How to build an attic with your own hands drawings. Mansard manufacturing: construction stages

Free space under the roof of the house can be converted into a residential attic. This is not only a rational option to turn the attic space into a functional area, but also a great way to increase the usable area. Turning an attic into a room today is not difficult. Fortunately, there are advanced technologies and modern materials for this. Often, all work is carried out independently, taking into account the nuances of such a room. The arrangement of a free zone under the roof is useful not only from an aesthetic point of view, but also from a functional one. When carrying out work on the arrangement of the upper part of the house, the mansard roof is additionally insulated.

Peculiarities

The popularity of houses with an attic is explained by the peculiarity of the architecture of the building. The attic got its name from the founder, the French architect Francois Mansart, back in the 17th century. Since then, it has become convenient to use the last floors of buildings, although initially they were allocated for household needs, it was not a living or warm room.

Today it is quite possible, for example, to equip an additional bathroom. But more often the room is modified for an additional bedroom, living room or playroom for children. The attic will never be a living room in the traditional sense due to the broken roof and technical nuances. However, this does not prevent many from planning the construction of houses, taking into account additional meters, just in case. Like any building, an attic room in a private house has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.

It is worth mentioning the following main advantages of a functional room in a private house:

no additional structures are required;
the building is able to increase the area of \u200b\u200bthe house;
no need to solve problems with sealing buildings;
you can beat the design of the external appearance of the building;
even a two-level design is reliable;
heat losses are reduced (this is especially noticeable in winter);
in the process of arranging the attic, as a rule, major repairs are not required.

When evaluating the quality of the building as a whole, it would be useful to recall the shortcomings of the attic:

sometimes this is not an opportunity to increase space, but a clear “loss” of useful meters (mainly in old houses);
problems may appear in the presence of sloping ceilings and walls;
hydro and thermal insulation of the house leaves much to be desired (what to say about the attic);
old roof windows sometimes cause a lot of problems.

Features of the attic floor often lie in the fact that this room itself (more often in modern houses) extends almost along the entire perimeter of the house. In this regard, it is often necessary to modify or supplement the facade of the house (parapets, niches, ledges, decorative elements) in accordance with the technical features of the roof. In individual construction, the possibility of completing or altering the mansard roof is provided.

Types of roof structures

For individual construction, the use of various options for the roofing system is typical.

Particular attention is paid to the construction of a mansard roof, which differs in the main types of structures:

single or gable (broken, gable);
hip and semi-hip.

Characteristic features for each type determine the possibility of arranging the attic.

Today, in addition to traditional, more modern forms are used:

shed mansard roof with a sloping area (mounted on load-bearing walls);
rigid gable mansard roof with a slope on opposite sides;
sloping roof (installation of a gable roof option);
a hip or half-hip roof with four slopes (the end slopes of the hip roof differ in shape in the form of beveled triangles (the gable area is protected at the half-hip roof);
pyramidal (also called tented) types of roofs, which are not widespread, are distinguished by their polygonal shapes.

The shape of the roof is not the only distinguishing feature of a modern mansard roof. What matters is the height of the building and the nature of the coating (corrugated board, metal, you can make plastic tiles).

Separately, it is worth highlighting the universal distinctive features of the mansard roof:

it is not only the roof, but also the walls of the house;
the maximum height of the building is not more than 2.5 m;
the possibility of installing metal-plastic windows with tempered glass;
multilayer structure;
the cost of a mansard roof is ultimately more than a regular one.

Even when designing a house, you can choose the most suitable shape of the roof, if necessary, lengthen the rafter legs (layering from the walls is about 50-55 cm), calculate the loads and allocate space for windows.

Types and sizes

The highest point of the height of the under-roof space must be at least 2.5 m in order to consider this room as an attic. Otherwise, it's already an attic. According to SNiP, you can set the minimum value from ceiling to floor.

Differences in the types of attic roofing are determined by the following values:

semi-attic - with a vertical wall height of less than 0.8 m;
attic - with a wall height of 0.8 to 1.5 m;
floor - with a wall height of more than 1.5 m.

The width of the structure is another main component for determining the type of attic. The minimum standards for width are at least 80 cm. For a residential attic, this indicator (width) increases to 2 m, especially if the width of the house itself is at least 4.8 m. As for the building area, this parameter can be set using a special formula. Calculations are carried out in accordance with building codes and regulations. The area of an ordinary attic cannot be less than 16 square meters. m. The attic arrangement project covers all structural elements - roof slopes, supporting walls, gables, rafters. The type and size of the attic room is fully taken into account.

In general, the work on the arrangement of the attic is as follows:

the roof is checked;
lathing is carried out (from wooden boards);
fastening of insulating materials is carried out;
the top of the truss structure is strengthened;
stiffeners are checked (if necessary, replaced) - rafters for the roof;
beams are laid along the perimeter of the outer walls, they are connected to the rafter structure;
diagonal bevels (ties) are performed to give strength to the mansard roof;
supporting supports are strengthened.
A waterproofing layer is laid, insulation.

Useful area calculation

When arranging the under-roof space, it is important to correctly calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe attic room. The size, size, height of the attic, especially the angle of inclination are closely related in the calculations. Any redevelopment is carried out in accordance with the norms of SNiPa. So, according to this provision, the minimum height of the dwelling under the roof is 2.5 m. The slope of the roof affects the calculation of the height of the room. Thanks to the calculations during the design, it is possible to reflect the real parameters of the upper floor of the house to obtain a usable area.

You can do the attic area yourself when calculating, but the initial data will depend on the following parameters:

slope level of 30 degrees (in the narrowest part of the slope, the height is 1.5 m);
slope level of 45 degrees (in the narrowest part of the slope, the height is 1.1 m);
the slope level is 60 degrees and above (at the narrowest part of the slope, the height is 0.5 m).

To calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe structure, the smallest height is taken and and is multiplied by 0.7 (reducing factor). Then, for the minimum level of the walls of the attic with a slope of 30 degrees, an indicator of 1.2 m is obtained; from 45 to 60 degrees - 0.8 m; over 60 degrees - do not limit. It is important to remember that a successful attic project with a modern roof requires accurate and accurate calculations, for this you can use specially designed computer programs (a work scheme will appear before your eyes).

Design and materials

When choosing materials for the construction of the attic, timber is traditionally chosen, and aerated concrete is also actively used. But there are other options for building and finishing materials for construction, the main thing is that it be a frame technology. The choice is made based on the type of structure and its size, taking into account the configuration of the roof and the slope of the walls. Wooden rafters are best suited for the attic frame, moreover, it is important that they are perfect - without cracks and knots, especially without signs of decay.

As for the choice of aerated concrete, it is a fairly cheap and easy-to-install material. In addition, it is strong and durable. Aerated concrete blocks can be further processed with a special tool. However, due to the lime, which is part of the material, aerated concrete cannot be classified as environmentally friendly materials. Instead, you can use corrugated board, foam blocks or sip panels. The advantages of the foam block include a sufficient level of noise and heat insulation.

When arranging the under-roof space, competent design and drawings are of great importance. Modern mansard roofs enjoy well-deserved popularity not only in summer cottage construction. More and more different options for small country houses with a furnished attic appear in our open spaces. It's all about the rationality and efficiency of such a room. Of interest are ready-made schemes of roof structures, which imply an attic in a classic form, although the alteration of space even in an old house is not always capital. Most of the schemes are not very complex, so the entire attic or balcony can be designed and made by hand. There are separate schemes for finished structures, where beams and ceilings do not even change.

Engage in design should be at the initial stage of construction or repair. The attic floor is included in the project of the house. And the choice of roofing type largely depends on how successful the building as a whole will be. The finished attic space can also be skillfully converted and equipped, turning it into a full-fledged functional room. Thanks to modern technologies and materials, today it is not a problem to design an attic floor in a finished house. The project can be selected by the type of attic.

Forms

The room under the roof is given a special role so that it can be used comfortably.

To this end, a number of requirements are imposed on the attic space under the attic:

the shape of the attic should be as convenient as possible;
you need to pay attention to warming;
room lighting is also important.

Proper planning will help to realize many useful ideas. The geometric shape of the attic has become a classic of the genre. Such a roof can be triangular or broken, with symmetrical or asymmetrical sides relative to the walls of the building. The floor itself can be located both on one of the sides and across the entire width, even somewhat going beyond the boundaries of the outer walls. Some of these projects involve the installation of additional supporting structures, for example, in the form of columns or walls.

In general, roof structures can be designed as follows:

in the form of a separate multi-level floor;
solid floor with two-level development;
two-level floor with the base of the mezzanine floor.

The load-bearing walls of roof structures usually consist of two parts:

vertical wall (wall material for the construction can be used the same as in the construction of the lower floors);
inclined wall (the truss system serves as its frame, and the roof serves as the outer skin).

The ratio in the project of all these elements among themselves depends on the design as a whole. The shape of the mansard roof gives the whole house a special look. Attic premises of a residential type may vary in the shape of the roof.

Basically, it is customary to distinguish the following types:

shed roof (without sidewalls, with a single roof space);
gable roof (a complicated design that allows you to design a comfortable attic floor, taking into account the roof windows);
a broken gable roof with a characteristic silhouette (slopes can be bent inward or bent outward).

A competent project allows you to "free up" the desired usable area. It can be increased by installing a vertical, attic wall. It is worth considering that the useful area of \u200b\u200ba hipped roof is less than that of a gable roof. This is due to the large number of bevels that do not allow free design of the under-roof space. It is optimal to use a typical attic project.

Since the height of the attic floor is important, it affects the usable area. In addition, the height distinguishes the type of room under the roof. For the overall picture, it does not hurt to study the project of a typical attic structure in section.

Let's consider what it is.

If the height of the vertical wall of the roof space is more than 1.5 m, then this is already a full-fledged floor. In the center of the structure, you can move freely without bending over. With an attic wall height of more than 2 m, we can talk about a functional room, which in terms of comfort will resemble a typical room.
If the attic has a single or gable roof with an attic wall height of about 0.8 m (up to a maximum of 1.5 m), then this design is characterized by increased functionality.
The presence of walls less than 0.8 m high (or if there are no vertical walls) may indicate an insufficiently functional room.

There are several ways to turn the attic into a functional room, more convenient and rational. The general tone is set by the interior of the roofing room. Sometimes extraordinary solutions may be required for its arrangement, but it is better to follow well-known and proven rules in work. So, the quality characteristics of the attic largely depend on the purpose of the room. For example, it is convenient to turn a small, narrow attic into an extra bedroom. The high attic allows you to equip an entire guest floor under the roof. It is also important what furniture will be in the room and, accordingly, you can build in a wardrobe or put a rack.

It is important to comply with two general requirements:

for a large room, the height of the walls to the floor from the ceiling is not less than 2.2 m;
the height of the attic walls from the level of the bed is about 1.4 m.

A competent ceiling device will improve the proportions of the room under the roof to the desired ones (in accordance with the standards).

Device

Do-it-yourself construction of an attic roof implies a strong foundation and a reliable floor, the presence of reinforcing supports to ease the load due to the attic floor (the attic needs to be further strengthened). Sometimes it is necessary to further strengthen the foundation of the house or redo a separate foundation. Professional skills are indispensable here.

stingrays

Even at the initial stage of the attic device, it is necessary to resolve all issues related to the design features of the building, taking into account all the partitions. The house may have slopes that affect the design features as a whole. And the under-roof space itself can differ in a variety of forms. The interior decoration of the attic will depend on the features of the intra-roof structure. If the roof of the house is constructed in a special way, then you will have to remove the old rafters and materials, replacing them with new ones, taking into account the features of the project (additional load, angle of inclination and other design features of the building are taken into account).

truss system

The entire truss structure must be calculated and designed for the type of attic floor. The best option for a typical house is the manufacture of an attic floor with a broken gable roof. Such a roof has a large load on the walls, however, the combined area of \u200b\u200bthe attic space is most often equipped in this way. At the same time, it is important to comply with the requirement for the presence of additional load-bearing supports (installation of inclined rafters designed for vertical and horizontal loads). When installing the rafter system, the Mauerlat is installed, after which the rafter legs are assembled and installed. The installation of the rafters is carried out, starting from two opposite legs, they are pulled on top of each other (the installation accuracy must be adjusted). This is how the frame of the truss system is installed, after which the crate is performed, which depends on the roofing material.

Roof

When constructing the upper floor, it is important to take into account the complexity of the attic roof. It differs from a typical roof in that it bears the functional load of a residential and under-roof space. The ceiling of the house is a mansard roof with the necessary sound and heat insulation layers, with the finishing of the room. It should be as warm, comfortable, spacious and light as possible. An additional crate of the roof structure will improve the quality of the thermal insulation of the attic floor, although mineral wool can serve as the main insulation for these purposes.

High-quality finishing of the roof-ceiling depends on the purpose of using the attic. So, for example, lining, fiberboard, plywood sheets are traditionally used for summer cottages. Finishing of residential premises is carried out with more substantial and expensive materials. Roofing material for exterior decoration creates comfort for the interior of the attic. In this case, slate, bitumen-based materials and modern tiles are traditionally used. It is better not to use metal sheets, they do not retain heat and create additional noise during rain, wind. It is also better to refuse roofing material, since in summer it heats up a lot, releasing a specific smell.

Window

The correct frame of the roof structure includes the arrangement of windows. They are installed between the rafters. For the reliability of the window attachment points (bottom and top of the structure), horizontal lintels from a bar are placed.

Installation of roof windows is carried out in stages:

build an opening for a window;
mount a frame with a dismantled double-glazed window;
lay insulation and a layer of waterproofing;
carry out fastening of the gutter of the window structure;
install details;
return the dismantled double-glazed window to its place;
perform interior decoration.

There is not always a constructive opportunity to build or expand the usable area of the house by adding a full-fledged upper floor or side building. To increase the space in small houses, it is best to use the attic. It does not take up much space, but it allows you to “unload” the house a little, saving on construction.

In order to build an attic or make it from an attic, you need to stock up on materials:

rafters are made of wooden beams (with a section of 50x180 cm);
the crate is made of a wooden board;
end wall cladding is made of wall panels;
fastening of roofing elements is carried out on self-tapping screws, nails, metal profiles and metal corners;
during construction, heat-insulating, vapor-proofing and waterproofing materials are necessarily used;
roofing material is used at the finishing stage;
at the end, the interior decoration of the room is done from modern facing materials, the main heating is installed.

Before starting work, it is important to make sure that the floors that are located between the first floor and the attic are sufficiently strengthened. Loads need to be calculated. After making sure that the fasteners are reliable, you can proceed to the arrangement of the truss system. In the process of work, the quality of the connections of each element of the system is controlled. For a sloping roof project, support beams with end walls are first mounted. After that, work begins on the collection of the frame structure of the truss system.

Separate elements of the truss system are fastened with a groove-ledge connection and with metal plates for greater reliability. The use of all wooden elements is possible after special treatment for additional protection. It is also necessary to treat with flame retardants to reduce the flammability of wooden structures. After assembling the truss system, they proceed to the processing of the bevels of the walls and internal partitions.

An obligatory stage during the construction of the attic is the ventilation of the attic floor. It was enough for the attic to ensure the ventilation of the room. The attic building must meet the requirements of the dwelling. Ventilation problems can lead to heat loss, moisture condensation, and rot. All these external factors can lead to subsequent destruction. Simple ventilation is ineffective here, forced ventilation of the system and insulation is necessary.

Next, the arrangement of several layers of the mansard roof is carried out: the very top is a roofing material, under it is a waterproofing material, a crate, a heat-insulating and vapor barrier material, and a ceiling finish. It is important to emphasize that the sequence of multi-layer stacking cannot be changed. Installation of insulation is carried out on the truss system. There is a gap between the insulation and the roof for natural ventilation. In some cases, insulation (mineral wool and other fire-resistant insulator) is laid on the crate.

The heat-insulating layer is about 25-30 cm thick. For reliable fixation of this layer, an additional frame perpendicular to the rafters can be used. A vapor barrier in the form of a breathable membrane and a waterproofing material are attached at some distance from the insulation. It is worth considering that not only the roof should be insulated, but also the walls of the attic room to ensure greater comfort. It turns out a "pie", which ensures the reliability and strength of the structure. Finishing the roof-ceiling is done in the usual way - with plywood sheets, ceiling tiles, drywall, clapboard.

Decorative decoration of the attic depends on the overall design of the room. Usually the walls and ceiling are covered with wallpaper in the style of the whole house. Walls can also be painted or plastered.

Warming and soundproofing

The main sound insulation in the attic room falls on the floors. Noise reduction is necessary to ensure comfort in the upper part of the floor, and so that excess noise does not spread to neighboring rooms.

For this purpose, old proven methods and new technologies are used:

polyethylene foam with foil is laid on the logs (on one side);
sand 5 cm thick is poured between the beams.

Properly executed soundproofing dampens impact noise from above, whether it be steps, falling objects. For sound absorption, mineral wool, polystyrene or felt, as well as basalt slabs, are often used. It also provides vapor barrier and thermal insulation.

Due to the constant contact of the attic roof with atmospheric loads, summer overheating or winter cooling of the roof, it is necessary to carry out work on additional insulation of the attic. To do this, even at the stage of erection under the slate or other flooring, a special protective layer of insulation and films against moisture are laid. The main scope of work on waterproofing the attic is carried out from the inside after the completion of the main stage of construction.

It is important to leave a small space between the roofing layer and the insulation for natural ventilation. Today, additional external insulation of the attic is being carried out with modern means so as not to reduce the usable area inside the attic building. The light weight of the insulation does not allow the structure to sag or deform. On sale there are special heaters - materials for spraying. They create a uniform, durable surface that prevents the appearance of moisture.

Finishing

Original and practical solutions for cladding a wooden or brick attic room give free rein to imagination. The design of the attic is largely determined by the overall design decision, but sometimes the most daring ideas are used. Facing the attic floor is primarily associated with the features of the finished structure. In this regard, the interior decoration of the attic has a number of features.

It is necessary to pay attention to several points.

The presence of skylights affects the internal appearance of the attic. They are located on the slopes of the roof. An ordinary window is placed on a flat wall, the room gets more light.
You can come up with an unusual design for the attic walls, for example, in colorful shades that contrast with the color of the ceiling or floor.
The bevels of the mansard roof can be designed in a designer way, emphasizing all the unusual design of the attic room.
The special atmosphere of the attic room is given by non-standard furniture (for example, irregular shape). A low, non-equiangular cabinet will fit perfectly in the narrow and low part of the attic.
A large attic area can be divided into functional zones.

Today, there are a lot of options for zoning an attic space to find the best option for your home. All internal work can be done both independently and with the help of professionals.

Today we will talk about popular solutions for mansard roofs, their capabilities. After reviewing the illustrations, diagrams of the truss system, you will get a clear idea of their device. And having studied the basics of calculation, you can optimize the cost of lumber. Get information about the important points of space planning. Find out in what sequence the mansard roof truss system is mounted.

The mansard roof is a complex structure and requires careful calculations.

Drawings of the truss system

Any mention of an attic is associated with a voluminous "pentagonal" roof in which you can live, but there are other options.

Shed

Extremely simple, reliable shed mansard roof. Thanks to the rectilinear forms, it looks modest, but elegant. Large floor-to-ceiling panoramic windows add special respectability, because such a design not only allows, but provokes their installation.

House with a shed roof, with windows almost on the entire wall

The rafter system is very simple: the straight rafters of a single slope rest on the mauerlat of opposite walls of different heights, and, if necessary, on intermediate supports. The proportions of the walls are selected for a slope of 35-45 degrees, which guarantees stability to wind loads and normal snowfall.

The volume is used effectively - if desired, this is an additional full-fledged floor, since the usable area is equal to the area of the previous floor.

gable

Relatively simple widespread roof. It looks unpretentious, but inspires confidence, as it maintains the traditions characteristic of the Russian style. As a result, it is rarely designed specifically for the attic, more often it is adapted in finished form.

The gable roof is traditional, and most often the choice falls on it.

Structurally simple - technical specifications and truss system like a conventional gable roof. Straight rafters rest on the Mauerlat, angled into a ridge. Gables are triangular in shape, straight, sheer, almost always glazed, often with access to a balcony.

Most often, a similar scheme is used for arranging an attic in a small house with a gable roof.

It is problematic to fully use the volume, but it is possible, even necessary. The useful area is relatively small, the ceiling is usually "broken". However, skillful layout of furniture, bold design solutions can turn disadvantages into advantages.

broken line

The most popular option is a sloping roof with an attic. Which is not at all surprising - despite the complexity, it is the most convenient and practical. Overall forms and broken lines symbolize solidity and professionalism. The appearance of this roof "by default" is associated with the "mansard". This is quite natural - it is purposefully designed for living quarters.

To add space on the attic floor, preference is given to a sloping roof.

The rafter system is quite complicated, but its advantages are worth the money and effort spent. Characteristic pentagonal gables, with the functionality of a gable roof - the same opportunity to insert windows, arrange an exit to the balcony.

The circuit is more complex, but gives more space

Spacious attic roof of a private house. The volume is used to the maximum - at full height, the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe room is equal to or slightly less than that of the previous floor.

Calculation basics

The purpose of the calculations is to find a compromise between aesthetics, reliability and cost.

aesthetic side. To begin with, a general sketch of the roof is being designed. The proportions are determined, compared with the size of the house.

The difference between a sloping roof and a gable roof is significant

After that, a constructive calculation is carried out, where factors are taken into account:

Own weight structural elements of the roof. The load from it acts on each element of the truss system.

Wind loads. They are variables and affect all elements.

Weight people, interior elements and furniture. Loads only the floor.

Factors are processed, summarized. Based on the results, conclusions are drawn about the dimensions of the structural elements. For guaranteed strength, they are rounded up. But technological assembly is hampered by the individual width and thickness of each structural element of the truss system, and their customization is unprofitable. Therefore, the elements are combined into groups of standard lumber sizes. And standard solutions significantly reduce the cost of the project - after all, custom-made is always more expensive.

If the project is individual and non-standard, it is better to order accurate calculations. Taking into account the number of factors, their specific impact on the truss system, the conclusion suggests itself - an accurate calculation is the business of specialists. It makes no sense to do calculations on your own - there is a high probability of error. For standard and standard solutions, a ready-made existing project can be adapted.

In addition to the main points, a few practical recommendations will come in handy:

Rafter step corresponds to the dimensions of the heater.

Rafter width corresponds to the thickness of the insulation.

layout

The stairs are key. Its position must be linked with future floor beams. If the pitch of the rafters allows, we simply orient it between the beams. Otherwise, we design a reliable convenient entrance to the attic.

At the planning stage, it is useful to think over the interior. At this stage, decisions are made about partitions and additional natural light - skylights. Of course, it's too early to think about decorating, but the engineering part should become clear - what functionality will be implemented.

In the attic you can equip an office with a corner for music lessons

After all, the features of such premises: broken-inclined ceilings, their reduced height, unusual walls and non-standard lighting.

Therefore, a specific layout of the premises is necessary, and in them, the distribution is correct - space zoning:

For the main life activity, are allocated bright and well ventilated premises.

Uncomfortable areas are equipped under the storage.

"Unusual conditions" to give away at the disposal of children.

Interior design and ultimate comfort are created by the skillful use of the potential of finishing materials, furniture and accessories.

Assembly

In most cases, the construction of a mansard roof begins with a Mauerlat device. A strictly horizontal position, parallel, reliable fastening of its bars is important.

Mansard roof truss construction

For the installation of the rafter system, two options are practiced: the elements of the truss system on the ground are assembled into trusses, lifted and installed ready-made. Or everything is collected separately at the top - "in place", observing procedure:

Roof beams are laid. This takes into account the step of the truss system and the possibility for arranging stairs.

Straightaway laying a rough ceiling, or temporary flooring for safe work.

Racks are mounted. Temporary braces are arranged to keep them in a vertical position. Runs are laid on the racks.

Over runs stacked puffs.

Mounted lower rafters.

Temporary braces change to permanent wind connections in the longitudinal position.

Installed top rafters.

exhibited pediment frame, taking into account the design, openings are organized for: windows, balconies, other options are provided.

Further down the rafters roofing membrane is laid, and is pressed against them with a counter-lattice - bars with a section of 50x50 mm. To organize the ventilation gap. These are preparatory measures for warming. They need to be carried out at this stage. Missing is a huge omission.

On the counter-lattice crate stuffed, with a step corresponding to the roofing.

mounted roofing, its additional elements: wind boards, ridge.

The same house can look different and have different usable area.

Video description

About the features of the calculation of the mansard roof in the video:

Exactly according to the same principle, an attic floor with a gable roof is mounted. Moreover, its device is even simpler - all the rafters are solid.

The next step is to insulate the roof. Of course, it can be done from the outside, before the installation of the membrane, battens and roofing. But it is safer from the inside - there will be no threat of precipitation and work will be carried out more carefully, because successful operation depends on it.

The insulation from the inside of the room is protected by a vapor barrier film. And between it and the interior trim, a mandatory ventilation gap device - the interior trim is not mounted directly on the rafters. For her, specially, as well as outside for the crate, a counter-rail is stuffed, or a frame is arranged.

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer a turnkey roof calculation and repair service. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".

Conclusion

A mansard roof is an excellent solution that allows you to increase the usable area of \u200b\u200bthe house without significantly increasing the cost of its construction. There are a lot of solutions for the construction of the attic floor - they can be both standard and designed for a particular house. But in any case, the installation of the attic requires specialized knowledge and this work should be done by professionals.

The attic is a living space under the roof itself. It allows you to significantly increase the quadrature of the area of \u200b\u200bthe building without extensions. It is not necessary to plan an attic in a private house in advance; it can be built on an old building with a conventional roof with an existing truss system.

The budget for such work will come out relatively small - after all, the load-bearing elements are already present, perhaps refinement will only be needed to insulate and bring the attic into a residential state. A do-it-yourself attic is a very real project that can be implemented without involving qualified labor, but with an assistant.

Reconstruction of the roof under the attic without replacing the rafters

Before starting construction

Do-it-yourself attic construction on a constructed building begins with a careful assessment of the situation. First of all, you should make sure that the old building will successfully bear the additional load.

The matter also concerns the material of wall structures. Usually, a sufficient margin of safety is laid in both the foundation and the load-bearing walls, which will make it possible to do without additional reinforcement. However, if in doubt, it is better to distribute the increased load on additional columns, spacers, or to strengthen the floor beams between the lower floor and the attic.

Mansard roofing has its own specific requirements. If the existing elements do not comply with them, you will have to get rid of them and mount new ones that will be designed for new loads.

Popular attic with a sloping roof shape

A do-it-yourself mansard roof can be built according to various projects. The shape of the under-roof space depends on how the roof will be formed, in particular, its load-bearing elements - rafters and beams. The most successful roof form requires the implementation of a gable roof scheme with a broken roof line. That is, the angle of divergence of the slopes from the point of the ridge in the middle of the run is replaced by a steeper one, and the roof overhangs descend very steeply onto the Mauerlat of the second floor.

Although shed roofing has the advantage of a simpler truss system design, this type of project has not been widely used in attic construction due to a number of inconsistencies with the tasks of the room. With it, it will not be possible to provide a high ceiling, or the width of the room will be minimal. In addition, the weight of the snow cover in this case is significant and requires an increase in the cross section of the supporting beams, which will lead to an increase in the cost of building a mansard roof.

For this reason, many people prefer to build a broken gable roof, considering it the most acceptable option for houses with an attic room. The advantage of this mansard roof scheme is that the usable amount of space under the roof will be the largest, which brings a properly designed attic closer to a full-fledged room.

House with a semi-mansard roof

A half-mansard roof option can be considered a compromise, when part of the walls of the attic floor is a continuation of the building's box. At the same time, the gable shape of the half-mansard roof dictates the sloping side parts of the ceiling of the room.

Features of the mansard roof truss system

The broken scheme of the attic roof is good because it allows you to arrange overhangs longer and place them at a steeper angle. A project of this type gives a peculiar look to the whole house. At the same time, in addition to the aesthetic factor, low overhangs well protect the joint between the wall and the roof from precipitation. On the other hand, the windage of the roof increases with strong winds, therefore, when developing the design of the attic, an average solution is found that satisfies all parameters.

Steep sloping roof overhang

We determine the angles of inclination

When deciding how to make an attic, it is necessary to determine the magnitude of the angles of inclination of the slopes. To do this, you need to deal with two basic factors: weather conditions with the prevailing wind directions in the region where the construction is carried out, as well as the materials that make up the floor logs, rafter beams and walls. If a lot of snow falls in winter, which lies for a long time and does not melt, then the roof is made steeper.

Thanks to this, snow does not accumulate in a thick layer and does not increase the load on the rafters. Taking into account all climatic factors and the fact that a board of standard sections or a bar is commonly used as rafters, the angle of the upper part of the roof is 30 degrees relative to the horizon, and the lower part is 60. The following drawing shows these parameters.

This solution provides a solid structure, which, with a minimum consumption of wood, provides the maximum height of the ceilings in the under-roof space. According to building codes, it should be at least 2 m. Anything lower is considered an attic, not an attic, and is not suitable for a comfortable stay. On the contrary, if possible, the ceiling is raised to a mark of 2.2 - 2.3 meters, since it will be inconvenient for tall people to be in a low room.

It should also be remembered that the steeper the slopes, the higher the skate. This increases the windage of the roof, that is, the wind resistance.

If the winds in the region blow constantly, with high speed or strong gusts, the roof is at risk of breaking, which should not be allowed. For this reason, choosing a mansard roof project with the indicated angles is the best option.

Choosing the type of truss system

In the vast majority of cases, pine is used as a material for rafters in the construction of an attic floor with their own hands, due to its low cost, acceptable weight and ease of processing. The thickness of the beams is usually chosen 40 - 50 mm, width - 200 - 250 mm. The more powerful the rafters, the more it is allowed to take a step between them, and vice versa. The exact parameters are determined in accordance with SNiP 2.08.01-89 and TCP 45-5.05-146-2009.

For the device of the truss system of the mansard sloping roof, two schemes are used: layered and hanging. In a hanging system, the ridge beam does not rest on the racks in the center, and the rigidity of the structure is provided by puffs that form a triangle with the rafters. For long rafters, such a system is not suitable due to the large length of the beams. In the layered scheme, load-bearing beams are erected in the center of the floor, on which the ridge run rests. Thanks to the intermediate support, the roof can withstand heavy loads, but inside the attic there will be supports, or a solid partition.

Frame size option with hanging rafters

A broken gable roof is a little more complicated than a straight one. The fact is that in the first there is no rigid triangular structure. For this reason, hanging rafters can only be made if the puff width is not more than 4.5 m. This parameter corresponds to the width of the attic room. However, even in the case of a smaller parameter, it will be necessary to install vertical racks connecting the roof break point with the floor joists.

Rafter system with struts

For additional strength, if the roofing is multi-layered and heavy, contractions are made - horizontal braces between the lower inclined logs and vertical posts. Sometimes a headstock is included in the design of the truss system - a rack between the ridge run and the puff. Its installation makes sense only in the case of a heavy ridge and a wide roof; in all other cases, the rigidity of the upper triangle is sufficient.

An example of a simple truss system

The basics of calculating a sloping roof at home

For the roof of a house, the width of which does not exceed 6 m, an approximate calculation can be made in order to present the approximate amount of material for construction and the money that will need to be spent on it. In small houses, where the load on the rafters is small, you can focus on the above experience in arranging the truss system, taking into account the characteristics of related materials, for example, insulation and external roofing.

One of the main parameters is the installation step of the rafter beams. If it is planned to use mineral wool insulation as thermal insulation, then this size should be selected based on the format of the material. Mineral wool mats are 60 cm wide and do not require fasteners at the time of installation if they are inserted tightly and held by elastic force. Accordingly, the pitch of the rafters should be chosen 57 - 58 cm.

The width of the rafter leg should allow you to freely lay the insulation with a slight sag. If we are talking about the Urals, Siberia, the northern regions, then the basalt insulation is laid in a checkerboard pattern in two layers of 100 mm each. This means that the beam must be at least 230 mm thick.

There are statements on the Internet that the insulation should be “ventilated”, so the width of the rafter leg should be chosen with a margin. In fact, the insulation itself may not be ventilated, as it is not afraid of moisture, but at the same time it somewhat loses its thermal insulation properties when moistened. The ventilation, which in reality is more likely to be needed for the wood of the frame, is provided by stuffing the crate and counter-crate on the rafters if the width of the beams is not enough for this.

Beams for posts and beams must be selected with a thickness of at least 80 mm on the smaller side. It is allowed to use timber 80*80, 80*100, 100*100. The latter option is relevant for heavy roofs of a large area.

It is better to entrust the exact calculation of all elements of the truss system to the design organization if you do not have experience in construction calculations.

At the same time, a mistake made can make itself felt not only at the stage of purchasing materials and erecting a roof, but also later, when expensive repairs are required.

Do-it-yourself mansard roof installation scheme

Before installing the truss system for the attic with their own hands, first of all, they construct a Mauerlat - a belt made of timber that encircles the building around the perimeter. It is on it that the lower overhangs of the rafter legs are attached. Mauerlat is absolutely the same for both broken and straight gable roofs. Depending on the material of the walls, it has features in installation.

In houses built from timber or logs, a separate Mauerlat beam is not required - its role is successfully taken over by the upper crown. Eyelets are cut into it with the desired step, and the ends of the rafter legs are attached to the corners or studs.

Mauerlat and rafter legs fastening

In houses made of cellular concrete, an armored belt is required before laying a wooden beam around the perimeter. Without it, the soft porous material of the walls can eventually sag, and the mount will tear out of the crumbled gas or foam concrete. They make it from concrete along the formwork, reinforce it with two to four rods, preferably fiberglass, so that the structure is lighter.

Brick and cinder block walls do not require armored belts. In this case, holes are prepared at the end of the wall with a perforator, and the Mauerlat beam is attracted by anchors. Rafters are attached to it with the help of corners, as well as large screws - “grouses” with hexagonal turnkey or head caps. It is more convenient to tighten them with a wrench.

Assembly of roof fragments on the ground

There are several ways to assemble a mansard roof frame. One of them is the assembly of all elements on the ground, raising them to the roof, strengthening with temporary struts, and then through "finishing" installation, which provides rigidity to the structure. Consider the execution of work step by step:

The first step is to assemble the pediments. They are the upper and lower parts of the rafters, which are fastened to the racks and puffs at the break line. All the lower ends of the boards and beams rest on the base. In the middle of the gables, dormers are usually provided.
Prepared assembly units are lifted and fixed from one and the other edges of the building. The bases are fixed with anchors in the wall, plus temporary struts are added to hold the structure.
Consistently collect the "ribs" of the rafters and put in the Mauerlat cuts with the provided step.
After all the elements are assembled, they are sewn together with longitudinal jumpers: with a ridge beam - the tops of the triangles, connecting beams - at the junction of the racks and puffs. So the design acquires the necessary rigidity.

Serial assembly on site

In the second case, all parts of the rafter system are gradually assembled in their places on the roof. At the end, the finished design comes out. This option is easier when individual fragments weigh a lot and cannot be lifted without special equipment. In this case, the step-by-step assembly instructions are as follows:

Start by installing racks on the floor logs of the second floor. The step is the same as for the rafters. The upper ends are connected by a puff - a horizontal bar. At this stage, a rectangular box should be obtained from the ribs of the racks and puffs.
After that, the lower parts of the beams are mounted. They must form a triangle with the uprights and the base - a rigid structure.
Behind them, you can install the upper segments of the rafters. For the required rigidity, they are fixed by slopes to the puffs. For wide roofs, additional crossbars can be provided. Also, if the span of the puff is too long, a beam is placed to fasten the ridge beam with the puff - this will prevent it from sagging.

For a sloping roof, the problem with the lack of a standard length of lumber - 6 m is not typical. Recall that the rafter consists of two parts. If, nevertheless, such an inconvenience arose, the beams can be increased by placing patches of the same thickness as the beam on both sides, and tightening the joints with bolts and nuts through the through holes.

Drawings of important nodes

The most critical places, the execution of which may require a schematic visualization, are the connections of several planes, as well as places that have a large load. The photo shows drawings of such connections.

To fasten wooden beams and racks, different fasteners are used. In order of strength and preference, you can arrange them in descending order: bolts with nuts and washers - screws and "grouse" - nails. Nails are bad because after years, when the wood dries out and deforms, they tend to crawl out of the holes. The structure will not completely fall apart, but an undesirable backlash will appear.

The rafters are attached to the Mauerlat by means of powerful steel corners. For convenience, a stop bar is stuffed on the lower part of the rafter leg, which prevents the end of the board from slipping off and allows you to carefully tighten all the fasteners.

Attic window options

The attic, being a living space, should be well lit. SNiPs recommend 10% glazing area of the floor area in the room.

The easiest way to let light under the roof is to provide windows in the gables. If you have provided for load-bearing racks, then putting such a window will not be difficult. Neither special waterproofing nor reinforcement of the attic roof structure is required. If the window is only on one side, this side should be west or south, so more light will enter it during the day.

The next popular and attractive solution is sloped windows. They do not require changes to the roof structure. Also their advantage is in the large amount of light they provide. However, when installing inclined windows, good waterproofing of the frame is necessary. In regions with snowy winters, it is recommended to install reinforced windows, since if there is a thick layer of snow, they will have to experience additional load.

Inclined windows from the inside

The steeper the angle of the roof slope, the lower the height of the window can be. In gentle areas, the height, on the contrary, should be greater. Usually, sloping windows are not made wider than the rafter pitch, as this would necessitate a serious strengthening of the adjacent rafter legs, on which the weight of the roof would be redistributed. It is more expedient to make two narrow windows - the light will penetrate through them as much as necessary, and there will be no influence on the structural elements.

Dormer and slanted windows

Sometimes dormer windows are made in the attic, for which they arrange a special ledge. The advantage is the vertical arrangement of the frame and the ability to stand in front of a full-length window. Minus - the need to change the configuration of the roof. On a continuous surface, two valleys appear at once - the meeting points of two planes, where the greatest danger of leakage arises.

A window similar to a dormer, but only upside down, that is, recessed inside the attic, is made if they want to provide access to the balcony. Such a solution has no other advantages, since in this case less light enters the premises than through standard inclined windows.

Installation of battens and roofing

The next stage in the construction of the attic with your own hands will be the installation of the finishing roofing. First of all, a waterproofing membrane is stuffed onto the floor logs. It should not let water through to the insulation, but steam should escape through it. On top of the waterproofing, slats are stuffed along the log. Then a carrier crate is attached across the lag. It can be a board of arbitrary width and thickness of 15 - 20 mm. Thanks to the presence of these multidirectional layers, ventilation of the reverse side of the roofing is ensured.

This scheme is suitable for hard roofing materials: slate, metal tiles, seam roofing, corrugated board. A flexible roof requires a solid, solid underlayment. For this, osb plates or plywood sheets are used, a screen is made on top, and soft roof elements are welded on top.

Step-by-step instructions for warming the attic

Most often, when constructing a mansard roof of a private house, it is supposed to be insulated. At the same time, it is more convenient to nail the waterproofing membrane on the outside of the roof. However, if you have not done this, then you can always mount it from the inside. To do this, the membrane rolls are rolled along the roof and shot at the logs with a construction stapler. In this case, you need to leave deflections for the insulation. The joints are glued with a special double-sided tape.

(3 rated for 4,33 from 5 )

The attic is the room in your house that can carry the most diverse functional load: from a workshop and an office, to a bedroom and a living room. The arrangement of the attic will cost you much less than a full-fledged second floor. And the technology of its construction is more accessible for execution.
In this article, we will consider the types of attics, as well as the stages of building an attic with your own hands.

The attic is a room bounded from below by an interfloor overlap, and from above and on the sides by roof slopes. Depending on the shape of the attic slopes, there can be:

single-level symmetrical with a gable roof (a, b);
single-level symmetrical with a sloping roof (c);
single-level asymmetric (d);
two-level asymmetric (d).

Roof truss structures

If it is not there, or the distance of the wall from the edge of the attic is more than 7 m, hanging-type rafters are mounted. They are made up of the upper part of the roof slope, and below are limited by the ceiling beams of the attic.
Installation of the truss system is the first stage in the construction of the attic. Therefore, before starting its installation, it is necessary to calculate and take into account all the subtleties of this construction. For example, the possibility of arranging an attic floor instead of an existing attic space will depend on the quality of the underlying surface, on the type of foundation and its bearing capacity, as well as on the condition of the entire building as a whole.

However, first you need to familiarize yourself with the terminology presented on the construction drawings.

Stages of construction of the truss frame

First, the upper bar is laid, which can be a section of 0.1x0.1 m, and preferably 0.15x0.15 m. It is attached to the racks with special nails, iron staples or self-tapping screws. This bar is a rafter frame.

We make installation of Mauerlat. It is this element that is the "foundation" of the entire roof. It prevents the roof from tipping over in strong gusty winds, and also shifts the load from the attic to the load-bearing walls of the house. For mounting the power plate, use: boards (thickness not less than 5 cm) and bars (with a minimum section of 10x15 cm). The bars are laid out along the perimeter of the entire roof and attached to the wall with long self-tapping screws or metal brackets (or better, both at the same time). Another method of attaching the Mauerlat to the wall will not be superfluous - using a thick wire, which is mounted in advance in the upper row of the brickwork of the wall. Remember that the stronger you tie the Mauerlat and the wall, the stronger the entire attic structure will be. And one more thing: under the Mauerlat bars, it is necessary to lay a layer of a waterproofing agent, and treat the boards or bars themselves with an antiseptic and waterproofing impregnation.
, which are most often purchased ready-made (although you can make them yourself if you wish). Before mounting these structural elements, it is necessary to put marks on the Mauerlat that will indicate the place where the legs are attached (the accepted distance between the legs is 15 cm). Labeling will simplify and speed up the implementation of this step.
We lay the edge rafters to the pediment. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the edge of the front and the top of the rafters should be in one line. In addition, pay attention to the quality of the board used under the rafters: it should be without any special defects (normally no more than 3 flaws per 1 m), thickness - about 4 cm, width - about 15 cm. After the edge rafters are installed, they are connected by a level rope, along which all other rafter legs are mounted.
It's time to bring all the straps together. This is done along the top point of all rafters using a run. Then the ridge beam is installed, which, in principle, is not an obligatory element of the frame (it is erected when the roof is longer than 7 m).
Do not forget that at the stage of erecting the truss structure, you need to lay window frames under the roof windows.
If the roof is lower than 7 m, then extensions are mounted in the upper part of the rafters, which perform a dual function: they serve as ceiling beams for the future attic, strengthen the frame of the attic roof.

The rafter system is ready. It remains only to make the crate, fix the hydro-barrier material, lay a layer of insulation material, as well as roofing. Mansard roof is ready. We proceed to the internal work, which we will discuss below.

The importance of insulating mansard roofs is undeniable, because. the walls of the attic room are united with the mansard roof, or as close as possible to it. Because of this, the attic room freezes faster in winter, and heats up significantly in summer.

Mineral wool is laid in the space between the rafters. In this regard, the base sheets of insulation are cut to the size of the gaps between the rafters. Sheets of mineral wool are laid on a pre-laid layer of vapor barrier, and a layer of hydro vapor barrier is attached on top of the sheets. In this multilayer structure, air gaps are formed, located between the layers of a vapor barrier-mineral wool and mineral wool - a hydro vapor barrier. These air channels will subsequently contribute to the ventilation of the entire structure, and therefore they must be brought open in the ridge area. This will improve the quality of the insulation.

When insulating the attic, remember that the microclimate of the attic room and the comfort of your stay there will depend on the quality of insulation and the availability of ventilation.

The mansard roof makes it possible to significantly increase the total living area, while financial investments will be minimal. The most common option is a gable broken structure, which is easy to build on your own.

How to make a mansard roof yourself

Under the mansard roof, you can equip rooms for housing. The shape of the building may be different, but in most cases the attic is equipped under a roof with two slopes. The optimal solution, which allows you to get a significant area of \u200b\u200bliving space, is a broken structure.

A sloping roof is the best option for arranging an attic

Drawings and calculations of a mansard type roof

The first step is to decide on the scheme of the frame. Rafters can be layered or hanging type. Sloped rest on the walls of the building. They are mounted in structures where the distance between the walls is less than 6.5 m. Hanging rafters are placed on fillies and Mauerlat. If the width of the spans is large, then the rafter system will need to be reinforced with auxiliary ligaments.

The main condition for the comfortable construction of the attic is the level of the ceilings - it must be above 2.5 m. To ensure such a height, the break line should be placed at a height of more than 2.8 m, taking into account the thickness of the layer of material for insulation and sheathing of the structure. It is also important to consider the thickness of the floor.

An example of a drawing can be seen in the image:

The minimum ceiling height of the mansard roof is 2.5 m

To calculate the expected snow loads, you will need to apply this formula: S \u003d Sg x µ, where S is the snow load, Sg is the weight of the snow cover per 1 m 2 area, µ is a value that depends on the slope of the roof (1.0 - for a flat design with a slope of 25°, 0.7 for a design with a slope of 25-60°).

The parameters Sg and Wo can be found in the relevant SNiP, in the "Rafter systems" section. If the roof has a steep slope, then the snow load can be ignored.

Roof device

The frame structure includes the following details:

mauerlat - a support bar that transfers the load from the rafters to the walls of the building;
racks - supporting parts that support the rafter system in a vertical position;
floor beams - planks that form half of the attic and the ceiling of the lower floor;
rafters - slats that form the main contour of the roof;
runs - horizontal support parts for rafters;
lathing - slats or plywood sheets that are intended for laying roofing material;
filly - planks that are attached along the axis at the bottom of the rafter legs.

The frame consists of a mauerlat, racks, girders, floor beams and other elements

The sloping roof differs from the usual design with two slopes. The difference is that the slopes that are placed opposite each other have a special shape: they do not form a straight line, but consist of several slopes that are fastened to one another at an obtuse angle. The design is also symmetrical.

The extreme part of the rafters is mainly exposed at an angle of about 60 °. Racks for support, which hold the rafters, form the frame structure of the inner walls. The upper part of the rafters is mounted at a small angle, it can be from 15 to 45 °. This makes it possible to reduce the consumption of materials, while maintaining the functional properties of the roof and resistance to snow loads.

Vertical racks, which abut against floor planks, girders and crossbars fastening them, form a parallelepiped. The design limits the dimensions of the attic from the inside. To give the product additional rigidity, struts should be installed between the floor slats and the lower rafter legs.

If the roof span is more than 8 m, then you will need to install struts

After mounting the upper elements to fix the truss and prevent sagging of the crossbars, it is necessary to install suspended support elements - headstocks. For auxiliary fixation of the lower rafter legs, they must be pulled together with racks using tacks. Parts are fastened with nails and bolts.

Stages of self-construction of the attic

If it is decided to make such a design yourself, it is important to provide for the use of such materials in the project:

roofing material;
vapor barrier;
waterproofing;
material for insulation.

The choice of insulation affects such a parameter as the pitch of the rafters. To reduce the amount of heat insulator, it is best to place the rafters so that the slab or mat fits snugly between them. The type of lathing and its pitch will depend on the choice of material for covering the roof. You need to pay attention not only to the choice of high-quality material for insulation, but also to the creation of an effective ventilation system.

Ventilation is equipped by preparing technological gaps

The construction of the rafter system must be carried out using fireproof materials. All parts should be treated with fire protection. You will need to prepare the following elements:

wooden bars with a section of 100x50 mm;
slats 50x150 mm;
unedged boards;
building level;
self-tapping screws;
nails;
steel wire with a diameter of 4–5 mm;
plumb;
roulette;
hacksaw;
axe;
hammer;
sharp knife.

Drafting a project

One of the most important parts of the job is drafting a project. It is very important to analyze the features of the layout of a private house. It is necessary to determine the dimensions and shape of the structure being erected, as well as to provide for the placement of windows and a balcony.

All structural elements should be marked on the project

In the process of drawing up a project, the following requirements must be taken into account:

It is important to decide in advance what height the attic should be. It should be remembered that the distance from the floor base to the highest point of the structure must be at least 0.5 m.
It is recommended to take into account the heating area and the main elements of the interior.
The attic scheme should be expanded. If you plan to install windows, then they must be indicated on the drawing.

Drawing up a drawing must begin with the choice of shape, determining the cross section of the rafter legs and the step of their placement. To determine the size of the rafters, the following parameters must be taken into account:

bias;
roofing material;
climate features in the construction region.

It is also important to provide for the required number of rafters in the project. They can be layered or hanging type.

Rafters can be hanging or layered

At the end, you should determine the number of parts for fixing. In the figure below you can see some of the data needed for the calculation, however, drafting a project is a complex process. This work is recommended to be entrusted to qualified specialists.

Mauerlat installation

The device of the mansard roof rafter system should be selected based on the type of roof, as well as on the prepared project of the attic. A simple option is a design with two slopes.

The main details of the roof truss system with two slopes are:

linear elements (column, bar system, beam);
planar details (plate, flooring, panel);
spatial elements (arch, shell, three-dimensional detail).

Before performing work, you will need to dry the wood thoroughly. The first step is the marking and installation of the Mauerlat. It is attached to the walls of the building. The part can be made from a bar or a powerful rail. If it is planned to build a roof with two slopes, then the Mauerlat is laid on the long walls of the building. The element is necessary not only for reliable fixation of the lower part of the rafters, but also for the correct division of the load on the walls and the main part of the building.

To fix the Mauerlat, metal studs should be used, which are mounted in a monolithic concrete beam.

To fix the Mauerlat, you need to install metal studs

The beam should be carried out in the upper part of the wall. It is also possible to use steel wire embedded in brickwork.

To fix the Mauerlat to the upper crown of the wooden wall, you need to use wooden dowels. auerlat requires high-quality waterproofing of timber timber. Therefore, it is necessary to use roofing felt or other material with a water-repellent property.

Before installing the Mauerlat, the base must be covered with roofing material

Mauerlat installation is required if it is planned to erect a roof frame, the rafters of which rest against the upper part of the wall with beveled ends or prepared cutouts.

If you plan to make an attic, the width of which corresponds to the width of the building, the rafter legs should rest with their lower ends against the extended support parts. As supports, it is possible to use powerful beams laid across long walls. The number of supporting elements corresponds to the number of rafters. The beams must be fixed to the walls in the same way as the Mauerlat.

Sequencing:

Frame construction

The frame of the mansard roof consists of floor beams, rafters, girders and racks

Softwood bars 200x100 mm are often used as a material. Floor slats are placed on top of the Mauerlat with a 30–50 cm indent beyond the surface of the walls or in prepared grooves in the masonry. In the first case, the parts are fixed with the help of corners and self-tapping screws.

Fixing the beam to the Mauerlat can be done using steel corners

To make an even overlap, the strips should be installed in this sequence:

First of all, the extreme details are laid according to the level.
Next, pull the cord and install intermediate elements along it.
The step of the beams should be from 60 to 100 cm. A distance of 60 cm makes it possible to mount insulation boards without sawing.
To level the beams in height, they can be hemmed. Another option is to use plank linings.
If the beams are inserted into prepared pockets, their extreme parts must be treated with liquid waterproofing and wrapped with roofing material.

Racks must be placed on the extreme slats:

After installing the racks, crossbars and girders, you can get a reliable design that will limit the interior rooms of the attic. To increase its strength, in the future it should be fixed with struts and tacks.

Installation of rafters

At this stage, the installation of the lower rafters is carried out:

After that, the upper elements are installed:

The first step is to mark the central part of the roof. This can be done using a rack that was previously attached to the Mauerlat and puff from the end of the roof. The extreme part of the board should run along the center of the roof. On this board you need to align the rafter legs.
Next, you need to prepare a template from a 150x25 mm rail. It should be applied to the extreme part of the mounted rail at the required level and to the run on which the lower rafter legs will rest.
You should mark the top and bottom cuts and cut out the template. The device is applied in turn to two sides of the roof. This will make it possible to check the accuracy of the layout of the central part. If the rows of racks are placed in parallel, then there will be no difficulties in fixing the upper elements - they will have identical dimensions.
According to the preparation, it is necessary to prepare the required number of rafters. The parts are placed on the runs and connected in the upper parts with the help of overhead iron plates or scraps of planks. In the latter case, self-tapping screws are used as fasteners. In the run, the rafters rest against the cuts and are seized with iron corners. In order for the parts to stand straight, they are fastened with struts mounted on the bottom of the puffs. All rafters are installed in this way.
Suspension racks are fixed - pieces of planks 150x25 mm. The upper part of the rail is attached at the place where the rafters are fixed, the lower part is attached to the tightening.

Video: mansard roof truss system

Installation of struts and gables

Sequencing:

Construction lathing

The crate is needed for:

distribution and transfer of the weight of the roofing material to the rafters;
performing additional fastening of the rafter system;
grounds for fixing roofing material.

The crate can be made in one or two layers, solid or with a vacuum.

The crate can be solid or with a vacuum

The installation method depends on what material is planned to be used to cover the structure. If a roof of slate or metal tiles is being erected, the lathing should be made of slats, which are attached to the bars of the rafter legs with nails. In this case, the installation step of adjacent planks can be 27–30 cm.

A solid crate is used in the case of fastening soft material in rolls.

A solid crate is necessary for a soft roof

In this case, moisture-resistant plywood sheets or particle boards can be used. It is allowed to use pine wood material - edged planks.

It is important to take into account the fact that when constructing such a crate, the material to be laid must follow the contours of the outer base. Therefore, the frame structure must be strong and leveled.

In the process of laying out the material, you should use a cord with which the slats or slabs will lie flat. Parts must be placed parallel to each other. Before fixing, the material must be treated with an antiseptic composition to protect it from decay, fungus and dampness. The blanks must be even and of high quality. It is recommended to give preference to wood grades 1 and 2. It should not have knots. To prevent the boards from warping, they must first be dried.

The sequence of actions for installing the crate:

Mansard roof waterproofing

The material for the roof does not have thermal insulation properties, so you will need to prepare a quality material that will be environmentally friendly for human health. Quite often, mineral wool or glass wool is used. Both materials have excellent sound and heat insulation parameters. It is also important to consider that if the roof is made of metal, when the insulation gets wet, all its qualities can be reduced to zero. Therefore, it is important to carefully consider the device design.

It will not work to insulate the attic without laying waterproofing material, so the process should be considered as a whole. Step by step guide to waterproofing a structure:

Practice has shown that it is better to protect the insulation with the help of modern materials, for example, Tyvek or Izospan. The use of ordinary polyethylene film gives a poor result, as condensation may appear. Experienced craftsmen believe that it is not necessary to waterproof the structure with roofing material.

Before proceeding to work, it is necessary to decide on the heat-insulating material.

Mineral wool is a fairly popular material used for roof insulation.

The most commonly used heat insulators are:

glass wool;
mineral wool;
Styrofoam;
foamed glass;
wood shavings;
straw.

It is necessary to choose a material taking into account four parameters.

Thermal conductivity index. For roof insulation, 0.05 W/m*K or less is optimal.
Water resistance. The higher the score, the better.
Fire resistant.
Environmental Safety.

The insulating qualities of mineral wool deteriorate significantly after a while. Also, the material can be damaged under the influence of mechanical loads. However, mineral wool has a low cost, so the material is used quite often. Polyfoam is not afraid of water and has excellent thermal insulation characteristics. If you plan to build a house only from environmentally friendly materials, then you can use foam glass or straw.

Roof insulation step by step guide:

Laying roofing material and installation of window openings

As an example, the installation of metal tiles will be considered, since this material is used quite often:

The number of windows is determined by the ratio of the usable glazing area to the floor base 1:10. For example, if the attic area is 100 m 2, then the glazing should be approximately 10 m 2. When installing windows, it is necessary to take into account such nuances:

Attic decoration

The interior decoration of the attic can be done with wood or plasterboard sheets. If the latter option is used, then after installation, the sheets must be pasted over with wallpaper or painted with water-based paint. In some cases, the attic is divided into several rooms. This can be done using plasterboard partitions.

If you plan to use the attic often, then the floor and walls can be additionally insulated. This can be done using, for example, mineral wool.

Interesting design options for the attic room

The attic can be made cozy by symmetrically placing sofas on both sides In the attic, you can place a long sofa In the attic, you can arrange a place to relax by hanging a hammock In the attic, you can make not only a living space, but also a bathroom On the attic floor, you can even make a kitchen If on the territory there is no way to place a hammock, then this can be done on the attic floor One of the parts of the attic can be completely glazed The attic can be a great place to create a home library The walls of the attic can be faced with brick In the attic you can equip a full-fledged living room On the attic floor you can equip a relaxation room If the house is located in a beautiful area, the roof can be made panoramic The bed can be placed facing the window In the attic you can make a bedroom with high ceilings In the attic you can place a hanging chair. This will make the roof more comfortable

Video: making a mansard roof

Recently, a mansard-type roof is quite popular among owners of private houses. In order to feel all the positive aspects of living in a building of this type, it is required to pay due attention to the insulation of the building.

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