and sustainable yields. Depending on the content of the main nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), they are divided into nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers.

Phosphates (apatites and phosphorites), potassium salts, mineral acids (sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric), nitrogen oxides, ammonia, etc. serve as raw materials for obtaining mineral fertilizers. agriculture is dust. The nature of the impact of this dust on the body, the degree of its danger depends on the chemical composition of fertilizers and their state of aggregation. Working with liquid mineral fertilizers (liquid ammonia, ammonia water, ammonia, etc.) is also associated with the release of harmful gases.

The toxic effect of dust of phosphate raw materials and the finished product depends on the type of mineral fertilizers and is determined by the fluorine compounds included in their composition (see) in the form of salts of hydrofluoric and hydrofluorosilicic acids, phosphorus compounds (see) in the form of neutral salts of phosphoric acid, nitrogen compounds (see) in the form of salts of nitric and nitrous acids, silicon compounds (see) in the form of silicon dioxide in a bound state. The greatest danger is represented by fluorine compounds, which in different types of phosphate raw materials and mineral fertilizers contain from 1.5 to 3.2%. Exposure to dust of phosphate raw materials and mineral fertilizers can cause catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract, rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumoconiosis, etc. in workers, mainly due to the irritating effect of dust. The local irritating effect of dust depends mainly on the presence of alkali metal salts in it. With prolonged contact with the dust of mineral fertilizers, chronic intoxication of the body is possible, mainly from exposure to fluorine compounds (see Fluorosis). Along with the fluorosogenic effect, the group of nitrogen and complex mineral fertilizers also has a methemoglobin-forming effect (see Methemoglobinemia), which is due to the presence of salts of nitric and nitrous acids in their composition.

In the production, transportation and use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture, precautions must be observed. In the production of mineral fertilizers, a system of anti-dust measures is carried out: a) sealing and aspiration of dusty equipment; b) dust-free cleaning of premises; c) dust removal of the air extracted by mechanical ventilation before its release into the atmosphere. The industry produces mineral fertilizers in granular form, in containers, bags, etc. This also prevents intensive dust formation during the application of fertilizers. To protect the respiratory organs from dust, respirators are used (see), overalls (see Clothing, Glasses). It is advisable to use protective ointments, crusts (Selissky, IER-2, Chumakov, etc.) and indifferent creams (lanolin, vaseline, etc.), which protect the skin of workers. During operation, it is recommended not to smoke, before eating and drinking, rinse your mouth thoroughly. Take a shower after work. There should be enough vitamins in the diet.

Employees must undergo a medical examination at least twice a year with mandatory x-rays of the skeletal system and chest.

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