Since 1957, after the adoption of a law that provided for the elimination of excesses in the design of houses, buildings of a new type began to be erected in the USSR. Among the people, such houses were called "Khrushchev" (derived from the surname Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev). Such houses received a second name - Khrushchev, mainly due to the inconvenient and disproportionate layout of the rooms, narrow corridors and spans of platforms, thin walls and as a result - terrible sound insulation. In this article we will talk about what a typical series of Khrushchev houses are, we will try to highlight the main pros and cons of these buildings. We will provide layout features in the form of descriptions and photos.

Typical series of Khrushchev houses: the main pros and cons of houses

Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments and determine the features of each series of Khrushchev houses that have been built for 27 years. It is worth noting that initially Khrushchev was supposed to be used as temporary housing and the operational life of the building ranged from 25 to 50 years. But, as you know, people live in such houses in our time. The disadvantages of Khrushchev houses include poor sound insulation and thermal insulation (it is cool in winter and too hot in the apartment in summer), not always good planning apartments and entrances: narrow corridors, small kitchen, lack of a garbage chute and very often an elevator. The main advantages of such houses include low cost.

The main advantages of such houses include the low cost of housing and the developed infrastructure around the building. As a rule, there are kindergartens, schools, shops and excellent transport interchange not far from Khrushchev. If Money not enough to buy an apartment, then - not the worst option. Moreover, such buildings in Moscow and other cities of Russia are subject to demolition, in which case the owners receive brand new housing, or reconstruction and redevelopment.

Series 1-464 (1960 - 1967)

General drawing:

One of the most popular series of Khrushchevs in the USSR was 1-464 (1960 - 1967). This panel house with 5 floors, rarely seen 3 and 4 storey buildings. All apartments have balconies (also additional closets), but there are no elevators and the residents of the building have to go up and down the stairs, which is quite difficult for the elderly, families with small children. The bathrooms in the apartments are combined, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. The ceiling height in the apartments is 2.5 m2, the kitchen is less than 6 m2, to be more precise - 5.8 m2. Apartments 1, 2 and 3 rooms.

Picture - drawing:

1 room:

2 room:

3 room:

Series 1-335 (1963 - 1967)

From 1963 to 1967 the territory was built up with houses of the 1-335 series. These are also panel buildings, with a ceiling height of 2.54 m, balconies in each apartment, combined bathrooms, and the absence of an elevator and a garbage chute. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m2, the ceiling area - 2.5 m. There are four apartments on the site - from 1 to 3 rooms. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional storage rooms and built-in wardrobes.

1 room:

2 room:

Series 1-434 (1958 - 1964)

This series was built from 1958 to 1964; in different years of construction, the layouts of the apartments were slightly modified. So, for example, in the buildings of 1958 in one-room apartments, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe living room was 18.6 m2, and in 1959 it decreased to 18.2 m2, in 1969 the area of ​​the room was 17.7 m2. And so in all types of apartments, the area of ​​​​residential premises varied in the direction of decreasing and increasing. But the kitchen area remained unchanged - 5.8 m2, as well as the ceiling height - 2.5 m. The houses are brick, combined bathrooms, and each apartment has a balcony, a pantry and built-in wardrobes.

Pictures - drawing (by years)

1 room 1958

1 room 1959

1 room 1960

1 room 1961

1 room 1964

2 room 1958

2 room 1959

2 room 1960

2 room 1964

Most houses in cities are typical brick buildings, with apartments of standard layouts.

A series of Stalin-style houses - buildings made of light-colored bricks or mineralized panels. This project stands out for the presence of an excellent layout, a significant height of the ceilings. For external works frequently used materials granite chips. Such houses are distinguished by towers of the "Kremlin" type.

The construction of stalinok started in the 30s of the XX century. Similar structures were built individual developments, but a lot typical houses. Such structures bear little resemblance to the structures of the old fund.

Khrushchev is a panel, brick or block construction. The initiator of such buildings was N. S. Khrushchev, they are completely devoid of any excesses in the design and construction. They were built until 1972 inclusive, and in some areas - until 1980.

Distinctive characteristics of such buildings:

• ceiling height - 2.5 - 2.6 m;
• at all small kitchens, bathrooms;
• predominantly the layout of 2 rooms is adjacent.

After 2000, houses with 5 floors began to be demolished. Khrushchevs in 8 and 9 floors were not subject to demolition. The first buildings of Khrushchev houses are houses of the 1-335 series. They were erected in many cities of the USSR. Due to the lack of thermal insulation, such buildings are subject to demolition.

Structures of the series 1-439, 1-439YA - 5-storey block-type buildings. Such a plan of buildings was built mainly in northern regions THE USSR. Khrushchev series 1-447 is a popular type of building. Similar structures were built up to 1970 inclusive. The height of the rooms is up to 3 meters.

Panel type buildings

Buildings of type 1-464 are popular structures of the panel plan of the times of the USSR. They were erected in the first period of the construction of Khrushchev. Only from 1958 to 1964. more than 200 house-building factories in all regions were engaged in the development of such structures.

Series brick houses 1-466 — typical examples residential properties in 1 5 floors. The height of the rooms is 3 m. They were built exclusively in Moscow (its northern part). The walls of brick houses are made of fragile vibrobrick. Up to 6 panels are installed at the end. Such houses are short-lived.

Houses of the 1-467 series are the first panel structure that has a step bearing walls. For the first time, the design of such buildings included a layout variation of 1,2,3- room apartment. Houses of 1-5 floors of a similar plan were built in the Moscow region and other parts of the country.

Houses of the 1-510 series are fairly common block 5-storey houses. Their peculiarity is in the thickness of the outer walls, which is up to 40 cm. These are durable buildings, but some of them are demolished in the course of various reconstructions of city quarters.

Structures of type 1-511 - multi-section design, brick Khrushchev Moscow. In such houses there are apartments for 1-2-3 rooms. There are several modifications of buildings, which are distinguished by the height of apartments, quality building materials, type of roof.

Types of MG objects

Houses 1MG-300 or MG-300 are panel buildings with 5 floors. Their peculiarity lies in the presence of square balconies, the cubic capacity of which is small. There are 3 apartments on each floor of this house. They were built until 1968 inclusive.

Buildings of the type 1P-303-2 are a 5-storey panel building, the second most frequent building in Moscow and the region. Distinctive feature 5-storey objects - sloping balconies, including end ones. Structures of type 11-07 are among the first panel houses 5 floors on the territory of Moscow (its southwestern part). Construction period - 1958-1961. These houses are in disrepair, most of them have already been demolished.

Buildings 11-07-19 - panel buildings with fragile external walls made of vibrobrick. Often houses are tiled, each of them has 4 narrow windows at the ends. Almost all structures of this format are in disrepair, but their demolition is carried out only in the western parts of Moscow. Houses 11-17 are a modification of the 1-510 series. Have larger areas one-room apartment And large area 3-room apartment. These houses were built in the 60s. last century in Izmailovo, Nagatino.

Small family objects

This is an example of Khrushchev buildings above 5 floors in Moscow. Most of them are 8-, 9-storey block structures. In each apartment of such a house there is a sit-down bath; in two-room apartments, the rooms are often adjacent.

House series 11-18-01/09 MIK - brick buildings with 9 floors, an analogue of block structures 11-18-01/09.

Building 11-32 is a typical panel house made of vibrobrick, external walls which are tiled.

A characteristic feature of such buildings is balconies on pillars. A variation of this series - 11-32-130 - houses with small apartments (small families). They are designed for small families. The room has an average of 9-13 square meters. m., and the kitchen has a cubic capacity of no more than 3-3.5 square meters. m.

Buildings 11-34 are an example of 5-story brick structures with small family apartments. Similar buildings were built in the capital in different places(1-2 houses in sleeping areas). These are two-building houses, which are connected by a one-story section, in the center of which there is a room - a dining room.

Structures of type 11-35 - 5-storey brick houses with two and three bedroom apartments. Their distinctive feature is the presence of rather big external panels. Such houses were often built in 1959-1962. Today they have all been demolished.

Objects 11-38 and Brezhnevka

Structures 11-38 are the first panel-type houses made of three-dimensional elements. The apartment rooms were assembled at factories, and they were only assembled at construction sites. These were experimental, trial structures, they were erected in 1959-1962. in Lublino, Cheryomushki. There are also such structures in Perm, Minsk. Type K-7 - Khrushchev frame, panel type. This massive buildings in Moscow, 1958 construction. Their walls are the thinnest among all, therefore their demolition is a priority.

The Khrushchevs, which did not justify themselves at all, were replaced by the Brezhnevs. At first, these were 8-, 9-story buildings, which then turned into 12- and 16-story buildings. These are the first structures with elevators and garbage chutes. The layout of apartments in such buildings has become more perfect and modern. They have improved sound and heat insulation.

The layout of apartments in such houses has become more convenient. The construction of such houses began in the 70s. last century. Such houses can rightly be called prototypes of modern buildings. After Brezhnevka, they began to build buildings according to standard projects. The most common series of panel modern structures are KOPE, KOPE-M-PARUS, 155 and i-155m, p-3m, P-44m.

Don Construction College
Construction and operation of buildings and structures
Course project in the discipline "Architecture of civil buildings"
On the topic: "5-storey residential building
Novocherkassk 2015

The projected 5-storey residential building is rectangular in plan with side dimensions of 34.20x12.00 m, typologically belongs to the sectional type.
The residential section (block section) is a cell consisting of several apartments located around one communication node (entrance, vestibule, stairwell). The layout of the area of ​​each apartment is made in accordance with functional diagram room interconnections.
In the house being designed, the type of stair assembly is transverse.
According to the operational requirements, the designed residential building belongs to the II-nd degree of durability.
According to SNiP 2.01.07-85* "Loads and Impacts", the designed residential building belongs to the II-nd level of responsibility.
According to SNiP 2.01.02-85* " Fire regulations» the designed residential building belongs to the II degree of fire resistance, since the supporting and enclosing structures are made of artificial stone materials: brick walls, reinforced concrete floors and flights of stairs.
By the decision of the Department of Municipal Economy of the city of Novocherkassk, permission was given for the construction of a 5-storey residential building in the city of Novocherkassk. Plot shape rectangular area 3000.00 m2.
On the site are located: a 5-storey residential building, a gazebo, a parking lot, a playground.
The building is oriented latitudinally, which ensures heat savings in winter. The distance to the nearest building is 24.70 m, which meets fire and sanitary requirements.
The vertical layout of the site provides a runoff of rain and melt water.
On the site there is a road 4.00 m wide for the passage of cars and paths for pedestrians covered with asphalt. A 1.00 m wide pavement was made around the building. There are also green spaces on the site: ordinary planting shrubs and deciduous trees.
A space-planning decision is a decision on the basis of which one or another composition and size of the premises is made.
The building has a rectangular shape; 5 floors and basement.
This building is designed for:
the height of each floor is 2.80 m;
the height of the entire building is 15.60 m;
dimensions in axes - 34.20 m (1-9) and 12.00 m (A-D).
This residential building consists of 20 apartments: 10 two-room, and 10 three-room.
Part two-room apartment includes: corridor, living room, bedroom, kitchen, bathroom, pantry, loggia, balcony.
The three-room apartment includes: a corridor, a living room, a bedroom, a nursery, a kitchen, a bathroom, a loggia, a balcony.

Composition: Two sheets and PZ (Facade 1-6 M1:100; Section 1-1 M1:100; Plan of the 1st floor M1:100; Plan typical floor M1:100; General plan М1:500; Node 1 M1:20; Node 2 M2:10; Foundation plan М1:100; Floor plan and coverage M1:100; Roof plan М1:100; Node 3,4,5 М1:10; knot 6 M1:20l)

Soft: KOMPAS-3D 13 SP2

Project of a 5-storey apartment building. dwg

Sections AR, QOL, EO, VK, OV

Project of a 5-storey residential building. Description of design solutions

Building solutions and structures

The building is 5-storey, monolithic-frame, reinforced concrete. Floor height -3.0 meters.
After the excavation of the pit, carry out a soil analysis. (If other soils are found, the grounds should be reported to the project developers).
The foundations are designed for base soils - solid loams with the following design characteristics: y=19kN/m3, U=19 deg. c = 25 kPa. (stock material "report on engineering and geological surveys at the facility:" Shop on Perova St. ". arch. No. 930 DSP). Subsidence loams of the first type
foundations and monolithic walls technical underground to perform on sulfate-resistant cement.
The foundations for the columns are monolithic reinforced concrete columnar, for the walls of the technical underground and stiffness diaphragms - tape.
The walls of the technical underground are monolithic reinforced concrete 300 mm thick. insulated with a 100 mm thick mineral plate.
Columns - monolithic reinforced concrete with a section of 400x400 mm.
Rigidity diaphragms - monolithic reinforced concrete 200 mm thick.
Overlappings and coverings - monolithic, reinforced concrete 220 mm thick. The pavement is concrete.

Coat all unspecified surfaces of structures in contact with the ground with hot bitumen 2 times, using a primer of liquefied bitumen.
Concreting at negative temperature environment and temperatures above +25 degrees. the requirements of SNIP RK 5.03-37-2005 "Bearing and enclosing structures" must be met.

When performing all types of work, be guided by SNIP RK 1.03-05-2001 "Labor protection and safety in construction.
Paint steel structures with enamel PF-115 GOST 6465-76 in 2 layers according to the primer GF-021 GOST 25129-82 in 1 layer in accordance with SNIP RK 2.01-19-2004.
fire protection steel structures perform with intumescent coating VPM-2 (GOST 25131-82) at a consumption of 6 kg/m2 and with a coating thickness after intumescence of 4 mm.

Water supply and sewerage

The project adopted the following technical solutions:

Laying of distributing networks of cold and hot water supply in the technical underground.
- release of domestic sewage to the well of the general network.
- a water meter with a cold water meter is installed at the entrance to the building
- hot water supply - central (see section "HV")

Heating and ventilation

The project for heating and ventilation of a residential building was developed in accordance with the drawings of the AU, in accordance with the requirements of SNiP RK 4.02-05-2001, SNiP RK 3.02.01-2001.
The design temperature of the outdoor air for heating is assumed to be Tn = -31 C.
The heat supply source of the building is CHP.
The duration of the heating period is 200 days.
The total estimated heat supply is 580,000 kcal/hour.
Heat carrier parameters 130 - 95 C.
Hot water supply - from the thermal unit.
The heating system of a residential building is a single-pipe, dead-end with U-shaped risers, the wiring of the supply and return lines along the technical underground.
Used as heating devices cast iron radiators M90-108.
Ventilation of the residential building is provided - exhaust, natural, through the ventilation ducts of kitchens and bathrooms. Ventkanals perform a box section. 200x200 from a flat asbestos-cement sheet.
Pipes are accepted - steel water and gas pipes in accordance with GOST 3262-75 **
Installation of heating and ventilation systems should be carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.05.01-85.

Power supply and lighting

A switchboard of the ASU type, which is installed in the technical underground of the house, was adopted as an input-distribution device. For the power supply of apartments, supply lines depart from the input-distribution board, which are suitable for SHE 3300 cabinets.

SchE electrical cabinets are installed on the landings of the floor. The cabinets contain meters for residential electricity metering, automatic devices for protecting group lines of apartments and junction boxes for low power devices.

In lighting storey boards ShchE reinforce the cabinet doors with a locking device that provides access to them only to the personnel of the power supply organization. Accounting for electricity for lighting the basement and stairwells is carried out by a meter installed on the ASU panel.

Group lighting lines are made with PUNP brand wire, laid in a pipe hidden along the ceiling, in the walls.