The development of landforms. Natural phenomena

However, changes in landforms are actively taking place today. The relief-forming factors that are characteristic of the territory of Russia today can be divided into two groups: exogenous (wind and water activity) and endogenous (movements in the lithosphere).

Modern relief-forming processes can be divided into two groups: internal (endogenous), caused by movements of the earth's crust (they are called neotectonic or recent), and external (exogenous).

Development of landforms in Russia

The development of landforms in Russia dates back to the Quaternary period, when, due to climate change, many territories of our planet were covered with glaciers. So the centers of glaciation became modern Ural mountains, the Taimyr Peninsula and the Central Siberian Plateau.

Over time, the glaciers began to move south, moving sand, gravel and clay with them. High temperatures southern territories contributed to the rapid melting of ice, which led to the settling of loose rocks on the soil and the formation of a moraine relief.

This type of relief prevails in the Moscow and Smolensk regions. The next climatic changes on the planet caused the melting of the northern glaciers.

Glacial waters filled depressions in crystalline rocks, thus creating lakes in the northern part of the Russian Plain.

Human activities and landform formation

In the course of the development of industry, irreparable changes in the relief of Russia take place. The types of human activities that affect the relief include: mining, construction of highways and railways, movement of soil for agricultural purposes.

Very often, human intervention in the relief structure is caused by such Negative consequences as the occurrence of natural disasters.

The influence of wind on the development of relief

In the regions Russian Federation, which are characterized by a large amount of precipitation, the formation of the relief is influenced by the wind.

In particular, the special influence of wind on the formation of relief is typical for such territories as the Caspian lowland and the coast of the Baltic Sea (Kaliningrad region).

Natural phenomena

Natural natural phenomena- These are phenomena that occur in the balls of the lithosphere. Landslides, earthquakes, avalanches, volcanic eruptions are among the natural disasters.

The most typical for Russia is an earthquake. So in 1995, the Sakhalin Peninsula suffered from a strong earthquake. The strongest internal tremors led to the destruction of several settlements.

For mountainous areas, in particular the region of the Ural and Altai mountains, landslides and landslides are characteristic. Due to the fact that these mountain systems belong to the old mountains, the masses of snow that melt in the spring carry rock fragments with them, which is dangerous for the locals.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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* Repetition of home material. Questions to the class: 1. What minerals are rich in our country? 2. Name the patterns in the distribution of minerals 3. Using the example of the Tomsk region, show what dependence the distribution of minerals has on the landforms and structure of the territory. 4. Remember what minerals are associated with igneous, sedimentary rocks?

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* Patterns in the distribution of minerals The mountainous areas are confined to: igneous minerals The flat areas are confined to: Sedimentary minerals

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* Minerals of Igneous origin: Granite, Basalt Iron ore, Copper ore, Gold, diamonds Sedimentary origin: Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Phosphorites, Salt

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* Learning new material. Give examples of changes in landforms at the present time - for the Tomsk region; For other areas of our country; For other continents

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* Relief The surface of the Earth is constantly changing. And this is influenced by two types of processes: endogenous (internal), exogenous (external) Internal; External

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* Endogenous (internal processes) Quaternary events: Recent tectonic movements Earthquakes Volcanism

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* The latest tectonic movements Almost the entire territory of Russia experienced uplift in the Neogene-Quaternary. But the northern edge of the Asian part sank and was flooded by the waters of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The central regions of the West Siberian Plain and the Caspian lowland also sank.

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* Earthquakes Evidence ongoing at present tectonic movements are earthquakes. The most frequent and strong earthquakes occur in Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, in the mountains of the Baikal region, the Greater Caucasus, the southeastern part of Altai, Tyva and the lower reaches of the Lena.

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* Volcanism There are active volcanoes in our country only in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. There are about 60 active and three times more extinct volcanoes. Traces of recent volcanism are also found in the Caucasus (Elbrus, Kazbek), and in the Eastern Sayan, in Transbaikalia, on Far East. The most beautiful and highest volcano in Kamchatka is Klyuchevskaya Sopka. (top photo) Gorely volcano (bottom photo)

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* Exogenous ( external processes) Ancient glaciations, The activity of the sea, The activity of flowing waters.

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* Ancient glaciations The general uplift of the land, the change in the outlines of the Eurasian continent and the cooling of the climate on the globe led to the emergence of a sheet glaciation in the Quaternary. In total there were 3-4 epochs of glaciation. Centers: Scandinavia, Polar Urals, Putorana Plateau, Byrranga Mountains on the Taimyr Peninsula

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* Glacial Landforms The glacier moved to the south, changing the Earth's relief, moving stones (boulders), sand, crushed stone, clay frozen into it. brought loose material (boulders, crushed stone, gravel) hills - moraines. In the north, under the weight of the glacier, the northern tip of Eurasia was forced through and became the bottom of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The glacier also deepened tectonic troughs, forming thousands of lakes in Karelia and the Kola Peninsula.

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* Glacial lakes Lake Ladoga is the largest freshwater lake in Europe. Belongs to the Baltic Sea basin Atlantic Ocean. The area of ​​the lake without islands is from 17.6 thousand km² (with islands 18.1 thousand km²); the volume of water mass - 908 km³; length from south to north - 219 km, maximum width - 138 km. The depth varies unevenly: in the northern part it ranges from 70 to 230 m, in the southern part - from 20 to 70 m)