Speech errors: types, causes, examples. Grammar errors: how to avoid? Simple Rules

The most common mistakes in the exam in the Russian language:

Classification of errors according to FIPI

Grammatical errors.
Speech errors.
Logic errors
Factual Errors.
Spelling mistakes.
Punctuation errors.
Graphic errors.

Grammar mistake- this is an error in the structure of a language unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; is a violation of any grammatical norm: word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

For example:

slip instead of slip, nobility instead of nobility- here a mistake was made in the word-formation structure of the word, the wrong prefix or the wrong suffix was used;
no comment go instead of go,more lighter- the form of the word is incorrectly formed, i.e. broken morphological norm;
pay the fare, awarded- the structure of the phrase is violated (management standards are not observed);
Ride on the rink, legs hurt; In the essay, I wanted to show the meaning of sport and why I love it- incorrectly constructed sentences with dee participle turnover(1) and with homogeneous members(2), i.e., syntactic norms are violated.

Unlike grammar, speech errors- these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of the language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of the word. For the most part, these are violations of lexical norms, for example:

Stolz is one of the main characters of Goncharov's novel of the same name Oblomov;
They lost their only two sons in the war.

A speech error can be noticed only in the context, this is its difference from a grammatical error, for the detection of which the context is not needed.

The following are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.

Types of grammatical errors:

Wrong word formation Trudol bim th, above laugh.
Erroneous formation of the noun form - Many miracles a technology, lack of time I.
Erroneous formation of the form of the adjective - More interesting, more beautiful.
Erroneous formation of the form of the numeral - With five hundred rubles.
Erroneous formation of the form of the pronoun - theirs pathos , their children.
Erroneous formation of the verb form - They are travel, want, write about the life of nature.
Violation of agreement - I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.
Disruption of control - We need to make our nature more beautiful.
Narrates readers.
Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate - Majority objected against such an assessment of his work.
Violation of the way of expressing the predicate in separate constructions - He wrote a book that epic.
Everyone was happy and happy funny.
Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members - The country loved and was proud poet.
In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning sport and why I love it.
Errors in constructing a sentence with a participial turnover - Reading the text , it feels like...
Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover - The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.
Build errors complex sentence - This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. It seemed to the man then that this is a dream.
Mixing of direct and indirect speech - The author said what am I I do not agree with the opinion of the reviewer.
Violation of the boundaries of the proposal - When the hero comes to his senses. It was too late.
Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms - freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Types of speech errors:

The use of the word in an unusual sense - We were shocked great acting by the actors.
Thought develops on continuation the entire text.
Non-distinguishing of the shades of meaning introduced into the word by the prefix and suffix - My attitude towards this issue is changed.Were accepted spectacular measures.
Ignorance of synonymous words - AT final The author uses gradation in the sentence.
The use of words of a different stylistic coloring - The author, addressing this problem, tries to direct people Little to another track.
Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words and phraseological units - Astafiev every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.
Unjustified use of colloquial words - These people always succeed cheat others.
Violation of lexical compatibility - Author increases impression. Author uses artistic peculiarities(instead of facilities).
The use of superfluous words, including pleonasm - The author conveys the beauty of the landscape us through artistic means.Young boy, very beautiful.
The use of single-root words in a close context (tautology) - In that the story is being told about real events.
Unjustified repetition of the word - Hero story does not think about his act. Hero does not even understand the full depth of the deed.
Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions - When the writer came to the editor , accepted Chief Editor. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
Bad use of pronouns This text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style. I immediately had a picture in his imagination.

Typical grammatical errors (K9)

This is errors associated with the use of the verb, verb forms, adverbs, particles:

Mistakes in the formation of personal forms of verbs: They are driven by compassion(follows: moves);
Incorrect use of tense forms of verbs: This book provides knowledge about the history of the calendar, teaches you how to make calendar calculations quickly and accurately.(it follows: ... will give .., teach ... or ... gives .., teaches ...);
Errors in the use of valid and passive participles : Streams of water flowing down amazed the author of the text(follows: dripping);
Errors in the formation of gerunds: Stepping onto the stage, the singers bowed(norm: leaving);
Incorrect formation of adverbs: The author was wrong(norm: here);

These errors are usually associated with a violation of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.

Typical ones include grammatical and syntactical errors :

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate: The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work.(norm: ... this is the artistic side of the work); To benefit the Motherland, you need courage, knowledge, honesty(norm: ... courage, knowledge, honesty are needed);
Errors associated with the use of particles, such as unnecessary repetition: It would be nice if the painting was signed by the artist; separation of the particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers (usually particles are placed before those members of the sentence that they should highlight, but this pattern is often violated in essays): The text reveals two problems in total.(the restrictive particle "everything" must come before the subject: "... just two problems");
Unjustified omission of the subject (ellipsis): His courage, (?) to stand up for honor and justice attract the author of the text;
Wrong construction compound sentence: The author of the text understands the mind not only as enlightenment, intelligence, but also the concept of “smart” was associated with the idea of freethinking.

Typical speech errors (K10)

These are violations associated with the underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech stamps; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, stationery, non-distinguishing (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; ambiguity not eliminated by the context.

The most common speech errors include:

Non-distinguishing (mixing) of paronyms: In such cases, I look in the "Philosophical Dictionary"(verb take a look usually requires the control of a noun or pronoun with the preposition "on" ("to look at someone or something"), and the verb look in(“quickly or stealthily look somewhere, look to find out, find out something”), which must be used in the above sentence, governs a noun or pronoun with the preposition “in”);
Mistakes in choosing a synonym: The name of this poet is familiar in many countries(instead of the word known a synonym is mistakenly used in the sentence familiar); Now our press devotes considerable space to advertising, and this does not appeal to us.(in this case instead of the word space it is better to use its synonym - place; and linguistic word impresses also requires a synonymous replacement);
Mistakes in the selection of antonyms when constructing an antithesis:In the third part of the text, a cheerful, not major motive makes us think(the antithesis requires accuracy when choosing words with opposite meanings, and the words "cheerful" and "major" are not antonyms;
The destruction of the figurative structure of phraseological units, which happens in an unsuccessfully organized context: Don't put your finger in the mouth of this certainly talented writer Zoshchenko, just let the reader laugh.

Logic errors

Logic errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.

comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence;
as a result of a violation of the logical law of identity, the substitution of one judgment for another.

Composition-text errors

Unsuccessful start. The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author ...
Mistakes in main body.
- Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.
- Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences.
- The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.
Unsuccessful ending. Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier.

Factual Errors

Factual Errors- a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

Distortion of the content of a literary work, misinterpretation, poor choice of examples.
Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author.
Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.
Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes. Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, an error in indicating the author.

Spelling, punctuation, graphic errors

When checking literacy (K7-K8), errors are taken into account

On the learned rules;
Non-rough (two non-rough ones count as one):
- in exceptions to the rules;
- in writing a capital letter in compound proper names;
- in cases of separate and continuous spelling not with adjectives and participles,
- acting as a predicate;
- in writing and and s after prefixes;
- in difficult cases distinctions not and neither ( Where did he go! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. Nobody else…; none other than…; nothing else…; nothing more than...etc.);
- in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
- in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If the mistake is repeated in the same word or in the root of words with the same root, then it is considered as one mistake.

Same type(the first three errors of the same type are counted as one error, each subsequent similar error is counted as an independent one): errors per rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in grammatical ( in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic ( pie, cricket) features of this word. Important!!!
- The concept of similar errors does not apply to punctuation errors.
- Errors are not considered to be of the same type for such a rule, in which, for clarification
recurring(repetition in the same word or in the root of single-root words is considered as one mistake)

Spelling mistakes

In word transfer;
Letters e / e after consonants in foreign words(racket, plein air) and after vowels in proper names ( Marietta);
Capital or lowercase letters
- in names associated with religion: M (m) aslenitsa, R (r) Christmas, B (b) og.
- with the figurative use of proper names (Oblomov and Oblomov).
- in proper names of non-Russian origin; spelling of surnames with first
- parts don, van, sept... (Don Pedro and Don Quixote).
Continuous / hyphen / separate spelling
- in titles, with compound nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowing), not regulated by the rules and not included in the minimum dictionary ( lend-lease, kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, walk-city paperweight, but beef stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
- to rules that are not included in school curriculum. For example: to spill, to scold behind the eyes, to match, on the run, in installments, to back down, to a curiosity, to the touch, in the wings, to put on the butt(cf. the current spelling recklessly, loosely);

Punctuation errors

Dash in incomplete sentence;
Separation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns noun;
Commas with restrictive-excretory revolutions;
Distinguishing homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting or highlighting them with commas;
In the transfer of the author's punctuation;

Graphic errors

Graphic errors- various methods of shortening words, the use of spaces between words, various underlining and font selections. These include: various typos and misprints caused by the inattention of the writer or the haste of writing.

Common graphical errors:

The omission of letters, for example: the whole novel is based on this conflict (follows: is built);
Permutation of letters, for example: new product names(follows: products);
Replacing some alphabetic characters with others, for example: legendary Battle on the Ice(should: legendary);
Adding extra letters: That is why it is important in any, even the most difficult, conditions ...(should: even).

Speech is a channel for the development of intellect,
the sooner the language is learned,
the easier and more complete the knowledge will be assimilated.

Nikolai Ivanovich Zhinkin,
Soviet linguist and psychologist

Speech is conceived by us as an abstract category, inaccessible to direct perception. Meanwhile, this is the most important indicator of a person’s culture, his intellect and, a way of knowing complex connections nature, things, society and the transmission of this information through communication.

Obviously, both learning and already using something, we make mistakes due to inability or ignorance. And speech, like other types of human activity (in which language is an important component), is no exception in this respect. Mistakes are made by all people, both in and in oral speech. Moreover, the concept of speech culture, as an idea of "", is inextricably linked with the concept of a speech error. In fact, these are parts of one process, which means that, striving for perfection, we must be able to recognize speech errors and eradicate them.

Types of speech errors

First, let's look at what speech errors are. Speech errors are any cases of deviation from the current language norms. Without their knowledge, a person can live normally, work and communicate with others. But the effectiveness of the actions taken in certain cases may suffer. In this regard, there is a risk of being misunderstood or misunderstood. And in situations where our personal success depends on it, this is unacceptable.

The author of the classification of speech errors below is Dr. philological sciences Yu. V. Fomenko. Its division, in our opinion, is the simplest, devoid of academic pretentiousness and, as a result, understandable even to those who do not have a special education.

Types of speech errors:

Examples and causes of speech errors

S. N. Zeitlin writes: “The complexity of the mechanism for generating speech acts as a factor contributing to the occurrence of speech errors.” Let's consider special cases, based on the classification of types of speech errors proposed above.

Pronunciation errors

Pronunciation or pronunciation errors occur as a result of violation of the rules of orthoepy. In other words, the reason lies in the incorrect pronunciation of sounds, sound combinations, individual grammatical structures and borrowed words. They also include accentological errors - violation of the norms of stress. Examples:

Pronunciation: “of course” (and not “of course”), “poshti” (“almost”), “plot” (“pays”), “precedent” (“precedent”), “iliktric” (“electric”), “colidor” (“corridor”), “laboratory” (“laboratory”), “thousand” (“thousand”), “right now” (“now”).

stress: “calls”, “dialogue”, “contract”, “catalog”, “overpass”, “alcohol”, “beetroot”, “phenomenon”, “chauffeur”, “expert”.

Lexical errors

Lexical errors - violation of the rules of vocabulary, first of all - the use of words in unusual meanings, distortion of the morphemic form of words and the rules of semantic agreement. They are of several types.

The use of a word in an unusual sense. This is the most common lexical speech error. Within this type, there are three subtypes:

Mixing words that are close in meaning: "He read the book back."
Mixing words that sound similar: excavator - escalator, ear - colossus, Indian - turkey, single - ordinary.
Mixing words that are similar in meaning and sound: subscriber - subscription, addressee - addressee, diplomat - diplomat, well-fed - well-fed, ignorant - ignorant. "Cashier for business trips" (necessary - seconded).

word writing. Error examples: Georgian, heroism, underground workers, winder.

Violation of the rules of semantic agreement of words. Semantic agreement is the mutual adaptation of words along the line of their real meanings. For example, you cannot say: I raise this toast", since "raise" means "move", which is not consistent with the wish. “Through the door wide open” is a speech error, because the door cannot be both ajar (slightly open) and wide open (wide open) at the same time.

This also includes pleonasms and tautologies. Pleonasm is a phrase in which the meaning of one component is entirely included in the meaning of another. Examples: “May month”, “traffic route”, “address of residence”, “huge metropolis”, “to be on time”. A tautology is a phrase whose members have the same root: “The task was set”, “The organizer was one public organization"," I wish you a long creative longevity.

Phraseological errors

Phraseological errors occur when the form of phraseological units is distorted or they are used in an unusual meaning. Yu. V. Fomenko distinguishes 7 varieties:

Changing the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “While the essence and the case” instead of “While the court and the case”;
Truncation of a phraseological unit: “It was just right for him to hit the wall” (phraseologism: “hit his head against the wall”);
Expansion of the lexical composition of a phraseological unit: “You turned to the wrong address” (phraseologism: contact the address);
Distortion grammatical form phraseological unit: "I can't stand to sit with my hands folded." Correct: "difficult";
Contamination (association) of phraseological units: “You can’t do everything idly by” (a combination of phraseological units “sleeveless” and “idly folded”);
The combination of pleonasm and phraseological unit: "A random stray bullet";
The use of phraseological units in an unusual meaning: "Today we're going to talk about the film from cover to cover."

Morphological errors

Morphological errors are the incorrect formation of word forms. Examples of such speech errors: “reserved seat”, “shoes”, “towels”, “cheaper”, “one and a half hundred kilometers”.

Syntax errors

Syntax errors are associated with a violation of the rules of syntax - the construction of sentences, the rules for combining words. There are a lot of varieties of them, so we will give only a few examples.

Wrong match: “There are a lot of books in the closet”;
Mismanagement: "Pay for the fare";
Syntactic ambiguity: "Reading Mayakovsky made a strong impression"(did Mayakovsky read or did you read Mayakovsky's works?);
Structural offset: “The first thing I ask of you is your attention.” Correct: “The first thing I ask you is attention”;
Extra correlative word in the main sentence: "We were looking at those stars that dotted the whole sky."

Spelling mistakes

This type of error occurs due to ignorance of the rules of spelling, hyphenation, abbreviation of words. characteristic of speech. For example: “The dog barked”, “sit on chairs”, “come to the railway station”, “Russian. language", "gram. mistake".

Punctuation errors

Punctuation errors - incorrect use of punctuation marks with.

Stylistic mistakes

We devoted a separate topic to this topic.

Ways to correct and prevent speech errors

How to prevent speech errors? Your speech work should include:

Reading fiction.
Visiting theaters, museums, exhibitions.
Communication with educated people.
Constant work on improving the culture of speech.

Online course "Russian language"

Speech errors are one of the most problematic topics that receive little attention in school. There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course "" to these topics. In the classroom, you will have the opportunity to practice the skill of competent writing in special system multiple distributed repetitions of the material through simple exercises and special memory techniques.

Sources

Bezzubov A. N. Introduction to literary editing. - St. Petersburg, 1997.
Savko I. E. Basic speech and grammatical errors
Sergeeva N. M. Speech, grammatical, ethical, factual errors ...
Fomenko Yu. V. Types of speech errors. - Novosibirsk: NGPU, 1994.
Zeitlin S. N. Speech errors and their prevention. – M.: Enlightenment, 1982.

Types of grammatical errors

Error examples

Correct option/rule

Errors in management

Misuse case form noun with preposition

* Pay for the fare

miss you

*according to order

on arrival

(to whom; to what?)

Lagodaria

According to

Upon arrival e, arrive and, complete and, expire and, return and(in p.p.)

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

Mixing the designs of the main and subordinate clauses

*MSU completed about reception

*Chair-bed standing a

*Came good doctor Ivanova.

No one, even excellent students, decided and.

*Those, (who was late), didn't look movie.

Main word-m.r.

Main word-cf.r

Polezh.-zh.r. / Tale-zh.r.

Nobody decided

Those did not look who was late.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

1. The use of common z.s. at r.p.p. requiring different control

2. Incorrect word order in a sentence with double conjunctions

3. The use of double alliances in a distorted form

4. Redundancy of allied funds

5. Elimination of not only the same, but also different prepositions

6. Discrepancy between the form of the generalizing word and the o.p.s.

7. Combining in a homogeneous series of "unequal" components.

* PhD student is engaged selection and supervision over the facts.

* Living branches are not only unsuitable for making a fire, but also for maintaining it.

* Living branches are unusable Not only for making a fire, as well as to maintain it.

* The owner was surprised, but, however, nevertheless remained silent.

*Concerts were held AT theaters, parks, stadiums.

* She raised five children: two boys and three girls.

* Found / lost yesterday/ dog and ( wanted by the neighbors)

Choice (What?)

Observation (on what?)

not only for breeding, but also for maintenance.

Not only but

As well as

but nonetheless

ON THE stadiums

Two boys and three girls

Or 2 / p.o /, or 2 subordinate clauses !!!

Error in constructing a sentence with participial turnover

- torn apart by the word being defined

Incorrect participle agreement with the word being defined

* From afar were visible / floating logs on water/

We saw logs, floating them on water

Logs /floating on water/

Error in constructing a sentence with adverbial turnover

The participle and the verb must have one actor

* leafing through album, me got caught two Photo

leafing through album, I saw two photos.

Violation in the construction of a sentence with inconsistent application

- the application must be in Im.p. in the presence of a definable noun, and in its absence - in the required case.

*in the novel "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin reflected the events of the 18th century.

*AT "Captain's daughter" the protagonist- P. Grinev.

In the novel "Captain's daughter"..

AT The Captain's Daughter...

Error in building a complex sentence

- with an adjectival attributive(it refers to the last noun in the main)

-the use of compound conjunctions in a distorted form

-redundancy of allied funds

* The workshop was organized by Prof. Matveev, who passed very interesting.

* Before write a letter, he was looking for the right words for a long time.

* He asked, what do you mean where his things.

* I don't know, what we can whether we find mutual language

Professor Matveev organized seminar that took place very interesting

Before as

In order to

Instead of

Before

Since

Similar to

In view of the fact that

Due to the fact that despite the fact that

He asked, where his things.

I don't know if we can whether we find...

Indirect speech

Direct speech	Means of communication when replaced by indirect	Indirect speech
Declarative sentence * « I I'll be waiting for you somewhere nearby," said Valya.		* Valya said thatshe is will be waiting for me nearby.
incentive offer * Ivan asked: "Name, Lyuba, all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them."	to	* Ivan asked Lyuba to name all the members of the headquarters and describe each of them.
Interrogative sentence “Are you thinking of playing hide and seek with me?” Vanya said with annoyance.		* Vanya said with annoyance whether I was thinking of playing hide and seek with him.

In indirect

Direct speech	Error examples	Indirect speech
He said:		He said,that he will do the job for me.
He said:"Come early."		He said,for me to come early.
You ask:		You ask,
I'm asking:"Were you at the institute yesterday?"		I'm asking,were you at the institute yesterday.

5. descend; the shades they express are conveyed only by approximately other lexical means, for example:

1. If direct speech is declarative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the union is used that, for example:

* The servant entered and announced that the horses were served (P.). (Compare: A servant entered and announced: "Horses are served").

2. If direct speech is incentive offer, then when replacing it with indirect speech, the union is used to, for example:

* Tell him to get out ... (Ch.). (Compare: Say: "Get out...").

3. If direct speech is interrogative sentence, then when replacing it with indirect speech, two cases are possible:

a) if present in direct speech interrogative pronominal words they are preserved in indirect speech in the role of relative words, for example: They drove up to the hut, they ask, where here to find the economic part (Furm.). (Compare: They drove up to the hut, they ask: “ Where here to find the economic part?").

b) in the absence of interrogative pronominal words in direct speech, an indirect question is expressed using a particle whether in the role of a union, for example: The general asked if I was the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev (P.). (Compare: The general inquired: “Are you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?” Or “Are you the son of Andrei Petrovich Grinev?”).

4. In indirect personal speeches and possessive pronouns and the faces of the verb are used from the point of view of the author, and not the person of the speaker, for example:

Direct speech	Error examples	Indirect speech
He said:"I will do this job for you."	He said that I would do this job for you.	He said,which will do the job for me.
He said:"Come early."	He said come early.	He said,for me to come early.
You ask:"When will you return my book to me?"	You ask when you will return my book to me.	You ask,when I return your book to you.
I'm asking:"Were you at the institute yesterday?"	I ask that you were at the institute yesterday?	I'm asking,were you at the institute yesterday.

5.Addresses, interjections, emotional particles available in direct speech, in indirect speech descend; the shades expressed by them are transmitted only approximately by other lexical means, for example.

Error classification

Grammatical errors (G)- these are errors in the structure of a language unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Wrong word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, active and passive participles, gerunds).

nobility ness, miracle technology, according to d cherk, above laugh; more interesting, prettier; with five hundred rubles; juggled both hands, theirs pathos, around his there is nothing; how many moral principles we have lost because of the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, stackable down, startled the author of the text; above onto the stage, the singers bowed.

Violation of the norms of coordination

I am familiar with a group of guys, seriously captivating imisya jazz.

Violation of the norms of management

Need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone marveled at him by force.

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way the predicate is expressed

The main thing that I now want to pay attention to is the artistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was happy and happy funny.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

The country loved and was proud poet.

In my essay, I wanted to say about the meaning of sport and why I love it.

Errors in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover

Reading the text, there is such a feeling of empathy.

Errors in constructing a sentence with participial turnover

The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.

Errors in the construction of a complex sentence

This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.

It seemed to the man then that this is a dream.

Violation of supply boundaries

He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.

Violation of the types of temporal correlation of verb forms

freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Skipping a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting there was accepted (?) spend Saturday.

Errors associated with the use of particles: detaching a particle from the component of the sentence to which it refers

It would be nice if the picture was would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems emerge.

Speech errors (P)- these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, that is, a violation of lexical norms. These are pleonasm, tautology, speech clichés, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-distinguishing of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, ambiguity not eliminated by the context.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

The use of a word in an unusual sense

We were shocked great acting by the actors. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

These people always succeed cheat others. Oblomov did nothing and spent whole days played the fool.

Bad use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to the artistic style; I immediately had a picture in his imagination.

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; confusion of vocabulary different eras; inappropriate use of stationery, expressive, emotionally colored words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units

By idea the author, the hero wins; Molchalin works Famusov's secretary; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; Author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother, I would cupcake in gnawed would give; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth just to make the reader laugh.

Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by prefix and suffix

In such cases I I glance to the dictionary.

Non-distinguishing of paronyms, synonymous words; errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context

Were accepted spectacular measures; The name of this poet familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not cheerful, but also not a major motive makes us think; the record hasn't said its word yet last word.

Violation of lexical compatibility

Use of superfluous words, including pleonasm

Young youth; very beautiful.

The use of words near or close to the same root (tautology)

In that the story is being told about real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

Hero story does not think about his act. Hero does not even understand the full depth of what he did.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions

When the writer came to the editor accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Use of superfluous words, lexical redundancy

Then about to make you smile, about it our bookstore will take care.

Logical errors (L). Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Comparison (opposition) of two logically heterogeneous (different in volume and content) concepts in a sentence, text

At the lesson were present director, librarian, as well as Anna Petrovna Ivanova and Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned back on the battery; Behind good study and parenting parents students received Thanksgiving letters from the school administration.

Violation of causal relationships

AT last years lots of done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, as issues of modernization of education are being addressed weakly.

Skipping a link in an explanation, a "logical leap".

It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] And how you want the yard to be an ornament of both the school and the village.

Rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the task for the essay or presentation)

It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do it?

Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the narration is being conducted (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)

Comparison of logically disparate concepts

Syntax encyclopedia articles is excellent from other scientific articles.

Composition-text errors

Unsuccessful start

The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text, the author ...

Mistakesin the main part

a) Convergence of relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.

b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of the order of sentences.

c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty in understanding the meaning.

Unfortunate ending

Duplication of the conclusion, unjustified repetition of the thought expressed earlier.

Factual Errors (F) - a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

No. p / p

Error type Examples

Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference.

Inaccuracy in the quote. Lack of reference to the author of the quote. Misnamed citation author.

The book means a lot to me, because even Lenin said: “ Live and learn!»

Ignorance of historical and other facts, including temporary displacement.

Great Patriotic War 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.

Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, nicknames of literary heroes.

Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, an error in indicating the author.

Turgen b ev; "Taras and Bulba"; in Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".

Sayapina Oksana Valerievna

Even literate people make grammatical mistakes. It is easy to see that some rules of the Russian do not cause difficulties, while the majority regularly stumbles on others. It's not so much that these rules are complicated. Rather, they are simply inconvenient, and some have so many exceptions and peculiarities of application that their presentation takes up a whole sheet - it seems that they cannot be learned without being an academic.

Consider the most typical mistakes in the Russian language, made not by schoolchildren, but by fairly literate people.

What is considered a grammatical error?

A grammatical error is a violation of a generally accepted established norm. Any errors related to word formation (for example, the wrong suffix is used for), morphology (for example, the wrong declension of a verb), syntax (for example, inconsistent with the main sentence) are called grammatical errors.

Grammar errors should be distinguished from spelling or speech errors.

The most common mistakes are related to punctuation:

1. Many people are used to highlighting "however" with commas and are very surprised when Word underlines the comma after it as a mistake. Those who are more attentive notice that a comma after "however" is considered an error only when it is at the beginning of a sentence. Indeed, if the meaning of this word is similar to "after all", "nevertheless", and it is in the middle of a sentence, then it is considered introductory, and it must be separated by commas. If it means "but", as, for example, in the sentence "However, she did not understand him" (= "But she did not understand him"), then the comma is not needed.

2. Often there is confusion with the signs "dash" and "colon". Many, faced with which the union is missing, intuitively understand that they need to put a more "solid" sign than a comma. But which one? The rule is actually quite simple. Need to pick the most the right words instead of the missing union.

If the meaning is suitable for such words as "what", "namely", then you need to put a colon. And also a colon is put if the first sentence ends with words denoting perception and suggesting that they will be followed by a description. These can be words: see, understand, feel, etc.

I remember (that): it was evening, a quiet flute was playing.

He was a complex person (namely): quick-tempered, bilious, sullen.

I recognized him immediately: (because) he was wearing one yellow shoe.

I see: a barge is sailing, on it is a barefoot boy, tanned, unfamiliar, but sparkling with a smile and in the next second he is waving his hand to me.

If you can insert words such as "a", "but", "and", "as if", "this", "therefore", "as if", then a dash should be used.

He took a wide step (and) - his pants were torn.

Across the sea, a heifer (this) is a half, but a ruble is transported.

The wind blew - (therefore) groaned, the old forest creaked.

A dash is also used when the words "if" or "when" can be added at the beginning of a sentence.

(When) I thought about Grisha - he is right there.

(If) I get a fee - let's go to the sea!

Grammatical errors related to morphology

Difficulties cause "nn" in suffixes (although everyone remembers glass, tin, wooden), it is especially difficult to deal with double "n" in adverbs. And also many are confused by the use of particles not / neither. Quite a few educated people, imperceptibly for themselves, are mistaken in management. Which is correct, "control over" or "control over"? The confusion between the two is another popular grammatical error. Example:

control over the quality of performance;
control over the execution of the order;
water level control.

Which option is correct? All. One or another type of control in this case is selected depending on the characteristics of the subsequent word. For example, "control over" is used before verbal nouns (execute - execution). There are other subtleties.

Not all common grammatical errors are mentioned in this article. It is quite possible to learn not to commit them by studying the rules. We hope that we were able to demonstrate that learning the secrets of the native language is an exciting business, and sometimes a superficial acquaintance with the rule is enough to realize all its logic and expediency. We also hope that you have noticed the variations in the use of the rules described above in the article itself, and not just under the "examples" headings.