Proper nouns: examples. Nouns - proper and common nouns

noun e is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that

1) have a generalized meaning of objectivity and answer the questions who? or what?;

2) are proper or common nouns, animate or inanimate, have a permanent gender and non-permanent (for most nouns) signs of number and case;

3) in the proposal most often act as subjects or additions, but can be any other members of the proposal.

Noun- this is a part of speech, in the selection of which the grammatical features of words come to the fore. As for the meaning of nouns, this is the only part of speech that can mean anything: an object (table), a person (boy), an animal (cow), a sign (depth), an abstract concept (conscience), an action (singing) , relation (equality). In terms of meaning, these words are united by the fact that you can ask them the question who? or what?; this, in fact, is their objectivity.

Common nouns designate objects without distinguishing them from the class of the same type (city, river, girl, newspaper).

Proper nouns designate objects, distinguishing them from the class of homogeneous objects, individualizing them (Moscow, Volga, Masha, Izvestia). Proper names must be distinguished from proper names - ambiguous names of individualized objects ("Evening Moscow"). Proper names do not necessarily include a proper name (Moscow State University).

Animate and inanimate nouns

Nouns have a permanent morphological sign of animation.

The sign of animateness of nouns is closely connected with the concept of living / inanimate. Nevertheless, animation is not a rank in meaning, but a proper morphological feature.

Animation as a morphological feature also has formal means of expression. First, animateness / inanimateness is expressed by the endings of the noun itself:

1) animate nouns have the same endings. numbers V. p. and R. p., and for nouns husband. genus, this also applies to units. number;

2) inanimate nouns have the same endings. numbers V. p. and I. p., and for nouns husband. genus, this also applies to units. number.

The animacy of most nouns reflects a certain state of affairs in extralinguistic reality: animate nouns are mainly called living beings, and inanimate - inanimate objects, however, there are cases of violation of this pattern:

fluctuation by animation	An object cannot be both alive and non-living at the same time:
alive but inanimate	1) aggregates of living beings: (see)armies, crowds, peoples ;
	2) plants, mushrooms: (collect)chanterelles ;
inanimate but animated	1) human toys: (see)dolls, nesting dolls, tumblers ;
	2) figures of some games: (play out)kings, queens ;
	3) deceased: (see)dead, drowned , butcorpse (inanimate);
	4) fictional creatures: (see)mermaids, goblin, brownies.

Nouns have a constant morphological gender and refer to male, female or neuter.

The masculine, feminine and neuter gender includes words with the following compatibility:

Some nouns with the ending -a, denoting signs, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double characterization by gender, depending on the gender of the designated person:

your ignoramus has come

your-I'm ignorant came-a.

Such nouns belong to the common gender.

Nouns only plural (cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural the formal differences between nouns different kinds not expressed (cf.: desks - tables).

Nouns change by numbers and cases. Most nouns have singular and plural forms ( city ​​- cities, village - villages). However, some nouns have either only the form singular(for example, peasantry, asphalt, burning), or only the plural form (for example, scissors, railings, weekdays, Luzhniki).

Case as a morphological feature of nouns

Nouns change in cases, that is, they have a non-permanent morphological sign of number.

There are 6 cases in Russian: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.), prepositional (P. p.). P.). These case forms are diagnosed in the following contexts:

I. p.who is this? what?

R. p. no one? what?

D. p.glad to whom? what?

V. p. see who? what?

T. p.proud of who? how?

P. p. thinking about whom? how?

The endings of different cases are different depending on which declension the noun belongs to.

Noun declension

Changing nouns in cases is called declension.

TO I declension include nouns husband. and wives. genus with the ending I. p. units. numbers -а(-я), including words ending in -iya: mom-a, dad-a, earth-i, lecture-i (lectij-a). Words with a stem ending in a hard consonant (hard variant), a soft consonant (soft variant) and with a stem in - and j have some differences in endings, for example:

case	Singular
	hard option	soft option	On the - and I
Im.p.	countries - but	Earth -I	Army -I
R.p.	countries - s	Earth -And	Army -And
D.p.	countries - e	Earth -e	Army -And
V.p.	countries - at	Earth -Yu	Army -Yu
etc.	countries -Oh (-oy )	Earth -to her (-yoyu )	Army -to her (-her )
P.p.	countries -e	Earth -e	Army -And

Co. II declension include nouns husband. sort of with zero ending I. p., including words in -y, and nouns m and cf. kind with the ending -o (-e), including words in -ie: table-, genius-, small town-o, window-o, floor-e, peni-e (penij-e).

TO III declension include nouns of women. genus with zero ending in I. p .: dust-, night-.

In addition to nouns that have endings in only one of these declensions, there are words that have some endings from one declension, and some from another. They are called dissimilar. These are 10 words for -mya (burden, time, stirrup, tribe, seed, name, flame, banner, udder, crown) and path.

In Russian there are so-called indeclinable nouns. These include many common nouns and own borrowings (coat, Tokyo), Russian surnames in -y, -ih, -vo (Petrovykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo). They are usually described as words without endings.

Morphological analysis of a noun

The noun is parsed according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular).

II. Morphological features:

1. Permanent signs: a) proper or common noun, b) animate or inanimate, c) gender (male, female, neuter, general), d) declension.
2. Variable signs: a) case, b) number.

III. syntactic role.

Sample morphological parsing of a noun

Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him up; he began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm (according to V. Nabokov).

I. ladies- noun;

initial form - lady.

II. Permanent signs: narits., odush., wives. genus, I class;

fickle signs: pl. number, I. p.

III. ran up(who?) ladies (subject part).

I.(to) Luzhin- noun;

initial form - Luzhin;

II. Constant signs: own., soul., husband. genus, I class;

non-permanent features: units. number, D. p.;

III. ran up(to whom?) .underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to Luzhin(addition).

I. palm- noun;

initial form - Palm;

II. Constant signs: narits., inanimate., wives. genus, I class;

non-permanent features: units. number, etc.;

III. Began to shoot down(how?) palm(addition).

I. Dust- noun;

initial form - dust;

II. Constant signs: narits., inanimate., wives. genus, III class;

non-permanent features: units. number, V. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(what?) dust(addition).

I. Coat- noun;

initial form - coat;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate, cf. genus, uninclined;

non-permanent signs: the number is not determined by the context, R. p .;

III. Began to shoot down(why?) with a coat(addition).

§one. general characteristics noun

The noun is an independent significant part of speech.

1. grammatical meaning- "subject".
Nouns are words that answer the questions:
Who? , What?

2. Morphological features:

• constants - common noun / proper, animate / inanimate, gender, type of declension;
• changeable - number, case.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence any, especially often: subject and object.

The kids love the holidays.

As an appeal and introductory words, the noun is not a member of the sentence:

- Sergey!- my mother calls me from the yard.

(Sergei- address)

Unfortunately, it's time to go do your homework.

(Unfortunately- introductory word)

§2. Morphological features of nouns

Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). Unchangeable signs refer to the whole word as a whole, and changeable to the forms of the word. So noun Natalia- animated, own, female, 1 cl. In whatever form it may be, these signs will be preserved. Noun Natalia may be in the form of and many others. numbers, in different cases. Number and case are inconstant signs of nouns. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to such non-permanent or variable morphological features. It is necessary to learn to distinguish which signs are permanent and which are non-permanent.

§3. Common nouns - proper nouns

This is the division of nouns according to the features of the meaning. Common nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any item from their series, and proper names nouns name a specific thing.
Compare nouns:

• child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip - common nouns
• Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, "Repka" - own

Common nouns are varied. Their ranks by value:

• specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
• abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
• real: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
• collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator

Proper nouns include names of people, nicknames of animals, geographical names, names of works of literature and art, etc.: Alexander, Sasha, Sashenka, Zhuchka, Ob, Ural, "Teenager", "Gingerbread Man" etc.

§4. Animation - inanimateness

Animate nouns call "living" objects, and inanimate - not "living".

• Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (hero of a fairy tale, acting as a living person)
• Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter

For morphology, it is important that

• in plural in animate nouns
  Near the school, I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. pad. = born. pad.), and in inanimate nouns wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I love books and films (vin. pad. = im. pad.)
• in the singular in animate nouns male wine form. pad. matches the form. fall:
  The fox saw Kolobok (vin. fall. = genus. fall.), and for inanimate nouns of masculine gender wine form. pad. matches the shape. pad.: I baked a gingerbread man (wine. pad. = im. pad.)

The rest of the nouns have the form im., vin. and genus. cases are different.

Means, sign of inanimateness can be determined not only based on the meaning, but also on the set of word endings.

§five. Genus

gender of nouns is a permanent morphological feature. Nouns do not change by gender.

There are three genders in Russian: male, female And middle. The sets of endings for nouns of different genders differ.
In animate nouns, the reference to the masculine or feminine gender is motivated by gender, since the words denote male or female persons: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, boy - girl etc. Grammatical sign gender correlates with sex.
For inanimate nouns, the belonging of the word to one of the three genders is not motivated. Words ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- different gender, and the gender is not determined by the meaning of the words.

The morphological indicator of the genus is the endings.
If the ending word has:

a, u or a, oh, e in the singular and s, ov, am, s or ow, ah, ah in plural , then it is a masculine noun

a, s, e, y, oh, e in the singular and s, am or s, ami, ah plural, it is a noun female

oh, a, u, oh, om, e in the singular and ah, ah, ah, ah, ah in the plural, it is a neuter noun.

Do all nouns belong to one of the three genders?

No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting in that they can refer to both males and females. These are the words: smart girl, glutton, sleepyhead, greedy, crybaby, ignorant, ignorant, wicked, bully, slob, wicked, muddler, slobber, daredevil etc. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She is so smart! AND: He is so smart! The meaning of the gender of an animate person can be found out by the form of a pronoun (as in our example) or an adjective, or a verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up. Such nouns are called common nouns.

Common nouns do not include words that name professions. You may already know that many of these are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist etc. But they can designate both male and female persons. My mother is a good doctor. My father is a good doctor. Even if the word names a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both masculine and feminine: The doctor came. AND: The doctor came.

How to determine the gender of immutable words?

There are invariable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian, they have a gender. How to determine the genus? It's easy if you understand what the word means. Let's look at examples:

Monsieur - madam- in words denoting an animated person, gender matches gender.

Kangaroo, chimpanzee- words for animals male.

Tbilisi, Sukhumi- words - city names - male.

Congo, Zimbabwe- words - names of states - neuter.

Mississippi, Yangtze- words - names of rivers - female.

Coat, muffler- words denoting inanimate objects are more often neuter.

Are there any exceptions? There is. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to unchangeable words and remember how they are used. The gender is expressed not by the ending (there are no endings for indeclinable words), but by the form of other words that are connected with the unchangeable noun in meaning and grammatically. These can be adjectives, pronouns or verbs in the past tense. For example:

Mississippi wide and full.

Short adjectives in the form of f.r. indicate that the word Mississippi zh.r.

§6. declination

declination is a type of word change. Nouns change in number and case. Number and case are variable morphological features. Depending on what forms the word has in different numbers and cases, in the totality of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.

Nouns have three declensions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The vast majority of Russian nouns are nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchanging morphological feature of nouns.

The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine words with endings but, I in initial form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandfather, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture - ending [a].

The 2nd declension includes masculine words with zero ending and neuter gender with endings about, e in its original form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building - ending [e] , genius, Alexey.

The 3rd declension includes null-ending feminine words in its original form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lie.

initial form- this is the form of the word in which it is usually fixed in dictionaries. For nouns, it is the nominative singular form.

Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns on ia, ie, uy : lecture, building, genius.

What is the correct ending for these words?

Do you remember that the letters I And e, which are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter And - vowel represent two sounds? Lecture- [i'a], building- [i’e], and the sound [i’] is the last consonant of the base. So, in words like lecture ending [a], in words like building- [e], and in words like genius- null ending.

So the feminine nouns are: lecture, station, demonstration belong to the 1st declension, and masculine: genius and middle: building- to the 2nd.

Another group of words requires commentary. These are the so-called neuter nouns me , words path and child. These are inflected nouns.

Inflected nouns- these are words that have endings characteristic of forms of different declensions.
There are few such words. All of them are very ancient. Some of them are common in today's speech.

List of nouns on me: stirrup, tribe, seed, burden, udder, crown, time, name, flame, banner.

For their spelling, see All spelling. Spelling of nouns

§7. Number

Number- this is a morphological feature that is changeable for some nouns and unchanged, constant for others.
The vast majority of Russian nouns change in number. For example: home - at home, girl - girls, elephant - elephants, night - nights. Nouns that change in number have both singular and plural forms and endings corresponding to these forms. For a number of nouns, the singular and plural forms differ not only in endings, but also in the stem. For example: man - people, child - children, kitten - kittens.

A smaller part of Russian nouns does not change in numbers, but has the form of only one number: either singular or plural.

Singular nouns:

• collective: nobility, children
• real: gold, milk, curdled milk
• abstract (or abstract): greed, anger, kindness
• some of their own, namely: geographical names: Russia, Suzdal, Petersburg

Plural nouns:

• collective: shoots
• real: cream, cabbage soup
• abstract (or abstract): chores, elections, twilight
• some own, namely geographical names: Carpathians, Himalayas
• some specific (objective), watches, sledges, as well as a group of nouns denoting objects that consist of two parts: skis, skates, glasses, gates

Remember:

Most things denoted by nouns that have only the form of a singular or plural person cannot be counted.
For such nouns, the number is an invariable morphological feature.

§8. case

case- this is a non-permanent, changeable morphological feature of nouns. There are six cases in Russian:

1. Nominative
2. Genitive
3. Dative
4. Accusative
5. Instrumental
6. Prepositional

You need to firmly know the case questions, with the help of which it is determined in which case the noun is. Since, as you know, nouns are animate and inanimate, there are two questions for each case:

• I.p. - who what?
• R.p. - who?, what?
• D.p. - to whom; to what?
• V.p. - who?, what?
• etc. - who?, what?
• P.p. - (About who about what?

You see that for animate nouns the questions of win.p. and genus. etc., and for the inanimate - to them. p. and wine. P.
In order not to be mistaken and correctly determine the case, always use both questions.

For example: I see an old park, a shady alley and a girl and a young man walking along it.
I see (who?, what?) a park(vin. p.), alley(vin. p.), girl(vin. p.), human(vin. p.).

Do all nouns change by case?

No, not all. Nouns that are called invariable do not change.

Cockatoo (1) sits in a cage in a store. I approach the cockatoo (2) . This is a big beautiful parrot. I look at the cockatoo (3) with interest and think: - What do I know about the cockatoo (4)? I don't have a cockatoo (5) . With cockatoo (6) interesting.

Word cockatoo met in this context 6 times:

• (1) who?, what? - cockatoo- I.p.
• (2) I approach (to) whom ?, what? - (k) cockatoo- D.p.
• (3) look (at) whom?, what? - (to) cockatoo- V.p.
• (4) know (about) whom?, what? -( o) cockatoo- P.p.
• (5) no one?, what? - cockatoo- R.p.
• (6) wondering (with) whom?, what? - (with cockatoo)- etc.

In different cases, the form of immutable nouns is the same. But the case is easily determined. Case questions, as well as other members of the sentence, help with this. If such a noun has a definition expressed by an adjective, pronoun, numeral or participle, i.e. word that changes in cases, then it will be in the form of the same case as the invariable noun itself.

Example: How much can you talk about this cockatoo?- (about) who?. how? - P.p.

§nine. The syntactic role of nouns in a sentence

The mother is sitting by the window. She leafs through a magazine, looks at photographs of people and nature. My mother is a geography teacher. "Mom," I call her.

Mother - subject

Near the window - circumstance

Journal- addition

Photo- addition

Of people- definition

nature- definition

Mother- subject

Teacher- predicate

Geography- definition

Mother- appeals, as well as introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles are not members of the sentence.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What nouns denote individual specific objects, and not groups of homogeneous objects?

   • proper names
   • Common nouns

2. Which group of nouns has the most variety of meanings?

   • proper names
   • Common nouns

3. Is animateness-inanimateness expressed grammatically: by a set of endings?

4. How can you find out the gender of a noun?

   • By value
   • By compatibility with other words (adjectives, pronouns, past tense verbs) and by endings

5. What are the names of nouns that have endings characteristic of different declensions?

   • Indeclinable
   • Differing

6. What is the sign of the number of nouns good, evil, envy?

   • Permanent (immutable)
   • non-permanent (changing)

7. MORPHOLOGY is a section of grammar that studies different aspects of a word: its belonging to a certain part of speech, structure, forms of change, ways of expressing grammatical meanings.

   PARTS OF SPEECH are lexical and grammatical categories into which the words of the language fall apart due to the presence of

   1. a semantic feature (some general meaning that accompanies the specific lexical meaning of a given word),
   2. morphological trait (system grammatical categories, specific for this category of words),
   3. syntactic feature (features of syntactic functioning).

   In Russian, independent and auxiliary words are distinguished.

   INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH

   Independent (significant) parts of speech are categories of words that name an object, action, quality, state, etc. or point to them and which have an independent lexical and grammatical meaning and are members of the sentence (main or secondary).

   The independent parts of speech are:

   1. noun,
   2. adjective,
   3. numeral,
   4. pronoun,
   5. verb,
   6. adverb.

   24. NOUN- this is an independent part of speech, which combines words denoting objects and animate beings (the meaning of objectivity) and answering the questions who? what? This meaning is expressed using the independent categories of gender, number, case, animateness and inanimateness. In a sentence, nouns mainly act as the subject and object, but they can also be other members of the sentence.

   24.1. Discharges of nouns: common, specific, collective.

   Depending on the lexical and grammatical features, nouns are divided into:

   • common nouns (names of homogeneous objects, actions or states): house, bed
   • own (names of single objects selected from a number of homogeneous ones - names, surnames, geographical names, etc.): Vanya Petrov, Pluto, Moscow;
   • specific (they name specific objects and phenomena from reality): a boy, a station and abstract (abstract) (they call an object or sign abstractly from the agent or carrier of the sign): hatred, love, care;
   • collective (denoting a set of identical or similar individual items as one whole): students, sheet.

   24.2. Lexicre-grammatical categories of nouns:

   24.1. Animation-inanimate category: animate nouns denote living beings (people and animals), and inanimate nouns - an object in the proper sense of the word, in contrast to living beings. This category is manifested in the declension of nouns, namely in the accusative case of the plural: the form of the accusative case of the plural of animate nouns coincides with the form of the genitive case, and of inanimate nouns with the form of the nominative case. For masculine nouns (except for -a, -я), the same thing happens in the singular.

   The masculine gender is a variety of the gender category, characterized by a certain form change, and for animate nouns, the belonging to it of masculine creatures (father, cat, table, house).

   Feminine gender is a kind of gender category, characterized by a certain form change, and for animate nouns - belonging to it of feminine creatures (mother, cat, bench, terrace).

   There are nouns of the general gender that can be correlated with both masculine and feminine persons: slob, orphan, incognito, protégé.

   The neuter gender is a variety of the gender category, characterized by a certain form change (partially coincides with the form change of the masculine gender) and the meaning of inanimateness (window, sky, sun);

   24.2.3. Category of number: in Russian there is a singular form (denoting one parent in a series of homogeneous objects): chair, sock, boy, and plural (denoting an indefinite set of homogeneous objects): chairs, socks, boys.

   The singular and plural differ in different endings, different compatibility with other parts of speech.

   There are nouns that have only the singular form: some abstract nouns (love, care), collective nouns (leaves, students), proper names (Moscow, Siberia), some nouns denoting substance (milk, gold).

   There are nouns that, on the contrary, have only the plural form: some abstract nouns (holidays, twilight), some nouns denoting substances (soup, cream), the names of some games (chess, hide and seek), some concrete nouns that consist of several constituent parts(scissors, trousers);

   24.2.4. Case Category: This category is based on the opposition case forms and denotes the relation of the object denoted by the noun to other objects, actions or features. There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional.

   24.3. Declension of nouns is a change of nouns by cases.

   There are three declensions in Russian.

   1 cl. noun m.r. and cf. on -a, -i	2 fold. noun m.r. from zero. ending dry cf. on -o, -e	Zkl. noun from zero. ending
   Singular: I.p. mum. uncle R.p. moms, uncles D.p. mom-e, uncle-e V.p. mum, uncle etc. mom-oh, uncle-her P.p. oh mom, oh uncle	house, window house-a, windows-a house-y, window-y house, window house-ohm, window-ohm about the house, about the window	night night and night and night at night about the night and
   Plural: I.p. mothers. uncles R.p. mom, uncle D.p. mum-am, uncle-yum V.p. mom, uncle etc. mom-ami, uncle-ami P.p. about mom-ax, about uncle-x	house-a, windows-a houses, windows house-am, window-am window-a, house-a, houses, windows about house-ax, about windows-ah	night and night-she night-am night and nights about the nights

   Notes: in masculine and neuter nouns, in which before case ending a vowel is written and, in an unstressed position in P.p. the ending -i is written; for feminine nouns, this rule applies to D.p. and P.p.

   I. p. militia, genius, blade
   R.p. militia, genius, blade
   D.p. militia, genius, blade
   V.p. militia, genius, blade
   etc. militia, genius, blade
   P.p. about the police, about the genius, about the blade

   More about difficult cases For spellings of noun endings, see the "Spelling" section.

   In the Russian language there are nouns with different declensions: these are 10 neuter nouns in -mya (flame, burden, time, udder, banner, seed, stirrup, shemya, tribe, name) - they decline with the growth of the suffix -en- in the singular in all cases , except for the instrumental, according to the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental case of the singular - according to the 2nd declension, in the plural they decline according to the 2nd declension; the words mother, daughter (inclined according to the 3rd declension with an increase -er-), way (inclined in all cases according to the 3rd declension and only in the instrumental - according to the 2nd), child (this word is not now used in indirect cases singular).

   There are also indeclinable nouns (that is, they do not change for cases and numbers). They mainly include the words foreign origin, which are denoted as inanimate objects(cafe, radio), and masculine and feminine persons (attache, lady); they can also represent animals (kangaroos, chimpanzees), given names and surnames (Helen Frankenstein), place names (Baku, Helsinki), etc.

   24.4. Syntactic functions of nouns

   In a sentence, a noun can be; any member:

   • subject: Mom goes to the store,
   • addition: I asked him to give me a book.
   • definition: Mom bought me a notebook with checkered paper.
   • Addendum: The Volga River is very beautiful.
   • circumstance: He got his way despite the difficulties.
   • predicate: My father is an engineer.

   IN English language There are the following types of nouns:

   Nouns (nouns)

   Own (Proper) Common noun (common)

   Countables (countable) Uncountable (uncountable)

   Concrete Abstract

   Specific(Concrete) Distracted(abstract) love, friendship

   a speech - speeches

   Real(Material)

   water, iron, snow

   (always packed in plural)

   a girl - girls (soul) a family - families cattle, poultry, police, people, militia,

   a book - books (inanimate) a company - company clothes, goods, savings, trousers,

   spectacles, scissors

   All nouns are divided into Own And common nouns:

   1. Own (Propernoun) nouns are the names of single concepts, places and objects. This also includes personal names, names of months and days of the week, holidays and nationalities. All of them are written with a capital (capital) letter, and if the name consists of several words, then all words are written with capital letter except for articles, prepositions and conjunctions. These include:

   but) Geographic concepts: mountains, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, countries, regions, cities, villages: the Caucasus Caucasus, the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, the Volga Volga, France France, London London.

   b) Names of streets, squares, famous buildings, hotels, ships, inns, museums, clubs, newspapers, magazines, works: Oxford Street Oxford Street (street), Hyde Park Hyde Park, the British Museum British Museum, "New Times "-" New time "(magazine).

   c): Mary Mary (first name), Brown Brown (surname), Mark Twain Mark Twain (literary pseudonym).

   G) Astronomical names: the Sun (Sun), the Earth (Earth), the Milky Way (Milky Way), Mars, Venus, Jupiter.

   e): the Russians (Russians), English (English).

   e) Holiday names: New Year (New Year), Christmas (Christmas), Easter (Easter), May Day (First of May).

   g): January, September, Sunday, Tuesday.

   2. common nouns (Commonnouns)- this general names for all homogeneous objects.: dog,man,table.

   In turn, they are classified as follows:

   v Uncountable nouns(Uncountable nouns)

   Uncountable nouns are the names of substances and concepts that cannot be counted. These include real and abstract (abstract) nouns. Uncountable nouns are used only in singular And . When separating them from the category of substances or concepts, they are preceded by a definite article.

   As a subject, they are used with a singular predicate and can be replaced by a singular pronoun (most often: it).

   Uncountable nouns combine with pronouns much(many), little(little, little) some(several, some) any(any, any).

   1. Distracted (abstract nouns) denote qualities, actions, states, natural phenomena, feelings or general concepts: beauty, courage, fear, joy

   2. Specific(Concrete nouns)

   ü Real (materialnouns) designate materials; bulk, liquid, gaseous substances; Food:

   Attention!

   Real nouns become countable and are used with the corresponding articles in the following cases:

   a) If real nouns are used for, or when the whole and its elements are denoted by the same word: hair hair- hair hair.

   b) When real nouns are used to denote or to denote portions something that you can buy, for example:

   c) If to the base uncountable noun ending is added – s (- es) , then it is usually converted to a countable noun, for example:

   in) Countable nouns (Countablenouns)

   Countable nouns include the names of objects, objects and concepts that can be counted. They are used in the singular and plural, both with the indefinite and with the definite article.

   1. abstract nouns (Abstractnouns) become enumerable when they are instantiated:

   He made a speech yesterday. Heutteredyesterdayspeech.

   His speeches are always interesting. Hisspeechesalwaysinteresting.

   Cf.: Animals do not possess the power of speech. Animals do not have the gift of speech.

   Cf.: He does that for amusement. He does it for fun.

   2. Specific (Concretenouns) denote objects and matter, including people and animals, objects that we can touch, hold, see, smell and taste.

   a) Individual (individual) designate only one object / one person of a certain type: man,player,cow,chicken,minister.

   b) denote a set of homogeneous objects or persons considered as a whole:

   c) Multiplicities (Nouns of Multitude)- words that are always perceived as a multitude. Here are some of them: people, police, militia, clothes, cattle (livestock), poultry (poultry).

   These words agree with are or were (not with is and not with was!).

   Regarding the word people(people, people) let's make a reservation. In cases where we are talking about peoples, the word takes the usual ending plural:

   (peoples inhabiting Africa),

   1. English-speakingpeoples.

   Dual property items in English are used only in the plural: trousers(trousers), spectacles(glasses), scissors(scissors), etc.

   Like nouns goods(goods), clothes(clothes), savings(savings), which, unlike their Russian counterparts, are also used.

   :

   1. Subject: The play was fascinating. The play was amazing.

   2. Nominal part of the predicate: My uncle is an policeman. My uncle is a policeman.

   3. Add-ons:

   but ) direct

   b) indirect:

   in) prepositional:

   4. Definitions:

   but) frompretext:

   Mr Brown is an English teacher.

   b) withoutexcuse:

   Our school has a book club.

   5. Circumstances(time, place, mode of action, cause, purpose, etc.):

   It happened last summer. (time circumstance)

   It happened last summer.

   (place circumstance)

   Our college has a gym.

   A noun in English is combined with a certain or indefinite article. Depending on the meaning and use of the noun, the article may be absent.

   According to their composition, nouns in English can be: simple, derivative And complex.

   Simple - these are nouns that do not contain a suffix or prefix, for example: ball, table etc.

   Derivatives- these are nouns, which include a suffix or a prefix, or both at the same time: builder- builder (from the verb to build to build), wisdom- wisdom (from the adjective wise wise), fellowship- brotherhood (from the noun fellow comrade), disguise - disguise (from the noun Guise mask, dress) activity- inaction, passivity from the noun activity - activity), etc.

   Suffix	Example	Translation
   		help, assistance
   		offense
   		detention, arrest
   Ion(-tion, -ation)		sentence
   		institution
   		politeness
   		heritage
   		guardian, defendant, defender
   		security
   		structure

   Complex- these are nouns that consist of two or more stems that form one word with a single meaning, for example: hothouse- greenhouse, toothbrush - Toothbrush, classroom- Class, rail road - Railway etc.

   In compound nouns:

   bl a ck- board- blackboard, h y groscope - hygroscope

   Compound nouns:

   scene- paint er - decorator, type- write er - typewriter

   According to the "form of existence" of referents, nouns are divided into animate nouns And inanimate.

   child,fox,girlcar,jacket).

   This semantic division is manifested in the forms of the category of the case, since in the form of the possessive case, mainly animate nouns are used, cf .: Kate'sbook, but thewallofthebuilding.

   Download:

   
   

   Preview:

   Types of nouns and their functions.

   
   In English, there are the following types of nouns:

   Nouns

   Own (Proper)Common noun (Common)

   CountableUncountable

   Concrete Abstract

   Concrete Abstract love, friendship

   A speech - speeches

   Real (Material)

   Water, iron, snow

   Individual Collective Multiplicities(always packed in plural)

   (Individual) (Collective) (Multitude)

   a girl - girls (soul) a family - families cattle, poultry, police, people, militia,

   a book - books (inanimate) a company - company clothes, goods, savings, trousers,

   Spectacles, scissors

   All nouns are divided into Own and common nouns:

   1. Own (Proper noun) nouns are the names of single concepts, places and objects. This also includes personal names, names of months and days of the week, holidays and nationalities. All of them are written with a capital (capital) letter, and if the name consists of several words, then all words are written with a capital letter, with the exception of articles, prepositions and conjunctions. These include:

   but) Geographic concepts: mountains, deserts, oceans, seas, rivers, countries, regions, cities, villages: the Caucasus Caucasus, the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, the Volga Volga, France France, London London.

   b) Names of streets, squares, famous buildings, hotels, ships, inns, museums, clubs, newspapers, magazines, works: Oxford Street Oxford Street (street), Hyde Park Hyde Park, the British Museum British Museum, New Times (magazine).

   in) Names, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames, as well as titles of people; animal names: Mary Mary (first name), Brown Brown (surname), Mark Twain Mark Twain (literary pseudonym).

   G) Astronomical names: the Sun (Sun), the Earth (Earth), the Milky Way (Milky Way), Mars, Venus, Jupiter.

   e) Nationality and national language: the Russians (Russians), English (English).

   e) Holiday names: New Year (New Year), Christmas (Christmas), Easter (Easter), May Day (First of May).

   g) Names of months and days of the week: January, September, Sunday, Tuesday.

   1. Common nouns are common names for everyone homogeneous objects.: dog, man, table.

   Common nounsare in turn classified as follows:

   • Uncountable nouns

   Uncountable nouns are the names of substances and concepts that cannot be counted. These include real and abstract (abstract) nouns. Uncountable nouns are usedonly in singular And not used with the indefinite article. When separating them from the category of substances or concepts, they are preceded by a definite article.

   As a subject, they are used with a singular predicate and can be replaced by a singular pronoun (most often: it).

   Uncountable nouns combine with pronouns much (many), little (little, little), some (several, some) any (any, any).

   1. Abstract nouns denote qualities, actions, states, natural phenomena, feelings or general concepts: beauty, courage, fear, joy
   2. Specific (Concrete nouns)
   • Real (Material nouns)designate materials; bulk, liquid, gaseous substances; Food:water, bread, sugar, rain, snow

   Attention!

   Real nouns become countable and are used with the corresponding articles in the following cases:

   a) If real nouns are used fordesignation of an object (or objects) from this material , or when the whole and its elements are denoted by the same word: hair hair - a hair.

   	countable noun:
   iron - iron wood- tree (wood) paper - paper	an iron - iron a wood - forest a paper- newspaper, document
   coal - coal	a coal - coal A coal fell out of the fire.– An ember fell out of the fireplace.
   The ground was as hard as stone. - The ground was hard as stone.	The boy threw two stones into the water. - The boy threw two stones into the water.

   b) When real nouns are used to denotevarious kinds and kinds of thingsor to indicate portions something that you can buy, for example:

   uncountable noun:	countable noun:
   wine - wine much fruit - a lot of fruit	a good wine - good wine wonderful fruits - lovely fruit
   He made some tea. - He made tea.	This is an Indian tea. - This is one of the Indian teas..
   I hate coffee. - I can't stand coffee.	He bought a coffee and a sandwich. - He bought (a cup of) coffee and a sandwich.

   c) If the ending is added to the stem of an uncountable noun–s (-es) , then it is usually converted to a countable noun, for example:

   uncountable noun:	countable noun:
   iron - iron color - color sugar - sugar tin - tin, tin beauty - beauty hair - hair	iron s - fetters, chains color s - banners (two) sugars- (two) pieces of sugar tin s - jars, canned food beauty s - beauties hairs - hairs

   in) Countable nouns

   Countable nouns include the names of objects, objects and concepts that can be counted. They are used in the singular and plural, both with the indefinite and with the definite article.

   1. Abstract nounsbecome enumerable when they are instantiated:

   He made a speech yesterday. He gave a speech yesterday.

   His speeches are always interesting. His speeches are always interesting.

   Cf.: Animals do not possess the power of speech. Animals do not have the gift of speech.

   There are very many amusements in the Park of Culture and Rest. There are a lot of entertainments in the Park of Culture and Leisure.

   Cf.: He does that for amusement. He does it for fun.

   1. Specific (Concrete nouns) denote objects and matter, including people and animals, objects that we can touch, hold, see, smell and taste.
   1. Individual (Individual)designate only one object / one person of a certain type:man, player, cow, chicken, minister.
   1. Collective nouns designate set of homogeneousobjects or persons considered as one integer : crowd, flock, group, swarm, team
   1. Multiplicities(Nouns of Multitude)- words that are always perceived as a multitude. Here are some of them: people, police, militia, clothes, cattle (livestock), poultry (poultry).

   These words agree with are or were (not with is and not with was!).

   Regarding the word people (people, people) let's make a reservation. In cases where it is peoples , the word takes the usual endingplural:

   the peoples inhabiting Africa (peoples inhabiting Africa),

   the English-speaking peoples.

   Dual property itemsin English are used only in the plural: trousers (trousers), spectacles (glasses), scissors (scissors), etc.

   Like nouns goods (goods), clothes (clothes), savings (savings), which, unlike their Russian equivalents, are also usedonly in plural.

   In a sentence, nouns can perform the following functions:

   1. Subject: The play was fascinating. The play was amazing.

   2. Nominal part of the predicate: My uncle is an policeman. My uncle is a policeman.

   3. Additions:

   a) direct : We play tennis, football and basketball.

   We play tennis, football and basketball.

   b) indirect: My brother lent me his bicycle.

   My brother lent me his bike.

   c) prepositional: Nick played chess with his roommate.

   Nick was playing chess with his roommate.

   4. Definitions:

   a) with a suggestion:

   Mr Brown is a teacher of English.

   Mr Brown is an English teacher.

   b) without a preposition:

   There is a book club in our school.Our school has a book club.

   5. Circumstances (time, place, mode of action, cause, purpose, etc.):

   It happened last summer . (time circumstance)

   It happened last summer.

   There is a gym at our college.(place circumstance)

   Our college has a gym.

   A noun in English is combined with a definite or indefinite article. Depending on the meaning and use of the noun, the article may be absent.

   According to their composition, nouns in English can be:simple, derivative and complex.

   Simple - these are nouns that do not contain a suffix or prefix, for example: ball, table, etc.

   Derivatives are nouns that containsuffix or prefix, or both: builder - builder (from the verb to build to build), wisdom - wisdom (from the adjective wise wise), fellowship - brotherhood (from the noun fellow comrade), disguise - disguise (from the noun guise mask, robe), inactivity - inaction, passivity from the noun activity - activity), etc.

   Basic noun suffixes

   Suffix	Example	Translation
   Ance	assistance	help, assistance
   ence	offence	offense
   Sion	apprehension	detention, arrest
   	freedom	freedom
   Ion(-tion, -ation)	conviction	sentence
   	detection	wanted
   Ment	establishment	institution
   Ness	politeness	politeness
   ship	friendship	friendship
   	heritage	heritage
   Er(or)	lawyer	lawyer
   	defensor	guardian, defendant, defender
   	security	security
   Ture	structure	structure
   Sure	measure	measure

   Complex - these are nouns that consist of two or more stems,forming one word with a single meaning, for example: hothouse - greenhouse, toothbrush - toothbrush, classroom - class, railroad - railway, etc.

   In compound nounsthe stress usually falls on the first word:

   bl a ck-board - blackboard, h y groscope - hygroscope

   Compound nounsmay contain suffixes and prefixes:

   scene-painter - decorator, typewriter - typewriter

   According to the "form of existence" of referents, nouns are divided intoanimate nouns and inanimate.

   Animate nouns mean living beings ( child, fox, girl ), and the second - objects and phenomena ( car, jacket).

   This semantic division is manifested in the forms of the category of the case, since in the form of the possessive case, mainly animate nouns are used, cf .: Kate's book, but the wall of the building.

   
   

   Each person daily uses several hundred nouns in his speech. However, not everyone will be able to answer the question of which category a particular word belongs to: proper names or common nouns, and whether there is a difference between them. Meanwhile, not only written literacy depends on this simple knowledge, but also the ability to correctly understand what is read, because often, only by reading a word, you can understand whether it is a name or just the name of a thing.

   what is this

   Before you figure out which nouns are called proper and which are common nouns, it is worth remembering what it is.

   Nouns are words that answer the questions "What?", "Who?" and denoting the name of things or persons (“table”, “person”), they change according to declensions, genders, numbers and cases. In addition, words related to this part of speech are proper / common nouns.

   The concept of about and own

   Except for rare exceptions, all nouns belong to the category of either proper or common nouns.

   

   Common nouns include summarized names of homogeneous things or phenomena that may differ from each other in some features, but will still be called one word. For example, the noun "toy" is a common noun, although it generalizes the names of various objects: cars, dolls, bears, and other things from this group. In Russian, as in most other languages, common nouns are always written with a small letter.

   

   
   nouns are names individuals, eye-catching things, places or persons. For example, the word "doll" is a common noun that refers to a whole category of toys, but the name of the popular brand of dolls "Barbie" is a proper name. All proper names are capitalized.
   It is worth noting that common nouns, unlike proper nouns, carry a certain lexical meaning. For example, when “doll” is said, it becomes clear that we are talking about a toy, but when they simply call the name “Masha” outside the context of a common noun, it is not clear who or what it is - a girl, a doll, the name of a brand, hairdresser or chocolate bar.

   Ethnonyms

   As mentioned above, nouns are proper and common nouns. So far, linguists have not yet come to a consensus on the relationship between these two categories. There are 2 common views on this question: according to one, there is a clear dividing line between common nouns and proper nouns; according to another, the dividing line between these categories is not absolute due to the frequent transition of nouns from one category to another. Therefore, there are so-called "intermediate" words that do not belong to either proper or common nouns, although they have signs of both categories. These nouns include ethnonyms - words meaning the names of peoples, nationalities, tribes and other similar concepts.

   Common nouns: examples and types

   In the vocabulary of the Russian language, there are most common nouns. All of them are usually divided into four types.

   

   1. Specific - denote objects or phenomena that can be counted (people, birds and animals, flowers). For example: "adult", "child", "thrush", "shark", "ash", "violet". Specific common nouns almost always have plural and singular forms and are combined with quantitative numerals: "an adult - two adults", "one violet - five violets".

   

   2. Abstract - denote concepts, feelings, objects that cannot be counted: "love", "health", "wit". Most often, this type of common noun is used only in the singular. If, for one reason or another, a noun of this kind has acquired the plural ("fear - fears"), it loses its abstract meaning.

   

   3. Real - denote substances that are homogeneous in composition, do not have separate items: chemical elements (mercury), food (pasta), medicines (citramon) and other similar concepts. Real nouns are not countable, but they can be measured (kilogram of pasta). Words of this type of common noun have only one form of number: either plural or singular: “oxygen” is singular, “cream” is plural.

   

   4. Collective - these are nouns, meaning a set of objects or persons of the same type, as a single, inseparable whole: “brotherhood”, “humanity”. Nouns of this kind are not countable and are used only in the singular form. However, you can use the words “a little”, “a few”, “little” and the like with them: a lot of children, how many infantry and others.

   Proper nouns: examples and types

   Depending on the lexical meaning, the following types of proper nouns are distinguished:

   

   1. Anthroponyms - names, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames and nicknames of people: Vasilyeva Anastasia,
   2. Theonyms - names and names of deities: Zeus, Buddha.
   3. Zoonyms - nicknames and nicknames of animals: dog Barbos, cat Marie.
   4. All types of toponyms - geographical names, cities (Volgograd), reservoirs (Baikal), streets (Pushkin) and so on.
   5. Aeronautonyms - the name of various space and aircraft: spacecraft "Vostok", interorbital station "Mir".
   6. Names of works of art, literature, cinema, TV programs: "Mona Lisa", "Crime and Punishment", "Vertical", "Yeralash".
   7. Names of organizations, websites, brands: Oxford, Vkontakte, Milavitsa.
   8. Names of holidays and other public events: Christmas, Independence Day.
   9. Names of unique natural phenomena: Hurricane Isabel.
   10. Names of unique buildings and objects: cinema "Rodina", sports complex "Olympic".

   Proper to common nouns and vice versa

   Since the language is not something abstract and is constantly influenced by both external and internal factors, words often change their category: proper ones turn into common nouns, and common nouns turn into proper nouns. Examples of this are quite common. So the natural phenomenon "frost" - from a common noun turned into its own noun, the surname Frost. The process of transition of common nouns into proper ones is called onymization.

   At the same time, the name of the famous German physicist who was the first to discover x-rays, in the colloquial speech of the Russian language, has long become the name of the study of something with the help of the “X-ray” radiation discovered by him. Such a process is called appellation, and such words are called eponyms.

   How to distinguish

   In addition to semantic differences, there are also grammatical ones that allow you to clearly distinguish between proper nouns and common nouns. The Russian language is quite practical in this regard. The category of common nouns, unlike proper ones, as a rule, has both plural and singular forms: “artist - artists”.

   

   At the same time, another category is almost always used only in the singular: Picasso is the artist's surname, singular. However, there are exceptions when proper nouns can be used in the plural. Examples of this name, originally used in the plural: the village of Bolshiye Kabany. In that case, these proper nouns are often devoid of the singular: the mountains of the Carpathians.
   Sometimes proper names can be used in the plural if they denote different persons or phenomena, but with identical names. For example: There are three Xenias in our class.

   How do you spell

   If everything is quite simple with writing common nouns: they are all written with a small letter, and otherwise you should follow the usual rules of the Russian language, then another category has some nuances that you need to know in order to correctly write proper nouns. Examples of incorrect spelling can often be found not only in the notebooks of negligent schoolchildren, but also in the documents of adults and respectable people.

   

   To avoid such mistakes, you should learn a few simple rules:

   1. All proper names, without exception, are capitalized, especially when it comes to the nicknames of legendary heroes: Richard the Lionheart. If a given name, surname or place name consists of two or more nouns, regardless of whether they are written separately or with a hyphen, each of these words must begin with a capital letter. An interesting example can serve as the nickname of the main villain of the Harry Potter epic - the Dark Lord. Afraid to call him by his first name, the heroes called the evil wizard "He Who Must Not Be Named". In this case, all 4 words are written with capital letters, since that's the character's nickname.

   2. If there are articles, particles and other service particles of speech in the name or title, they are written with a small letter: Albrecht von Graefe, Leonardo da Vinci, but Leonardo DiCaprio. In the second example, the part "di" is capitalized, because in the original language it is written together with the surname Leonardo DiCaprio. This principle applies to many proper names of foreign origin. In eastern names, the particles “bey”, “zul”, “zade”, “pasha”, and the like, indicating the social status, regardless of whether they stand in the middle of the word or are written with a small letter at the end. The same principle applies to spelling proper names with particles in other languages. German "von", "zu", "auf"; Spanish "de"; Dutch "van", "ter"; French "des", "du", "de la".

   3. The particles “San-”, “Sen-”, “Saint-”, “Ben-” located at the beginning of the surname of foreign origin are written with a capital and a hyphen (Saint-Gemen); after O, there is always an apostrophe and the next letter is capitalized (O'Henry). The part "Mac-" should be written in turn with a hyphen, but often it is written together due to the approximation of the spelling to the original: McKinley, but MacLane.

   Having dealt once with this rather simple topic (what is a noun, types of nouns and examples), you can once and for all save yourself from stupid, but rather unpleasant spelling mistakes and the need to constantly look into the dictionary to check yourself.

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