Typical wiring of water and heating in a nine-story building. Heating of an apartment building

When designing large-scale heating systems (in particular, calculations for adjusting the heating system apartment building and its full functioning), external and internal factors of equipment operation are given special attention. Several heating schemes for central heating have been developed and successfully applied in practice, differing from each other in structure, parameters of the working fluid and piping schemes in apartment buildings.

What are the types of heating systems in an apartment building

Depending on the installation of the heat generator or the location of the boiler room:

Heating schemes depending on the parameters of the working fluid:

Based on the piping diagram:

Functioning of the heating system of an apartment building

Autonomous heating systems of a multi-storey residential building perform one function - the timely transportation of the heated coolant and its adjustment for each consumer. To enable general management according to the scheme, a single distribution unit with elements for adjusting the parameters of the coolant, combined with a heat generator, is mounted in the house.

Autonomous heating system storey building necessarily includes the following nodes and components:

The route of the pipeline through which the working fluid is delivered to apartments and premises. As already mentioned, the piping layout in high-rise buildings can be single or double circuit;
KPiA - control devices and equipment that reflects the parameters of the coolant, regulates its characteristics and takes into account all its changing properties (flow rate, pressure, inflow rate, chemical composition);
A distribution unit that distributes heated coolant through pipe lines.

Practical residential heating scheme high-rise building includes a set of documentation: project, drawings, calculations. All documentation for heating in apartment building is compiled by responsible executive services (design bureaus) in strict accordance with GOST and SNiP. It is the responsibility of the management company, as well as its repair or complete replacement of the heating system in a multi-carriage house.

How does the heating system work in an apartment building

The normal operation of the heating of an apartment building depends on compliance with the basic parameters of the equipment and the coolant - pressure, temperature, wiring diagram. According to the accepted standards, the main parameters must be observed within the following limits:

For an apartment building with a height of not more than 5 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 2-4.0 atm;
For an apartment building with a height of 9 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 5-7 atm;
The spread of temperature values for all heating schemes operating in residential premises is +18 0 C / +22 0 C. The temperature in radiators on landings and in technical rooms-+15 0 C.

The choice of piping in a five-story or multi-story building depends on the number of floors, total area building, and the heat output of the heating system, taking into account the quality or availability of thermal insulation of all surfaces. In this case, the difference in pressure between the first and ninth floors should not be more than 10%.

Single pipe wiring

The most economical variant of pipe wiring is according to a single-loop scheme. A single-pipe circuit works more efficiently in low-rise buildings and with a small heating area. As a water (and not steam) heating system, single-pipe wiring has been used since the beginning of the 50s of the last century, in the so-called "Khrushchev". The coolant in such a wiring flows through several risers to which apartments are connected, while the entrance for all risers is one, which makes the installation of the route simple and fast, but uneconomical due to heat losses at the end of the circuit.

Since the return line is physically absent, and its role is played by the working fluid supply pipe, this gives rise to a number of negative points in the operation of the system:

The room warms up unevenly, and the temperature in each individual room depends on the distance of the radiator to the point of intake of the working fluid. With such a dependence, the temperature on distant batteries will always be lower;
Manual or automatic temperature control on heaters is not possible, but bypasses can be installed in the Leningradka circuit, which allows you to connect or disconnect additional radiators;
It is difficult to balance a single-pipe heating scheme, since this is only possible when shut-off valves and thermal valves are included in the circuit, which, if the coolant parameters change, can cause the entire heating system of a three-story or higher house to fail.

In new buildings, a single-pipe scheme has not been implemented for a long time, since it is almost impossible to effectively control and account for the flow of coolant for each apartment. The difficulty lies precisely in the fact that for each apartment in the "Khrushchev" there can be up to 5-6 risers, which means that you need to embed the same number of water meters or hot water meters.

A correctly drawn up estimate for heating a multi-storey building with a one-pipe system should include not only the cost of Maintenance, but also the modernization of pipelines - the replacement of individual components with more efficient ones.

Two-pipe wiring

This heating scheme is more efficient, since in it the cooled working fluid is taken in through a separate pipe - the return pipe. The nominal diameter of the heat carrier return pipes is chosen the same as for the supply heating main.

The double-circuit heating system is designed so that the water that has given off heat to the premises of the apartment is fed back to the boiler through a separate pipe, which means it does not mix with the supply and does not take the temperature from the coolant delivered to the radiators. In the boiler, the cooled working fluid is heated up again and sent to the supply pipe of the system. When drawing up a project and during the operation of heating, the following number of features should be taken into account:

You can regulate the temperature and pressure in the heating main in any individual apartment, or in a common heating main. To adjust the parameters of the system, mixing units crash into the pipe;
When carrying out repair or maintenance work, the system does not need to be turned off - the necessary sections are cut off with shutoff valves, and the faulty circuit is repaired, while the remaining sections work and move heat around the house. This is the principle of operation, and the advantage of a two-pipe system over the others.

The pressure parameters in the heating pipes in an apartment building depend on the number of floors, but lie in the range of 3-5 atm, which should ensure the delivery of heated water to all floors without exception. In high-rise buildings, to lift the coolant to the last floors, intermediate pumping stations. Radiators for any heating systems are selected according to design calculations, and must withstand the required pressure and maintain the specified temperature regime.

Heating system

The layout of the heating pipes in a multi-storey building plays an important role in maintaining the specified parameters of the equipment and the working fluid. So, the upper wiring of the heating system is more often used in low-rise buildings, the lower one - in high-rise buildings. The method of delivery of the coolant - centralized or autonomous - can also affect the reliable operation of heating in the house.

In overwhelming cases, they make a connection to the central heating system. This allows you to reduce the current costs in the estimate for heating a multi-storey building. But in practice, the level of quality of such services remains extremely low. Therefore, if there is a choice, preference is given to autonomous heating multi-storey building.

Modern new buildings are connected to mini-boiler rooms or to centralized heating, and these schemes work so efficiently that it makes no sense to change the connection method to an autonomous one or another one (common house or apartment). But the autonomous scheme gives preference to apartment or house-wide heat distribution. When installing heating in each apartment, an autonomous (independent) piping is performed, a separate boiler is installed in the apartment, control and metering devices are also installed separately for each apartment.

When organizing a common house wiring, it is necessary to build or install a common boiler room with its own specific requirements:

Several boilers must be installed - gas or electric, so that in case of an accident it is possible to duplicate the operation of the system;
Only a double-circuit pipeline route is carried out, the plan of which is drawn up in the design process. Such a system is regulated for each apartment separately, since the settings can be individual;
A schedule of planned preventive and repair activities is required.

In a common building heating system, control and accounting of heat consumption is carried out on an apartment-by-apartment basis. In practice, this means that a meter is installed on each coolant supply pipe from the main riser.

Centralized heating for an apartment building

If you connect the pipes to the central heating system, then what will be the difference in the wiring diagram? The main working unit of the heat supply circuit is the elevator, which stabilizes the liquid parameters within the specified values. This is necessary because of the long length of heating mains in which heat is lost. The elevator unit normalizes the temperature and pressure: for this, the water pressure in the heat point increases to 20 atm, which automatically increases the coolant temperature to +120 0 C. But, since such characteristics of the liquid medium for pipes are unacceptable, the elevator normalizes them to acceptable values.

The heating point (elevator unit) functions both in a two-circuit heating scheme and in single pipe system heating of an apartment high-rise building. The functions that it will perform with this connection: Reduce the working pressure of the liquid using an elevator. The cone valve changes the flow of fluid into the distribution system.

Conclusion

When drawing up a project for heating, do not forget that the estimate for the installation and connection of centralized heating to an apartment building differs from the cost of organizing an autonomous system downwards.

To meet the heating needs of residents of high-rise buildings, district heating systems are well suited. District heating involves the transfer of heated coolant from the boiler house through a network connected to a multi-storey building insulated pipes. Centralized boiler houses have sufficient efficiency and make it possible to combine low operating costs and acceptable indicators of heat supply efficiency multi-storey buildings.

But in order for the efficiency of central heating to be at the proper level, the heating scheme in an apartment building is drawn up by professionals in their field - heating engineers. The fundamental principles by which a house heating scheme is designed are to achieve maximum heating efficiency at minimum cost resources.

Contractors and builders are interested in providing apartment owners with a reliable and productive heat supply system, so the heating scheme for a multi-storey building is developed taking into account the current cost of heat resources, heat output indicators of heating devices, their energy efficiency and the optimal sequence of connection to the circuit.

Any scheme for heating an apartment building is fundamentally different from the method and sequence of connecting heating devices in private homes. It has a more complex structure and ensures that even in severe frosts, residents of apartments on all floors will be provided with heat and will not face such troubles as air-filled radiators, cold spots, leaks, water hammer and frozen walls.

A well-designed heating system for an apartment building, the scheme for which is developed individually, ensures that optimal conditions are maintained inside the apartments.

In particular, the temperature in winter will be at the level of 20-22 degrees, and relative humidity will be about 40%. To achieve such indicators, not only the basic heating scheme is important, but also high-quality insulation of apartments, which prevents heat from escaping to the street through cracks in walls, roofs and window openings.

Schema Design

On the initial stage heating specialists are working on the development of the heating scheme, who carry out a series of calculations and achieve the same efficiency indicators of the heating system on all floors of the building. They draw up an axonometric diagram of the heating system, which is used later by installers. Correct calculations made by specialists guarantee that the designed heating system will be characterized by optimal coolant pressure, which will not lead to water hammer and interruptions in operation.

Inclusion in the heating scheme of the elevator unit

The central heating scheme of an apartment building prepared by heat engineers assumes that a coolant of an acceptable temperature will flow into the radiators located in the apartment. However, at the outlet of the boiler room, the water temperature can exceed 100 degrees. To achieve cooling of the coolant by mixing cold water, the return line and the supply line are connected elevator node.

A reasonable layout of the heating elevator allows the node to perform a number of functions. The main function of the unit is direct participation in the heat exchange process, since the hot coolant, getting into it, is dosed and mixed with the injected coolant from the return. As a result, the unit allows you to achieve optimal results in matters of mixing hot coolant from the boiler room and cooled water from the return. After that, the prepared coolant of the optimum temperature is supplied to the apartments.

Design features of the circuit

An efficient heating system in an apartment building, the scheme of which requires competent calculations, also implies the use of many other structural elements. Immediately after the elevator unit, special valves are integrated into the heating system that regulate the supply of coolant. They help control the heating process of the entire house and individual entrances, however, only employees of utility companies have access to these devices.

In the heating circuit, in addition to thermal valves, more sensitive devices are used to adjust and adjust the heating.

We are talking about devices that increase the performance of the heating system and allow you to achieve maximum automation of the heating process at home. These are devices such as collectors, thermostats, automation, heat meters, etc.

Piping layout

While heat engineers are discussing the optimal scheme for heating a central heating house, the issue of competent piping in the house is being raised. In modern multi-storey buildings, the heating distribution scheme can be implemented according to one of two possible patterns.

Single pipe connection

The first template provides for a single-pipe connection with an upper or lower wiring and is the most used option when equipping multi-storey buildings with heating appliances. At the same time, the location of the return and supply is not strictly regulated and may vary depending on external conditions - the region in which the house is built, its layout, number of storeys and construction. The direct direction of movement of the coolant along the risers can also change. The variant of the movement of heated water in the direction from bottom to top or from top to bottom is provided.

It is distinguished by simple installation, affordable cost, reliability and long service life, however, it also has a number of shortcomings. Among them, the loss of coolant temperature during movement along the circuit and low efficiency indicators.

In practice, various devices can be used in order to compensate for the shortcomings that distinguish a single-pipe heating scheme, while a beam system can be an effective solution to the problem. It is designed to use a collector that helps regulate temperature conditions.

Two-pipe connection

The two-pipe connection is the second version of the template. The two-pipe heating scheme of a five-story building (as an example) is devoid of the disadvantages described above, and has a completely different design than a single-pipe one. When implementing this scheme, the heated water from the radiator does not move to the next heater in the circuit, but immediately enters check valve and sent to the boiler room for heating. Thus, it is possible to avoid the loss of temperature of the coolant circulating along the contour of a multi-storey building.

The complexity of the connection, which involves heating batteries in the apartment, makes the implementation of this type of heating a long and laborious process, requiring large material and physical costs. Maintenance of the system is also not cheap, but at the same time, the high cost is offset by high-quality and uniform heating of the house on all floors.

Among the advantages that a two-pipe scheme for connecting heating batteries gives, it is worth highlighting the possibility of installing a special device on each radiator in the circuit - a heat meter. It allows you to control the temperature of the coolant in the battery, and using it in the apartment, the owner will achieve significant results in saving money on payment utilities, because he will be able to independently regulate the heating if necessary.

Connecting radiators to the system

After the method of piping is chosen, heating batteries are connected to the circuit, while the scheme regulates the connection procedure and the type of radiators used. On the this stage the heating scheme of a three-story house will not radically differ from the heating scheme of a high-rise building.

Since the central heating system is characterized by stable operation, versatility and has an acceptable ratio of temperature and pressure of the coolant, the connection scheme for heating radiators in an apartment may involve the use of batteries made of various metals. In multi-storey buildings, cast iron, bimetallic, aluminum and can be used, which will complement the central heating system and provide apartment owners with the opportunity to live in comfortable temperature conditions.

Final stage of work

At the last stage, the radiators are connected, while their inner diameter and the volume of sections is calculated taking into account the type of supply and the rate of cooling of the coolant. Since central heating is complex system interconnected components, it is quite difficult to replace radiators or repair jumpers in a particular apartment, because dismantling any element can cause interruptions in the heat supply of the whole house.

Therefore, apartment owners using for heating central heating, it is not recommended to independently carry out any manipulations with radiators and the piping system, since the slightest intervention can turn into a serious problem.

In general, a well-designed, productive scheme for heating a residential apartment building allows you to achieve good performance in matters of heat supply and heating.

The simplest climate network of a private house consists of a heating boiler, heating radiators and pipes connecting these elements into a closed ring through which the coolant circulates. However, the heating systems of multi-storey buildings are arranged in a completely different way, which must be taken into account when repairing or modernizing its component located in the apartment. Otherwise, problems with neighbors and housing office will not be avoided.

Scheme of arrangement of heating with a central supply of coolant

House distribution node

The heating system in an apartment building begins with shutoff valves, which are installed on the pipe connecting the pipelines in the basement with the supply and exhaust heat mains (instruction fixed by SNiP 41-01-2003).

Note!
This moment is very important for housing and communal services workers and the organization supplying heat.
It is on this valve that their powers are delimited: the organization providing heating services is responsible for the safety and operability of external communications, the housing office or condominiums should worry about the health of the internal one.

In the photo - an elevator heating unit

After the stopcock, there is various equipment necessary to ensure the circulation of the coolant and hot water through the apartments located on all floors of the house. Its list and description are given in the table.

Distribution node detail	Description
Hot water connections	Immediately after the tap that shuts off the coolant supply, pipes are mounted for connection to hot water pipes. One or two tie-ins may be present (respectively for one-pipe or two-pipe scheme). In the latter case, the pipes are interconnected by a jumper, which ensures constant pressure and circulation of water in hot water pipes and heated towel rails mounted in bathrooms.
Heating elevator	This is the main element of the climate network, without which the heating system of a multi-storey building with a centralized supply of heat carrier cannot exist. It consists of a nozzle and a bell, which create high blood pressure. Thanks to him, the liquid reaches the top (in the attic). In addition, there may also be a suction, which involves the coolant coming from the return into the recycle.
gate valves	They are used to cut off the heating circuit of apartments from the common piping system. In winter, for obvious reasons, they are open, in summer they are blocked.
Drain valve	It is installed in the lower parts of the pipeline and serves to discharge the coolant in the summer or, if necessary, repair the elements of the heating network located in the house.
Connecting pipeline with shutoff valves	At the bottom of the heating system, a pipe is installed that connects the heating system to the cold water supply pipes. It is necessary to fill heating radiators in the summer in order to prevent the formation of corrosion centers in batteries.

Adjustment of the heating system of an apartment building is carried out by changing the diameter of the heating elevator nozzle. By closing and opening the corresponding valve, the housing and communal services worker accelerates or slows down the circulation of the coolant in the heating system, due to which the temperature in the radiators changes.

Supply and discharge pipelines

Next important element heating systems for apartment buildings - risers that supply water to each floor of the house and drain the cooled coolant that has flowed through the batteries installed in the dwellings.

There are two main schemes:

The coolant is supplied through one pipe and removed through another. These main risers, located at different ends of the house, are interconnected on each floor by jumpers, through which liquid flows, getting into all the batteries along the way. This is how the heating system of an old multi-apartment 5-storey building is organized.

Subsequently, such a scheme was abandoned, since it makes it difficult to completely discharge the coolant. When airing pipes or radiators in an apartment, remove all water from horizontal sections piping is very difficult.

water through vertical pipe is fed to the attic, after which it goes down, flowing from the battery to the battery, starting from the top floor, ending with the bottom.

Note!
Both of these water distribution schemes have one significant drawback - a connecting jumper located in the attic or technical floor.
It is necessary to release air through the air valve, but leads to quite significant heat losses, which reduces the efficiency of the climate system as a whole.

Given that the technical levels of apartment buildings (attics and basements) are not heated, there is a danger of the coolant freezing in the event of a heating system failure.

To avoid this, the following design features of heating risers are provided:

Slope of horizontal jumpers. If you correctly observe the height difference of the pipelines provided for by SNiP, during the descent of the coolant, all the liquid from their pipes leaves and the formation of ice that can break pipes and radiators is completely excluded.
Heating of technical floors. Although there are no heating radiators in the attic and basement, the pipes themselves, despite the glass wool or mineral fiber covering them, still heat the air, so the coolant will not immediately cool down after an emergency stop of heating.
Great inertia. The upper and lower jumpers of the risers are rather large pipes in diameter (more than 50 mm). Their cooling after the cessation of the heat supply does not occur immediately. Due to this, the water in them does not have time to freeze.

In general, the scheme currently used with the upper distribution of the coolant is quite effective, although it has some operating features:

Starting the heating system in operation is as simple as possible. It is enough to open the shut-off valves that block the access of water, and the air valve in the attic. After filling the pipes with water, the latter is blocked to prevent loss of coolant. This concludes the launch of the climate network.
On the contrary, turning off the heating and emergency discharge of the coolant is difficult. You must first find the desired pipe on the top floor, close the valves there, and then open the tap on the lower section of the riser.
With vertical distribution, heat distribution is uneven (although the price of heating services is the same). The fact is that the upper apartments receive a hotter coolant, which warms up the apartment better. To compensate for this, in the apartments below it is necessary to install heating radiators with big amount sections.

Heat exchangers in apartments

If you did not replace heating devices in a city apartment with your own hands, then its heating is carried out by one of two devices:

Cast iron battery. It has a small heat dissipation, significant inertia, huge weight and not at all aesthetic. appearance. On the other hand, this device can be used with a coolant of any quality. Cast iron is practically not subject to corrosion and can last more than 50 years with periodic cleaning of internal deposits.

Steel pipe with heat exchanger plates. This heating device was installed in connection with the savings in the construction of houses and does not hold water.

Now the best option for a heating system with a central coolant supply, it is rightly considered bimetal radiators heating.

These devices consist of:

steel frame through which the coolant flows;
aluminum heat exchanger, put on the frame - it increases heat transfer and gives the battery an attractive appearance.

Inside, they prevent corrosion (unlike all-aluminum heating radiators) and give the radiator strength, protecting it from hydraulic and pneumatic shocks, which are not uncommon for centralized heating systems.

Another positive aspect of using a bimetallic device is high power. This makes it possible to use fewer sections.

The only drawback is the high cost. Described heating units are among the most expensive among all currently existing heating equipment.

Note!
If there are control valves on the inlet pipes of your batteries - taps, thermostats, chokes, and so on - it is imperative to equip a bypass (a jumper between the inlet and outlet pipes of the battery).
Otherwise, the thermostat will control the volume of coolant not only in your battery, but also in all apartments located below, which is unlikely to please the neighbors.

Features of hot water systems

The organization that heats apartment buildings is also in charge of supplying hot water to consumers.

Like the climate system, this engineering network has some distinctive features:

Heating of hot water and heat carrier during the heating period is carried out centrally. Most often, the same pipelines are used to supply both fluids. To separate the flow, shut-off valves located in the basement are used.

The hot water supply system may have one or two pipes. The latter scheme is more preferable, as it avoids the overrun of water that occurs in a single-pipe system when a tap is opened (each consumer waits for the cooled water to merge and hot water to start flowing).
Often, radiators installed in the bathroom and used to dry towels are connected to the hot water pipeline. It's not very successful scheme, since the heated towel rail remains hot in the summer, making it uncomfortable to be in the bathroom.

Advice!
Solving this problem is simple.
During repairs or when replacing heating equipment in an apartment, shut-off valves must be placed on the inlet and outlet pipes.
Don't forget to set up a bypass.

Because of hot water is supplied through heating pipes, it is often turned off in the summer. This is necessary for carrying out preventive maintenance on the main equipment of heating networks.

Output

The heating system of apartment buildings with a centralized coolant supply is fundamentally different from individual climate networks. Unqualified intervention and modernization can not only worsen the quality of heating for neighbors, but also lead to complete obstruction of pipelines.

Therefore, when performing any work, you must strictly follow the prescribed rules or use the services of qualified specialists. You can learn more about the engineering networks of high-rise buildings from the video posted in this article.

Most often, for many years, using such a blessing as a modern centralized heating system, we are absolutely not interested in how it works and how it works. More precisely, we are not interested in this as long as her work suits us. But imagine the situation - almost all the residents of your house are not satisfied with the heating system, and everyone is ready to connect separate autonomous systems in their apartments. In this case, the question arises - how did everything work before, and whether the apartments can be heated independently of each other. Of course, in this case, it will be necessary to calculate the heating in an apartment building, draw up a project - all this is done by special services.

In fact, during the construction of any house, regardless of the number of floors in the past few years (or even decades), the same enough simple circuit building heating. That is, both in a three-story and in a twelve-story house, the same schemes for creating a heating system are used. Of course, there may be minor differences that the design of the heating system of an apartment building implies, but in most cases the identity is complete.

What is the scheme of the heating system of a multi-storey building?

At a certain stage of construction, a special thermal route is installed in the house. A certain number of thermal valves are mounted on it, from which the process of powering the heating units takes place in the future. The number of valves (and nodes, respectively) directly depends on the number of floors (risers) and apartments in the house. The next element after the introductory valve is a sump. It is not uncommon for two of these system elements to be installed at once. If the project of the house provides for a Khrushchev heating scheme open type, this requires the installation of a valve on the hot water supply after the sump, which is necessary for the emergency removal of the coolant from the system. These valves are installed by means of a tie-in. There are two mounting options - on the coolant supply pipe, or on the return pipe.

Some complexity and abundance of elements of the central heating system are caused by the fact that it uses highly heated water as a coolant. In fact, only the increased pressure in the pipes of the system through which it moves prevents the liquid from turning into steam.

If the supplied water has a very high temperature, it becomes necessary to use hot water from the waste. This is due to the fact that in the areas that produce the outflow of the spent coolant, the pressure is much lower than in the supply ones. After the temperature of the coolant drops to a normal level, the liquid again enters the system from the supply.

It should be noted that most often the heating unit is made in a small closed room, which can only be entered by representatives of the utility company serving this heating system. This is due to safety requirements and is applicable in almost all modern multi-storey buildings.

Of course, the question involuntarily arises - if the temperature of the coolant in the system often reaches a critical point, then why are the batteries in apartments, basically, a little warm? In fact, everything is pretty banal.

Only the scheme of operation of the system provides for a certain number of elements that will protect the system at an elevated temperature of the coolant.

However, quite often utility companies simply save fuel by heating the coolant to a level that is extremely far from what is actually required. In addition, very often during the installation of the system, due to the negligence of workers, gross errors are made, which later cause severe heat loss.

Of course, few people have heard the term "elevator node" before. It can be safely called an injector, which includes a nine-story heating circuit panel house or houses with fewer floors. After all, it is into it through a special nozzle that the coolant heated almost to the limit enters. Here, the return water is injected, after which the liquid begins to actively circulate in the heating system. As a matter of fact, after the coolant and the return have entered the system through the elevator assembly, they get the temperature that we feel when we touch the battery.

Often, depending on the plan, which implies an apartment building heating project, on thermal node valves can be installed various types. In many ways, their appearance depends on how many rooms should be heated, whether this unit is involved in heating one riser (entrance) or the entire house. In addition, sometimes, in addition to valves, an additional manifold is installed, on which, in turn, locking elements are fixed. Often a separate section of the introductory system is used to install meters. Most often, one metering device is used for one entrance.

The principle of building a heating system

Speaking about the principle of operation of the heating scheme for multi-storey buildings, a few words should be said about its construction. It's actually quite simple. Most modern houses a single-pipe centralized heating scheme is used for a five-story house or a house with a smaller / larger number of floors. That is, the heating scheme of a 5-storey building is a single (for one entrance) riser, in which the coolant can be supplied both from below and from above.

In this case, there are two options for the location of the supply element - in the attic or in the basement. Return pipes are always laid in the basement.

In accordance with the location of the supply element, two types of coolant orientation are also distinguished. So, provided that the supply pipes are located in the basement, it goes oncoming traffic coolant. And if the supply element is in the attic, then it is a passing direction.

Many are interested in how the radiator area is determined for a particular room. In fact, everything is quite simple - it is only necessary to take into account the cooling rate of the coolant (water) used.

Most of us mistakenly believe that the higher the house, the more complicated and confusing the heating scheme of a multi-storey building is. But this is a wrong opinion. In fact, in general, the number of apartments that need to be heated affects the calculation of heating in an apartment building.

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An apartment in a multi-storey building is urban alternative private houses, and in apartments lives very a large number of of people. The popularity of city apartments is not strange, because they have everything a person needs for a comfortable stay: heating, sewerage and hot water supply. And if the last two points do not need special introduction, then the heating scheme of a multi-storey building requires detailed consideration. From the point of view of design features, the centralized one has a number of differences from autonomous structures, which allows it to provide the house with thermal energy in the cold season.

Features of the heating system of apartment buildings

When installing heating equipment in multi-storey buildings, it is imperative to comply with the requirements established by regulatory documentation, which includes SNiP and GOST. These documents indicate that the heating structure should provide a constant temperature in the apartments within the range of 20-22 degrees, and the humidity should vary from 30 to 45 percent.

Despite the existence of standards, many houses, especially old ones, do not meet these indicators. If this is the case, then first of all you need to deal with the installation of thermal insulation and change the heating devices, and only then contact the heat supply company. The heating of a three-story house, the scheme of which is shown in the photo, can be cited as an example of a good heating scheme.

To achieve the required parameters, use complex structure requiring quality equipment. When creating a project for the heating system of an apartment building, specialists use all their knowledge to achieve an even distribution of heat in all sections of the heating main and create a comparable pressure on each tier of the building. One of the integral elements of the work of such a design is the work on a superheated coolant, which provides for the heating scheme of a three-story house or other skyscrapers.

How it works? Water comes directly from the thermal power plant and is heated to 130-150 degrees. In addition, the pressure is increased to 6-10 atmospheres, so the formation of steam is impossible - high pressure will drive water through all floors of the house without loss. The temperature of the liquid in the return pipeline in this case can reach 60-70 degrees. Of course, in different time year, the temperature regime may change, since it is directly related to the ambient temperature.

Purpose and principle of operation of the elevator unit

It was said above that the water in the heating system of a multi-storey building is heated to 130 degrees. But consumers do not need such a temperature, and it is absolutely pointless to heat the batteries to such a value, regardless of the number of storeys: the heating system nine-story building in this case will not differ from any other. Everything is explained quite simply: the heating supply in multi-storey buildings is completed by a device that goes into the return circuit, which is called an elevator unit. What is the meaning of this node, and what functions are assigned to it?

The coolant heated to a high temperature enters, which, according to the principle of its operation, is similar to a dosing injector. It is after this process that the liquid carries out heat exchange. Leaving through the elevator nozzle, the coolant under high pressure out through the return line.

In addition, through the same channel, the liquid enters the heating system for recirculation. All these processes together make it possible to mix the coolant, bringing it to optimal temperature, which is enough to heat all apartments. The use of an elevator node in the scheme allows you to provide the highest quality heating in high-rise buildings, regardless of the number of storeys.

Design features of the heating circuit

There are different valves in the heating circuit behind the elevator unit. Their role cannot be underestimated, since they make it possible to regulate heating in individual entrances or in the whole house. Most often, the adjustment of the valves is carried out manually by employees of the heat supply company, if such a need arises.

Often used in modern buildings additional elements, such as collectors, thermal and other equipment. IN last years almost every heating system in high-rise buildings is equipped with automation to minimize human intervention in the operation of the structure (read: ""). All the details described make it possible to achieve better performance, increase efficiency and make it possible to more evenly distribute thermal energy for all apartments.

Piping in a multi-storey building

As a rule, in multi-storey buildings, a single-pipe wiring diagram with top or bottom filling is used. The location of the forward and return pipes can vary depending on many factors, including even the region where the building is located. For example, the heating circuit in five-story building will be structurally different from heating in three-story buildings.

When designing a heating system, all these factors are taken into account, and the most successful scheme is created that allows you to bring all the parameters to the maximum. The project may involve various options pouring the coolant: from the bottom up or vice versa. In individual houses, universal risers are installed, which ensure the rotation of the movement of the coolant.

Types of radiators for heating apartment buildings

In multi-storey buildings, there is no single rule that allows the use of a specific type of radiator, so the choice is not particularly limited. The heating scheme of a multi-storey building is quite versatile and has a good balance between temperature and pressure.

The main models of radiators used in apartments include the following devices:

Cast iron batteries. Often used even in the most modern buildings. They are cheap and very easy to install: as a rule, apartment owners install this type of radiator on their own.
Steel heaters. This option is a logical continuation of the development of new heating devices. Being more modern, steel heating panels demonstrate good aesthetic qualities, are quite reliable and practical. Very well combined with the regulating elements of the heating system. Experts agree that it is steel batteries that can be called optimal when used in apartments.
Aluminum and bimetallic batteries. Products made of aluminum are very much appreciated by the owners of private houses and apartments. Aluminum batteries have the best performance compared to previous options: excellent external data, light weight and compactness are perfectly combined with high performance. The only disadvantage of these devices, which often scares off buyers, is the high cost. Nevertheless, experts do not recommend saving on heating and believe that such an investment will pay off pretty quickly.

Conclusion

Fulfill repair work in the heating system of an apartment building, it is also not recommended on its own, especially if it is heating within the walls of a panel house: practice shows that residents of houses, without having the appropriate knowledge, are able to throw away an important element of the system, considering it unnecessary.

Centralized systems heating demonstrate good qualities, but they need to be constantly maintained in working order, and for this you need to monitor many indicators, including thermal insulation, equipment wear and regular replacement of spent elements.

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