How to indicate simple complicated sentences. Complicated sentences

A.F. Priyatkina identifies the following features that distinguish a complicated sentence from an uncomplicated one (hereinafter referred to as OP and NP):

1. In an uncomplicated sentence, there are only such elements that are expressed by non-duplicating word forms. A complicated sentence has special syntactic positions: the position is duplicated, that is, the sentence contains two (or more) subjects, objects, etc. for example: In our city in winter especially in January ice is very common. The selected component creates a complicated sentence, since there is a duplication of the syntactic position of the circumstance (“in winter, especially in January”).

2. Uncomplicated and complicated sentences differ in syntactic relations. In an uncomplicated sentence, there are two types of syntactic relations: predicative and subordinating. In a complicated sentence, syntactic relations of other types are necessarily present: semi-predicative, explanatory, clarifying, etc.

3. The difference between uncomplicated and complicated sentences is also manifested in syntactic connections. In an uncomplicated sentence, there are two types of connections - predicative and subordinal subordinates (coordination, control, adjacency). In a complicated sentence, in addition to these links, there are necessarily links of other types: coordinating, explanatory, bidirectional links, formalized by the actual syntactic indicators.

4. The fourth distinguishing feature is formal indicators that form syntactic links. In an uncomplicated sentence - only morphological and syntactic indicators (word forms and non-derivative prepositions). In a complicated sentence - morphological-syntactic and proper syntactic indicators.

The latter include conjunctions - coordinating and subordinating, derivative prepositions of the "union" type (with adverbial meanings such as "despite", "contrary", with comparative-distinguishing meanings such as "except", "instead of"), various analogues of unions - particles, introductory-modal words, as well as word order and intonation.

The role of word order and intonation is especially great in the absence of other formal indicators. for example : At the end of May, the artist Petrov arrived. - At the end of May, Petrov, the artist, arrived. The first sentence is uncomplicated, the second is complicated. Complications are word order and intonation.

Types of complication of a simple sentence.

SIMPLE COMPOUND SENTENCE - a simple sentence in which there are "complicating elements" that express an additional message. Complicating elements are divided into two subtypes. 1- homogeneous members of the proposal and isolated members of the proposal; 2 - words and phrases that are not members of the sentence and are not included in its structure: introductory and plug-in constructions, appeals and interjections.

Therefore, the following types of complications are distinguished:

1) with homogeneous members,

2) with separate members,

3) from introductory and plug-in structures,

4) with appeals.

HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSITION are called members of the same name, connected with each other by a coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected or can be connected by coordinating unions and are pronounced with the so-called enumeration intonation.

Homogeneous can be both main and secondary members of the sentence, for example: Meadows, vegetable gardens, fields, groves have already stretched along the banks.- homogeneous subjects; The arable land is overgrown with strong, tenacious, unpretentious weeds- homogeneous definitions.

Homogeneous members of the proposal can be non-common and common, i.e. may include explanatory words: Every year he comes fresh, taut, bathed in southern showers.

Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but may be morphologically heterogeneous: He was always pale, thin, prone to colds, ate little, slept badly.

The presence of homogeneous members of the sentence is not seen when repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of the action, the multitude of persons or objects, the increased manifestation of the sign, etc., for example: I'm going, I'm going to the open field. Or in fr. expressions: no light, no dawn, no fluff, no feather.

HOMOGENEOUS DEFINITIONS are each directly related to the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Between themselves, homogeneous definitions are connected by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only intonation of enumeration and connecting pauses.

Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases:

a) to indicate the distinguishing features of different objects: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue flowers were collected in a huge bouquet for my sister.

b) to denote various features of the same subject: He loved a strong, decisive, firm word.

Definitions are NON-HOMOGENEOUS if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined: The sun disappeared behind a forward low broken cloud.

NON-HOMOGENEOUS definitions characterize the subject from different angles, in different ways, for example: big leather briefcase (size and material).

Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore, grammatically they act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word: The whole estate consisted of four, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bathhouse. The generalizing word can be in front of homogeneous members or follow them.

SEPARATION - semantic and intonation separation of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Separate sentence members contain an additional message element: He woke up from a horse's clatter, suddenly escaping from behind a hillock.

There are so-called semi-predicative relations between the isolated members and the words being defined, as a result of which the isolated members, in their semantic load and in intonational design, approach subordinate clauses.

There is also an intonation-semantic selection of words that can be not only secondary, but also the main members. This is the so-called CLARIFICATION and EXPLANATION.

CLARIFICATION - narrowing the scope of the concept, its limitation: Ahead, near the road, a fire burned.

Most often clarifying are the circumstances of place and time, as well as the circumstance of the manner of action: Quietly, fearfully, she said something strange to him.

Definitions often act as clarifying members: He examined the little schoolboy from all sides, in a long, to the toe, overcoat.

EXPLANATION is the designation in this context of the same concept by another word or other words.

Explanatory can be both secondary and main members of the sentence, for example: I only need one thing - to warn you. - the subject is explained; Quite different, city sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment- the definition is explained.

Offers from separate definitions, applications, circumstances, additions - independently.

INTRODUCTORY WORDS, PHRASES AND SENTENCES are not grammatically connected with members, are not members of a sentence and express the attitude of the speaker to the expressed thought.

Introductory words and phrases can refer either to the entire sentence as a whole, or to its individual members: Luckily no one noticed me; - ... Our dilapidated ship sank, fortunately, not in a deep place.

According to the meaning they express, introductory words and combinations are divided into several categories:

1. EVALUATION by the speaker of the degree of RELIABILITY of the reported: of course, without any doubt, it can be: Mountain air, without any doubt, has a beneficial effect on human health.

2. EMOTIONAL ASSESSMENT of what is being reported: fortunately, unfortunately, a strange thing, etc.: But, unfortunately, at that time the governor turned up.

3. The connection of thoughts, SEQUENCE OF STATEMENT is indicated by introductory words and phrases firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the contrary, however, in particular, in addition, for example: Nikita's whole life was not permanent holiday, but, on the contrary, was a non-ceasing service.

4. INDICATION OF THE SOURCE of what is reported: according to, according to opinion, they say, according to psychologists, in my opinion, from the point of view: According to the captain, the nearest port is two days away.

INSERT CONSTRUCTIONS introduce additional information, incidental remarks, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main sentence. They are usually not syntactically related to the main sentence, do not express the speaker's attitude to the thought being expressed, do not contain an assessment of the message, an indication of its source, a connection with other messages, etc. Plug-in constructions can only be in the middle and, less often, at the end of the main sentence: The father lost his usual firmness, and his grief ( usually mute) poured out in bitter complaints.

APPEAL is the name of the addressee whose attention the speaker wants to attract: Tanya, turn on the light! Vasya, did you call me? It is spoken (or written) to establish contact. Such an appeal is not a member of the proposal. The appeal can take place at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the sentence: Sergey Sergeyevich, is that you!

The natural form of expression of address is a noun in the nominative case, which performs a nominative function. In the Old Russian language, for this purpose, the vocative case was used, which in modern language sometimes used for stylistic purposes: What do you want, old man? Lord, forgive me! Our Father, have mercy! Very rarely, words that name the sign of the person to whom the speech is addressed act as an appeal: Hey, in a white scarf where can i find the chairman?

A simple sentence, both common and non-common, can be complicated by homogeneous members. Syntactic relations in such a sentence include both composition and submission. Homogeneous members are syntactically equal in relation to each other, at the same time they are all subordinate to any member of the sentence or any member is subordinate to them.

For example:

Drops glistened on hazel leaves dew, not yesterday rain (Paust.) - homogeneous definitions are subject to the subject drops;

The essence of homogeneity lies in the simultaneous, parallel subordination of a number of members to one or another member sentence or in dominance in relation to it - with complete independence from each other, with complete syntactic equality. A number of homogeneous members of a sentence is a composing combination of words in which none is the main, dominant one.

The proposal may be complicated by a homogeneous series of main or minor members.

For example:

And all this: and lanterns and naked trees and houses and sky - reflected in the asphalt(A. T.) - a number of homogeneous subjects;

Clouds then they swam to the moon, then scattered (Shishk.) - a number of homogeneous predicates;

From stations, from locomotives, from wagonspoured thick steam(Paust.) - a number of homogeneous additions;

A mournful cry was heard now outside the window, now above roof, then in the oven(Ch.) - a series of homogeneous circumstances

The proposal may have several rows of homogeneous members - main or secondary.

For example:

It was stuffy dry, messy, noisy, cramped and it smelled a lot not that new oilcloth, not burnt cork, not that puppy (S.-Ts.) - a number of homogeneous main members of an impersonal sentence and a number of homogeneous additions

A sentence can be complicated by simultaneously homogeneous rows of subject and predicate.

For example:

Admire, remember: here is nature- carnival. Everybody is here plays and sings: and the sea, and mountains, and rocks (Ch.)

Homogeneity of the members of the proposal- this is a syntactic phenomenon that does not follow directly from either morphological or semantic conditions, although to a certain extent it depends on them. So, the members of the proposal presented can be homogeneous.

For example:

Or in the same words: Fire then flared up, then weakened from green midges burning in the lamp glass(Paust.),

or different: Tanya spoke long and with great feeling (Ch.)

So, syntactic conditions homogeneity of the sentence members are:

1) syntactic connection with the same member as subordinate or dominant;

2) the uniformity of the syntactic function;

3) the absence of dependency relations between members of a homogeneous series.

meansexpressions homogeneity in Russian are:

- intonation;

- unions;

- word forms.

1)Intonation - This universal remedy, acting as an indicator of homogeneity, as an indicator of a coordinative connection, regardless of the availability of other means. The main feature of the intonation of homogeneity is the separation of the members of a homogeneous series from each other, the impossibility of pronouncing them as integral speech segments - syntagmas. This is facilitated by pauses between members, as well as the presence of phrasal stress on each of them and uniform rises in tone. These features of the intonation of homogeneity are manifested both in the use of conjunctions and in the non-union combination of homogeneous members of the sentence. Without unions, they act more prominently.

For example:

There were wonderful days, dazzling bright, sultry, windless - blessed days(Ch.).

2) Unions . However, with the help of intonation alone, it is difficult to convey the nature of the relationship between members of a homogeneous series, especially if we have in mind the written form of speech. Better indicators of relationships are coordinating conjunctions . Three groups of unions are distinguished, corresponding to the main types of relations between homogeneous members of the proposal:

1) connecting;

2) adversative;

3) separating.

1. Connecting unions indicate a simple enumeration of homogeneous members of the sentence, which are combined in a row as equivalent, not contradictory
friend. Connective unions are and, yes, also, like...and, not only...but also(as well as their variants), etc.

Main union and, stylistically neutral, expresses a “pure” connection, enumeration, does not introduce any shades.

For example:

And I had in this hotel a fleeting and interesting meeting(paust.)

Other unions contribute certain stylistic and semantic shades:

- Yes- vernacular;

- also- accession;

- like...and- compatibility;

- not only ... but also- admissibility, with an emphasis on the significance of the connected members, etc.

2. Opposing alliances indicate the incompatibility of members of a homogeneous series, their contradiction to each other in relation to the explained or explanatory word, as well as their difference, revealed by comparison. Conjunctive unions are but, but, on the other hand, although, however, yes, not so much ... as etc. All of them express certain modifications and shades of opposing relations:

- ko and not ... but- opposition, incompatibility;

- although- concession;

- but- reimbursement;

- not so much ... how much- comparison, etc. P.

Exercise:

Compare:

This is - not truth, a- death(M. G.);

I was happy and satisfied not so much personal acting success, how many recognition of my new method(St.);

horse, although with difficulties, but meekly walked amble(L. T.);

Despondency not so much weighed down as soothed(M. G.).

3. Divisive unions indicate the selectivity or alternation of members of a homogeneous series in their relationship with the explained or explanatory word. Unions are dividing or, either, then ... then, not that ... not that, either ... or(as well as their variants). They express various kinds or shades of divisive meaning:

- or, or- alternativeness, i.e. mutually exclusive meanings of homogeneous members, connection with the explained or explanatory word of only one of them;

- then ... then- changeability, alternation and impossibility of simultaneous correlation of homogeneous members with the explained or explanatory word;

- not that ... not that, either ... or- obscurity, indistinguishability of homogeneous members relative to each other or the uncertainty of the speaker's perception of what is indicated by them.

Exercise:

Compare:

All night bonfire fire then flares up then goes out(Paust.);

Around or elderly family men or green youths(Sol.);

Lips either from blueberries, either black from the cold(TV); The narrow road next to the railway embankment broke off into huge sand pits, then into the endless swamp(quiet);

Now she wanted to cry not that from grief not that from happiness(Sim.);

... The river, rushing, fluttering, suddenly breaks heavy ice, throws them off itself and appears naked, confused not that pine, not that out of indignation(Sol.)

3) Word forms . Conjunctions and intonation are the main means of expressing homogeneity. An additional indicator is the form themselves homogeneous members suggestions. In combination with the main means, the same forms of the members of the coordinative series emphasize their independence from each other and a uniform attitude towards the explained or explanatory word. In particular, the repetition of a preposition in the composing series of prepositional-case forms emphasizes their homogeneity; at the same time, the omission of a repeating preposition (in one or more cases) is an additional indicator of homogeneity.

For example:

The horses were waking up from everyone rustle, scream quail, from horn of a tugboat(Paust.);

Already turned blue above distant turn rivers, above turning yellow sands, over steep coast, above silent on the other side forest (A.S);

And so to charm night fire, to bitter smell smoke, cod boughs, running across fire and fluffy white ashes the knowledge of tomorrow's weather also joins(paust.)

In the expression of homogeneity, contextual lexical indicators can also act as additional ones: repetitions, antonymic pairs, etc. At the same time, they can interact with conjunctions, correcting their meaning and expressing together with them meanings unusual for these unions. Yes, in the proposal But the merchant- when trades, and when and whistles into the fist(A. T.) lexical repetition of an adverb when combined with an adversative conjunction a expresses separation relations (cf.: Merchant then trades, then whistles into the fist).

Punctuation marks should not be counted among the means of expressing homogeneity: they serve to indicate the syntactic and semantic division of the text in writing and, therefore, convey, with a greater or lesser degree of conditionality, the main means of expressing homogeneity - intonation.

End of work -

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Explanatory note
In the "Syntax. Punctuation”, according to the State educational standard, the following topics should be studied: - the subject of syntax; - phrase;

Disciplines
Type of work Labor intensity, hours Total labor intensity Classroom work

The concept of syntax
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The subject of studying the syntax of the Russian language
There is no unequivocal answer to the question of what is the subject of the syntax of the Russian language. On this issue, four scientific directions are known in the science of the Russian language.

Syntactic means of the Russian language
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Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the rules for combining words in coherent speech; it is the science of the connection of words. The subject of syntax is the word in

The concept of a phrase as a nominative unit of language
The term "phrase" was understood and is understood by linguists in different ways. For some, it means any grammatical combination of meaningful words, including a sentence. Such a look

The composition of the phrase
The phrase is binomial. It distinguishes a grammatically dominant member and a grammatically dependent, subordinate member. So, in the phrase:

Syntactic relations between members of a phrase
Words in a phrase enter into not only grammatical relations with each other, but also into semantic relations. The relationship between the dominant and subordinate members of the phrase can be generally

Types of connection of words in a phrase
The dependence of a subordinate member on the dominant one is expressed in a phrase by formal means: - inflections; - official words; - position (position) of words from

Types of phrases depending on the morphological expression of the core word
Structural and semantic features of the phrase largely depend on what part of speech the dominant member is expressed. Therefore, the syntax considers the classification

Verb phrases
In verb phrases, the dominant member can be expressed by one or another verb form, namely: 1. infinitive form (read

Substantive phrases
In substantive phrases, the dominant member is expressed by a noun or a substantiated word (big house, random passerby, p

Adjective phrases
In adjectival phrases, the dominant member is represented by an adjective (pleased with success, red from sunburn, capable of music). hung up

Phrases with a numeral as the main word
Phrases with numerals denote a certain or indefinite number of objects (seven friends, second from the left). T

Exercise 1 Write out all the phrases from the sentence: In terms of genre scientific style quite varied.

A phrase is a combination of two or more significant words related to each other in meaning and grammatically. Simple

The concept of a proposal
The sentence is the basic unit of syntax. A sentence is the main means of expressing and communicating thoughts. Its main function in language is communicative

Predicativity
Predicativity is the relation of the statement contained in the sentence to reality, established and expressed by the speaker. Predicativity manifests itself and reveals

Message intonation
The intonation of the sentence has a closed structure: - beginning; - development; - completion. Without these elements of intonation, build a real sentence

Grammatical organization
Along with predicativity and intonation of the message as the main features, the sentence is characterized by grammatical organization. It manifests itself as in the presence of a connection of words (this

Current division of the offer
The actual (or communicative) division of a sentence, which has a different nature than the grammatical one, is carried out in the process of speech, in a certain situation of communication, taking into account the connection

Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement
Proposals for the purpose of the statement are divided into: - narrative; - interrogative; - incentives.

Declarative sentences
A declarative sentence expresses a message. It can be: 1) description: The rider sat in the saddle deftly and carelessly (M. G.); To Quarantine

Incentive Offers
An incentive sentence expresses the will, the motivation to act. It is addressed to the interlocutor or a third party. The object of motivation may be several (or many

Interrogative sentences
An interrogative sentence is used to express a question addressed to the interlocutor. With the help of a question, the speaker seeks to obtain new information about something, confirmation or denial of any

Types of sentences by emotional coloring
Emotional sentences are divided into: - exclamatory; - non-exclamatory Declarative, motivating and interrogative phrases

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Read the following texts with the correct intonation: Text 1 I opened my eyes. White and even light filled m

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Topic plan
1. Concept simple sentence. 2. Two-part sentences: - subject; - predicate. 3. One-part sentences: - verbal one-part sentences

The concept of a simple sentence
In Russian, a simple sentence is diverse in structure and semantics. Differences in the structure are associated with the structure of the predicative core, with the ratio of major and minor h

Two-part sentences
The main members, subject and predicate, are the predicative basis of a two-part sentence. First of all, the main categories of proposals are expressed in them.

Subject
In Russian, the subject is an absolutely independent main member of a two-part sentence. The grammatical indicators of subject independence are

Predicate
The grammatical dependence of the predicate on the subject lies in the fact that the predicate plays an active role in expressing the predicative connection of the main members of the sentence. Forms with

One-part sentences
One-part sentences are an independent structural-semantic type of a simple sentence, opposed to two-part sentences. Their specificity lies in the fact that

Verbal one-part sentences
Verbal one-part sentences are diverse in structure and in grammatical meanings. In the expression of the main elements of predicativity - modality, time, person - the decisive role belongs to

Definitely personal suggestions
In one-part definite-personal sentences, an action (sign) is expressed, correlated with a certain agent (carrier of the sign), which, however, is not verbally indicated. Indication of concret

Indefinitely personal sentences
In one-part indefinite-personal sentences, an independent action (attribute) is expressed. The agent (carrier of the sign) is not named, but is grammatically presented as indefinite. For example

Generalized personal sentences
In one-part generalized personal sentences, an independent action (feature) is expressed. The agent is not verbally designated, but grammatically presented as a generalized one. Indication of reference to generalization

impersonal proposals
In one-part impersonal sentences, an independent action is expressed regardless of the agent. The verb forms of the main member of the sentence do not indicate the agent and are not able to do this with

Substantive one-part sentences
Substantive one-part sentences are fundamentally verbless, i.e. not only do not contain either "physical" verb forms, or zero forms, but do not assume

Nominative proposals
One-part nominative sentences express the existence of an object in the present tense. Both the existential meaning and the indication of the coincidence of being with the moment of speech are manifested in the main member, without

Genitive sentences
In terms of the main meanings of beingness and the present tense, expressed in the main member, genitive sentences are similar to nominative sentences. However, the genitive quantitative (quantitative) introduces into them d

Implicit Offers
The main structural types of a simple sentence - two-part and one-part - in the Russian language are opposed to the so-called indivisible sentences. For example:

Common Suggestions
The main structural types of a simple sentence: - two-part: The children woke up; The winter was snowy; The sun began to bake; Teaching children is no easy task; -

Definition
The definition is a minor member of the sentence, expressing the general meaning of the attribute, which is realized in diverse private values. The proposal includes

Circumstances
This type of secondary members of the sentence is very diverse and heterogeneous in meaning and form. The circumstantial secondary members of the sentence characterize the action or

Complete and incomplete sentences
Distinguishing between complete and incomplete sentences very important for linguistic theory and educational practice. In theoretical terms, the concept of completeness / incompleteness is associated with the very essence of the proposal.

Proposals complicated by isolated members
The structure of a simple extended sentence containing one or another number of minor members can be further complicated by isolating one (or several) of

Separate definitions
Separation of definitions is a productive method of complicating the structure of a simple sentence. Thanks to isolation, the feature expressed by the definition is updated, and all

Separate circumstances
Separation of circumstances is determined, first of all, general conditions. However, private and additional terms. Taking into account various conditions, one can distinguish

Comparative turns
The specificity of this type of isolated structures is manifested both in meaning and in design; the conditions for separating them are also special. Comparison, assimilation as specific

Constructions not included in the sentence structure
Along with sentences that conclude a message, motivation or question, constructions are used in speech that are not independent sentences and are not included in the structure of the preposition.

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
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The subject and predicate are the predicative basis of a two-part sentence. First of all, the main categories of the sentence are expressed in them - modal

Topic plan
1. Concept complex sentence. 2. Allied complex sentences: - compound sentences; - complex sentences: - undivided complex sentences

The concept of a complex sentence

Allied compound sentences
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Compound sentences
A compound sentence (CSP) expresses the meaning of grammatical equivalence. The main indicator of this value, and at the same time a means of connecting parts

Connecting sentences
In complex connecting sentences, the meaning of homogeneity is expressed in the enumeration of the same type of events, situations, which is formalized by connecting unions. Basics

Opposite proposals
In compound opposing sentences, relations of opposites, incompatibility are expressed; their grammatical form is created by conjunctions a, but, yes, however, the same,

Connecting sentences
Compound connecting sentences combine the meaning of grammatical equivalence and addition: the first part is semantically complete, autonomous, and the second

Complicated sentences
As we have seen, the minimum composition of a compound sentence is determined by the content of the relations between its parts. Some relationships determine a closed structure (comparison, opposition

Complex sentences
A complex sentence (CSP) consists of two unequal predicative parts; this is its elementary structure: the dominant part is “the main sentence

Undivided complex sentences
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Pronominal-correlative compound sentences
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Explanatory complex sentences
The structure of explanatory complex sentences is determined by the valence of contact words, the need for their "distribution". Valence is formed not so much by g

Dissected complex sentences
The main structural feature of dissected complex sentences is the correlation of predicative parts (main and subordinate) as a whole; there is no link between them

Comparative clauses
Comparative clauses are attached to the main part of a complex sentence with the help of conjunctions while, meanwhile, if ... then, then how.

Conditional clauses
Conditional clauses are attached to the main part of a complex sentence through conjunctions if (then), as well as stylistically colored if, if, times

Adnexal target
Adverbial target denotes a goal, a motive that explains the content of the main part of a complex sentence. They join by means of alliances so that (mouth)

Adventitious concessions
Concession relationships are complex. To explain them, they say that the subordinate clause (concessive) of a complex sentence denotes the opposite condition

Connecting
This is special kind a complex sentence that is neither undivided nor divided. On the one hand, complex sentences with subordinate clauses

The term "complex sentence" should, strictly speaking, denote only a two-component complex sentence, that is, consisting of a main part and a subordinate clause. It's an element

Associative compound sentences
A non-union complex sentence is one of the two main structural types of a complex sentence in Russian, which is distinguished by a formal criterion. Bessoyuz

Non-union complex sentences of a complicated structure
Compound sentences with an allied connection have a flexible structure. She can design as certain types relations (enumeration, explanation, conditionality, etc.), and their various combinations. Etc

Polynomial compound sentences
The term "polynomial complex sentences" denotes a variety of constructions that have two common features: a) the number of predicative parts is more than two;

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
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Speech errors can be associated with incorrect word order and sentence. For example: The spaceport warms the sun with warm rays. The phrase turned out to be two-shift. Not

Some features of word order in a simple sentence
I. In Russian, sentences with a direct order of the main members are widespread, when the subject (or the group of the subject, that is, the subject with words dependent on it) stands

Word order in sentences with isolated and non-isolated common definitions
I. The participial construction and the adjective with dependent words must come before or after the noun they refer to, and must not include it in their composition. Nap

Replacing subordinate clauses with participial and adverbial phrases
I. The participial turnover is close in meaning to the attributive subordinate clause. For example: Happy is the traveler who finds himself in untouched lands

material
1. List the main types of speech errors. 2. Tell about speech errors related to the incorrect pronunciation and use of individual words and word forms. 3.

Exercises for independent work and subsequent analysis
Exercise 1 Read, indicate the cases of inversion. 1. The season started with "The Singer from Palermo". Of course, I was the most worried (F.

Topic plan
1. The concept of punctuation. 2. Punctuation marks at the end of independent sentences and between parts of a complex sentence. 3. The use of a comma between homogeneous members of the sentence.

The concept of punctuation
Punctuation (Late Latin punctuatio, from Latin punctum - point) - this is a collection of rules for punctuation marks; - placement of punctuation marks in the text;

Punctuation marks at the end of independent sentences and between parts of a complex sentence
I. At the end of independent sentences (simple and complex), a period or a question mark or an exclamation mark is put. A full stop is placed if the sentence is narrative

The use of a comma between homogeneous members of a sentence
Homogeneous are members of a sentence that answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. For example:

Offers
In the absence of a linking verb in a compound nominal predicate, a dash is put: 1. if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the nominative case.

Words with homogeneous members
I. Between homogeneous members connected by repeating unions (and ... and, neither ... neither, yes ... yes, or ... or, either ... either, then ... then, not that .. .not that), a comma is put. For example

Separate members of the sentence
Separate members are called members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation. Separate are: a) definitions; b) applications;

Separation of definitions
1. Single and common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they refer to a personal pronoun. For example:

Offers
The clarifying members of the sentence are distinguished when pronouncing intonation, and in writing - with commas. 1. Most often, clarifying circumstances are isolated

Separation of add-ons
Separate additions with prepositions except, instead of, in addition to, except for, including, excluding, etc. For example: Who, besides the hunter, experienced how gratifying it would be

Comparative turns
Circumstances expressed by comparative phrases beginning with unions like, as if, exactly, as if, as if, what, what, than, etc., are separated by commas.

Introductory words and introductory sentences
Introductory words are words (or phrases) with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he reports. Most often as introductory words

Punctuation marks in a compound sentence
I. 1. Each of the sentences included in the compound is separated from the other by a comma. For example: Both friends kissed very tightly, and Manilov took his guest away

One subordinate clause
Subordinate clauses are connected to the main clause with the help of subordinating conjunctions or allied words. Unions, connecting the subordinate clause with the main one, are not, however, a member

Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of several types. 1. Complex sentences with sequential subordination

Punctuation marks with them
I. The use of commas and semicolons

When the speaker produces a text in the process of speech activity, there may be a need to convey someone else's speech, to include its content in the information. foreign speech -

Quotes are verbatim excerpts from texts, someone's statements. Quotes are a kind of direct speech. Both complete sentences and their parts can be quoted.

material
1. Define punctuation. 2. What are the main directions in the study of punctuation? Tell us about the features of each. 3. What is a punctogram? 4. When

The concept of punctuation
Exercise 1 A. Read, highlight phrases in each sentence, set the main and dependent words in them and indicate the way they are connected.

Offers
Exercise 3 Read, indicate among complex sentences compound, complex, non-union. Rewrite, emphasizing the grammatical basis of each simple sentence

Proposal members
Exercise 7 Read, indicate the homogeneous members of the sentence. What members of the sentence are they, how are they connected? Rewrite with missing punctuation

Punctuation marks in a simple sentence
Exercise 13 Rewrite, inserting missing letters, placing punctuation marks. Do parsing simple sentences, indicating: 1) the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (according to

The use of dashes between members of a sentence
Exercise 14 Rewrite, denoting the subject and predicate and putting dashes where necessary. 1. Don river is capricious (Paust.). 2.

Words with homogeneous members
Exercise 18 Read, highlight homogeneous members and indicate how they are connected. Rewrite, placing the missing punctuation marks, underline the unions connecting homogeneous members, mark

Punctuation marks for isolated members of a sentence
Exercise 23 Read. Point out the isolated members of the sentence and explain the punctuation with them. 1. The flame of our fire illuminates it [stone] from the side, facing

Separation of definitions
Exercise 24 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Explain punctuation for isolated definitions. I. 1. For the house

Separation of add-ons
Exercise 31 Read. Indicate the isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds or participles. Rewrite with missing punctuation marks

Comparative turns
Exercise 40 Read, indicate comparative turns. Rewrite, placing the missing punctuation marks, opening brackets. I. 1. Light

Punctuation marks in complex sentences
Exercise 49 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Make a syntactic analysis of complex sentences indicating: 1) the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (if the complex sentence

Offer
Exercise 50 Rewrite with missing punctuation marks. Make a syntactic analysis of compound sentences. I. I began to read and

Offer
Exercise 57 Read. Indicate subordinate clauses, note which union or allied word each of them is connected with the main one, what meaning it has. Rewrite, ra

Punctuation in them
Exercise 64 Read and establish semantic relationships between simple sentences that are part of a complex non-union. Rewrite with missing punctuation marks

Punctuation marks in direct speech and dialogue
Exercise 70 A. Rewrite, adding missing punctuation marks and replacing, where necessary, lower case uppercase. 1. He raised his head, looked

Quotes and punctuation marks attached to them
Exercise 72 Arrange these statements as quotations, accompanying them with the words of the author. The place where these words should be inserted is marked with ||. 1. Treat with words

Punctuation is a collection of punctuation rules; placement of punctuation marks in the text; the same as punctuation marks.

Criteria for assessing knowledge, skills and abilities of students
The final form of control of knowledge, skills and abilities in the discipline “Modern Russian: Syntax. Punctuation" is an exam. The exam is conducted orally, the student is

Fund of control tasks by discipline
"Modern Russian language: Syntax. Punctuation" (for students of the specialty "Journalism") Note: Fund control

Sentence as a basic syntactic unit
Task 24 Define a simple sentence: A) I opened my eyes. C) in a foggy sky

Simple sentence
Task 32 Define a one-part sentence: A) Dawn. c) Will I have to go back? C) Everything was snowy and silent behind the glass

Difficult sentence
Task 62 Define a complex sentence: A) I began to imagine. C) That night it rained in the garden, and then a few

Punctuation
Task 88 Define an exclamatory sentence: A) Quicker, horses, quicker. C) We drove into the bushes. C) The road has become bumpier.

Glossary
NORMA (LANGUAGE), literary norm, - rules of pronunciation, grammatical and others accepted in the social and speech practice of educated people language tools, rules word

List of conditional abbreviations
Abr. - F. Abramov Azh. – V. Azhaev Aks. – S.T. Aksakov A.K.T. – A.K. Tolstoy Andr. – L. Andreev A.N.S. – A.N. So

Information about the researchers of the Russian language
AVANESOV Ruben Ivanovich [b. 1(14). 2.1902, Shusha (Nagorno-Karabakh) Azerbaijan. SSR] - owls. linguist, corresponding member USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Graduated from Moscow State University (1925), prof. Moscow State University (since 1937), Doctor of Philology.

Compound sentence (CSP)

Complex sentence (CSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,

Associative complex sentence (BSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,

Polynomial complex sentence (MSP)
1. By modality: real or unreal. 2. By the nature of predicative relations: affirmative or negative. 3. According to the purpose of the statement: narrative,

How was Gray rescued?
We are sometimes worthy of our honest and incorruptible dogs. This gray dog ​​irritated the souls of the regulars of the Nizhny Novgorod market. The dog whined plaintively, instead of the front paw - to

Healthy men sobbed like children
Fifteen minutes ago, there was an explosion deep underground. But at the entrance to the shopping center there is already a whole crowd of onlookers. They interfere with the work of firefighters and employees of the Emergency Center. medical care. “What

Links Nomination chain
1. Means of interphrase communication 1. The structure of the nominative semantic type: kidneys: a) means of communication between concepts - a) bases

The concept of dialogue
(an excerpt from the book "Educational opportunities for communication in the activities of a journalist) It is especially important for a journalist to understand that the success of his

flightless flyers
On the warm days of Indian summer or a little later, but in good weather, you will certainly see wingless little flyers-travelers. A spider sits on a knot, releases a silver flexible

The train can't leave without you
It seems to me that we have known each other for a long time, although it has only been six years since I first saw

> Complicated sentences

COMPLICATED OFFERS

Complicated offers include:

sentences with homogeneous members;

sentences with separate members;

sentences with introductory or plug-in constructions;

proposals with appeals.

Proposals with homogeneous members

Homogeneous are called members of the proposal, characterized by the following features:

1) perform the same syntactic functions (they are the same member of the sentence);

2) have the same relation to the same member of the sentence (cf .: heterogeneous definitions ( Petals flew from the almond trees and lay, pale, on dark earth wet paths, reminiscent of almonds in gingerbread(Nabokov) - (on the ground(which?) dark and tracks(which?) wet) and homogeneous definitions ( The history of the plant turned out to be difficult and interesting (Paustovsky));

3) are connected by an allied or allied (composing) connection;

4) have the same type of semantic relations (cf.: heterogeneous circumstances ( Behind his back usually there was a whisper of surprise(Shalamov) - arose(where?) behind the back and arose(when?) usually) and homogeneous circumstances ( And the birch is cute and in the sun, and in most gray day, and in the rain (Prishvin));

5) have the same morphological expression (optional feature).

All members of a sentence can be homogeneous ( In good prose pictorial and narrative balanced(Kataev). I I sit down at the presidium table and looking around gathered(Kataev). A three-year break in education threatened to destroy everything hope, all plans (Shalamov). Orioles in the green make their gold, hurried, four-sound cry(Nabokov). Walking to the tram stop sadly, silently (Kataev). Laevsky had a habit of carefully inspect your pink palms, gnaw nails or crush finger cuffs(Chekhov)).

Note.

The distinction between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions deserves special attention.

Homogeneous definitions denote different features of the same object ( Full , good-natured, cheerful Filippov loved people, loved and knew how to do good to people(Shalamov)) or features miscellaneous items ( Everyone was humble simple and wonderful Russian people(Paustovsky)), expressing enumerative relations.

The following definitions are not homogeneous:

1) one of the definitions is directly related to the defined word, and the other refers to the entire SS “definition + defined word” ( There are very rich mineral sources(Paustovsky). The main strength of the green came from tall thick-crowned trees that stood on the sides of it(Olesha));

2) there is an explanatory relationship between the definitions (sometimes you can insert explanatory unions that is, namely: - Melion without one! - Winking, a cheerful soldier, passing close in a torn overcoat, said and disappeared; followed him another, old soldier(L.N. Tolstoy). One, with a white sultan on his hat, seemed somehow familiar to Rostov; another, unfamiliar the rider, on a beautiful red horse (this horse seemed familiar to Rostov) rode up to the ditch, pushed the horse with his spurs and, releasing the reins, easily jumped over the ditch of the garden(L.N. Tolstoy)).

Samples of rows of homogeneous sentence members

Homogeneous members of the sentence form a homogeneous series (group, block). The block may include two or more homogeneous members of the proposal.

1. A number of homogeneous members of the proposal, connected by an allied connection ( Arrived orioles, quail, swifts, coastal swallows (Prishvin). Ropes stretched , creaked, crackled, rang… (Shukshin). Large rare flakes of snow fall sheer, slowly (Shalamov). Somewhere in the carriage heard the deaf vote, cozy coughing (Nabokov). Rural life teaches you to look at the same object healthy, without exaggeration (Grigorovich)).

2. A number of homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by an allied (coordinative) connection (it is possible to combine homogeneous members in pairs):

connecting unions ( Face and arms his were orange from an italian tan(Kataev). Boris Leonidovich corrected pencil mistakes and gave book(Shalamov). In the morning we became recall Yes mind scatter (Korolenko). The faces of the compositors were depicted and poorly hidden pleasure, and fright, and curiosity... (Bitter). They agreed. Wave and a rock, Poems and prose, ice and flame Not so different(Pushkin). We were young and further have not learned value simplicity(Shalamov). The arrivals dumped their bags and chests in the corridor(Kataev). We invited for tea old man and postman (Korolenko). Nothing was visible behind the rain seas, nor sky (Bitter));

opposing unions ( A talented person, a Russian intellectual in his acquaintances and connections, Sobol is a lot printed, but looking for not glory, a something other (Shalamov);

dividing unions ( Ganchuk too laughed, then frowned brows (Trifonov). Due to the self-confidence with which he spoke, no one could understand whether he was very smart or very stupid What he said(L.N. Tolstoy));

comparative (gradational) unions ( However, At-Davan did not notice any of this confusion, nor this spiritual movements (Korolenko). My character is great put up like with a disadvantage funds, and with excess them(Greene));

affiliations ( You are all so quit where, and forget (L.N. Tolstoy)).

3. A number of homogeneous members of the proposal, connected by a combined connection ( His knowledge differed liveliness, precision and depth (Nabokov). On the other side they curled merrily willows, young oak tree and willows (Korolenko). Andrei took out from a purse pocket got iron coin, slowly approached to the pole put a coin in a cap lying upside down on a hurdy-gurdy, and turned around back(Fedin)).

A number of homogeneous members of the sentence may include generalizing words that have a broader (than homogeneous members) meaning. Generalizing words are the same member of the sentence as homogeneous members ( Everything around - huts, sunflowers, acacia and dry grass- was covered with this rough dust(Paustovsky). There are organ-grinders in St. Petersburg in general three various origins: Italians, Germans and Russians (Grigorovich). All furniture - sofas, tables and chairs- were made of light wood, shone with time and smelled of cypress, like icons(Paustovsky). In the first two courses Faculty of Medicine are read theoretical natural sciences items - chemistry, physics, botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology (Veresaev)).

Generalizing words can be in front of a number of homogeneous members of the sentence or after it ( All this - sounds and smells, clouds and people- it was strangely beautiful and sad, it seemed the beginning of a wonderful fairy tale(Bitter). She forgave him all: residence in the kitchen, disgust to the lessons disobedience and numerous quirks (Greene). All this - and night, and gave, and the mountains, and stars, and mists- it seemed to me full of unprecedented charms ...(Korolenko). None I wasn't surprised at the time, buddy mine, neither I, nor Volodya… (Averchenko). And tousled by the wind grass and rusty in the grass puddle, and lonely clumsy pine on her - all it was nice Sergey(Bitov). Majesty , severity, classicism heck, plastic pos - all This perfectly suited the images of her repertoire(Grossman). He led a wandering life for a long time, playing everywhere- and in taverns, and at fairs, and on the peasant weddings, and at balls; finally got into the orchestra and, moving higher and higher, reached the conductor's seat(Turgenev)).

In some cases, generalizing words can take both positions ( I was eager to read about everything: and about herbs, and about the seas, and about the sun and stars, and about great of people, and about the revolution - about everything that people know well, but I don't know yet(Paustovsky)).

Proposals with separate members

Isolation is one of the ways to complicate a simple sentence, which consists in the semantic, intonational and punctuation separation of secondary members to give them syntactic independence. All secondary members of the sentence can be isolated.

Separate definitions

The main ways of expressing isolated definitions:

participial (Large buds of horse chestnuts , still as if smeared with wood glue, were not going to burst(Kataev). He could not make out the features of Lezhnev, standing with his back to the light and looked at him in disbelief.(Turgenev). He glanced briefly at the other soldier, sitting on a stump (Fedin). The Russian language is very rich in words, pertaining to the seasons and natural phenomena, associated with them (Paustovsky));

adjectival turnover ( Nesvitsky with an embittered look, red and unrecognizable, shouted to Kutuzov that if he did not leave now, he would probably be taken prisoner(L.N. Tolstoy));

single adjective (Drizzling rain - small, grey, sticky (Dombrovsky). Petals flew from almond trees and lay, pale, on the dark earth of a wet path, resembling almonds in gingerbread(Nabokov));

substantive turnover (To this village, along a narrow country path, a young woman was walking, in a white muslin dress, a round straw hat and with an umbrella in her hand (Turgenev). wide face, with prominent cheekbones, straight eyebrows, slightly upturned nose and thinly defined lips, was almost rectangular and breathed a peculiar energy(Korolenko)).

Separate circumstances

The main ways of expressing isolated circumstances:

single gerund ( wide sheet, spinning, falls from a tree leaning over a fence(Kataev). Over the last word of Tolpennikovstopped and thinking, put the started sheet aside and took another ...(Andreev));

participial turnover ( AND, smiling affably she's gone(Trifonov). Athletes emerge growing out of a coach like branches from a trunk...(Christmas). would learn, looking at the elders! (Griboyedov). Sitting on the bus, he heard not far from him the overflow of Russian speech(Nabokov). Drizzling rain, slightly rustling through the trees (Korolenko). Life went on slowly, like an old fortuneteller, Mysteriously whispering forgotten words (Block). Rounding the high cape , the ship entered the bay(Korolenko). He, without looking up, looks at the judges, throwing in the direction of the lawyer jerky and booming words (Andreev). He had just left his desk and, standing near, tired and slow motion brought a glass of strong tea to his mouth(Andreev));

prepositional combination ( To I can say that my character has developed a calm, gentle,despite all the ups and downs of life (Kataev). Regiment, thanks to strictness and diligence of the regimental commander, was in excellent condition compared to others who came to Braunau at the same time(L.N. Tolstoy). She sometimes sits in a picturesque pose, but suddenly, God knows by what inner movement, this picture pose will be broken by a completely unexpected and again charming gesture(Goncharov). Despite your grief or maybe, precisely because of his grief she took care of all the hard work of cleaning and packing orders and was busy all day(L.N. Tolstoy). Just wanted to give you and your mother my advice, in view of his new and undoubtedly forthcoming attempts (Dostoevsky));

adverb ( Nadezhda sat on the fence next to Kolya and kept asking him about something, quietly and timidly (Bitter)).

Standalone add-ons

As a rule, objects with prepositions are separated apart from, along with, besides, (not) excluding, except for, including, beyond, instead of: Beloved woman should not notice, see other men, except for me; they must all seem unbearable to her(Goncharov). But contrary to what was invariably done in all previous battles, instead of the expected news of the flight of the enemy, slender masses of troops returned from there in upset, frightened crowds(L.N. Tolstoy). I knew all this before I began to love; and loving, I already analyzed love, as a student dissects the body under the guidance of a professor and, instead of the beauty of forms sees only muscles, nerves...(Goncharov).

Note. In the scientific literature, such constructions are also called restrictive-excretory turns.

Separate members of the sentence can be in pre- and post-position in relation to the component being defined ( Rattle and knock , rolled up a train(Averchenko). Emelyan ruefully spread his hands and watched on me, smiling broadly and kindly (Bitter). Even small daisies, grown on lawns, cast miniature shadows(Kataev). I read the magnificent descriptive prose of the great Russians natural scientists and travelers,discovering new birds and insects in Central Asia (Nabokov). By stairs , propeller , companions climbed to the mezzanine(Ilf and Petrov)).

Offers with introductory and plug-in structures

Introductory and plug-in structures are structures characterized by the following features:

1) a certain degree of autonomy in the proposal;

2) additional meaning in relation to the rest of the sentence (contain comments, explanations, remarks or indicate the speaker's attitude to the content of the sentence);

3) special, "excretory", intonation.

Words, combinations of words and sentences are used as introductory and plug-in constructions. These components are not members of the proposal.

Introductory constructions

Introductory constructions express different kinds relations / attitude of the speaker to the statement / reported.

Types of introductory structures by value

Meaning	Introductory constructions	Text illustrations
Indication of the source of the message	They say your way, my way, your way and etc.	mistletoe, according to local beliefs brings happiness to the living and long memory to the dead Paustovsky). To my mind , this can't be(Kataev). In him, they say, live completely black, like coal, marsh pikes(Paustovsky). These ridicule and comic persecution, according to my understanding even humiliated me(Dostoevsky). According to their concepts , it was a strange poet(Paustovsky).
Emotional evaluation	As luck would have it, as luck would have it, fortunately, unfortunately, to your shame, you think, thank God, it’s a strange thing, I’m ashamed to say and etc.	To great happiness , it primarily belongs to Russian literature(Paustovsky). But, to his surprise and the ringing of the bell turned out to be a dream too(Dostoevsky).
Indication of degree of certainty/ uncertainty	Without a doubt, without a doubt, certainly, undoubtedly, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, really, should, naturally, apparently, as it is known, probably, undoubtedly, obviously, apparently, in all probability apparently and etc.	deep, seemed, cosmic silence stopped over the shore(Paustovsky). Probably it's just a fantasy(Kataev). Obviously , it is not enough for a great poet to be only a poet(Olesha). I, certainly, was aware of all the reasonableness of these councils, but could not follow them(Korolenko). At the same time, the guest apparently, guessed that Velchaninov completely recognized him: it flashed in his eyes(Dostoevsky). Without a doubt Velchaninov slept and fell asleep very soon after the candles were put out; he clearly remembered it later(Dostoevsky). Must be , each person has his own happy time of discovery(Paustovsky). Now me perhaps best not to think about it(Aksenov). I have no words , craftsmanship is a good thing(Shalamov). It seemed , he just wants to relax, drink tea, lie down ...(Korolenko).
Indication of the relationship between parts of the statement	Moreover, firstly (secondly, thirdly etc. ), in general, means, for example, in addition, by the way, by the way, finally, for example, in essence, in essence, suppose, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand, from the point of view, apparently, thus and etc.	On the other side , imagination very often to some extent affects the course of our lives, our deeds and thoughts, our attitude towards people(Paustovsky). Besides , you need to buy a good pocket watch in Moscow for all your navigators(Kataev). Marya Gavrilovna was brought up on French novels and, consequently, was in love(Pushkin). Here, by the way, in absentia goes to the Technical(Kataev). First of all , few people did not like her, but Secondly- Anemone herself was not too picky in choosing her friends ...(Dostoevsky).
Indication of a way of expressing thoughts	In other words, in other words, in other words, in short, in short, in one word and etc.	Word , something unlucky happened to the soldier, causing laughter(Olesha).
An indication of the degree of commonness	It happened, as always, as usual, as it should be, as it should be, as a rule and etc.	princess, as always, spoke smiling and listened laughing(L.N. Tolstoy).
Eagerness to get attention	You see, you see, you know how you see, you see, as you like, you want, between us, you can imagine, you will not believe and etc.	Notice , the person who turned the binoculars to the distance begins to smile enlightenedly(Olesha). AND, believe me, they are punished for their betrayal of the cause of the Bourbons(L.N. Tolstoy).
Update information	To put it more correctly, to put it more correctly, in fact, in essence, to say it better, one can say, more correctly, more correctly, more precisely and etc.	The other area was in fact, another world(Kataev).

Plug-in structures

Plug-in constructions contain additional messages, notes, clarifications, incidental remarks, amendments, etc. to the main content of the proposal ( Engineer ( also with a Russian surname) constructs a "time machine" capable of moving both into the future and into the past(Olesha). She sighed and - first time I saw it with her- crossed herself three times, whispering something with dry lips(Bitter). Solodovnikov went into his office ( for some reason, through the efforts of the same kindest Anna Afanasyevna, he had his own little office), sat down at the table and thought(Shukshin). Gleb came home from work (he worked at the sawmill ), washed, changed clothes... (Shukshin). Bald old man his name was Ivan Gordeevich- was still affectionate, but also silent(Mamin-Sibiryak)).

Offers with appeals

Appeal - a word (noun - proper or common noun, substantiated word) or combinations of words that name the addressee of the speech; this allows the speaker to attract the attention of the interlocutor.

Appeals can be placed at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence ( Friend , it is forbidden whether to walk further away to choose a nook?(Griboyedov). Us, Alexey Stepanych, with you I couldn't say two words(Griboyedov). - Ah, Nastya how boring you are with your eternal details(Pushkin). How good are you , about the night sea- Here it is radiant, there it is gray-dark ...(Tyutchev). You are again, again with me, insomnia! (Akhmatova). Rest you too my good city ! (Kataev). Goodbye, road to Lanzheron, goodbye!(Olesha). I know you firsthand, oh upper Volga city! (Kuzmin)).

The appeal can not only name the addressee of the speech, but also express the attitude of the speaker towards him ( Let's, Yurka, to prepare together at VGIK, at the screenwriting department!(Aksenov)).

generated in 0.026891946792603 sec.

To main features Complicated sentence includes:

Great information saturation

intonation difficulty,

The presence of semi-predicative relations in the block "defined word and isolated member of the sentence".

By the nature of the complicating structures allocate:

Simple sentences complicated by homogeneous members,

Simple sentences complicated by separate members,

Simple sentences complicated by introductory words and expressions,

Simple sentences complicated by plug-in constructions, simple sentences complicated by invocations.

A simple sentence complicated by homogeneous members.

Such members of the sentence are called homogeneous , which are in the same grammatical relationship with the same member of the sentence, answer the same semantic question, perform the same syntactic function, are united with each other by a coordinating link.

writing connection is a formal expression of certain syntactic relations: connective, contrastive, adversative, disjunctive . The writing connection is expressed either by writing unions, or intonation (i.e., without unions): He seemed to her kind, brave, courageous and generous . With such land you will go for life, work, holiday and death .

The intonation of homogeneity is characterized by the same type of pronunciation of all members of the series, the same height of pronunciation of each homogeneous member of the sentence - this is the intonation of enumeration.

Compare:

a) His face, as always, is carefree and cheerful (the intonation of homogeneity is absent);

b) His face, as always, is carefree, cheerful (there is an intonation of uniformity) or

a) The houses of the street are flooded with light (the intonation of uniformity is absent);

b) Houses, streets are flooded with light (there is a tone of uniformity).

All members of the proposal can be homogeneous: And let our union be under the banner of science grows and grows - 1 series of homogeneous members (predicates). The science originated and developed because humanity curious and intelligent (from newspapers) - in the first part a number of homogeneous predicates, in the second part - a number of homogeneous circumstances. I want our wives, children, friends, students loved in us not a name, not a label, not a form , and ordinary of people - in the second part of a complex sentence, equal in structure to a simple sentence, 2 rows of homogeneous members of the sentence are presented - homogeneous subjects and homogeneous objects.

Homogeneous members of the proposal are characterized by the following features:

1) have the same syntactic position in the sentence, otherwise they perform the same syntactic function;

2) are associated with the same, common to them, member of the sentence, in relation to which they perform the same semantic role. Therefore, one and the same question can be asked to them;

3) are connected or can be connected by coordinating unions;

4) are pronounced with a special intonation of uniformity, or enumeration;

5) homogeneous members of a sentence can be expressed by the same part of speech (attention! the expression of a homogeneous member by the same part of speech is not necessary, because homogeneous members of a sentence can be expressed in different forms).

Unions connecting homogeneous members of the proposal:

Allocate three main grades:

1. Connecting unions : (proper-connecting - and, yes, no-no, somehow - express enumerative relations without indicating the gradation in the significance of the concepts called homogeneous members); gradational-connective - not only - but (and), not so much - but and (and and), not so much - how much - they always express enumerative relations with an emphasis on the greater significance of the concept called the second homogeneous member); connecting - yes and, also, and also - the attached member contains an addition to the main message). For example: The air was clean and fresh. We are interested in Not only quantitative, but primarily quality indicators. students, as well as students come to class...

2. Adversarial conjunctions a, but, yes (in meaning but ), however, but, although - express opposition, comparison, inconsistency and compensation.

When contrasted these unions connect the members of the sentence, naming opposite, antonymous concepts. When comparing members call concepts compatible, not mutually exclusive. In case of non-compliance members express concepts that are incompatible, contradictory to each other. When reimbursed the insufficiency in any respect of the concept named by one member is made up for by another. For example: Humanity will win, a not malice. His face is ugly but pleasant. This theory is cold but teaches how to get warm. He was poorly dressed but pomaded.

3. Separating unions or, either, something, not that, not that, either, or - express relations of mutual exclusion or alternation of objects, phenomena, signs. Doctors or scold, or exalt to heaven. The satellite walked with its planet, then getting closer then moving away.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions:

Definitions related to one word can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.

For the homogeneity of definitions, it is necessary to take into account semantic points:

1) homogeneous agreed definitions indicate the distinguishing features of similar objects: The names of the winners do not obscure the names of heroes in the people's memory July, August fights. The early rays brightly illuminated pink, yellow, gold pumpkins;

2) definitions call different signs of the same object, but the object is characterized on the one hand: Lyubil Chapaev strong, determined, firm word. From the side of the swamp came strange sharp, painful cry;

3) in an artistic style, definitions that characterize an object from different angles can be homogeneous, while a certain general concept: WITH pale , grimacing his face suddenly jumped up and grabbed his head, (generally - "changed from excitement"). Somewhere in the sky fixed, silver clouds (" appearance"). He replied hoarse, choked voice ("cold");

4) artistic definitions are homogeneous - epithets: His pale blue , glass eyes darted from side to side;

5) the adjective and the participial phrase following it usually act as homogeneous members of the sentence: Empty covered in snow the field rolled back.

Generalizing words with homogeneous members of the sentence:

A member of a sentence, which is a general designation of a generic concept for all homogeneous members attached to it, called a generalizing word (OS) . The homogeneous members of the sentence associated with it reveal its meaning: things Stepan Arkadyevich: a bag, a gun in a case, a bag for cigars . An explanatory relationship is established between the generalizing word and the OCHP (you can substitute the words - namely, somehow ). The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.

In the role of generalizing words are used denoting broad concepts: The voices of the guys came from everywhere: and right, front, left. General word - emphasized adverb . Nothing did not move: not a single blade of grass, not a single leaf.- negative pronoun . All : and father, and mother, and retinue, and the old aunt - went to their corners. - substantiated pronoun.

Generalizing words can be expressed by whole phrases and phraseological units: Kashtanka divided all mankind into two unequal parts: for owners and clients. - The generalizing word is expressed as a phrase. He was handyman : locksmith, joiner, carpenter and even a mechanic. - A generalizing word is a phraseological unit.

(Attention! Proposals with homogeneous members long time were not singled out as an independent syntactic category, but were considered as a continuous sentence, i.e. as a result of the merging of two or more sentences.

This point of view was held by N.I. Grech, A.Kh. Vostokov and F.I. Buslaev. The term "homogeneous members of a sentence" was first introduced by A.M. Peshkovsky. However, for a long time, A.M. Peshkovsky and his followers formally understood the phenomenon of homogeneity, the semantic moment in relations was not taken into account).

The concept of isolation. Proposals with separate members.

Separation is called semantic and intonational allocation of secondary members of the sentence in order to give them greater semantic weight in comparison with other members of the sentence.

Compare:

1) The terribly darkened sky was illuminated by flashes of lightning.

2) Sky, menacingly darkened illuminated by flashes of lightning. (In the first sentence, intonation division coincides with grammatical division, 2 intonation segments are groups from the subject and predicate. In the second sentence, a separate member is a definition expressed participle turnover, explains the subject).

(Attention! Only minor members of the sentence can be isolated).

Allocate two groups of isolated members :

1) self-isolated,

2) clarifying, explaining, connecting.

Separation conditions - these are the factors that favor the semantic and intonational separation of the members of the sentence. Separations are influenced by syntactic, morphological, semantic conditions.

Syntactic conditions of isolation:

1. Word order: as a rule, reverse (Postpositive position of isolations).

2. The degree of prevalence of a secondary member - the larger the volume of a sentence member, the easier it is separated by intonation from the rest of the sentence and acquires the value of an additional message.

3. The distant position of a sentence member in relation to the explained word is the connection of a sentence member separated from the explained word in other words, i.e. the location is distant, weakened. It creates favorable conditions for segregation.

4. Clarifying, clarifying, connecting character of a sentence member. When clarifying, the isolated member of the sentence limits the scope of the concept named by the word being specified. When explaining, the isolated member of the sentence is the second name to the first. When joining separate member sentences, an additional, incidental remark is expressed, any additional information is given. For example: In the bay, ten meters from the shore , duck swims (clarification). Father did not spoil Asya, that is, did not babysit her (explanation). Some people, especially writers love interesting stories (affiliation).

Morphological conditions of isolation:

The morphological condition is the choice of a certain grammatical form of words or the use of function words. Participles, a short form of an adjective that acts as a definition, combinations with comparative conjunctions (comparative turns), some combinations with prepositions usually form semi-predicative syntactic units, therefore, isolated.

Semantic conditions of separation:

The absence or presence of a close semantic and syntactic connection between a minor member of a sentence and the word to which it refers is sometimes determined by the semantics of the word being explained. The more specific and definite the lexical meaning of a word, the less it needs to be spread, the weaker the connection with it of secondary members, which are therefore easily isolated.

Separate definitions.

Separate definitions are: a) agreed; b) inconsistent.

a) Separation of agreed definitions depends on the degree of their prevalence, the place occupied in relation to the noun being defined, the morphological nature of the word being defined.

Isolate themselves:

1) a common definition expressed by a participle or an adjective with dependent words and standing after noun being defined: Oblique rain driven by a strong wind, poured like a bucket.

2) two non-common definitions after the noun being defined (usually if this noun is preceded by another definition): And the theater was besieged human sea, violent, violent.

3) a single post-positive definition, if it has an additional adverbial value (indicates the state, cause): Alyosha, pensive, went to his father.

4) a definition torn off from the noun being defined by other members of the sentences, which enhances their semi-predicative role: Suddenly, all steppe shook up and bathed in dazzling blue light , expanded.

5) a definition immediately before the word being defined (proper name!), if, in addition to the attributive meaning, it also has a circumstantial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive ...): Passionate about the book , Tonya did not notice how someone climbed over the granite ledge.

6) a definition related to a personal pronoun, due to their syntactic incompatibility, which does not allow forming a phrase: I didn’t want her, poor , cut your hair.

b) The isolation of inconsistent definitions is associated with the degree of their prevalence (the volume of the isolated group), their morphological expression, lexical meaning the word being defined, by the syntactic conditions of the context.

Isolate themselves:

1) inconsistent definitions in the form of indirect cases of nouns (usually with prepositions), if they contain additional messages and express semi-predicative relations: Jasmine bush, all in white wet with dew , was at the window.

2) inconsistent definitions expressed by the prepositional case form with one's own name, with personal pronouns, with the names of persons (according to the degree of kinship, profession, position: Afanasy Lukich, no hat, messy hair ran ahead of everyone. I'm surprised that you with your kindness, don't feel it. sotsky, with a healthy stick in hand stood behind him.

3) common inconsistent postpositive definitions expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective: Strength, stronger than his will , dropped it from there. short beard, slightly darker hair , slightly shaded the lips and chin.

Separate applications.

Isolate themselves:

1) a common application expressed by a common noun with dependent words and related to a common noun (more often in postposition): Her husband, Bank employee opened a new branch.

2) an uncommon application related to a common noun, if the latter has explanatory words with it: He stopped the horse, raised his head and saw his correspondent, deacon.

3) an application expressed by a common noun and related to a proper name, if it is in a postposition; the prepositive application is isolated if it has an additional adverbial meaning: Today at Kulig's lunch, timekeeper, talked about French electrical engineering. Illustrious Scout , Travkin remained the same modest and quiet young man as he was at their first meeting.

4) an application expressed in the person's own name, if it serves to clarify or clarify common noun(you can put the words before it - namely - : Vanya Zemnukhov's elder brother, Alexander , was a typographical worker by profession.

5) an application related to a personal pronoun: Cheerful southerner , he could make everyone laugh at the most difficult moment: he told Marseille jokes, jumped, played tricks.

6) an application attached to the word being defined by the union as (with causal meaning), in words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth.

Separate add-ons.

Separate additions expressed case forms nouns with prepositions or prepositional combinations ( except for, instead of, in addition to, over, except for ) that matter inclusions, exclusions, substitutions : crew mood, beyond usual , was elevated.

isolated circumstances.

Morphologically they are expressed:

a) gerunds or participles;

b) prepositional-case forms of nouns;

c) adverbs.

Isolate themselves:

1) circumstances expressed by a participle (participle turnover), also acting as a secondary predicate: Muromsky, tempted by good weather , ordered to saddle his short mare. An owl hooted nearby, and Weasel, startled began to listen.

2) circumstances expressed by prepositional-case forms of nouns are optionally isolated: it depends on the semantic load of the isolated member (a combination of several adverbial meanings): Petya, after a resounding rejection , went to his room and there, locking himself away from everyone, wept bitterly (the meaning of the cause is added to the meaning of time). With the approach of the enemy to Moscow , Muscovites' view of their situation not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, even more frivolous (the value of concession is added to the value of time).

3) circumstances expressed by adverbs and having the character of a passing remark: Music, still , reached us. Misha lowered the book and, not right away stood up quietly.

Proposals with introductory constructions. Types of introductory structures.

In addition to the main and secondary members of the sentence, in a simple sentence there are words and groups of words that are not members of the sentence and do not enter into syntactic relations. These include introductory and plug-in structures .

The general significance of such complicating structures :

a) their meaning is additive in relation to the main content of a simple sentence;

b) complicating components are characterized by a relative isolation of the structure and a special intonation, transmitted in writing by commas, brackets, dashes.

Introductory are called words and combinations of words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence, which express a different assessment by the speaker of the expressed thought, indicate its connection with other messages, characterize the way the thought is formulated, etc.

Introductory are called such words and expressions that are not members of the sentence and are not grammatically related to the main and secondary members of the sentence. They serve to express the relationship of the speaker and the utterance; occur most often at the beginning of a sentence: In my opinion , the appearance of this man corresponded to his specialty. According to the hunters , there is always a squirrel.

The meaning of introductory words and combinations:

1. Modal message evaluation which the speaker expresses: confidence-uncertainty in the truth of the thought expressed: indisputably, of course, indeed, indeed, certainly, undoubtedly, quite obviously, without any doubt, probably, probably, in all likelihood, it seems, it would seem, apparently, it may be: Certainly, we will successfully complete our studies at the institute ... Maybe, we will successfully graduate from the institute.

2. Emotional evaluation of messages, i.e. expression to the speaker feelings of joy, pleasure, regret, grief, surprise about the thought: fortunately, fortunately, to my pleasure, unfortunately, to my shame, a wonderful thing, a strange thing: Strange affair everyone came to class. To joy everyone came to class.

3. Evaluation of reported facts in terms of their commonness: happens, happens, as usual, as usual, as usual, as usual, as usual: Students, as usual successfully passed the test. Other of them happens have debts.

4. Indication of the source of the message: according to you, according to legend, according to rumors, according to (someone), according to my calculations, they say, pass: To my mind She is a diligent student. Today, they say, it will be sunny.

5. Call to the interlocutor in order to draw his attention to the expressed thought, to cause a certain attitude to the reported: see (whether), imagine (those), let (those), agree, imagine (those), notice (those), know (whether).Imagine, it will snow today. And suddenly, Imagine a bear came out of the forest.

6. Way of thinking, an expression of its expressive nature: in a word, in a word, in other words, to be honest, it's ridiculous to say, if I may say so, in truth, for real.Shortly speaking, here is how it was. Jokes aside, it is very interesting to me.

7. Communication of thoughts, the relationship between the parts of the statement: finally, however, true, means, therefore, secondly, by the way, by the way, more precisely: By the way, the bell rang. First of all You need to remember the terminology.

1. Valgina N.S. Syntax of the modern Russian language. - M.: Enlightenment, 1978.

2. Grammar of the Russian language. - M: Education, 1954, 1960. - T. 2.- Parts 1 and 2.

3. Lekant P.A. The syntax of a simple sentence in modern Russian.- M .: Education, 1974.

4. Raspopov I.P. The structure of a simple sentence in modern Russian. - M.: Enlightenment, 1970.

5. Russian grammar. - M.: Enlightenment, 1980.- T. 2.

6. Modern Russian language / Under. edited by V.A. Beloshapkova.- M.: Enlightenment, 1981.

7. Modern Russian language in three parts / V.V. Babaitseva, L.Yu. Maksimov.- M.: Enlightenment, 1987.

8. Modern Russian language / Ed. N.M. Shansky.- M.: Enlightenment, 1981.

9. Modern Russian language / R.N. Popov, D.P. Valkova, L.Ya. Malovitsky, A.K. Fedorov. - M.: Enlightenment, 1978.

10. Modern Russian language / Ed. D.E. Rosenthal. - Part 2. - Syntax. -M.: Enlightenment, 1979.

11. Chesnokova L.D. Connections of words in the modern Russian language. - M .: Education, 1980.

Simple sentences may or may not be complicated. Complications can be different.

1. Sentences complicated by homogeneous members

Homogeneous are two or more members that answer the same question, refer to the same word and, therefore, perform the same syntactic role. For example: American, European and Russian entrepreneurs are actively interacting with each other.
All members of a sentence can be homogeneous. Homogeneous members are equal in rights and do not depend on each other.
They can be common: The snow was quietly falling and melting on the warm ground; and uncommon: The snow was falling and melting.
Homogeneous members are separated from each other by a comma. When homogeneous members are separated by commas, and when not, see the section: "Punctuation".
We would like to answer here the very difficult question of which definitions are called heterogeneous. Heterogeneous definitions:
- characterize the subject from different angles, for example: In the corner stood an old German grand piano;
- one of the definitions refers to the phrase word + another definition, for example: Autumn quiet dream of nature(autumn refers to the phrase quiet sleep);
- do not have enumeration intonation;
- often belong to different categories of adjectives;
- they cannot be combined with the union And: Old german table(the table cannot be old on one side and German on the other)

The use of prepositions with homogeneous members

The preposition is repeated
- If homogeneous members are connected by repeating and comparative unions, for example: Collective farms in those days experienced a great shortage in cars, and in tax, and in inventory, and in people; He tried not so much for his own well-being, but for the good of the common cause.
- If the absence of a preposition can cause confusion in understanding the sentence, for example: Textbooks on literary reading and literature delivered to the school library(if there was no pretext, one might think that they brought one kind of textbook, and not two).
- With a significant distribution of homogeneous members, for example: Dust lay in a thick layer on a table upholstered in green cloth, on a leather sofa with a wide back, on an old armchair.

The preposition is not repeated in the interests of euphony if the next word begins with the same consonant as the preposition, for example: Canvas sleeves were rolled out to a pond or a well.

Errors in the use of homogeneous terms

a) Combination of real incomparable concepts, for example: blushed from embarrassment and from running; compared to eternity and Mont Blanc. In literary texts, such combinations are used to create a comic effect.
b) Lexical incompatibility of one of the homogeneous members with a common word for them, for example: During the debate, a number of proposals and comments were made (comments are not made, but made).
c) Generic and specific concepts are not combined as homogeneous members, for example: Our store has big choice cakes, confectionery, fruits and wines (the second includes the first).
d) An error is a construction in which the controlled word can be referred to different rows homogeneous members, for example: Training of hunters for the extermination of wolves and those responsible for carrying out this event.
e) Dissimilar members are not combined as homogeneous members morphological categories such as noun and infinitive, for example: We have made commitments: improve product quality, decline cost, raise performance(it was necessary to use one form in all cases, either an infinitive or a noun).
f) If there is a generalizing word in the sentence, homogeneous members must agree with it in the case, for example: This information is distributed in various publications: newspapers, magazines, books(cf .: in various publications: newspapers, magazines, books).
g) Do not combine as homogeneous syntactic elements the members of the sentence (participial and adverbial constructions) and subordinate clauses, for example: Speakers in the debate, without objecting to the main provisions of the report, however, consider it incomplete; The father, sighing and obviously embarrassed, very soon interrupted his speech..

2. Sentences complicated by separate members

Separate, i.e., highlighted commas, are called secondary members of the sentence (they can be expressed in one word or a group of words), highlighted in meaning and intonation. Any minor members of the sentence can be isolated. Usually they: have greater semantic independence than non-separate members; contain some additional message and are logically underlined; clarify and concretize the idea expressed by the main members; add expressive coloring to the sentence.
For example: Actions, taken yesterday, gave positive result; Boy, taller than me, confidently walked forward; There was no one else in the house besides us; We stood looking at that how the company is being torn apart, and could not do anything.

3. Comparative turnovers

Comparative phrases express comparison, comparison, identification and are part of a simple sentence, they are not a separate member of the sentence, they carry the meaning of an attribute of an object or an attribute of an action: daffodils, like bars of silver, shimmering from the blooming carpet. They are also isolated, that is, they are separated by commas.

4. Sentences complicated by words that are not members of the sentence

These are sentences with appeals and introductory words.
An address is a word or phrase that names the person or object to which the speech is addressed. The appeal is always separated by commas. For example: Maria Ivanovna We invite you to the concert, which will take place on January 24.
Introductory words (phrases, sentences) are words expressing the speaker's attitude to the statement: Unfortunately, We lost.

5. Proposals complicated by plug-in structures

Plug-in constructions are words, phrases, sentences related to the content of the sentence and containing additional information, incidentally made comments, amendments, clarifications. They have a special intonation, they can explain both the whole sentence and its part, they are placed in the middle or at the end of the sentence, they do not indicate the source of the message, emotions. In writing, plug-in constructions are distinguished by brackets, sometimes by a dash. For example: He ( Pavel Ivanovich) was excited.