Food surveillance. Sanitary and food supervision and sanitary legislation

Introduction of scientific achievements of food hygiene into practice, daily work of enterprises Food Industry, Catering, in the trade and life of the population of our country has a state character. Practical use achievements in food hygiene and recreational activities aimed at improving the quality food products, the conditions for their receipt, is called food sanitation. This work is carried out by special departments of food hygiene SES. These stations are in all cities and district centers, and in large villages there are SES branches.

Depending on the population in the city (district), several doctors and sanitary paramedics (category I SES), or one sanitary doctor and several sanitary paramedics work as part of the food hygiene department of the SES
(SES II category), or 1-2 sanitary paramedics under the direct supervision of the chief physician of the SES (SES III category). The role of the sanitary assistant in the SES of category III is especially responsible, since he often has to decide on his own very difficult questions concerning the assessment of food quality, sanitary regime work food enterprises and etc.

The functions of the food hygiene department of the SES include:

1. Participation in rational nutrition organizations of various groups of "settlement", including workers employed in industry and agriculture, children and adolescents in preschool and school institutions, the elderly, athletes, patients in medical institutions, etc.
2. Sanitary control for the quality of food products supplied to the population and the prevention of food poisoning.
3. Current sanitary supervision for existing food businesses.
4. Preventive sanitary supervision of designed, newly built and reconstructed public catering enterprises of the food industry and trade.
5. Sanitary and educational work among the population in order to promote knowledge about rational nutrition.

The work of the food hygiene department or the SES food hygiene doctor is carried out according to a comprehensive plan, which includes activities, their performers, deadlines for all the above sections of food hygiene. Under the section on the organization of rational nutrition, it is envisaged to control the nutrition of certain contingents (workers, collective farmers, children and adolescents, patients in medical institutions) on scientific foundations taking into account the implementation of physiological recommendations for each age, professional and other groups.

Sanitary control of food quality, or sanitary examination, is a sanitary and hygienic assessment of products aimed at identifying their properties that characterize nutritional value or harm to public health. Sanitary examination is carried out in order to identify the organoleptic properties of the product, the presence of harmful impurities (including pesticides), deviations in chemical composition, nutritional value, the degree of bacterial contamination and the nature of the microflora, ascertaining the epidemiological data relating to the product and the possibility of transmission during its use of pathogens of epidemic diseases or the occurrence of toxic infections.

To the task sanitary examination also includes clarification of the storage conditions and the timing of the sale of the product, its processing or destruction, depending on the identified properties.

Sanitary doctors and their assistants have the right to freely visit the objects of supervision at any time of the day upon presentation of an official certificate of the established form and give recommendations on eliminating the detected sanitary violations. This section of the work is called current sanitary supervision. Its task is to control the implementation of sanitary rules relating to both the sanitary regime of the enterprise and the quality of products. Current sanitary supervision is carried out by a personal examination of the facility by a sanitary doctor or his assistant sanitary assistant and is aimed at improving the sanitary condition of food enterprises, observing the rules of personal hygiene by staff, improving sanitary literacy and sanitary culture of workers.

In addition, as a result of the current sanitary supervision, plans and scope of work are outlined for the reconstruction, repair, improvement of the technological process, equipment of the enterprise modern equipment(mechanization and automation of processes), more efficient ventilation, sewerage, lighting, etc. Current sanitary supervision is carried out according to SES plan and schedules compiled for the week, month.

In addition to planned supervision, sometimes it becomes necessary to survey food enterprises for emergency "reasons ( food poisoning, epidemic indications, emergency situations in food storage, etc.).

Preventive sanitary supervision is carried out in order to control the implementation of sanitary norms and rules in the design and construction of food facilities, i.e. this section of work allows you to prevent violations of sanitary rules before putting the enterprise into operation. Preventive sanitary supervision consists of three stages: 1) control over compliance with sanitary norms and rules in the preparation of projects for food enterprises; 2) supervision over the fulfillment of sanitary requirements, norms and rules during the construction of a food facility; 3) control over the fulfillment of sanitary requirements, norms and rules during the commissioning of a built or reconstructed facility.

The projects of food industry enterprises are developed by special state design institutes. They are profiled by type of industry, for example, Gipromyaso, Gipromolprom, Giprokhladprom, Giprotorg, etc. The project develops in two stages or in one (simple technical working projects). With a two-stage design of more complex objects, a technical design is first drawn up, and then a working design. The construction of food enterprises is carried out mainly according to standard projects. A typical project is a project on which construction can be carried out without additional processing of the correction.

This is indicated on the title page of the project. Sample projects preliminary, prior to approval by the Construction Committee, are agreed with the state sanitary supervision authorities, therefore, they must take into account sanitary requirements.

Projects developed in accordance with existing norms and rules (which is certified by the signature of the chief engineer of the project) may not be submitted for approval by the sanitary authorities. In case of deviations in the project from sanitary norms and rules, they must be agreed with the sanitary service.

In accordance with the above Directive letter of the Ministry of Health, the sanitary service has the right to carry out selective control over the actual observance of sanitary norms and rules in projects certified by the signature of the chief engineer of the project. The sanitary service is also obliged to ensure control over the construction and acceptance into operation of the built object.

The design materials include: 1) data on the location of the object on the ground (situational plan, geological characteristics of the area, wind regime - wind rose, conditions of water supply and descent Wastewater); 2) architectural and construction part (plans and sections of premises by floors, indicating the area and height of each, the height of windows, doors, etc.) 3) technological part (equipment layout, indicating the dimensions of the units and their location in the flow of production lines) ; 4) sanitary and technical part (water supply, sewerage, heating, ventilation, lighting).

For the successful implementation of control over construction, the SES maintains a file of objects under construction, i.e., for each such object, a map is drawn up according to the established model and the results of surveys are indicated in it. Construction control is carried out in several stages. The first stage is monitoring compliance with sanitary standards when laying the foundation and basement walls (waterproofing to prevent penetration ground water in the basement). When surveying construction, it is first necessary to get acquainted with project documentation, to figure out calendar plan construction, the sequence of individual structures and the planned completion date for construction.

Then the execution is checked construction works in accordance with the project, as well as their quality. When conducting such types of work as waterproofing basement walls, foundations, laying water and sewer pipes, heating, etc., an act is drawn up for hidden work by a working commission. It includes a representative of sanitary supervision, most often an assistant to a sanitary doctor - a sanitary paramedic.

The second stage of the survey is carried out during the laying of the first floor of the building. During this period, compliance with the layout and area of ​​​​the premises adopted by the project is checked. It is impossible to allow underestimation of the area of ​​​​rooms, the width of corridors, doorways> windows, room heights. At this stage, the laying of ventilation ducts should also be checked in accordance with the project.

The next survey of construction must be carried out during the installation of sanitary appliances and interior decoration premises (installation of water supply, sewerage, ventilation systems, wall and floor coverings).

Inspection of an enterprise under construction at the stage of installation technological equipment is carried out in order to check its sufficiency for the planned capacity of the enterprise, compliance with the technological process, modernity, etc. After each inspection of the facility during construction, an act is drawn up indicating the stages of construction, sequence, planned completion date, identified sanitary violations and deadlines for their elimination.

The commissioning of a newly built facility is carried out by a special state commission, which includes a representative of the sanitary supervision. He is obliged to check the compliance of the constructed enterprise with the project (planning of the premises, quality of interior decoration, modernity of technological equipment, its arrangement in accordance with technological process, sanitary and technological equipment of the enterprise: hot and cold water supply, sewerage, heating, ventilation, operation of refrigeration equipment). Acts for hidden works are also checked.

If the newly built object complies sanitary requirements representative health service signs the act of acceptance into operation, drawn up by the state acceptance commission. If in the work performed. there are defects or imperfections of sanitary significance, the representative of the sanitary service does not sign the act, but c. writing makes demands construction organization to be executed. An employee of the sanitary service is not allowed to make any additions to the act in the form of a “dissenting opinion”; conditional acceptance into operation of an enterprise with the indicated imperfections is also prohibited.

Other types of preventive sanitary supervision are aimed at monitoring compliance with the recipe in the manufacture of new types of food products (for example, new types of sausages, canned food, sweets, soft drinks, etc.). Before a new product is allowed to be released, its ingredients, especially colors, flavors, antioxidants and other additives, are carefully studied by special research institutes. Sometimes studies are carried out in a long-term experiment on animals. And only in those cases when new products or components introduced into the food product meet sanitary requirements and their harmlessness is proved, the sanitary supervision authorities give permission for their release.

At present, new materials for coating and manufacturing food utensils, packaging materials for machine parts, varnishes, paints, glues, anti-adhesive materials, plastics, etc. are widely used and sought. substances for human health. If these components are not sufficiently bonded to the utensils or container material, they can pass into the food product and contaminate it. harmful impurities. Therefore, new samples of dishes, containers and other materials are examined in the laboratories of sanitary and hygienic institutes and SES before a decision is made on the possibility of their use. The main requirement for new samples of dishes, containers and other materials is that food products that come into contact with them do not acquire properties harmful to human health and unpleasant organoleptic changes (color, smell, taste, etc.).

Source Okorokova Yu.I., Eremin Yu.N. Food hygiene - 3rd ed. - M. Medicine, 1981

1 .Introduction

2 .Types of supervision.

State supervision

4 .The main functions of supervision.

Powers of officials.

5 .Departmental supervision.

6 .Conclusion.

7 .List of used literature

Introduction

Every society seeks to protect itself. Protect from enemies, insufficiently respectable citizens, from diseases, from misfortunes and from all kinds of danger.

A danger that is gaining momentum in our time. It can take any form, arising from completely forgotten sources, such as anthrax. The human environment continues to present surprises in the form of epidemics, viruses and other things.

Thus, there is an undeniable need for hygiene standards and proper monitoring of the condition of all natural resources, human food and

animal world next to him.

The well-being of the population depends on itself. Realizing this, a person seeks to control all spheres of life.

and protect yourself as much as possible. To do this, he creates various services, organizations and societies, develops sanitary norms and rules, hoping with their help

reach the desired goal.

The government regulates this industry. public relations in legal form, thereby providing

proper control and supervision of compliance with all rules and regulations. Administrative law provides for certain obligations of citizens related to medical care and the implementation of sanitary and hygienic standards. Sanitary and epidemiological supervision occupies an important place in the field of healthcare management organization.

This type of administrative control

Regulated by federal law Russian Federation dated March 30, 1999 "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population", Regulations on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation. Regulations on the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance in the Russian Federation and others legal acts. Article 46 federal law in the Russian Federation there is a unified state centralized system bodies and institutions exercising state sanitary and epidemiological supervision (State sanitary and epidemiological service of the Russian Federation). The service system includes: federal agency executive power authorized to carry out state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in the country; bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service, created in accordance with the procedure established by law for the implementation of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, cities, regions, air and water transport; structural subdivisions, institutions of federal executive bodies for railway transport, defense, internal affairs, security, border service, justice and tax police, exercising, respectively, state sanitary and epidemiological supervision on railway transport, in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations, at objects of defense and defense production, security and other special purpose; state research and other institutions carrying out their activities in order to ensure state sanitary and epidemiological supervision. The bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service operate on the basis of the subordination of their subordinates to their superiors and to the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation.

The Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation is the First Deputy Minister of Health of the Russian Federation, and the Ministry itself acts as federal body executive power authorized to exercise state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in Russia.

Types of sanitary and epidemiological supervision.

State supervision.

Sanitary and epidemiological supervision can be state and departmental.

State supervision as the main one is carried out by the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation, the system of which is formed by State Committee sanitary and epidemiological supervision of the Russian Federation (Goskomsanepidnadzor of Russia); centers of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, cities, districts, on the water and air transport; research institutions; disinfection stations and other sanitary institutions and organizations, as well as enterprises for the production of medical immunobiological preparations.

It is defined as the activities of bodies and sanitary institutions aimed at preventing diseases of people by preventing, detecting and suppressing violations. health legislation Russian Federation.

The Federal Law of March 30, 1995 "On the Prevention of the Spread in the Russian Federation of the Disease Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV Infection)"1 stipulates that in case of HIV infection in foreign citizens and stateless persons residing on the territory of Russia, they are subject to deportation from the Russian Federation in the manner prescribed by its legislation.

Content state supervision includes observation, assessment and forecasting of the health of the population in connection with the state of its habitat; identification of the causes and conditions of infectious and mass infectious diseases; development of mandatory proposals for the implementation of measures to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population; control over the implementation of hygienic and anti-epidemic measures, compliance with sanitary legislation by organizations and citizens; application of measures to prevent sanitary offenses and bringing to justice the persons who committed them.

It also implies a state accounting of poisonings and infectious diseases (professional and mass) in connection with the adverse impact on human health of environmental factors.

How is the management of all this complex system enterprises, institutions and organizations?

The State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision manages enterprises, institutions and service organizations through the centers of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision directly subordinate to it in the republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, autonomous districts and regions, in water and air transport. And, of course, subordinate institutions and enterprises, for example, for the production of medical immunobiological preparations, are directly subordinate to it.

Centers for state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in districts and cities are subordinate to the corresponding higher similar centers. Disinfection stations are subordinate to the relevant centers of state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance.

SANITARY SUPERVISION, one of the main forms of practical activity a dignity. organs. Maintenance of a certain dignity. the standard of living of certain groups of the population and its gradual improvement, on the one hand, and protection from harmful moments, on the other hand, require constant and unremitting monitoring of the corresponding dignity. organs. San. the standard of living of the population depends not only on the general culture and general cultural skills and habits of a person, but also on the holding of a number of public mass events that do not depend on the will and strength of each individual. At the same time necessary effect in maintenance and improvement a dignity. level also depends on the ubiquity and simultaneity of the implementation of the corresponding S. n., carried out uniformly and according to general sanitary standards. That. dignity. supervision is first of all the main task of those practical dignity. workers, to-rye are a part a dignity. organs, and then it is also an additional function of many other medical workers. affairs (attending physicians, health centers, etc.) and general administrative personnel (police, head of the x-vom, commandants of hostels, teaching staff). S. n. usually breaks up according to its tasks into two main types: a) preventive S. n. and b) current S. n. In the san. public services and settlements both of these types C n. occupy an important place, mutually complementing each other. Under warning l n and m S. n. understand the obligatory participation a dignity based on certain requirements of the law. authorities in the review, evaluation and approval of projects and exploitation of all b. or m. Large objects of construction and improvement. Under the current S. and. understand the usual daily control over a dignity. the state of the same objects already in the period of their exploitation, i.e. C n. for the maintenance in order and cleanliness of these structures, enterprises and installations in accordance with the requirements of hygiene and dignity. regulations, as well as for certain groups of the population. Such understanding of two main types of S. of N, precautionary and current, is established by practice a dignity. organs; the terminology of these types of S. n. reflected in the republican laws "On sanitary authorities"(for the RSFSR, the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of 8 / X 1927). The specified decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in clause 1 formulates the tasks and forms of C and .: clause 1. “In order to carry out measures to protect the life and health of workers everywhere and to prevent and eliminate San. improvement of populated areas, as well as to organize the fight against contagious social. and prof. diseases, to establish a mandatory permanent preventive and current C n. In the same regulation on the sanitary authorities of the republic of the RSFSR, in one of its subsequent articles (Article 18), b. or m. the general list of the objects themselves, subject to the current and preventive S. n .: p. 18. “Current and preventive dignity. supervision dignity. bodies referred to in Art. 5 present provisions are subject to: a) all sources of water supply and water facilities with their purification plants (water pipelines, filters, wells, water supply and drainage facilities, etc.); b) structures, installations and measures for collecting, removing and neutralizing sewage and waste (irrigation fields, biological filters, incinerators, sewage wagons, crematoria, cemeteries, etc.); c) structures and measures for the improvement of populated areas (planning, building, paving, tree planting, etc.); d) dwellings, hostels, places of temporary residence and lodging for the night, places of public use and mass congestion of the population (hotels, inns, theaters, cinemas, etc.) and places of dignity. public services (baths, laundries, hairdressers, etc.); e) places of production, storage, consumption and sale of edible products and drinks (markets, bazaars, warehouses, refrigerators, bakeries, restaurants, canteens, shops, shops) and other institutions and public catering establishments (food industry and trade); f) places of special purpose (places of detention, barracks, etc.) by agreement with the authorities in charge of these institutions, buildings or places; g) medical and sanatorium and resort institutions, sanatoriums, rest houses, resorts, etc.; h) educational institutions (orphanages, schools, factory apprenticeship schools, higher educational establishments, libraries, clubs, etc.); i) factories, plants and other manufacturing enterprises both from the point of view of general improvement and the prevention of their adverse effect on the surrounding population of the place, in particular, their pollution of air, water and soil, and from the point of view of studying prof. diseases and the impact of work and the situation on the health of workers, in order to find the best measures to combat prof. morbidity. - In the new draft of the Sanitary Code, now developed by the NCPDR. RSFSR (1932-33), this article has been expanded and additional facilities subject to S. N. have been introduced, namely: “a) machine and tractor stations, state farms and other enterprises of the socialist sector Agriculture; b) piers, railway stations, airfields, passenger, service and duty premises of transport, transport workshops and depots, rolling stock ..., as well as buildings, fixtures and structures in the right of way; c) places of production and supply of the population with items of personal hygiene, household and wide consumption. Besides all objects specified above, the same form a dignity. work is also established in relation to: a) the human contingent in, by the nature of their activities, the environment of their work or the level of their dignity. conditions requiring the adoption of special sanitary measures and subject to the appropriate dignity. control; b) separate actions where in the course of their implementation the control a dignity is also necessary. bodies for the order of their implementation and verification of the results. To S.'s objects and. from the field of human contingents include: a) professional and other groups of workers in the process of their production labor(sanitary supervision in the field of labor protection); b) the same selective groups, where, in addition, additional preliminary or current examinations of these groups of workers should be carried out in view of the special harmfulness of production or the dangers of the latter for consumers (periodic examinations of workers in the food industry, selection upon admission to individual industries, etc.); c) moving masses of the population (settlers, emigrants, refugees, pilgrims, draft groups); d) individual contingents of the population in special living conditions(prisoners, etc.). - To the objects of S. n. from the field of individual events it is necessary to rank various mass spectacles and entertainments (competitions, sport games, tourism), other mass one-time gatherings of the population (congresses, rallies, demonstrations, subbotniks), as well as population gatherings in connection with trade (fairs, bazaars, etc.). Finally, sanitary supervision should also be included here, organized urgently on a large scale at moments natural Disasters when its functions acquire special importance(floods, earthquakes, etc.). Warning S. n. received special development from the moment of deployment of permanent dignity. organizations in different countries for the purpose of a deeper dignity. impact on improving the conditions and living conditions of the population. For these purposes, preventive S. n. is closely connected with a certain dignity. legislation, which establishes the obligation for all relevant economic, communal and departmental organizations to submit for preliminary consideration and approval (or giving an opinion) a dignity. bodies, without exception, construction and improvement projects (see the list of objects given above). The very procedure for conducting preventive S. n. breaks up into several stages, namely: a) the choice and allocation of a place for the planned structures and buildings, taking into account dignity. requirements, b) participation in the development of the dignity of the assignment for this construction on the basis of the dignity. norms and requirements, c) consideration or participation in the consideration of relevant construction projects and giving an opinion or approval of them, d) participation in the acceptance of structures and construction in order to verify the fulfillment of the previously presented dignity. requirements, e) definition of a possibility of start-up in work or settlement (dwelling) and carrying out it taking into account a dignity. indicators. In the implementation of all these forms of preventive S. n. dignity. bodies proceed or from the dignity established by law. norms in each given area (norms of water consumption, norms of housing space, norms for the composition of food products, norms for sanitary equipment, etc.) or, in the absence of legally established norms, from general gigabytes. norms offered by hygiene. AT the USSR famous part gig the requirement is issued now already as a dignity. norms that usually form an important part of the so-called Sanitary Code (see. sanitary legislation), as well as in the form of "Unified Standard Norms" issued by the Committee for Standardization at SRT. - In relation to certain types construction law usually establishes a certain practice of preventive NT "1a ^ov1 for example sanitary rules Y^op?lgtL?op<<0 П0СТ Р0йке жилых зданий» (от 20/VІI.1929 г см. «Вопросы здравоохранения» от 7/VІII 1929 г., № 29), где дан ряд жи-лищно-санитарных норм, коими должен руководствоваться С. н. при рассмотрении объектов жилищного строительства; таковы «Инструкция сан. органам по приему вновь выстроенных и капитально ремонтируемых зданий» (от 17/Х i7vt Ж" см - « Вопросы здравоохранения» от i/Ai 1У^9 г., № 40); таковы «Санитарные правила о заселении рабочих жилищ» (принятые НКЗдр., НКВД РСФСР и ВЦСПС от 5/Х ^1^ да " см - т- в Р ач --сан. законодательства РСФСР», вып. П, стр. 64). Практика и закон обычно устанавливают, что случаи разногласия между сан. органами и хозяйственными при рассмотрении вопросов строительства и др поступают на окончательное решение вышестоящих органов, вплоть до центральных. Казуистические случаи, где требуется научное подтверждение или консультация, разрешаются обычно соответствующими научно-консультативными органами НКЗдр. (ученые мед. советы) или в научно-технических советах ведомств, с участием представителей НКЗдр. В целях систематического проведения предупредительного С. н. надлежит поэтому органам здравоохранения принимать также обязательное участие и в рассмотрении перспективных планов строительства (плановые органы). При проведении текущего С. н. имеют значение следующие моменты: а) широкий охват этим С. н. всех подлежащих последнему объектов, б) систематичность и периодичность выполнения этого С. н., в) проведение единых сан. и сан.-тех. требований при С. н. (на основе обязательных сан. постановлений или др. сан. законов), г) учет и регистрация всех актов С. н. (запись в книги, письменное предъявление требования, установление сроков выполнения), д) контроль за выполнениемтребованияи е)привлечение к ответственности за невыполнение последних. Организация текущего WITH. n. pushes therefore on turn and here planning of work a dignity. organs. It is necessary in the specific plans of their work for each given territory (sanitary site, enterprise, school, etc.) to outline lists of objects of current sanitary supervision and establish the procedure and terms for its implementation, highlighting the most responsible objects in sanitary terms (for example, according to housing sector - dormitories, workers' barracks, for food - canteens, factories - kitchens, for epidemic - sanitary checkpoints, etc.). Further it is necessary to take all measures to development and timely publication of local obligatory dignity. the decisions widely distributed among the population for its information, and the corresponding instructing of the population and responsible for a dignity. the state of individual objects of persons. It is necessary to establish besides certain forms of record of separate dignity. inspections in the order of the current S. n. (magazine at the enterprise, sanitary books, special forms, etc.). A number of local dignity. authorities in the USSR publishes such one-time record books on the ground, with a brief introduction to them on the issue of the essence of S. n. and with indication of the corresponding articles a dignity. legislation. Presented dignity. demand bodies in the order of the current S. n. should not be pointless and general; they should be specific, fix certain shortcomings identified by the inspection and indicate the methods of correction and deadlines. In addition, they must be presented to certain individuals who are responsible for failure to comply with the requirement. It is extremely important to establish control over this implementation; in his absence, S. n. turns into unnecessary paper correspondence. In addition to this planned current S. n. in practice of work a dignity. bodies there is also an unscheduled current supervision caused by various requirements of life, inquiries of departments, complaints of individuals and at last carried out simultaneously and at the initiative of a dignity. organs. The value of this form S. n. is also great, but it should not replace the planned S. n. All types of S. n. should be reflected in reports a dignity. organs and involve the broader masses of the population in the cause of health improvement. Various forms of S. n. often require very significant qualifications of sanitary authorities. This is especially necessary to keep in mind in relation to preventive S. N., where consideration of projects of often very complex industrial or municipal construction puts forward a number of difficult sanitary. questions. The same applies, for example, to the field of food dignity. cases where a number of food hygiene issues have not yet been sufficiently developed scientifically. Therefore, in practice, special types of S. n are created, in accordance with the qualifications of the workers themselves. These are: housing and communal S. n., food S. n., prom.-san. supervision, S. n. on the routes of communication, in the field of child protection (school S. n.). acc. instructions for dignity. doctors of these specialties are usually indicated and the forms of the corresponding S. n. (cm. Food Law, Housing Authority, Child and Adolescent Health etc.). A special place in the conduct of S. n. occupy the so-called. health checks. And in the practice of preventive S. N., and partly the current S. N., these examinations are usually the initial stage of all work. In preventive S. n. dignity. surveys are the main obligatory part of the work when choosing a place for construction, when planning settlements, when determining sources of water supply; the same should be carried out in the implementation of S. n. in relation to certain groups of the population (survey of sanitary working conditions, examination of sanitary conditions of transport, etc.). On a number of objects there are special programs of such a dignity developed by public health authorities. surveys: such as san program. the study of cities in the development of projects for their planning (circus. NKZdrava of the RSFSR of 3 / KhP 1927, see “Vrach.-san. legislation”, issue II, p. 71), such are the programs for the study and examination of water supply sources, dignity. inspection of individual industries and crafts, etc. In relation to individual objects, special dignity are compiled. survey maps (yard, dwelling, estate, commercial enterprise, canteen, kitchen, well, school, etc.). Use of homogeneous dignity. maps, questionnaires and programs is of great importance for the subsequent processing of these materials (statistical reports). On the basis of these dignity. surveys are carried out not only preventive and current S. n, but also separate monographs on a dignity are made. state of an object. In S.'s practice of n. these works have their significance both historically and as starting material for a number of conclusions and comparisons. In the past Russian dignity. practices such a dignity. descriptions took place in relation to a number of territories and enterprises of old Russia. Such are the medical topographic descriptions of individual provinces and cities (works of 1860-70); zemstvo san.-statistical surveys (for example, work on the sanitary condition of factories and factories in the Moscow provinces, carried out with the participation of prof. Erisman, Pogozhev, Dementiev, and others in the 1880s); further san. inspections of the cities of average and lower Volga and nek-ry settlements of the Urals (works of the prof. Khlopin in the 1900th) etc. Numerous dignity are those. surveys carried out after the revolution - industrial enterprises in Moscow (Moszdravtdel), surveys of rural dwellings in Ukraine (Marzeev), etc. S. n. of all these types is carried out primarily by sanitary authorities, i.e. dignity. doctors and dignity. inspection. The most qualified species of S. n. (especially precautionary S. n.) should be carried out exclusively by doctors. For other types of S. n., in particular for the current S. n., persons and other personnel can and should be involved in this work. These are 1) assistants dignity. doctors and public dignity. inspector; 2) doctors of health centers; 3) police authorities. Forms of participation of this personnel in S. n. set by special instructions. The simplest types of S. of N, especially carried out in the order a dignity. minimum, of course, no honey can be charged. personnel, subject to prior training. To such simplest types of S. n. (current S. n. for the maintenance of apartments, yards, streets, workshops) are involved in this way. arr. building superintendents, facility caretakers and other administrative personnel responsible in these areas. Finally, in addition to all this, social forces and the corresponding dignity should also be used. amateur performance - cells of health care, a dignity. commissions, house-authorized persons, organizations of the RRCS. The order of carrying out S. n. these bodies the dignity should be instructed. doctors, with and volume of this work of all merges with the corresponding requirements about carrying out a dignity. minimum (see sanitary minimum). A special form of S. n. are also dignity. supervision and veterinary dignity. supervision. Sanitary-technical supervision is understood as control of a predominantly technical nature over the activities and exploitation of sanitation. facilities (water supply, sewerage, treatment facilities, etc.). PC the same form of supervision also includes supervision of the same kind over the construction and operation of dwellings, in particular sanitary tech. supervision over the work of san.-tech. appliances in dwellings (heating, ventilation, lighting, etc.). San.-tech. supervision bases the requirements as on accepted a dignity. norms, and on technical requirements and their implementation is already carried out through an appropriately qualified san.-tech. personnel (engineers, technicians). Sanitary requirements. supervision are usually set out in the necessary technical instructions and rules, and in relation to construction, in the Construction Regulations. Sanitary tech activities supervision in necessary cases should go in coordination with S.'s activity of n. public health authorities.-■ Wind and narno-sanitary supervision is carried out by veterinary personnel and goes mainly along the line of inspection of meat products and livestock (see Meat). Correct and complete carrying out of S. of n is possible. of all kinds can naturally be realized if there is not only sufficient and qualified personnel and appropriate legislation, but also certain socio-economic conditions and the very organization of the economic system of a given country. Tasks and forms of S. n. very often they come into sharp conflict with the narrow interests of both individuals and certain classes that are not interested in carrying out the requirements of S. n. or hostile to them. Capitalist forms of economy and private ownership of the means of production (enterprises, buildings) are therefore an obstacle to the implementation of the most essential requirements of S. supervision. S. n. in the bourgeois countries remains owing to it to advantage only within the limits of the current S. of the supervision which is carried out in some cases very carefully and correctly, but not solving the basic tasks a dignity. improvement, a cut is closely connected with preventive S. of n. The latter, in the conditions of capitalist countries, cannot be fully fulfilled. Therefore, in a number of Western European countries, the insufficiency and inferiority of various types of S. N. are still observed, especially in the areas of industrial and housing S. N. At the same time, it is clear that under Soviet conditions S.'s production of n. can be carried out in the most rational way, and this imposes especially responsible tasks in this direction on the public health authorities in the USSR. This responsibility, moreover, due to the same features of the Soviet system, also falls on all economic and other bodies and on the general public. Sysii. Industrial and health supervision, a set of activities carried out by authorized and specially trained competent dignity. authorities and aimed at protecting the labor and health of people working for the core. enterprises, and the health of the population surrounding the enterprise. Measures for prom.-san. supervision cover the following parties: a) preventive supervision of prom. construction; b) periodic inspection of prom. enterprises in order to control the implementation of legislative norms. Since here the object is industrial-san. supervision is predominantly the building of the enterprise or, generally speaking, the place of production, and since the work here is carried out jointly by doctors (sanitary inspectors) and engineers (technical inspectors), the activities associated with these parties to the case are usually combined under the name dignity. technical supervision for prom. enterprises. All other activities included in the content of prom.-san. supervision, covering Ch. way the personality and health of the working and surrounding population and carried out b. hours independently dignity. doctors of various names, usually unite under the name actually prom.-san. supervision. Only in the USSR, where prom.-san. Legislation fully and completely protects the interests of those working at enterprises and the surrounding population; the volume and content of preventive industrial and sanitary supervision is the most complete and consistent from the class point of view. The content of the warning prom.-san. supervision we set out Ch. image, according to the "Order of the Sanitary Inspectorate of the NCT of the USSR" and according to the corresponding dignity. the rules of the NKZDr., where these functions are outlined in the following wording: 1) participation in the inspection of the area and giving opinions on the allocation of sites for industrial. construction, as well as the establishment of gaps between prom. enterprise and residential areas of populated areas in terms of the health of the surrounding population; 2) participation in the consideration of projects for newly erected, reconstructed or overhauled buildings and structures of an industrial nature, as well as projects for various sanitary installations at enterprises (ventilation installations, wastewater treatment facilities, etc.) and, if necessary, making appropriate changes and additions to them from the point of view of labor protection of employed workers and the health of the surrounding population; 3) supervision that constructions, reorganizations or capital repairs, and also implementation of various dignity. - technical installations were made according to the projects which received the sanction of bodies of labor protection and a dignity. supervision; 4) participation in commissions for the inspection of prom. structures before putting them into operation, in order to ascertain the compliance of these structures with approved projects and current legislative norms; 5) monitoring that no enterprise is opened, put into operation or transferred to another premises without the authorization of the labor inspectorate in the prescribed manner; 6) visits to enterprises proposed for opening, and giving a conclusion! ny about compliance with their established dignity. norm - 22 mums. (For details on the norms and requirements of Soviet legislation for the territory of industrial enterprises, its planning, and for industrial buildings located on this territory, see. industrial sanitation.) In the majority of the capitalist countries a dignity. - those. industrial supervision. enterprises are carried out by special persons, the so-called. dignity. labor inspectors, to-rye, together with technical labor inspectors, constitute the labor inspectorate (see para. Work). Sanitary inspectors are appointed from doctors who have specialized in occupational health in general and industrial sanitation in particular, and enjoy different rights in different countries within the limits of the functions outlined above. San. inspection as a special organization with specific competence was organized for the first time in England (in 1898) and since then gradually organized in a number of European countries, namely in Austria, England, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Germany (Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Prussia and Saxony), Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the USSR, Finland and Sweden, and non-European - in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Peru, USA (Illinois, Ohio, Oregon, New York and Pennsylvania), South Africa and Japan. In all other countries, the outlined functions of the sanitary-technical or industrial-san. supervision are carried out by the general dignity. bodies. In the USSR, the functions of prom.-san. supervision are divided between the bodies of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, to which the functions of the NKTrud were transferred, and the NKZDR. San. Inspection according to the latest resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated 4/VII 1932 "supervises the implementation of all resolutions relating to the working conditions of workers employed in production, in everything related to the production process, and health authorities (industrial-san. doctors, doctors health centers, dignity. doctors) supervise the general dignity. condition on the territory of the enterprise and all domestic institutions located at the enterprise, in particular, for the implementation of all the rules of dignity. maintenance of enterprises in terms of protecting the health of the surrounding population. [According to the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of 23/VI 1933, the Labor Inspectorate (legal, technical and sanitary) came under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, but until the issuance of special decisions, it is guided in its work by the provisions and instructions issued by the National Communist Party of the USSR and the union republics.] At survey of the enterprises a dignity. inspector, as well as prom.-san. the doctor and doctor of the health center has the right to demand from the administration of enterprises, institutions and farms the necessary explanations and certificates and the presentation of relevant documents, books and information, as well as explanations about the details of production processes, the names and composition of the objects and substances used in this, even if this amounts to know how. San. the inspector has the right to demand assistance in the performance of his duties from the administrative staff. - San. the inspector visits the enterprises both individually and jointly with the technical inspector, depending on the tasks that the survey sets for itself. At individual surveys of the enterprise (institution, economy) a dignity. the inspector draws up an audit report of the established form, in which the discovered dignity is noted. defects and requirements for their elimination are entered, indicating the deadlines for fulfilling these requirements. During joint visits with the technical inspector, the audit report is drawn up jointly, and dignity. the inspector notes in it the defects found and the requirements for his specialty. The requirements connected with considerable expenses for separate state hozorganov, a dignity. the inspector presents, if possible, after prior agreement with the administration, the scope of the proposed measures, the procedure and deadline for their implementation, for which he is given the right to convene meetings consisting of representatives of the administration and the factory committee of the given enterprise and other interested and knowledgeable persons. At definition of volume the requirement and terms of their implementation a dignity. the inspector must proceed from the possibility of their implementation by individual enterprises, both from the economic and from the technical side; at the same time, the requirements should be distributed in queues, in accordance with the degree of importance of individual events. In case of detection a dignity. inspector or prom.-san. the doctor of any infringements of legislative norms or non-execution of its legal requirements a dignity. the inspector has the right to bring the perpetrators to justice, as well as subject the perpetrators to a fine in an administrative manner.m. Rafes. Lit.: Kaplun S, 1st international meeting on sanitary and industrial supervision, gigabyte. Labor, 1927, No. 2; he, 10 years of sanitary protection of labor, ibid., No. 10; he, Sanitary Labor Inspectorate, Labor Issues, 1928; Lyashchenko I., Organizational principles of linking the work of sanitary doctors of the NKZdrav and sanitary inspectors of the NKTrud, Tr. XI All-Union. congress bact., epidemiol. and dignity. doctors, vol. II, pp. 67-69, M.-L., 1929; Marzeev A., Order of the Sanitary Inspectorate, app. to Izvestia of the NKT of the USSR, 1926, No. 2, - On sanitary and hygienic work at industrial enterprises, Gig. and San., 1933, No. 1; Martin E., Medecin d "usine, Hyg. de travail, Geneve, v. II, 1932; Ranneletti A., Inspection medicale du travail, ibid.; SommerfeldT., Der Gewerbearzt, Jena, 19 05 (lit.); Teleky L., Bericht fiber die 1 internationale Tagung der Gewerbearzte in Dusseldorf den 15.u.16.September 1926, Berlin, 1927. See also lit. sanitary organization.