Homogeneous or heterogeneous definitions. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

The greatest difficulties in establishing the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the members of the proposal are associated with homogeneous definitions, which should be distinguished from inhomogeneous ones (and this is not always easy).

Primarily, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions relate differently to the noun being defined.

Each of homogeneous definitions explains the directly defined noun: An interesting and exciting film.

In the case of heterogeneous definitions, only the definition closest to the noun is directly related to it and forms a single complex name together with the noun. And a definition more distant from the noun characterizes all this complex name as a whole: Good May day that is the definition good does not refer to the word day, and to the phrase May day.

Heterogeneity relationships are most often observed between qualitative and relative adjectives-definitions (large glass vase, new leather bag), at the same time, the relative adjective stands immediately before the noun and is part of the complex name, and the qualitative one characterizes all this complex name as a whole.

Definitions are usually heterogeneous if: 1) they are expressed by a pronoun and an adjective: your blue suit; our new friend; every interesting book; 2) numeral and adjective: first winter day; two old linden trees; 3) participle and adjective: crumbling autumn leaves; faded gray eyes; 4) qualitative adjective and relative: large stone house; bright dawn; strong male voice. Such definitions mean different signs subject: belonging and color, size and material, shape and color, quality and location, etc.

Combinations with homogeneous definitions semantically different. In general, they can be divided into two groups: 1) definitions that name the features of different objects; 2) definitions that name the features of the same object. (Not homogeneous definitions always characterize the same object, but from different angles: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office (L. Tolstoy).)

1) With the help of definitions, varieties of objects are designated that differ in any one respect: in color, purpose, material, geographic location etc.

For example: At a great distance, the city sprawled and quietly flamed and sparkled with blue, white, yellow lights (V. Korolenko).

Homogeneity of definitions in such groups is strictly obligatory and easily recognizable. (It is precisely such definitions that either include or allow the inclusion of the union c.)

2) Much more common are such homogeneous definitions, which characterize the same object or a single group of objects. It can be:

a) definitions-synonyms (the homogeneity of which is obligatory, since they express one feature, i.e. characterize the subject from one side): sharp, piercing wind; thick, dense fog;

b) definitions that denote signs different, but often and naturally accompanying each other (between such definitions, you can insert a causal union because, because): dark, low clouds; nocturnal, desert city;

3) definitions are necessarily homogeneous, of which the first is a single, and the second is a participial turnover ( single definition precedes common): walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga(but: walked through the quiet taiga illuminated by stars).

4) definitions-epithets (emotional, artistic definitions). Such definitions are found mainly in descriptive contexts. works of art, where using homogeneous definitions each individual item descriptions. Uniformity such definitions may be mandatory or optional. Homogeneity does not receive a distinct design and depends on the entire statement. Such definitions are combined by some common feature. The basis for this association may be the similarity of the impression produced: The letter is written in large, uneven, thin handwriting. (A. Kuprin); Short, velvety grass grows green near the spring. (I. Turgenev); Arriving home, Laevsky and Nadezhda Fyodorovna went into their dark, stuffy, boring rooms. (A. Chekhov); In the gray sky there were wadded, dry clouds (K. Paustovsky).

We continue to explore the levels of the language system, based on the book "Russian language: I understand - I write - I check." We will talk about homogeneous members of the proposal.

Lesson 28. Homogeneous members of the proposal. Homogeneous members, connected only by intonation. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous are members of a sentence that are interconnected by a coordinating link and have the following features:

1) often act as the same parts of speech, used in the same grammatical form;

2) are interconnected by a coordinative connection, therefore they are equal in rights and do not depend on each other, unlike the components of a phrase;

3) if these are secondary members, then they spread one member of the sentence and equally define it lexically;

4) in speech are often interconnected by a special enumerative intonation.

Exercise. Read two sentences and identify in them: a) grammatical basis; b) guided by the signs of homogeneity, which members of the proposal are homogeneous.

1) It was necessary to sell furniture, horses, cottages.(A. Chekhov)

2) Earth, air, month, stars are chained together, riveted by frost.(A. Pushkin)

The listed signs of homogeneity and the completed task show that:

a) each of the homogeneous members and all together act as the same members of the sentence: in the first example by additions, in the second by subjects and predicates;

b) any members of the sentence can be homogeneous - both main and secondary.

I. Homogeneous members connected only by intonation. Members of the proposal that are not homogeneous

With homogeneous members connected by intonation, commas, semicolons and dashes are used in writing.

1. Comma- the most common punctuation mark that separates homogeneous members from each other, connected by the intonation of the enumeration (a connecting union can be inserted between them and), For example:

The embankment is crowded steamships, schooners, barges . (A. Serafimovich)

Offers from homogeneous members may be complicated by isolated minor members. When punctuating, watch the intonation of the statement, and then analyze the structure of the sentence, for example:

Books are the spiritual testament of one generation to another, the advice of a dying old man to a young man who begins to live, an order transmitted by sentries going on vacation to sentries who take his place.(A. Herzen)

Exercise. Explain all the punctuation marks in this sentence. Which parts of the sentence are homogeneous?

2. Semicolon common homogeneous members are separated, connected by the intonation of the enumeration, especially if there are commas inside them. As a rule, this happens if in speech the statement is divided into clear parts-pictures, for example:

Along the ravine on one side neat barns, cells with tight behind closed doors; on the other side five six pine hut with shed roofs.(I. Turgenev)

Exercise. Prove it's incomplete sentence. Which part of the sentence is missing?

3. Dash is set if homogeneous members are connected by opposing relations, that is, they are opposed to each other, and unions can be inserted between them a or but. In speech, an intonation pause is made in place of the adversative union, for example:

Not fishing sail small - ships I dream.(N. Nekrasov)

Compare the synonymous sentence with the conjunction: Not a fishing sail, but (but) I dream of ships.

Exercise. Remember the figure of speech of non-union. What is its essence?

4. There are words and expressions that are not homogeneous members, they are used mainly in colloquial, artistic and artistic journalistic functional styles and give form to speech. Such words and expressions can generally be used without punctuation marks, separated by a comma and a hyphen.

no signs punctuation is not separated:

1) two verbs included in the complicated simple verbal predicate. The predicate in this case is a single semantic whole, for example:

I'll go horse with oatsfeed ;

2) repeated identical forms of words included in the complicated predicate, connected by particles no, so (believe it, don’t believe it, you don’t want to, write like that, you have to write it like that), For example:

Like it or not , but you will have to make a concession.

Comma is placed between repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, etc. These words act as one member of a sentence, for example:

White fragrant chamomile flowers run under his feet back, back. (A. Kuprin)

Hyphen put:

1) between repeated words, if the repetition is intended to enhance the action or feature; however, they are pronounced with a single intonation, different from the enumeration intonation, for example:

By blue-blue clouds float in the sky.(A. N. Tolstoy);

2) between paired combinations-synonyms (to know the truth-truth), antonyms (terms of sale), associative combinations (pick mushrooms and berries), which represent a single concept, for example:

We called a neighbor from the other side and went more than once, this and that tasted, but soberly.(N. Leskov)

II. Homogeneous and heterogeneous single agreed definitions

Before you begin to study the paragraph, remember:

a) which adjectives are qualitative, which are relative;

b) what definitions are called agreed;

c) reasons for separating agreed definitions.

In the neighborhood of single agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, it is quite difficult to establish their homogeneity and heterogeneity, since a comma is placed between homogeneous definitions, and not between heterogeneous ones.

Definitions are homogeneous (a comma is put)

Definitions are heterogeneous (no comma)

1. When reverse order words when agreed definitions are after the word being defined, for example (watch the intonation): Alyosha gave him a mirror, small, foldable, round. 2. When direct order words, when agreed definitions stand before the word being defined, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them are combined according to some common features (in appearance, similarity of the impression made, causation, etc.). Then: 1) each definition directly refers to the noun being defined; 2) there are synonymous relations between the definitions, the intonation of the enumeration arises when the conjunction is allowed and. For example: Big, fat, fat the boar was digging with its nose in the ground right next to the house. The boar is big and fat and well-fed; all definitions characterize the noun being defined as "the appearance of the object." 3. In direct word order, if this definition is an epithet: Gloomy, homeless night found the travelers in the forest. 4. In direct word order, if the first definition is an adjective, and the second is a participle: It was kinda sad about that. old, already touched by autumn garden.

In direct word order, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them characterize the subject from different sides, that is, they represent signs related to different concepts. Then: 1) the preceding definition refers to the combination of the subsequent definition with the noun being defined; 2) there are no synonymous relations between definitions, the intonation of enumeration does not arise and it is impossible to insert a union and. For example: Alyosha gave him small folding round mirror on the chest of drawers.(F. Dostoevsky) Three Definitions Related to Supplement mirror, heterogeneous: a) the adjectives expressed by them characterize the subject from different angles: small indicates the size of an object folding- on the property, what can be done with this item, plump- on appearance; b) each previous definition refers to the combination of the following definition(s) + noun: small folding round mirror(folding round mirror could be large), folding round mirror(a round mirror could not be folding).

Exercise. Homogeneous definitions-epithets serve education stylistic figure gradation. What is the stylistic meaning of gradation?

It can be seen from the examples in the table that homogeneous definitions are most often expressed quality adjectives. Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives because they represent different features.

A comma between definitions expressed by adjectives of different categories is placed if there is proximity lexical meanings, and refers to optional punctuation marks, for example:

ended summer, warm night.(I. Sokolov-Mikitov) - Here, in the author's opinion, the concept warm speaks integral part concepts summer.

Exercise. Read the sentences in which the definitions are after the word being defined and therefore are homogeneous. Rewrite each sentence so that the definitions come before the word being defined. Analyze the phrasal intonation in both cases and evaluate the stylistic meaning of word order.

1. Katya quickly took off her glove, beautiful, velvet. 2. Women rushed to the soldier, wounded, walking in front. 3. After a few steps, a tree, large, like a huge giant, blocked our path. 4. There was an oak tree by the road itself, clumsy, old, squat. 5. Boys, not tanned, who had just arrived for the holidays, were fishing from a boat.

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a number of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?

Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (by color, shape, size) or create a complete picture of the object.

Homogeneous definitions interconnected by a coordinating link; they are equally directly related to the noun being defined and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.

Between homogeneous definitions, you can usually insert a union and .

For example: Ran into the room funny, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, an alliance can be put between them and .) were in a vase red, orange and yellow flowers. (Red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)

Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles. In this case, only the nearest definition refers directly to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the noun being defined with the first definition.

Between heterogeneous definitions No writing connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a union and .

As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, quality and relative ).

For example: Ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing- heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them and .)

were in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)

For demarcation homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole range of features. When parsing and placing punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, the way of expression and the order of definitions in the sentence.

Signs of homogeneity of definitions

Denote the signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
designate features that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
designate artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: female young, beautiful, good, intelligent, charming ;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional feature): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges .
denote signs that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; AT thick, dark gray strands shone in her hair; pale, strict face; cheerful, good-natured laugh; deserted, surly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.

Between homogeneous definitions not connected by unions, put a comma.

For example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made up beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry was suddenly heard twice in a row over the river.

Signs of heterogeneity of definitions

Designate the shape and material: P gnarled walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate the size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: sullen siberian river.

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.

For example: Fell at the end of November first easy snowball.(The words first and easy first- numeral easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). my old house.(The words "my" and " old" refer to different parts speeches: my- pronouns old- adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(The words " launched" and "fruit" belong to different parts of speech: launched- single communion fruit- adjective).

We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participial turnover) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participle turnover should be in second place.

For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after participle turnover, if there are no special separation conditions, a comma is not put.

Between heterogeneous definitions comma is not included.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications

1. Depending on the meaning, applications that are not connected by unions can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Applications before the word being defined and denoting close features of the subject, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.

For example: Laureate Nobel Prize, academician HELL. Sakharov- honorary titles; doctor philological sciences, Professor S.I. Radzig – academic degree and rank; World Cup Winner, Champion Europe - sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the "golden belt" of the European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- a list of different ranks.

If applications denote different features of an object, characterize it from different angles, then they are heterogeneous and commas are not separated.

For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army - position and military rank; chief designer design institute for construction engineering for precast concrete engineer - position and profession; CEO production association candidate of technical sciences - position and academic degree.

2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time winner of the World Cup, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student of the Institute of Physical Education.

Associated each directly with the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. The definitions are the same:

1) if denote features different objects, indicate varieties of objects of the same kind. Below, in blue, yellow, lilac spots, the reflection of the city swayed measuredly (S a i - n o v);

2) if they denote different features of the same object, characterizing it from one side. Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furmanov). The logical basis for the homogeneity of definitions in this case is the ability to combine the features they express (species) with a broader (generic) concept. So, in the sentence: In the labyrinth of crooked, narrow and unpaved streets, the people (G. Nikolaev) were forever scurrying about - the unifying concept can be expressed by the word “unsatisfactory

Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but at the same time, the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (the unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the enumerated features, causal, relationship between them, appearance, overall positive or negative assessment, etc.). He held out his red, swollen, dirty hand to me (Turgenev) (appearance). It was a moonlit, clear evening (Chekhov), (“lunar, and therefore clear”). The petty leader with a stubborn, small creak flowed over the glass of the windows (the unifying concept is “annoying”, “intrusive”). Wet, dark gray clouds hung motionless over the city (the unifying concept is “rain-bearing”). I met this charming, witty man many times ( general characteristics positive). A lean, red-haired, red-nosed girl in a blue plaid dress entered (the face is characterized by an unattractive appearance). The definitions denoting the various prnanaks of an object are homogeneous:

a) if under the conditions of the context they are synonymously approaching. Everywhere a brown, gloomy plain stretched endlessly (Chekhov);

b) if they are epithets (artistic definitions). His pale blue, glassy eyes ran wide (Turgenev);

c) if they form a semantic gradation. Finally comes the long, boring, stormy winter (Aksakov);

d) if they are expressed by an adjective and the participial phrase following it, which is explained by the greater semantic load of the second definition and the increase in semantic or emotional shades of the whole structure, even with the difference in the indicated features. Through a small, ice-covered window ... moonlight made its way (3 acr u t k i n);

e) if they are postpositive, which creates a direct connection of each of them with the word being defined and gives them the same semantic independence. I want to know the secrets of a wise and simple life (Bryusov);

e) if they are opposed to a combination of two definitions with the same noun being defined. These buttons are sewn on with thin, silk threads, and those with thick, paper threads.

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a number of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?

Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (by color, shape, size) or create a complete picture of the object.

Homogeneous definitions interconnected by a coordinating link; they are equally directly related to the noun being defined and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.

Between homogeneous definitions, you can usually insert a union and .

For example: Ran into the room funny, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, an alliance can be put between them and .) were in a vase red, orange and yellow flowers. (Red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)

Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles. In this case, only the nearest definition refers directly to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the noun being defined with the first definition.

Between heterogeneous definitions there is no coordinative connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a union and .

As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, quality and relative ).

For example: Ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing- heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them and .)

were in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)

For demarcation homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole range of features. When parsing and placing punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, the way of expression and the order of definitions in the sentence.

Signs of homogeneity of definitions

Denote the signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
designate features that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
designate artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: female young, beautiful, good, intelligent, charming ;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional feature): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges .
designate signs that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are combined by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; AT thick, dark gray strands shone in her hair; pale, strict face; cheerful, good-natured laugh; deserted, surly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.

Between homogeneous definitions not connected by unions, put a comma.

For example: Red, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry was suddenly heard twice in a row over the river.

Signs of heterogeneity of definitions

Designate the shape and material: P gnarled walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate the size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: sullen siberian river.

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.

For example: Fell at the end of November first easy snowball.(The words first and easy first- numeral easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). my old house.(The words "my" and " old" belong to different parts of speech: my- pronouns old- adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(The words " launched" and "fruit" belong to different parts of speech: launched- single communion fruit- adjective).

We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participial turnover) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participle turnover should be in second place.

For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial turnover, if there are no special conditions for separation, a comma is not put.

Between heterogeneous definitions comma is not included.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications

1. Depending on the meaning, applications that are not connected by unions can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Applications before the word being defined and denoting close features of the subject, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.

For example: Nobel Prize Winner, Academician HELL. Sakharov- honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig– academic degree and title; World Cup Winner, Champion Europe - sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the "golden belt" of the European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- a list of different ranks.

If applications denote different features of an object, characterize it from different angles, then they are heterogeneous and commas are not separated.

For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army - position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction engineering for precast concrete engineer - position and profession; general director of the production association candidate of technical sciences - position and academic degree.

2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time winner of the World Cup, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student of the Institute of Physical Education.