Agriculture of Russia. The main branches of agriculture and their relationship

LECTURE PLAN:

The subject and tasks of science. Research methods in agricultural economics
Importance of agriculture in the country's economy
Features of agriculture
Main indicators of economic efficiency of agriculture

1. Subject and tasks of science. Research methods in agricultural economics

The most important task of agriculture is to provide the population of the country with food, and the processing industry with the necessary agricultural raw materials. The solution of this problem is connected with the further intensification of the industry, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the improvement of economic relations, the development of various forms of ownership and types of management. The main condition for the increase scientific level economic management, growth initiative and activity in the management of production is the economic training of agricultural professionals. In this regard, the main goal of the course “Rural Economics. economy” is the study of the operation of objective economic laws and the forms of their manifestation in agriculture. Economics studies production relations in the agricultural sector in interconnection with other areas of material production, based on the results of research in natural, technical and other related sciences.

Economics is broadly defined as the totality public relations entered into by people in the production process. Branch economic sciences (the economics of industry, transport, construction, trade, agriculture, etc.) study the features of the manifestation of general economic laws in the sectors of the national economy.

Agricultural Economics (ESA), as a science, studies the operation of objective economic laws and the forums of their manifestation in agricultural production. The economic laws to which agriculture is subject are of an objective nature and operate independently of people's consciousness. Guided by general economic laws, the rural economy. economy reveals the originality of their action in specific conditions, develops ways to use in economic practice.

A system of economic laws operates in agriculture: the law of value, the law of labor productivity growth, the law of expanded reproduction, the law of accumulation.

Accounting and objective use of the action of the entire system of economic laws are aimed at ensuring the growing needs of the population and the free all-round development of all members of society.

ESH, as a branch of science, draws practical conclusions and develops ways to apply and use the basic economic laws in the specific conditions of the development of the agro-industrial complex.

The subject of science "ESH" studies the production relations of people in interdependence and interaction with development productive forces. An important task of the subject is to determine the effectiveness of agricultural machinery and equipment used, agrotechnical, technological, reclamation and other measures.

In the context of development market relations in economics, along with the concept of the economy of branches, the concept of ECONOMICS is widely used. From the point of view of studying economic laws, using material resources and meeting the needs of the population, these concepts are close, but not identical. Economics studies production relations in the sectors of the national economy (including agriculture) in conjunction with other areas of material production. Economics - in the words of K. McConnell and S. Brew - is the study of people's behavior in the process of production, distribution and consumption of material goods and services in a world of limited resources. Economics is based on two fundamental facts:

In this regard, absolute material abundance does not seem feasible. The search for options for the efficient use of limited production resources in order to achieve the maximum satisfaction of human material needs is the subject of the science of Economics.

Agricultural economics makes extensive use of data from related preceding and subsequent sciences. An important role in the study of the course is given to the deep assimilation of knowledge of the previous technological (agriculture, crop production, agrochemistry, land reclamation, mechanization and electrification, animal husbandry, storage and processing of agricultural products, vegetable and fruit growing, etc.) and economic (mathematics, political science, economic theory, planning and forecasting in agriculture, distribution of productive forces, computer technology and computer technology, informatics, statistics, regulation and labor protection, accounting) sciences. At the same time, the economics of agriculture, as a branch of science, provides a basis for studying subsequent disciplines of an economic profile, such as: organization of agricultural production, analysis of economic activity, economic and mathematical methods, financing and lending, agricultural production management, international economic relations , entrepreneurship, agricultural markets, etc.

Ways of cognition of the surrounding reality constitute the method of science. The science of ESH is based on the dialectical method, which involves consideration of the development process in a state of continuous movement and change, when each phenomenon is characterized by unity and struggle of opposites, between the old and the new.

For the analysis of mass economic material, one uses various methods economic research: statistical (correlation, dispersion, index, regression), monographic, economic-mathematical, graphic, calculation-constructive, experimental, abstract-logical, etc.

2. Importance of agriculture in the country's economy

Agriculture is one of the most important branches of the national economy of Russia. It produces food for the population of the country, raw materials for the processing industry and provides for other needs of society. The population's demand for consumer goods is covered by agriculture by almost 75%. In 1998, the share of agriculture in the structure of gross domestic product was 6.7%.

The development of agriculture largely determines the standard of living and well-being of the population: the size and structure of nutrition, average per capita income, consumption of goods and services, and social living conditions (Table 1).

Russia's agriculture has always been a donor for other sectors of the economy, a source of replenishment of the national income for solving the country's urgent problems. In recent years, only due to price disparity, agriculture has received less than 185 million rubles, and in 2007 - more than 40 million rubles. The basic national economic proportions and the growth of the entire country's economy largely depend on the state and rate of development of agriculture. In the value of national income, agriculture accounts for 10%, and in the balance sheet profit 7.5%.

Name of production	Consumption rates	1990	1996	1997	1998
Meat and meat products
Milk and dairy products
Fish and fish products	18,2	20,3
Eggs, pcs.
Bread and bread products
Sugar	35,3	47,2
Vegetable oil	13,2	10,2
Potato
Vegetables and gourds
Fruits and berries

Agriculture is the main consumer of the country's material resources: tractors, combines, trucks, fuels and lubricants, and mineral fertilizers. Agriculture in 2007 consumed about 80% of all tractors produced in the country, 65% of grain harvesters, 20% of motor gasoline, almost 23% of diesel fuel produced in the country and 20% of mineral fertilizers. The share of agriculture accounts for over 13% of the value of Russia's fixed assets.

AT countryside 39.5 million people live in Russia, which is 27% of total strength in the country. Of the total number of people employed in the national economy, 63.6 million people. 5.4 million people worked in agriculture, which is 8.4% of the total number of employees in Russia. On average, one person working in agriculture provides work for 5-7 people working in other sectors of the national economy (in the field of material production, construction, processing of agricultural products, etc.).

About 40% of all land in the country is used for agricultural production.

3. Features of agriculture

The same general economic laws apply in agriculture as in other branches of the national economy. However, they are manifested taking into account the specific features of the industry.

A distinctive feature of the development of agriculture is that land is the main means of production here. Compared to other means of production, land does not wear out, and when correct use improves its quality parameters.

In agriculture, living organisms, such as animals and plants, act as means of production. The latter develop on the basis of biological laws. Consequently, the economic process of reproduction is closely intertwined with the natural process of development of living organisms.

Agricultural production is carried out over vast areas and is dispersed over various climatic zones. The final results sometimes largely depend not on the quantity and quality of the resources used, but on the specific conditions in which production is carried out.

The territorial distribution of agricultural production is associated with a large volume of transportation of both manufactured products (grain, potatoes, sugar beets, milk, meat, etc.) and equipment and material resources (fuel, fuels and lubricants, mineral fertilizers).

One of the important features of agriculture is that the products created here take part in the further production process. In agriculture, seeds and planting material (grain, potatoes, etc.), feed, as well as a significant part of the livestock for the restoration and expansion of the herd of animals are used as means of production. All this requires additional material resources for the construction of premises and industrial facilities (animal farms, feed warehouses, storage facilities for seeds and planting material, etc.).

An important feature of agriculture is that here the working period coincides with the period of production. In agriculture, the period of production consists of the time when the process is carried out under the influence of human labor (plowing the soil, tillage, sowing and planting, caring for plants, harvesting, etc.) and when it is carried out directly under the influence of natural factors (growth of cultivated plants, crop formation, etc.).

The discrepancy between the period of production and the working period determines the seasonality of agricultural production. The latter has a significant impact on the organization of production, the efficient use of technology, labor resources and, ultimately, the efficiency of the industry as a whole.

The division of labor, and consequently the specialization of production in agriculture, manifests itself differently than in industry and other branches of the national economy. In order to rationally use land, labor and material resources, it is necessary to achieve optimal combination branches of crop production with branches of animal husbandry and the development of auxiliary industries and crafts. When improving the social division of labor, it is necessary to take into account the specific conditions in specific regions.

Undoubtedly, one of the main features of agriculture is the level and conditions of use of technology. Due to the fact that in agriculture, as a rule, the instruments of production (machines, combines, agricultural machinery) are moved, and the objects of labor (plants) are in one place, the nature of the technical equipment of agriculture differs significantly from industrial sectors. The total need for energy resources is much higher here compared to industries. At the same time, the territorial dispersal of agriculture and the seasonal nature of production require a significant increase in the need of enterprises for machinery and fixed assets.

In agriculture, the organization of labor processes in the crop and livestock sectors is built differently. Here, the performer does not have a permanent workplace, as, for example, in industry. In the process of agricultural production, depending on the time of year and the specifics of the cultivated crop, field workers and machine operators perform different kinds works. The machine operator must be able to work on almost all machines and units, and field workers must be able to perform work on preparing seeds and planting material, caring for plants, harvesting fodder, and harvesting. At the same time, the type of work can change not only daily, but depending on the conditions and within one working day.

The noted features of agriculture in comparison with industries require a comprehensive analysis and consideration in the formation of the material and technical base of the industry, the organization and management of production, and the determination of the economic efficiency of the use of production resources.

4. Key indicators of the economic efficiency of agriculture

One of the most actual problems further accelerating the development of agriculture in modern conditions is to further improve the efficiency of the industry. Production efficiency is a complex economic category, which reflects the actions of economic laws and manifests the most important aspect of the enterprise's activity - its effectiveness.

When characterizing the economic efficiency of agricultural production, a system of natural and cost indicators is used. Natural performance indicators are crop yields and animal productivity. Natural indicators are the basis for calculating cost indicators: gross and marketable output, gross and net income, profit and profitability of production.

The efficiency of the enterprise reflects, as it were, the synthetic level of success or failure of the entire production and commercial policy of the enterprise and should characterize various aspects of its activities. Therefore, although in the general case, efficiency is understood as the ratio of effect to costs, for a more complete analysis of the activity of an enterprise, it is necessary to analyze various aspects of the financial and economic situation using a system of economic indicators.

For the best and most efficient production, economic efficiency must be measured quantitatively using special indicators, but when measuring it, it is necessary to take into account the magnitude of production potential. The role of economic efficiency indicators is to quantify the content of the criterion.

Currently, many scientists believe that:

1. A general indicator of the economic efficiency of agricultural production should reflect all the main results of production, that is, the volume of production, product quality, costs per unit of output. So, this indicator should be expressed in monetary terms.

Among scientists, there is no consensus on the category of a generalizing indicator of the efficiency of agricultural production. Some propose to use net income in this capacity, others - gross income, and still others - all gross output.

A significant variety of opinions of the authors is also observed regarding the choice of relative indicators of production efficiency, without which it is impossible to analyze the production - financial activities, forecasting and enterprise management.

In our opinion, in accordance with the main methodological and methodological assumptions about the production effect (result) and resources (costs) of production, as well as taking into account the requirements for a generalizing indicator of the economic efficiency of production, such an indicator at the enterprise level in market conditions is: income, net income, profit. At the same time, the presence of a generalizing indicator, such as profit or income, does not exclude, but on the contrary, even suggests the use of other indicators that allow a fuller and deeper reflection of the whole diversity of the content of the economic efficiency of production.

Only on this basis is it possible to find ways to increase agricultural production at a lower cost. There are two concepts for determining the economic efficiency of production - resource and cost. The resource concept allows you to evaluate the efficiency of using the entire mass of production resources used in the production process, and the cost concept - only those consumed in a certain process - part of these resources.

Classification according to resources and costs makes it possible to identify what resources or costs can be used to achieve savings in social labor and increase production efficiency. Depending on this classification, the main factors for increasing the economic efficiency of production in terms of resources and costs are: labor, land or material resources.

1. The ratio of the cost of gross output:

to a unit of land area;
per one average annual employee, per 1 man-hour, per 1 man-day;
per 100 rubles of fixed production assets;
per 100 rubles of production costs (the reverse indicator is the cost of production);

2. The ratio of gross income to the same indicators.

3. The ratio of net income and profit:

to a unit of land area;
per one average annual worker;
to the cost of fixed production assets;
to the cost of production of sold (gross) products.

All of the above indicators reflect the level and efficiency of the use of all types of resources and costs involved in the production.

The final indicator of the effectiveness of the functioning of the enterprise is profitability - this is an economic category that expresses the profitability (profitability) of the enterprise.

To assess profitability, indicators of gross and net income, profits are used.

Gross income(VD) is the difference between the cost of gross output (SVP) at current prices and material costs (MZ):

VD = SVP-MZ

net income(BH) is the difference between the cost of gross output (SVP) at current prices and production costs (PZ or IP):

BH \u003d VP - PZ or

BH \u003d VD - OT,

Where OT is labor costs.

Agriculture is the main source of food and agricultural raw materials in the world. It is designed to meet the growing needs of the population in food products, and the needs of industry in raw materials. Food, as well as its production, distribution, exchange and consumption, is an important integral part functioning of the world system and occupy special place in the world economy and politics. Food is directly related to people's livelihoods, its shortage is perceived as a disaster. The food market determines the state of the economy and the social stability of society, so its development is controlled in all countries.

Agriculture- this is not only the oldest, but also a fairly common occupation of people. Currently, more than 1 billion economically active people are employed in world agriculture. World agriculture accounts for about 5% of the world product.

As an industry, agriculture has certain specifics:

characterized by social heterogeneity and diversity of forms of ownership
the use of land as the main means of production. In agriculture, the land serves not only as the basis for the location of the economy, but is used as a direct resource, the fertility of the land is important
agricultural production is highly dependent on natural conditions. Even in developed countries, the results of agricultural production are unpredictable. Droughts, floods, pests, diseases make the agricultural sector a rather risky industry
seasonality of agricultural production. For this reason, a significant part of the agricultural machinery and labor force is idle for a long time and is under maximum load for short periods.
spatial dispersal of agricultural production, i.e. production is carried out over large areas, which increases transportation costs
living organisms (plants and animals) are used as means of production, which makes it necessary to take into account the biological laws of development. This leads to the expansion of production over time.

One of the most important regularities in the development of the agrarian sector is the strengthening of the integration of agriculture with service industries, resulting in the formation of an agro-industrial complex (AIC).

As you know, the agro-industrial complex includes 4 areas:

industries serving agriculture that supply the means of production. Their main function is to maintain the techno-economic efficiency of agricultural production. These are branches of agricultural engineering, chemical, feed industry, etc.
branches of agriculture - crop production and animal husbandry. They are directly involved in the production of agricultural products.
industries for processing, storage, transportation and marketing of agricultural products. These are the food industry, packaging and warehousing, transport, wholesale and retail trade. The main task is to bring products to the consumer
infrastructure of the agro-industrial complex - a set various industries, institutions, organizations that ensure the normal, uninterrupted functioning of all parts of the agro-industrial complex. These are various road organizations, credit system, banking network, intermediary, investment companies, etc.

There is no need to talk about the exclusive role of agriculture. Even the ancient Greek scholar Xenophon said that:

“... agriculture is the mother and breadwinner of all other crafts. When agriculture is well managed, all other trades flourish, but when agriculture is neglected, all other trades decline.”

These words have not lost their relevance today.

The development of agriculture in the world is determined by a number of reasons that determine the exceptional role of agricultural production in the world. These functions of the global agricultural sector include the following:

the need to feed an extremely rapidly growing population on the planet, especially in developing countries
the need to strengthen the raw material base of industry. Industrialization, not based on a corresponding expansion of the agrarian basis, with the weakness and instability of the latter, also becomes fragile.
agriculture acts as a supplier of labor and capital for other sectors of the world economy
agriculture serves as a source of currency, and for most developing countries the main one. Such countries are supported only by the export of agricultural goods. For example, in Guatemala it is bananas and coffee, in Chad it is cotton, etc.

The wealth of functions performed by world agriculture places many demands on the industry. And these are not only economic problems, but also problems of the use of natural resources, the need to maintain ecological balance in environment. It is possible to fully appreciate the importance of agriculture in the global economy only by tracing the main patterns of the long-term development of the industry.

Branches of agriculture: animal husbandry and crop production

There are two main branches of agriculture: animal husbandry and crop production.

animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with the breeding of farm animals for the production of livestock products.

The main branches of animal husbandry:

Cattle breeding - breeding of cattle (cattle).
Pig breeding.
Goat and sheep breeding. These directions are most widespread in the steppe zones, as well as in mountainous regions.
Horse breeding - provides the national economy with thoroughbred breeding animals, athletic and productive.
Camel breeding - provides the national economy in desert and semi-desert regions with wool and milk.
Reindeer breeding.
Poultry farming.
Fur farming provides the national economy with skins of small fur-bearing animals.
Beekeeping is a branch of agriculture that is engaged in breeding honey bees to obtain honey, beeswax and other products, as well as to pollinate crops in order to increase their yield.

crop production is the branch of agriculture concerned with the cultivation of cultivated plants. Crop products are used as a source of food for the population, as feed in animal husbandry, as a raw material in many industries (especially in the food, textile, pharmaceutical and perfume industries), as well as for ornamental (floriculture) and many other purposes.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Ryazan State Agricultural Academy named after Professor P.A. Kostychev

Test

On the subject "Economics of agro-industrial complex"

3
5
10
Bibliography 17
1. Subject, tasks and methods of economics of agricultural production
Agriculture is one of the most important branches of material production: the cultivation of crops and the breeding of farm animals to obtain agricultural and livestock products. Agriculture also includes various types of primary processing of plant and animal products (unless they have become independent branches of industry). In some countries, forestry is classified as agriculture. Agriculture creates food products for the population, raw materials for many branches of industry (food, feed, textile, pharmaceutical, perfumery, etc.), reproduces living draft power (horse breeding, reindeer breeding, etc.); includes the branches of agriculture (field growing, vegetable growing, fruit growing, viticulture, etc.) and animal husbandry (cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, etc.), the correct combination of which ensures the rational use of material and labor resources and is the main task of the agricultural economy.
The main means of production in agriculture is land, the features of which cause specific forms of concentration and specialization of agricultural production, necessitate the use of scientifically based farming systems to increase soil fertility. As means of production in agriculture, living organisms are used - plants and animals, as a result of which the action of economic and biological laws is intertwined in the development of the industry, the period of production does not coincide with the working period, the means of production and labor are used seasonally. This is the main features of the economics of agriculture as a science.
Agricultural production is spatially dispersed, carried out on large areas, therefore, it mainly uses mobile agricultural units. Over 20% of the gross agricultural output (seeds, feed, livestock) is used in the subsequent production cycle as a means of production, which determines the specifics of the formation of agricultural production assets and a lower degree of marketability than in industry.

The role of the agricultural economy is growing significantly due to the transition processes in Russian economy. Reform reforms in the agro-industrial sector have been actively carried out since 1992: the state monopoly on land has been eliminated, multi-structural production has mainly developed, institutional reform of agricultural enterprises is underway, the importance of such an organizational mechanism as cooperation and integration is increasing, the denationalization of the system of procurement of agricultural products and the introduction of a competitive procedure are being implemented. procurement for state needs, the mechanism of state leasing operations, a network of wholesale food markets is being formed, an agricultural producer is defined as market-oriented. The transformation processes were accompanied by the deterioration of the economic situation in the agro-industrial sector. Gross agricultural output decreased by 40% compared to 1992, the production potential of the industry tends to decrease, the processes of degradation of land resources are activated, there is a predominant decline in production in the food and processing industries in comparison with the sectors of agriculture itself, material and financial resources implemented inefficiently, there is an increase in receivables and payables. Negative trends, both at the macro and meso levels, are due to the general situation in the economy. Causes negative manifestations at all levels, including at the regional level, there may be: the incompleteness of land transformations, the mechanism for disposing, owning and using land is not reflected in real practice, which significantly reduces investment attractiveness and labor motivation; the mechanism of state economic regulation is not fully involved; liberalization of foreign economic activity, which entailed an increase in food imports; disparity in prices for agro-industrial products of other industries; non-compliance of the existing structure and infrastructure of the agro-industrial complex with the requirements of a market economy.

Ways out of this state are in the market sphere with its specific tools for improving the economy, but both state support and measures of state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial complex are needed. In addition, internal factors of stabilization and growth in the agro-industrial sector itself should be involved: structural transformations can be fully attributed to them. The process of restructuring the agro-industrial complex has not been completed. The modeled functional-sectoral, production-technological, regional (territorial), organizational and economic structure should fit into the market conditions of doing business. All of the above vital issues for the country are dealt with by such a science as agricultural economics.

2. The concept and significance of the material and technical base of agriculture, its features and composition. Features of the formation of the material and technical base in market conditions

An important condition for the organization of effective agricultural production is the optimal formation and rational use of the material and technical base of agriculture. It is multifaceted and has a natural and cost composition. According to its natural composition, the material and technical base includes means and objects of labor (machinery, equipment and other technical means, industrial and cultural facilities, working and productive livestock, perennial plantations, plant protection products, seeds, feed, raw materials, fuel). In the process of its functioning, natural resources (water, etc.) are used. All elements of the material and technical base are combined into one or another technological processes through certain forms of organization of production.

The economic content of the material and technical base is very closely connected with the content of the productive forces. However, there are also significant differences between them. Thus, the material base of the agrarian sector does not include the direct producer, although it is created and set in motion by the labor force. And the difference between the material and technical base and production itself lies in the fact that the latter is a dialectical unity of the productive forces and production relations, and the material and technical base is only an element of the productive forces, on the basis of which the corresponding production relations are formed between the subjects of the production process.

The economic mechanism for the formation and reproduction of the material and technical base of agriculture is characterized by the action of two different groups of factors. The first group of these factors manifests itself through the use of horizontal economic ties between agriculture and engineering, energy, chemical industry, construction and other sectors of the economy. Formed on this basis, the elements of the material and technical base embody the materialized labor of industry and capital construction in the form of a potential productive force.

Another group of factors manifests itself through vertical economic ties within agriculture, ensuring the interaction of living labor and all elements of the base. As a result, its components, such as agricultural land and the biological group of means of production, are annually cyclically expanded within the industry and each individual enterprise. If agricultural plants and animals are reproduced not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively, then the reproduction of cultivated lands occurs only in a qualitative sense, through an expanded reproduction of their fertility. From an economic point of view, the essence of expanded reproduction in agriculture is to increase the productive power of living organisms and soil.

Economic entity material and technical resources lies in the fact that they, being the working capital of the enterprise, fully transfer their value to the newly created agricultural products. Their cost is included in the total cost of production. Material and technical resources participate in the production process during one production cycle and, therefore, require constant compensation at the same level with simple reproduction or in larger sizes with expanded reproduction. In the process of production, they change their material form, which distinguishes them from another group of the production base - technical resources that make up the fixed assets of the enterprise. So, seed material in the production process is transformed under the influence of natural, biological and soil factors into plants, and mineral fertilizers applied to the soil are converted into various nutrients that create conditions for the formation of plants.

The composition of the material and technical base of agriculture includes material and technical resources and technical means. Material - technical resources are represented by inventories and work in progress. Industrial stocks include various material elements of agricultural production used as objects of labor in the production process (feed, seeds, fuels and lubricants, fattening animals, etc.).

The availability of stocks is a prerequisite for ensuring the normal functioning of an agricultural enterprise. They allow him to provide production with material and technical resources continuously and in the optimal ratio.

Work in progress is included in the composition of material and technical resources at the cost of agricultural costs incurred in a given year for the harvest of winter and spring crops of the next year, as well as costs in animal husbandry for incubation of eggs, etc., passing to next year. The work in progress of industrial and auxiliary divisions includes the costs of acquiring raw materials and materials for processing agricultural products, etc.

Technical means play a special role in the organization of agricultural production. These include tractors, combines, trucks and cars, various agricultural implements (seeders, etc.), and power generation.

Taking into account the frequency of work on the cultivation of crops and the peculiarities of the organization of production processes in animal husbandry, special complexes of machines are formed to perform interconnected technological operations (sowing grain crops, caring for crops, cleaning manure on farms, distributing feed) in accordance with the equipment available on the farm.

The technical re-equipment of agricultural production, the acquisition of a system of machines for a particular enterprise requires taking into account local conditions, the accepted system of farming, its specialization and cooperation with other branches in the agro-industrial complex. The system of machines must ensure the maximum level of mechanization of work, the introduction of intensive technologies, the growth of output and labor productivity.

Technology in agriculture is understood as a set of production methods and processes of agricultural work of a certain sequence with a fixed start and end of operations.

Complex mechanization includes the consistent use of systems of machines, mechanisms and devices at all technological operations and stages of the production process, which makes it possible to completely replace manual labor with machine labor both in the main and in auxiliary agricultural work.

A characteristic feature of modern agricultural production is the improvement of means and objects of labor under the influence of scientific and technological progress. This objective natural process of development of the productive forces of agriculture is becoming more and more decisive in the face of a reduction in the labor resources of the countryside.

Scientific and technological progress is intended to provide savings on current production costs and, above all, limited types of fuels and raw materials of natural origin. The creation of a material-saving technology requires an appropriate orientation of scientific and technical progress. It should be noted that scientific and technical progress is not only the saving of social labor, but also the growth of its costs. Therefore, the task is to additional expenses were below the additional effect, which means the provision of STP on an efficient basis.

3. The concept of economic efficiency of agricultural production. Its main indicators and methods of their calculation

Production efficiency is an economic category that reflects the essence of the process of expanded reproduction.

According to a group of scientists, two types of efficiency should be distinguished: economic and social.

Economic efficiency is determined by comparing the effect (result) obtained with the resources or costs used. The calculation of the economic efficiency of production based on a comparison of its results with both the total costs of living and past labor and the volume of production resources used is due to the fact that the result of production is characterized by production costs, as well as the amount of resources involved in the production process.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of effect and economic efficiency. The effect is the result of activities carried out in agriculture. So, the effect of the use of fertilizers is expressed in the form of an increase in yield, but this does not indicate the profitability of the use of fertilizers. The benefit can only be judged on the basis of comparing the effect obtained with the costs of achieving it. Consequently, not the effect, but economic efficiency characterizes the profitability of using fertilizers. For example, in one case, the increase in grain yield per 1 ha from the use of fertilizers amounted to 3 centners, or 225 rubles in monetary terms, in the second, 6 centners and 450 rubles, respectively, and the production costs for their use per 1 hectare were in both cases 300 rubles. Consequently, in the first variant it is unprofitable to use fertilizers, and in the second it is profitable, since in the first case the costs exceed the magnitude of the effect, and in the second, on the contrary, the effect obtained exceeds the costs. In agriculture, the following types of economic efficiency are distinguished: economic; industry; individual branches of agriculture; production in various forms of management; on-farm subdivisions - links, brigades, etc.; production of certain types of products - grain, vegetables, milk, etc.; individual economic activities - agrotechnical, zootechnical, veterinary, economic, organizational.

The economic efficiency of agricultural production is assessed from the point of view of meeting the needs of the population for food, industry for raw materials, as well as the financial contribution of the industry to the solution of national economic problems.

Sectoral efficiency reflects the effectiveness of the use of resource potential and consumed resources in agriculture.

Other types of efficiency are similar to sectoral ones, but they characterize the effectiveness of various forms of organization of production, on-farm divisions, the production of certain types of products and activities carried out in agriculture by comparing the effect obtained with resources or costs.

The essence of the economic efficiency of agricultural production can be expressed through criteria and indicators. The criterion is a sign on the basis of which the evaluation of efficiency is made.

Economic efficiency criterion social production in general view can be formulated as the maximum effect per unit of social labor costs or the minimum cost of social labor per unit of effect. For individual producers, the criterion for the economic efficiency of economic activity is the maximum profit. This criterion meets the objectives of agricultural production in a market economy.

Indicators of economic efficiency serve as a means of quantitative measurement of its level.

Increasing the economic efficiency of agriculture makes it possible to increase agricultural production with the same resource potential and reduce labor and material costs per unit of output.

In a market economy, the efficiency of agriculture largely depends not only on production, but also on distribution, exchange and consumption.

The level of economic efficiency is also affected by weather conditions, so one of the obligatory moments in determining the efficiency of agricultural production is the analysis of actual indicators that reflect the dynamics for at least 3-5 years. This allows you to objectively identify trends and patterns in the development of agriculture and, to a certain extent, smooth out the impact weather conditions on the result of production.

There are two ways to calculate economic efficiency indicators: efficiency is expressed as a fraction, in the numerator of which indicate the effect (result), in the denominator - resources; subtract the cost of achieving it from the effect.

To determine the economic efficiency of agricultural production, it is advisable to use a system of indicators, which is due both to the different nature of the measurement of the effect, and different types production resources that differ in economic nature and are not always comparable.

Considering that economic efficiency is determined in one case by comparing the effect and resources, in the other - the effect and costs, all indicators characterizing its level can be divided into two groups. One group of indicators characterizes the economic efficiency of the use of resources used, the other - current production costs. The first group includes land productivity, capital productivity, labor productivity, resource productivity, etc., the second group includes the cost, material intensity, labor intensity, profitability level, etc. Depending on the purpose and objects of study, indicators of both the first and the second group.

Indicators of economic efficiency of agricultural production are divided into private and general. Private characterize the effectiveness of the use of certain types of resources or costs, generalizing give the most complete assessment of the economic efficiency of the use of resource potential and current production costs. Private indicators of the efficiency of the use of resources include land productivity, capital productivity, etc., general indicators - resource productivity, and among indicators of the efficiency of the use of costs, private ones include cost, material intensity, labor intensity, and generalizing - the level of profitability.

The efficiency of the use of production resources is determined by the ratio of production results to resources.

The economic efficiency of land use is characterized by land yield, land intensity; production assets - capital productivity, capital intensity, turnover ratio of working capital, the duration of one turnover of working capital, material consumption; labor resources - indicators of labor productivity.

Generalizing indicators of the economic efficiency of the use of all production resources are resource productivity (P from) and resource intensity (P em):

P from \u003d VP / RP; R em \u003d RP / VP,

where VP is the value of gross agricultural output, rubles; RP - value of resource potential, rub.

The generalizing indicator of the efficiency of the use of production resources E o can also be calculated using the following formula:

E o \u003d VP / N,

where VP is actually received gross agricultural output per 1 ha of agricultural land. rub.; H - normative level gross output, reflecting the production potential of an agricultural enterprise, rub./ha.

The normative level of production is calculated by the multiple regression equation, taking into account the provision of the economy with production resources. The resource potential of an agricultural enterprise is a set of labor, natural and material resources, which is determined by the quantity, quality, and internal structure of each resource. The calculation of the resource potential consists in their total assessment.

The production potential of an agricultural enterprise is the objective ability of an enterprise to produce agricultural products, depending on the quantity, quality and ratio of material, labor and natural resources, as well as the level of their return, determined by the objective conditions for the functioning of the economy. The calculation of the production potential is to determine the potential volume of production that the enterprise can produce with the help of these resources.

Comparing the production potential with the resource one, we will obtain an assessment of the influence of objective natural and economic factors on the level of production. The ratio of production to resource potential characterizes the full efficiency of resource use, including both its objective and subjective aspects.

The economic efficiency of agricultural production is characterized by profitability, which is an economic category that reflects the profitability of an enterprise or industry.

The profitability of agricultural production is characterized by gross and net income, profit, level of profitability, cost recovery, rate of return.

Gross income (VD) is equal to the difference between the cost of gross output (GRP) and material costs (MZ):

VD = VP - MZ.

Net income (BH) -- the difference between the cost of gross output and all costs of its production (PZ):

BH = VP - PZ, or BH = VD - FROM,

where OT is labor costs.

Gross profit is the total profit of the enterprise from all types of activities: sales of products and services; sale of fixed assets and other property; non-operating income and expenses (rental income, dividends, interest on shares and other securities belonging to the enterprise, fines, penalties, forfeits).

Profit from the sale of products and services (P) is calculated by subtracting from the cash proceeds (C) the full (commercial) cost (PS):

The net profit of the enterprise is the gross profit minus taxes not included in the cost price.

However, the absolute amount of profit does not yet indicate the efficiency achieved. It is characterized by the level of profitability, which is one of the main indicators of the economic efficiency of production. The level of profitability (Ur) is the percentage of profit received (P) to full cost(PS):

Ur \u003d P / PS * 100.

This indicator characterizes the amount of profit attributable to each unit of consumed resources. For example, with a profitability level of 30%, for each ruble of costs, a profit of 30 kopecks was received, or for 100 rubles. costs received 30 rubles. arrived.

If the production of products is unprofitable (unprofitable), instead of the level of profitability with negative sign(unprofitability) another indicator can be used - the level of cost recovery (Oz), which is the ratio of cash proceeds (B) to the commercial (full) cost (PS),%:

Oz \u003d V / PS * 100

This indicator characterizes cash receipts per unit of costs. Production is profitable only if the cost recovery rate exceeds 100%.

An indicator of the profitability of production is also the rate of return (N), which is understood as the percentage of profit to the average annual cost of fixed (Fo) and working capital (FOB) funds:

N \u003d P / (Fo + Fob) * 100

This indicator characterizes the amount of profit received on the unit of production (fixed and circulating) funds -

The considered system of indicators makes it possible to comprehensively characterize the economic efficiency of agricultural production.

Bibliography

1. Kovalenko N.Ya. Economics of agriculture. Lecture course. -- M.: Tandem, 1998.

2. Mishchenko V.I. Economic turnover and efficiency of agro-industrial complex resources - Kharkov, 1996.

3. Organizational forms of material - technical support // Organization of agricultural production: Textbook / Ed. F.K. Shamirova. - M., 2000.

4. Organization and planning of agricultural production. / Ed. L.Ya. Zribnyak - M.: Kolos, 1992.

5. Popov N.A. Organization of agricultural production: Textbook. -- M.: Finance and statistics, 2000.

6. Popov N.A. Economics of agricultural production: Textbook. -- M.: Tandem, 1999.

Agriculture

Agriculture- the most important sphere, which is a complex of industries (agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, forestry, crafts) associated with the development (collection, extraction) of plant and animal resources.

Agriculture is the most important part of agro-industrial complex(AIC), which, in addition to farms directly related to the development of natural resources, includes manufacturing industries that produce means of production for agriculture (machines, fertilizers, etc.) and process agricultural raw materials into final consumer products. The ratio of these sectors of the agro-industrial complex in developed countries is 15, 35 and 50%, respectively. In most developing countries, the agro-industrial complex is in its infancy and the proportions of its sectors can be defined as 40:20:40, i.e., natural-climatic and living labor remain the dominant factors in agricultural production. Agro-industrial complex of developed countries- these are, as a rule, large commodity farms (plantations, farms, etc.), which use modern means of production to the maximum extent at all stages of economic activity - from the field to storage, processing and packaging of products ready for consumption. The intensity of agricultural enterprises in developed countries is determined by significant capital investments per unit area (in Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands - up to $ 10,000 / ha), as well as the widespread use of the achievements of science (biology) and technology.

The development of agriculture depends on the solution of the problems of land ownership and the practiced forms of land use. Unlike other factors of production, land has a number of specific features - immovability as a factor of production, unpredictability (dependence on soil and climatic conditions), limited reserves for expanding agricultural use, productivity limits. Due to these features, the limited (inelastic) supply of land is one of the reasons for the peculiarities of land pricing. Differences in the quality of land lie at the basis of the formation of rental relations.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 78% of the earth's surface is experiencing serious natural limitations for the development of agriculture, 13% of the area is characterized by low productivity, 6% - medium and only 3% - high. Currently, about 11% of the total land area is occupied by arable land. Approximately 24% of all land on the planet is used for animal husbandry. The specifics and severity of agro-resource situations often differ sharply across countries, and within countries, across regions. Therefore, there can be no universal ways solutions to the food problem and overall growth in agricultural productivity.

Progress in the development of productive forces in the world's agriculture in the 20-30s. 20th century associated with the mechanization of work, in the 40-50s. - selection and chemicalization, in the 60-70s. - the spread of the achievements of the green revolution, from the 80s. - a period of active development and introduction of biotechnology and computerization of agricultural production has come.

At the same time, global agriculture early XXI in. experiencing a number of problems. First of all, this is the lack of land resources and the natural limited growth of land productivity in developed countries and low labor productivity on land, associated with a lack of investment, in developing regions.

Growth rate agricultural production in the early XXI century. averaged 2-2.5% per year, which significantly exceeded the population growth rate and made it possible to produce products by 20-30% more than the volume necessary to meet the countries' domestic needs for food and raw materials. On the contrary, in developing countries, the growth rates of agricultural production, especially food, coincided in value with population growth (2-3%), and per capita in some countries had a downward trend, which contributed to the persistence of the food problem, especially in Tropical Africa.

Branches of agriculture

Agriculture- the most important link in the agro-industrial complex and differs from other sectors of the economy by the seasonal nature of production, the use of land as an object and means of labor, and a strong dependence on natural conditions. It includes agriculture (plant growing) and animal husbandry, closely related to each other, which provide respectively 56 and 44% of agricultural products.

The natural basis of agriculture are land- land used in agriculture. In 2007, the area of agricultural land amounted to 220.6 million hectares, or 12.9% of the country's area, and according to this indicator, our country ranks third in the world after China and the United States. The sown area (arable land) is much smaller: in 2007 it amounted to 76.4 million hectares, or less than 5% of the country's territory. As of the beginning of 2007, the level of provision of agricultural land for the population of Russia per capita was 1.55 ha, including 0.54 ha of arable land. The remaining territories are occupied by forests and shrubs, tundra, mountain ranges, that is, lands that are inconvenient for agriculture.

A significant part of Russia's agricultural land is located in waterlogged or arid regions, subject to wind and water erosion, and some of them ended up in the zone of contamination with radioactive elements after the Chernobyl accident. Thus, almost 3/4 of agricultural land has either already degraded or is at the dangerous line of loss of fertility. This situation is aggravated by a sharp reduction in the supply of mineral fertilizers to agriculture. Therefore, land reclamation plays an increasingly important role - the natural improvement of lands to increase their fertility or general improvement of the area, one of the types of rational nature management.

The total area of fodder lands is more than 70 million hectares, but more than 1/2 of them fall on the share of tundra reindeer pastures, which are characterized by low fodder productivity.

A wide variety of natural landscape zones, different populations led to features of the use of agricultural land: in the steppe and forest-steppe zone with fertile gray soils and chestnut soils, plowing reaches 80% of all agricultural land; in the forest zone - much less; in the foothill areas, vast alpine meadows are combined with small plots of arable land in the valleys and along the slopes of the mountains.

Crop production is the leading branch of agriculture in terms of gross output - 56% in 2007.

The climatic conditions of Russia limit the range of crops that are permissible and cost-effective to cultivate on its territory. High and stable yields can only be obtained in the west of the country's black earth belt and in the western regions of the North Caucasus.

Cereal crops is the leading branch of crop production in Russia. They occupy more than half of the country's cultivated area. Due to the inconsistency of weather conditions, their collection from year to year ranged from 127 million tons in the most fruitful 1978 to 48 million tons in 1998. In the last two decades, there has been a tendency to reduce grain harvests. The average annual gross grain harvest in Russia was (in million tons): 1950s. — 59; 1960s — 84; 1970s — 101; 1980s — 98; 1990s - 76. Nevertheless, in 2007, in terms of grain harvest - 82 million tons - Russia ranked fourth in the world after China, the USA and India.

The average grain yield in Russia is very low - about 20 centners per 1 ha compared to 60-70 centners in the countries Western Europe, which is explained by the difference in agro-climatic conditions and the low culture of domestic agriculture. More than 9/10 of the total collection falls on four crops: wheat (more than half), barley (about a quarter), oats and rye.

Wheat

Wheat- the most important grain crop in Russia. It is sown mainly in the forest-steppe and less arid part. steppe zone, and the density of crops decreases in the east direction. Two types of wheat are sown in Russia - spring and winter. Given that the yield of winter wheat is twice as high as that of spring wheat, winter wheat is cultivated wherever agro-climatic conditions allow. Therefore, in the western part of the country up to the Volga ( North Caucasus, Central Chernozem region, right bank of the Volga region) winter wheat crops predominate, in the eastern (left bank of the Volga region, Southern Urals, south Western Siberia and the Far East) - spring.

Barley

Barley- the second largest grain crop in Russia, used primarily for the manufacture of concentrated feed for livestock. This is one of the earliest ripening crops that tolerate frost and drought well, so the area of barley cultivation is extensive: it penetrates north, south and southeast further than other grain crops.

oats

oats- primarily a forage crop and is widely used in the feed industry. Distributed in the forest zone in areas with a milder climate, it is also sown in Siberia and the Far East.

Rye

Rye- an important food crop, relatively undemanding to agro-climatic conditions, it needs less heat than winter wheat, and, like oats, it tolerates acidic soils. Its main area is the Russian Non-Black Earth Region.

All other crops, including rice and corn, are not widely used in domestic crop production due to harsh climatic conditions. Corn crops for grain are concentrated in the North Caucasus - the only region of Russia, which, according to natural conditions reminiscent of the famous "corn belt" of the United States, in other parts of the country it is cultivated for green fodder and silage. Rice crops are located in the floodplains of the Kuban River, the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain and the Khanka lowland.

Industrial crops are a valuable raw material for production food products(sugar, vegetable oils) and many light industry products. They are very demanding on agro-climatic conditions, labor-intensive and material-intensive, and are located in narrowed areas. The most famous fibrous crop in Russia is fiber flax. Its main crops are concentrated in the north-west of the European part of the country. The main oil crop - sunflower - is grown in the forest-steppe and steppe zone of the country (Central Chernozem region, North Caucasus). The main crops of industrial varieties of sugar beet are concentrated in the Central Chernozem Region and the Krasnodar Territory.

The potato is an important food and fodder crop. Crops of this crop are widespread, but the vast majority is concentrated in Central Russia, as well as near cities, where vegetable growing is also developing. Horticulture and viticulture as a large branch of crop production is typical for the southern regions of Russia.

animal husbandry- an important component of agriculture, which provides less than half of the gross output of the industry. Despite a serious drop in production during the years of the economic crisis, today Russia is among the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock production.

The industry reached its maximum level of development in 1987, after which both the number of livestock and the volume of production began to decline. The main value of livestock products is meat. The structure of its production is dominated by beef and veal - 39%, followed by pork - 34%, poultry meat - 24%, lamb and goat meat - 3%. In 2007, the number of cattle, sheep and goats was inferior to 1940.

Number of livestock in Russia at the beginning of the year* (in million heads)

Year	Cattle	including cows.	Pigs	Sheep and goats
1940	28,3	14,3	12,2	46,0
1950	31,5	13,7	10,7	45,7
1960	37,6	17,6	27,1	67,5
1970	49,4	20,4	27,4	63,4
1980	58,6	22,2	36,4	66,9
1987	60,5	21,3	40,2	64,1
2000	27,5	12,9	18,3	14,0
2007	21,5	9,4	16,1	21,0

The development, location and specialization of animal husbandry are determined by the availability of a forage base, which depends on the degree of plowing of land, the composition of fodder crops, and the size of pasture resources. A paradoxical situation has developed in the fodder base of modern Russia: while procuring more feed in terms of calories per unit of livestock products than developed countries, Russia constantly experiences an acute shortage of them, which is due to the low preservation of fodder, their inefficient structure (a small proportion of concentrated fodder), frequent interruptions in the supply of livestock farms with fodder, almost complete disregard for scientifically based proposals on the system of feeding and keeping livestock.

The distribution of animal husbandry is formed under the influence of two main factors: targeting feed base and attraction to the consumer. With the development of urbanization processes and progress in transport, the importance of the second factor in the location of animal husbandry is rapidly increasing. In suburban areas major cities and highly urbanized areas develop dairy farming, pig farming and poultry farming, i.e., the azonality of livestock farming is increasing. However, until now, the orientation towards the forage base (zonal factor) is the determining factor in the location of livestock farming.

The largest branch of animal husbandry is cattle breeding (cattle breeding), the main products of which are milk and meat. Based on their ratio, there are three main areas of cattle breeding:

a) dairy relies on succulent feed and is located in the center of the European part of the country and around cities;
b) dairy and meat uses natural feed and silage and is placed everywhere;
c) meat, dairy and meat products are based on rough and concentrated feed and are represented in the steppes and semi-deserts of the North Caucasus, the Urals, the Volga region, and Siberia.

Pig breeding is a precocious industry and provides 1/3 of the meat. It uses root crops (potatoes, sugar beet), concentrated feed and food waste as feed. It is located in agriculturally developed areas and near large cities.

Sheep farming provides raw materials textile industry and is predominantly developed in semi-deserts and mountainous regions. Fine-wool sheep breeding is represented in the southern steppes of the European part and in the south of Siberia, semi-fine-fleeced - prevails in the European territory of the country and the Far East.

Poultry farming is highly productive and is most developed in the main grain-producing areas and near large cities. Reindeer breeding is the main branch of agriculture in the Far North. In some areas, horse breeding (the North Caucasus, the south of the Urals), downy goat breeding (dry steppes of the Urals), and yak breeding (Altai, Buryatia, Tuva) are of commercial importance.

food industry- the final sphere of the agro-industrial complex. It includes a set of industries producing food flavoring, as well as tobacco products, perfumes and cosmetics. The food industry is distinguished by its ubiquity, although the set of its industries in each region is determined by the structure of agriculture, and the volume of production is determined by the population of the given territory and transportation conditions. finished products.

The food industry is closely related to agriculture and includes more than 20 industries that use different raw materials. Some industries use raw materials (sugar, tea, dairy, oil and fat), others use raw materials that have been processed (bakery, confectionery, pasta), others are a combination of the first two (meat, dairy).

Placement of the food industry depends on the availability of raw materials and the consumer. According to the degree of their influence, the following groups of industries can be distinguished.

The first group gravitates toward the regions where raw materials are produced, since the cost of raw materials per unit of output is high here, and transportation is associated with large losses and deterioration in quality. These include sugar, fruit and vegetable canning, oil and fat, tea, butter, salt.

The sugar industry does not fully meet the needs of the Russian population in its products. A significant part of the sugar consumed in Russia is imported from abroad. Our country also imports raw sugar. The highest concentration of domestic sugar factories is in the Central Black Earth region and in the North Caucasus.

A special place in this group is occupied by the fishing industry, which includes the extraction of raw materials (fish, sea animals) and its processing. The catch is dominated by cod, herring, horse mackerel, a significant proportion of salmon and sturgeon. Most of the products of the Russian fishing industry are produced by Far East(Primorsky Territory, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions). The Murmansk, Kaliningrad and Astrakhan regions stand out from other major producers in this industry.

The second group of industries is connected with the places of consumption of finished products and produces perishable goods. This is the baking, confectionery, whole-milk (production of milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, kefir) industries, which are concentrated primarily in highly urbanized areas.

The third group is formed by industries with a simultaneous focus on raw materials and on the consumer. Such a duality of placement is characterized by meat, flour-grinding, dairy.

At present, the food industry is one of the most dynamic sectors of the country; it is distinguished by investment attractiveness, which makes it possible to create a wide network of processing enterprises of small capacity, equipped with modern equipment.

Agriculture in Russia- a set of interrelated industries specializing mainly in the production of raw materials for the food processing industry. Some of the branches of agriculture produce products that are already ready for consumption, further processing of which is not required in all cases. For example, these are the products of vegetable growing, horticulture, and dairy farming.

Agricultural goods are also in demand from a number of other industries that are not directly or indirectly related to food production. For example, agricultural products are actively used in the pharmaceutical, textile, and footwear industries. Some types of agricultural raw materials serve as the basis for the production of biofuels.

Agriculture in Russia is part of a larger intersectoral association - the agro-industrial complex (AIC), and is its key link. In addition to agriculture, the sectors of the agro-industrial complex include:

food and processing industries;
industries that provide agriculture with the means of production and material resources (for example, agricultural engineering industries, fertilizer and agricultural chemistry industries);
infrastructure industries - a number of industries for servicing the above-mentioned industries of the agro-industrial complex (logistics services, financial services, training of qualified personnel, etc.).

A set of measures for state regulation of the branches of the agro-industrial complex can also be considered as a separate link in the agro-industrial complex. In recent years, it is the state regulation of the agro-industrial complex that has led to a steady increase in the production of most types of agricultural products, products of the food and processing industries in Russia.

Branches of agriculture in Russia

Agriculture in Russia, being part of a larger inter-industry association (AIC), in turn, is also divided into a number of industries:

Branches of crop production: industries for growing grain (wheat, barley, corn, rye, oats, rice, rye, triticale, millet, sorghum), legumes (peas, lentils, chickpeas, beans), oilseeds (sunflower, soybeans, rapeseed, camelina and etc.), potatoes and vegetables (onions, carrots, cabbage, beets, peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, marrows, eggplants, radishes, turnips, other vegetables), fruits, forage grasses, industrial crops (such as cotton, hemp) and medicinal plants.

Livestock industries: branches of pig breeding, egg and meat poultry farming, dairy and beef cattle breeding (breeding of cattle of dairy and meat breeds), goat and sheep breeding, rabbit breeding, horse breeding, deer breeding, beekeeping.

Structure of agricultural production by sectors

The shares of crop and livestock industries in the total value of agricultural products in Russia are at approximately the same levels. According to the preliminary results of 2015, the share of crop production was at the level of 52.3% (2,637 billion rubles), the share of animal husbandry was 47.7% (2,400 billion rubles).

Agriculture in Russia - Regional Analysis

Leading regions in the production of agricultural products in Russia (TOP-10 in 2015): Krasnodar Territory, Rostov Region, Belgorod Region, Republic of Tatarstan, Voronezh Region, Stavropol Territory, Republic of Bashkortostan, Altai Territory, Volgograd Region and Tambov Region. In 2015, these regions accounted for 38.0% of all agricultural production in value terms.

Volume of agricultural production

Agriculture is one of the few sectors of the real sector of the economy that shows steady growth even in times of crisis.

It should be noted that it is the crisis phenomena accompanied by the devaluation of the ruble, although they have some Negative influence on the industry (rising prices for imported machinery and equipment, seeds for sowing, breeding stock), in general, contribute to increasing the volume of agricultural production.

First, the weakening of the national currency leads to an increase in the cost of imported products in the domestic market, as a result of which import substitution is carried out in the market of agricultural raw materials and food.

Secondly, devaluation contributes to the growth of the competitiveness of Russian goods on world markets. Increasing the volume of external shipments stimulates the investment attractiveness of domestic production.

Example 1 The economic crisis of 1998, which was accompanied by a default, led to a significant increase in the cost of imported products in the domestic market, which increased the investment attractiveness of a number of agricultural sectors. Thus, since 1998 there has been a steady increase in the production of poultry meat. By 1997, the volume of poultry meat production in the Russian Federation fell to a minimum of 0.6 million tons per year. lethal weight(in 1991 it was about 1.8 million tons). The volume of imports exceeded 1.4 million tons. Already in 2004, in the conditions of growing investments in poultry farming, production volumes recovered to 1 million tons, imports decreased to 1.1 million tons. State regulation of meat imports (quotas), launch of the PNP "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex", implementation government programs on the development of agriculture, as well as the economic crises of 2008 (in 2009, compared to 2008, poultry meat imports to the Russian Federation fell by 238 thousand tons), 2014-2015, contributed to a further increase in production. In 2015, production reached 4.5 million tons, imports fell to less than 0.3 million tons, poultry meat exports from Russia exceeded 60 thousand tons.

Example 2 The weakening of the ruble in 2015 led to a drop in the supply of vegetables to the Russian Federation. The total import of the main types of vegetables (tomatoes, onions, cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, Bell pepper, garlic, radish, zucchini, eggplant, table beet) in 2015 decreased by 30.8% or 636.7 thousand tons compared to 2014 and amounted to 1432.0 thousand tons (volumes are presented without data on trade with Belarus and Kazakhstan). At the same time, the volume of production of open and protected ground vegetables in 2015 in the industrial sector of vegetable growing (agricultural organizations and farms, excluding households) amounted to 5,275.6 thousand tons, which is 13.3% or 620.5 thousand tons. tons more than in 2014.

Example 3 The devaluation of the ruble in 2015 increased the export supplies of Russian grain to foreign markets. Thus, the export of corn increased by 5.7% to 3,677.1 thousand tons, the export of barley increased by 31.2% to 5,258.4 thousand tons. There was no increase in wheat exports due to increased export duties.

Agricultural production in Russia at actual prices. The volume of agricultural production in all categories of Russian farms, according to preliminary data from Rosstat (analysis of data as of February 21, 2016), in 2015 in actual prices amounted to 5,037 billion rubles, which is 16.6% more than in 2014 year. For 5 years, in relation to 2010, the indicators increased by 94.7%, for 10 years - more than 3.6 times.

The increase in production is carried out mainly due to the industrial segment - agricultural organizations and peasant farms. The increase in volumes on the part of households is not so significant.

The production of agricultural products in the industrial segment in 2015 amounted to 3,103 billion rubles. Over the year, the indicators increased by 20.8%, over 5 years - by 132.0%, over 10 years - by 4.4 times.

Household households in 2015 produced agricultural products worth 1,934 billion rubles. Over the year, the indicators increased by 10.5% (below the inflation rate), over 5 years - by 54.7%, over 10 years - 2.8 times.

Agricultural production in Russia in 2015 prices. The agriculture of Russia in 2015, in relation to 2014, in 2015 prices shows an increase in indicators in value terms by 3.3%, while in the industrial sector the increase in the cost of manufactured products amounted to 7.0%, in the households there is a slight decrease - by 2.1%. Over 5 years, the total value of agricultural products in 2015 prices increased by 28.6%, over 10 years - by 47.4%. At the same time, in agricultural organizations and peasant farms over 5 years, the increase was 53.3%, over 10 years - 79.2%.

In the households of the population, a steady increase in indicators is not observed. The value of the products produced here reached the highest marks in 2011. Since then, figures in 2015 prices have declined by 5.0%.

The share of agriculture in Russia's GDP

Gross domestic product (GDP) in 2015, according to preliminary data from Rosstat, amounted to 80,412.5 billion rubles. The share of the value of agricultural products produced (in all categories of farms) in the total GDP in 2015, according to the calculations of AB-Center, was at the level of 6.3%. In relation to 2014, it changed towards an increase of 0.8 percentage points.

Prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

Agriculture- an industry of strategic importance, the development of which is aimed not only at obtaining commercial profit, but also at ensuring Food and National Security.

By 2015, the indicators of food independence prescribed in the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation are provided for almost all types of agricultural goods. However, another equally important indicator - the economic availability of food for the population has not yet been fully achieved.

Main article - Food security

In most developed countries, the share of food expenditures in the family budget is at the level of 10-20%. As of 2014, in the US, according to the USDA, it was 6.5%, in the UK - 8.7%, in Switzerland - 8.9%, in Canada - 9.3%, in Australia - 9.9% , in Austria - 10.0%, in Germany - 10.6%, in Norway - 12.3%, in Japan - 13.5%, in France - 13.6%, in Italy - 14.2%, in Spain - 14.5%, Brazil - 15.6%, Uruguay - 18.3%, South Africa - 19.1%, Venezuela - 19.8%, Turkey - 21.6%, China - 25.5%, in India - 29.0%. In Russia, the share of household spending on food in the total family budget amounted to 29.4%.

On the whole, Russia's agriculture has emerged from a systemic crisis and has gone from complete decline in the mid-1990s. before reaching the first positions in the world in a number of indicators by 2015. At present, agriculture is one of the most investment-attractive sectors of the real sector of the Russian economy.

In the previous decade (2005-2015), import substitution of a number of food products (primarily meat) took place, as well as an increase in the export potential in the market of grain, oilseeds, oilseed products.

Import substitution in agriculture

Import substitution for most types of agricultural products has been generally achieved. In 2015, for the first time, the minimum food independence threshold for meat was exceeded. According to the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation, the self-sufficiency of the Russian Federation in meat should be at least 85%. In 2014, Russia's self-sufficiency in meat of all kinds, according to the calculations of the Expert and Analytical Center for Agribusiness "AB-Center", amounted to 84.8%, in 2015 it reached 89.7%. 10 years ago, the figures were 60.7%.

However, in 2014-2015 there is a decrease in consumption volumes (from 76.0 kg in 2013 to 72.2 kg in 2015), which is due both to a slight decrease in the real disposable income of the population, and to the fact that the volume of production growth is slightly lower than the volume of import decline.

Against the background of a decrease in the volume of meat consumption in general, the consumption of poultry meat is growing. In 2015, per capita consumption reached 31.1 kg against 31.3 kg in 2014, 24.6 kg in 2010, and 18.9 kg in 2005. The increase in consumption was accompanied by a weakening of producer prices for this species meat. In actual prices, there was an increase, but the increase in prices was significantly below the level of inflation.

There is a rather high dependence on imports in the vegetable market, especially in the off-season. In 2014-2016 there is a high investment activity in the vegetable growing industry. A number of projects for the construction of vegetable stores and winter greenhouses. It is expected that by 2018, in general, the country will be provided with the main types of vegetables of its own production.

The most difficult is the process of import substitution in the market of seeds for sowing (seed potatoes of a high degree of reproduction, elite seeds of vegetables, corn, sunflower), purebred pedigree cattle.

Export of agricultural products

The key driver for the development of Russian agriculture in the long term is transition from import substitution to export-oriented production. The saturation of the domestic market contributes to the weakening of prices and increases the competitiveness of goods in world markets. The transition to an export-oriented production of goods is currently observed in the most problematic products earlier in terms of dependence on imports. In 2015, the volume of exports of meat and offal from Russia reached 83.7 thousand tons, which is 6.3% more than in 2014. For 5 years the volumes have increased by 4.5 times. This is mainly poultry meat and pork offal - the most competitive types of meat Russian production on the world market in terms of price.

As for grain, the problem of food dependence does not stand here. Russia, on the contrary, is one of the key exporters. In 2015, exports of all types of grain exceeded 30 million tons worth US$5.5 billion. Wheat, barley and corn are exported in the largest volumes. The increase in export volumes is facilitated by the growth of world demand, the development of logistics infrastructure, and the increase in fees in the Russian Federation.

The devaluation of the ruble in 2015 also contributed to the increase in export volumes, however, in terms of value in US dollars, the figures decreased.

Russia is also one of the leading suppliers of vegetable oils, oilseed meals to the world market, which is facilitated by both the growth in oilseed harvests and the development of the primary processing industry.

The export of sunflower oil from the Russian Federation in 2015, excluding supplies to the countries of the Customs Union of the EAEU, reached 1,237 thousand tons in the amount of 1,007 million US dollars, the export of rapeseed oil amounted to 263 thousand tons in the amount of 188.9 million US dollars, export soybean oil exceeded 432 thousand tons with a total value of 301 million US dollars.

Export of sunflower meal in 2015 amounted to 1,246 thousand tons for the amount of 251 million US dollars, soybean meal - Export of soybean meal reached 421 thousand tons for the amount of 199 million US dollars, rapeseed cake - 222 thousand tons for the amount of 53 million US dollars.

Russian goods in the face of growing global demand will be increasingly in demand. World trade in wheat for 10 years (from 2004 to 2014) increased from 98.1 million tons to 175.4 million tons, barley - from 23.1 to 33.6 million tons, corn - from 90.6 to 141, 9 million tons, sunflower oil - from 3.7 to 10.5 million tons.

Russia is one of the few countries in the world where there are significant reserves of land for expanding agricultural production. In addition, there is a significant backlog of intensive development, since in many respects (for example, milk yield per cow, crop yield per unit area), the agriculture of the Russian Federation still lags far behind countries with high-intensity farming (EU countries, Canada, USA) . In the context of a steady growth in the population of the Earth and an increase in demand for food in the world, the role of agriculture in the country's economy will increase.

Agriculture of Russia. The main branches of agriculture and their relationship

1. Subject and tasks of science. Research methods in agricultural economics

2. Importance of agriculture in the country's economy

3. Features of agriculture

4. Key indicators of the economic efficiency of agriculture

Branches of agriculture: animal husbandry and crop production

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Test

On the subject "Economics of agro-industrial complex"

2. The concept and significance of the material and technical base of agriculture, its features and composition. Features of the formation of the material and technical base in market conditions

The availability of stocks is a prerequisite for ensuring the normal functioning of an agricultural enterprise. They allow him to provide production with material and technical resources continuously and in the optimal ratio.

3. The concept of economic efficiency of agricultural production. Its main indicators and methods of their calculation

Similar Documents

The role and structure of the agro-industrial complex in the economic system of the country

Agriculture

Branches of agriculture

Wheat

Barley

oats

Rye

Branches of agriculture in Russia

Structure of agricultural production by sectors

Agriculture in Russia - Regional Analysis

Volume of agricultural production

The share of agriculture in Russia's GDP

Prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

Import substitution in agriculture

Export of agricultural products

We also recommend

home > power plants

Agriculture of Russia. The main branches of agriculture and their relationship

1. Subject and tasks of science. Research methods in agricultural economics

2. Importance of agriculture in the country's economy

3. Features of agriculture

4. Key indicators of the economic efficiency of agriculture

Branches of agriculture: animal husbandry and crop production

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Test

On the subject "Economics of agro-industrial complex"

2. The concept and significance of the material and technical base of agriculture, its features and composition. Features of the formation of the material and technical base in market conditions

The availability of stocks is a prerequisite for ensuring the normal functioning of an agricultural enterprise. They allow him to provide production with material and technical resources continuously and in the optimal ratio.

3. The concept of economic efficiency of agricultural production. Its main indicators and methods of their calculation

Similar Documents

The role and structure of the agro-industrial complex in the economic system of the country

Agriculture

Branches of agriculture

Wheat

Barley

oats

Rye

Branches of agriculture in Russia

Structure of agricultural production by sectors

Agriculture in Russia - Regional Analysis

Volume of agricultural production

The share of agriculture in Russia's GDP

Prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

Import substitution in agriculture

Export of agricultural products

We also recommend