How to block the building. What should be the dimensions of floor slabs for a private house

Ceiling - a horizontal load-bearing structure that is created between two vertical rooms, separating them in height. Wherein top part The slab usually acts as the floor for the upper room, and the bottom of the slab acts as the ceiling for the lower room.

Conventionally, overlaps can be divided into:

• Basement - a structure that separates the basement and first floors.
• Interfloor - a structure located between two floors.
• Mansard - separates the floor from the attic.
• Attic - separates the floor from the attic.

The ceiling can be a horizontally located structure made of building materials such as wood, metal, concrete, reinforced concrete, and meeting certain engineering and construction requirements. These requirements usually include the ability of the floor to withstand permanent and temporary loads, i.e. have increased strength, as well as have sound, heat and waterproofing functions.

Types of floors and their technological features

Depending on the material used, the floors are divided into:

• Wooden
• Reinforced concrete

The above types of floors can be used depending on their purpose and design features of buildings.

Wooden floors

Installation of beams
Beamed or wooden floors are often used in the construction of wooden or traditional private houses. In this case, the floor beams must be made of hardwood or softwood.

The essence of wooden floors is simple. Wooden beams or glued timber are taken with the following dimensions:

• height 150-300 mm;
• 100-250 mm wide,

cut off the ends at an angle - 60-80 o, treat with an antiseptic and tar. After that, the ends of the beams are wrapped with roofing material and placed in niches with a depth of 150 mm, leaving a gap of 30-50 mm between the wall and the beam. The resulting gap is filled with mineral wool.

It should be remembered that the beams are installed on bearing walls structures at a distance of 600 mm and up to 1.5 m from each other.

During installation, the beams are installed, starting from the extreme ones, having previously retreated at least 50 mm from the walls of the structure. Then intermediate beams are evenly installed in the remaining space.

After distributing all the beams over the surface, it is necessary to check them for horizontal position. For leveling, tarred boards of the required thickness are usually used. It must be remembered when leveling that all beams in the horizontal plane must be at the same level.

To create additional rigidity for the future floor, the beams can be reinforced with special steel anchors, nails and steel plates. Similar to brick houses is done extremely rarely, so we will not focus on this. But in wooden houses beams are fastened with special connecting brackets.

After preparing the base of the floor, you can proceed to its coating.

Installation of wooden floors
Planed boards (25-45 mm thick), OSB panels or thick plywood are usually used as flooring for wooden floors.

Installation takes place as follows. First, cranial bars with a section of 50x50 mm are attached to the beams, on which a draft floor is laid *. Layers of steam and thermal insulation are laid successively over the subfloor, and after that, a finishing floor *. This method is used when mounting the basement.

Installation of interfloor ceilings is somewhat different. The cranial bars are attached, to which a layer of vapor barrier is attached from below, and then the ceiling material for the lower floor. Next, with inside cranial bars, between the beams, noise and heat-insulating material is laid. Mineral wool or expanded clay can act as such material.

After that, another layer of vapor barrier is laid on top of the beams, and on top of it are either planed boards, or OSB boards or thick plywood.

In rare cases, when the distance between the beams is large, then before laying boards or slabs, logs are first laid perpendicular to the beams, placing them closer to each other than the beams.

Installation of attic and attic floors about the same as the installation of interfloor ceilings. In all three cases, the thickness of the beam must be at least 1/24 of the length of the beam itself.

The floor surface formed as a result of the installation of a wooden floor, depending on the flooring material, is covered with a top coat *. If planed boards were used as the material, then the best option will cover them with paints and varnishes, and not lay anything on top of them.

Advantages
The advantages of wood flooring are:

• Significantly small weight of a wooden floor compared to reinforced concrete, which reduces the load on the walls and foundation of the building structure.
• Comparative simplicity and speed of installation.
• Installation of a wooden floor can be done on your own.
• The low cost of such an overlap compared to monolithic or reinforced concrete.

disadvantages
There are disadvantages of wooden floors. These include:

• Slightly flammable material.
• Regular processing of floor wood with fire retardant impregnations and paints and varnishes.
• The fluctuation of wooden floors.
• Wood needs air circulation.
• fragility.

• Make hardwood floors where needed, not where you want.
• All wooden elements ceilings must be located at a distance of at least 250 mm from the smoke ventilation ducts.
• All floor wood must be treated with fire and bioprotective agents.
• Beams in contact with brick or concrete must be treated with protective compounds and wrapped with roofing material.
• Do not make the distance between the beams more than 1000 mm.
• Do not exceed the width between beam supports by more than 6 m.

Reinforced concrete floors

Reinforced concrete floors - ceilings with reliability, durability, as well as good strength and fire resistance. Probably the most significant drawback of this type of flooring is its heavy weight.

Reinforced concrete floors can be conditionally divided into monolithic reinforced concrete and prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs.

Monolithic reinforced concrete floors

Monolithic reinforced concrete slabs are slabs in which a reinforcement frame filled with concrete mixture is used as a base.

Floor reinforcement
Reinforcement of interfloor ceilings begins with the fact that the reinforcement is welded to the ends of the reinforcement or wire rod with a diameter of at least 10 mm released from the armored belt. Of course, it is better to immediately calculate and release the ends of the reinforcement with a diameter of 14 mm or more. At the same time, the ends of the reinforcement are produced so that subsequently the reinforcement to be welded over the entire surface forms a grid with cells of 200x200 mm.

The welded fittings are connected or welded together at the junctions. The end result should be a mesh.

The diameter of the reinforcement used is calculated based on the design loads. For these purposes, there are special tables by which you can calculate which reinforcement should be used for floors with certain parameters. However, from personal experience I will say, it is better to play it safe and take rebar of a larger diameter than necessary. After all, all now existing tables and building codes are interpreted on the basis of the material, the quality of which is equal to the quality Soviet Union. But everyone should understand that the quality of current materials is far from ideal.

As my grandfather used to say: Better to play it safe and sleep well than save money and sleep poorly."

So, when pouring a ceiling with a slab thickness of up to 150 mm, it is recommended to use reinforcement with a diameter of at least 14 mm, and with a mesh cell size of no more than 200x200 mm. If the span is more than 4.5 m, then it is better to take reinforcement with a diameter of 20 mm or more, and leave the cells the same.

Another important point. For reinforcement of interfloor ceilings, it is desirable to use solid reinforcement rods. If the spans are large, then it is better to weld the reinforcement together.

After the reinforcement has been completed, you can proceed with the installation of the formwork.

Installation of formwork for overlapping
Correct installation formwork is a guarantee of high-quality overlapping.

For formwork, you can use boards or boards made of boards, OSB boards or metal sheets. It is better to wrap boards, shields or OSB-plates with polyethylene and attach it with a stapler, and metal sheets can be oiled or worked off. This will further ensure easy separation of the formwork from concrete, and will not allow the material to deteriorate from moisture.

We attach the prepared formwork or formwork material to the reinforcing mesh with wire. It is recommended to install formwork on the entire surface of the floor to be poured.

At this stage, it is worth remembering that the attached formwork must be suspended 30-50 mm below the reinforcing cage. For these purposes, special clamps or brick fragments of the same size are installed between the formwork and reinforcement at a distance of 1-1.2 m. These clamps must be installed precisely at the intersections of the reinforcing bars.

After attaching the entire formwork and thus installing the clamps, we check that the wire is tightened well, without letting the formwork sag. For safety, the installed formwork can be additionally supported from below with spacers. After these steps, you can proceed directly to the concreting of the floor.

Floor concreting
To fill the floor with concrete mix, you must first calculate the thickness of the future floor. According to the documentation, the thickness of the slab is calculated based on the span, and is taken in a ratio of 1:30. For example, for a span of 6 m, the thickness of the ceiling will be 200 mm.

The thickness of the floor can be determined by measuring the required 200 mm from the formwork upwards, after which, using the water level, make markings along the perimeter of the walls, and then highlight it with the help of beating and blue.

Having decided on the thickness and having made the necessary markup, you can start concreting. The entire process must be completed in one go. If it is not possible to concrete at a time, then at the place of the gap it is laid metal grid from wire with a diameter of 2-3 mm with a cell of 10x20 or 20x20 mm. However, this is an extreme case.

During the laying of concrete, it must be vibrated very well so that the concrete fills all the voids and lays down as tightly as possible. The quality of the concrete floor will depend on this.

For vibration, you can use a stick in the form of a handle from a shovel, or, if possible, special vibrators. Best used for leveling concrete long rule, or even, polished timber.

Bay thus the entire surface of the overlap, leave it for 28 days until complete solidification and the acquisition of the necessary concrete strength. You can, of course, remove the formwork earlier, it depends on the ambient temperature.

After this time, we remove the formwork, first removing the supports, and then, biting the wire, remove the formwork panels. The resulting irregularities on the lower part of the floor are eliminated with a pick.

Advantages
Advantages of monolithic iron concrete floor are:

• Possibility to make a cover various forms and sizes.
• These overlaps do not have deflections, or in rare cases they are minimal, imperceptible to the eye.

disadvantages
There are disadvantages of monolithic reinforced concrete floors. These include:

• The complexity of the process.
• Necessary care for the floor during the acquisition of concrete of the desired design strength.
• A minimum of three people are required for pouring.
• Requires special equipment, possibly mechanisms.
• The high cost of work relative to wooden floors.
• The need to buy ready-mixed concrete, or prepare it yourself.

• For reinforcement, use reinforcement not of the diameter that is advised to you, but one or two sizes thicker.
• For tying reinforcement, it is better to use a special strapping wire.
• As formwork, it is better to use downed wooden shields from 25 mm thick, or metal sheets, which are supported from below by boards for more reliable fastening.
• The wooden parts of the formwork can be packed in a plastic film, and the metal parts can be oiled or worked off. This will prevent spoiling construction material, and it will be easier to separate the formwork from the floor solution.
• It is better to install the formwork immediately on the entire surface to be poured.
• Filling the floor is recommended to be done at a time.
• In hot weather, the overlap must be watered (do not fill) to avoid cracking, and in winter time- such a ceiling needs heating, and it is better to add special antifreeze additives to the concrete solution.

Precast concrete slabs

Prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs are perhaps the most common building material used for flooring. These plates have different sizes and consist of a reinforcing cage, filled with concrete from above. In most cases, these plates are hollow.

The essence of the installation of floors from reinforced concrete slabs comes down to several points:

• Measure the surface of the future floor (length and width).
• Find the optimal solution for the size of the plates, their location and quantity.
• Find a company for the production, delivery and installation of plates.
• Pay for the brought material and installation of the product.

That's actually all that is needed for the installation of floors from factory reinforced concrete slabs.

Advantages
Advantages of precast concrete slabs:

• High load-bearing capacity of the slabs, which can be subjected to design loads immediately after installation.
• These floors have a high bearing capacity.
• No deflections.
• High speed of installation work.

disadvantages
Cons of precast concrete floor:

• The need for a monolithic belt in places where the plates rest on the walls.
• Impossibility of self-assembly.
• Availability of qualified installers.
• Availability of special equipment for the delivery and installation of plates.
• The high cost of plates.
• Cash costs for the plates themselves, their delivery and installation.

• When making a ceiling from factory reinforced concrete slabs, consult with specialists.
• Lay floor slabs only on a pre-created armored belt.
• Do not lay reinforced concrete floor slabs on walls less than 200 mm thick.
• If you decide to use precast concrete floor slabs, find and contact a company with intelligent specialists.

Summing up

Each type of overlap is good for certain designs. During the review, it turned out that the cheapest and least labor-intensive for installation are wooden floors. However, this type of flooring can not be used in all types of structures, but only in wooden buildings and traditional private houses. Wooden floors can be used for any of the four types of floors - basement, interfloor, attic and attic.

A monolithic reinforced concrete floor can be used in the construction of buildings of almost any design, except for wooden structures. Such floors are more expensive than wooden ones, they require certain material and physical costs. However, they are more durable and have more advantages than hardwood floors. Depending on the type of bulk fillers in concrete mix, this overlay can be used for all types of overlays.

Precast concrete slabs are the simplest, but the most expensive type of flooring, which also has restrictions on installation on some types of structures (wooden, with walls less than 200 mm thick). They are installed mainly as a ceiling between the 0th and 1st floor, as well as between the 1st and 2nd floors.

* Draft floor - a horizontally flat plane, which serves as the basis for the finishing coating, and made of boards, chipboard, OSB or thick plywood.
* Finished floor - finishing flooring such as tiles, parquet, laminate, linoleum, etc.

An obligatory structural element of any house or structure is the ceiling. Both load-bearing loads and the function of floor separation are assigned to this component of the building frame. Actually, thanks to the overlap, the formation of a multi-storey building or the separation of the main space of the building and the attic is ensured. Builders use different materials to get the right ones for specific tasks overlap. Types of floors also differ in the type of purpose, design and other operational parameters. To determine the design that best suits the needs of the project, it is necessary to know the characteristics existing varieties floors, as well as the requirements for the power loads of this element.

Classification by purpose

When choosing the type of overlap, you should first of all start from its future application. As a rule, experts distinguish three directions for the use of such elements.

1. Plinth. This group includes types of floors at home, which provide separation of rooms in the lower part of the building. In this case, the structure is used, for example, to separate the first floor from basement.
2. Intermediate zone. The most common option, in which the overlap is arranged between floors.
3. Attic. Separation provided attic space or attic and living room.

In each case, their functional tasks are imposed on the floors, which may depend both on the location of the structure and on the materials from which other elements of the building are made. Based on these parameters, select specific types floors that can give the "skeleton" of the house strength and durability. For example, in a private wooden cottage for arranging an attic, a lightweight floor system can be used, and in a multi-storey brick building, high-strength reinforced concrete structures.

Overlappings of monolithic type

One of the most difficult floors to perform, which also provides the highest strength to the building. Such structures are created on the basis of reinforced concrete according to filling technology. First of all, formwork is formed, for which reinforcing bars corresponding to the design requirements are preliminarily selected. Further poured concrete base, the thickness of which can vary from 8 to 14 cm. The main advantage that almost all types have monolithic floors, this is the possibility of endowing the future structure with any form. This applies to traditional options for reinforced concrete floors, and to cast-in-situ prefabricated systems, which, however, have some limitations.

Varieties of reinforced concrete floors

Thanks to their technical qualities and operational characteristics, reinforced concrete structures are quite popular in construction. Also, their prevalence is facilitated by a simple, albeit time-consuming, manufacturing technique. Considering the types of reinforced concrete floors, it is immediately worth noting that they are all divided into factory-made and products made right at the construction site.

Finished floors are more often used in the construction of cottages. Since reinforced concrete as such has a fairly significant mass, its installation is simply impossible without the use of truck cranes. For this reason, it is recommended to mount directly "from the wheels". That is, special equipment delivers the plates and installs them on site. If the chosen method self-manufacturing such plates, then you should take care of the workplace (solid metal or plank surface) and consumables, which usually also have a factory origin.

A modern filigree-type slab is also included in its group of reinforced concrete floors. The types of floors of this family are distinguished by the presence in the structure of metal factory plates, the thickness of which does not exceed 6 cm. A base of reinforcing bars is integrated into the prepared formwork, after which it is poured with concrete mixture.

Frequently ribbed floors

This option is more often used in the construction of small private houses. The design of the often ribbed floor is based on beams and hollow blocks that fill the free space between the frame elements. The most common prefabricated types of floors, the installation of which consists in the installation of elements on a previously prepared site and the creation of a concrete screed. Among the advantages of often ribbed models, their refractory properties, rather high reliability, noise absorption, as well as the possibility of installation without the use of special equipment are distinguished.

It is worth noting that overlaps made from a prefabricated type have similar qualities. Their installation usually does not cause any particular difficulties, but in some cases it still requires the involvement trucks and lifting cranes.

Beam ceilings

Usually wooden beams are used. With their help, they create floors in brick and wooden structures. The design is a base of laid out beams and a plank floor, which will later be used for decorative coating. traditional views wooden floors provide a scheme for the formation of connections between the boards by means of grooves. Beams used may have following sizes: 10-20 cm in width, up to 40 cm in height and up to 15 cm in length.

Despite the fact that the structure is made of wood, the step between the carriers can reach 150 cm. decorative design. On the upper side, almost any coating can be laid on them, and on the lower side, a false ceiling can be installed.

Types of beams

Two types of beams can be used for wooden floors. These are solid wood elements or glued products. In the production of the former, hard varieties of trees are usually used. It is important to take into account that in interfloor systems, solid elements can only be used if the length of the room is not more than 5 m. Glued types of floor beams make it possible to use them more widely, since their manufacturing technology gives the material higher strength.

In addition, glued beams can be produced with a length exceeding any analogues from solid wood. In practice, elements of this type are able to withstand heavy loads and cover spans up to 20 m long. It is also important to note the aesthetic properties of glued beams, due to which there is no need for their special processing after installation.

floor slabs

To provide an interfloor partition, this is an ideal option - the main thing is to decide on the choice of a specific type of structure. On the this moment The following types of floor slabs are common, suitable for various construction purposes.

1. Ribbed. Due to the peculiar profile, they cope well with bending loads. Usually used in the arrangement of attics and basements.
2. Void. The advantages of such ceilings include high heat and sound insulation, as well as low weight, which allows them to be used in buildings for various purposes.
3. Monolithic. They have the greatest strength, which determined their main direction of use - in high-rise buildings.
4. Solid. Due to the high bearing capacity, such ceilings are successfully used in the construction of industrial facilities.

Klein Overlap

This type of flooring is not as common in Russia as the same monolithic reinforced concrete slabs, but earlier its representatives were popular among developers, and today there are many adherents of this technology. Kane's structure can be included in floor views of beam-based buildings. Only in this case, not wooden, but steel I-elements are used, the height of which can be from 8 to 24 cm. The beams are laid at a distance of up to approximately 160 cm from each other. On the lower tier, it is supposed to create a support for a slab formed by ceramic bricks. The slab is also reinforced with metal strips or rods, the thickness of which varies from 0.6 to 0.8 cm. If necessary, the bearing potential of such a design is increased by strengthening the brick filling or I-beams.

Installation of a monolithic ceiling

Ready-made ceilings based on reinforced concrete products look like a solid slab up to 15 cm thick. The same channel elements or I-beams act as load-bearing components of the structure. With their help, it is possible to cover spans with large distances - even they will provide high strength, as well as protection against fire and decay processes, which almost all concrete floors have. Types of floors on a wooden basis in this lose to reinforced concrete counterparts, although with proper processing they serve for quite a long time.

Along the entire perimeter of the site for overlapping, it is necessary to arrange a wooden formwork. In the future, it will act as a kind of "bottom" of the structure. Formwork is made of plywood sheets, which are placed under racks, tripods, iron and wooden beams. It is necessary to lay a reinforced frame on a metal base, in which rods were used, with an approximate thickness of 1 cm. Then the prepared structure must be poured with concrete. It is preferable to use the M200 brand. The overlap made in this way will be distinguished by a high degree of strength and durability.

Installation of prefabricated monolithic ceilings

The prefabricated monolithic structure is formed by the types of floor slabs corresponding to the characteristics and For the installation of such a floor, it is necessary to lay a plank covering on the span, which will perform the function of a supporting structure for the beams. Installation is carried out on the walls, while hollow blocks must be laid between the beams. Next, the created frame is reinforced and poured cement mortar. Concrete milk will begin to impregnate the pores of the blocks and form an integral structure of hollow elements and metal beams. Such floors meet modern standards, in accordance with which houses are being built. In particular, they provide strength, sound insulation and durability, while remaining in an inexpensive way covering devices.

Repair and reinforcement of the floor

In this case, repair operations mean the replacement or strengthening of individual fragments of the floor. Types of floors based on beams are the most suitable for the possibilities of technical strengthening of the structure. Work begins with the installation of racks, which later act as supports. Strengthening wooden floors usually involves replacing beams with analogues with large section or an increase in their number. The need to repair reinforced concrete structures, as a rule, arises due to the appearance of traces of rust. Concrete is beaten off around the affected areas, after which the bare reinforcement is painted. Next, the restoration of the previous state of the ceiling follows.

The tendency to increase the number of floors of private houses forces us to solve the problem associated with the construction of floors. The level of modern building technologies allows you not to become attached to certain conditions that are associated with the configuration and size of the premises of the house. This expands the possibilities for the implementation of plans and facilitates the work. Before you start building floors, you need to thoroughly understand how this is done. In this article we will describe in detail how and from what to make floors between floors.

Basic requirements for floors between floors

Overlappings form the number of storeys of the building

Overlapping is a structural element of a building that divides the building in a horizontal plane with the formation of floors, and also separates them from the attic and basement. The share of costs for the construction of this structure is about 20% of the construction estimate. Overlapping refers to critical structures, therefore, at the design stage, one should adhere to the basic requirements that apply to them:

1. Strength indicators should be at a level that allows you to withstand the load, which consists of its own weight and the mass of structural elements, objects and people. The strength of the overlap increases with a decrease in the level of its location.
2. The stiffness parameters are directly dependent on the strength and width of the structure. For wooden structures, bending is allowed within 0.5-0.7% of their width, for steel beams - 0.25%.
3. The ceiling must provide sufficient sound insulation, at which the noise level is within the limits sanitary norms. The improvement of this indicator is achieved by increasing the tightness of the joints.
4. The structure must have adequate thermal insulation. If it is located between rooms with a temperature difference of more than 10 degrees Celsius, it is required to implement side events for keeping warm.
5. To achieve the required fire safety, the floor material must have a certain fire resistance. This concept refers to the degree of protection of premises from the effects of fire for a certain time.
6. The combination of weight and thickness of the structure should be optimal.

How are floors classified?

Depending on the level at which the floors are located, the requirements for them differ.

The cover is:

Roof construction is serious business.

Interfloor ceilings: manufacturing options

In construction there is big variety flooring solutions. They may be:

1. Beamless: prefabricated, monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic.
   
2. beamed: wooden, metal, reinforced concrete.
3. Wooden.
   Wooden floors

   This design is the most common in the construction of country houses. This is due to the possibility of creating the overlap yourself. In addition, the material is affordable and has good sound and heat insulation properties.

4. Metallic.
   This flooring option is usually used in the organization of the basement and basement. Metal constructions have high reliability and long service life, as well as their dimensions are smaller with the same bearing capacity.
   Metal products do not have sufficient thermal insulation and are subject to corrosion. The structure can be constructed from channels or I-beams, which are laid at a distance of 500-1500 mm from each other. They are used to install reinforced concrete slabs of small sizes.
5. Reinforced concrete.
   The use of this option necessitates the use of lifting equipment, since the mass of structural elements is significant. In addition, the foundation is subjected to heavy loads, which should be taken into account when designing.
   Reinforced concrete floors

   The indicators of sound and heat insulation of the material are at an average level, reinforced concrete is difficult to process and has increased labor costs during installation.

6. Coffered, arched and hipped.
   Ceilings of caisson and tent types are a kind of ribbed panels. They are used in the construction of facilities with big sizes, with complex architectural forms. Such ceiling structures are not relevant in the construction of private houses, as well as arched ceilings.

Overlapping on wooden beams: features

The construction of interfloor floors made of wood has several advantages:

• the design is simple in execution, it can be done with my own hands. Installation does not take much time. The cost of work is significantly reduced, due to the absence of the need to use special equipment, and activities for lifting and moving material can be carried out with one or two assistants;
• availability of wood. For the manufacture of beams, coniferous trees are used, which are widespread;
• relatively low weight, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the mass of the structure as a whole. Thus, the cost of construction is reduced;
• ease of installation of sound insulation improves the comfort of living in the house;
• wooden structures have a lower cost, which in general gives significant cost savings;
• the speed of creating the floor is comparable to the installation of the floor with slabs and is carried out in a day. In this case, the crane is not needed.

Overlaps by wooden beams

The disadvantages of wooden floors include:

• the existing length limitation (4.5 m) does not make it possible to construct ceilings over rooms with a greater length without additional support;
• high fire hazard of wood requires special processing of parts;
• the tree is exposed to a number of biological factors, which is prevented by appropriate processing;
• relatively low strength.

Monolithic flooring on corrugated board: what to look for

The difference between creating a ceiling on corrugated board and concrete is the fact that in the first case, special formwork is not required, and as a result they have a finished ceiling. In addition, the technology using corrugated board does not need to be finished or improved.

The profiled configuration of the material creates the necessary strength and rigidity of the floor, thereby reducing the need for reinforcement and concrete. This is possible due to the fact that the solution fills only the voids of the ribs, and does not occupy the entire surface of the sheet.

To create such an overlap, it is important to use only sheets intended for roofing.
The essence of the technology is the use of corrugated board as a formwork, which is not dismantled after pouring concrete. The resulting structure has a special structure as load-bearing supports, consisting of metal columns, beams, lag. As a result, the load is redistributed from the ceiling to the supports, while the walls are not loaded. Such constructive solution makes it possible to carry out lightweight walls.

Overlapping on corrugated board

In addition, the organization of the support system makes it possible to use a glass-type support instead of an expensive strip foundation. This will significantly reduce the construction cost.

Overlapping with slabs between the first and second floor: reinforced concrete

Slabs made of reinforced concrete are widely used. According to some parameters, when compared with the monolithic execution of the ceiling between the first and second floors, they have the best performance.

The organization of such an overlap requires a powerful foundation and involves the construction of walls from durable materials. As a rule, floor slabs are used for high-rise buildings.

Structures made of reinforced concrete slabs are reliable, durable and have a long service life. The magnitude of the loads that concrete can withstand is colossal. It is characterized by the property to increase over time strength characteristics. In addition, the material fully meets the requirements for heat and sound insulation, and also have sufficient fire safety. The process of installing a ceiling from slabs does not require much time using special equipment and is not difficult.

The main disadvantages of reinforced concrete products include their significant mass and the need to use special equipment during the installation. In addition, such overlaps require the creation of a screed so that the load on them is uniform.

With all the shortcomings, reinforced concrete floor slabs are successfully used in the construction of private houses.

Comments:

Any building and structure has an overlap. The device of overlaps can be different, depending on their functional orientation. But in any case, this element is the most important in the entire structure and largely determines the reliability and safety.

Overlap device - this may not always be a complex system, but it must meet all building codes and requirements. Even when they are mounted in a private house on their own, their design in terms of strength and safety must be agreed with specialists.

The concept of overlap

Overlapping is a system located in a horizontal plane and designed to limit a room in height or vertically zoning a structure. In general, the ceiling forms the ceiling for the lower room and the floor for the upper one. It performs a load-bearing function, since everything above this boundary creates a load on its structure. In addition, the overlap, connecting the supports (walls), provides the horizontal rigidity of the entire structure.

Depending on the location and purpose of the overlap, they are divided into three main types. The basement, or basement, ceiling separates the room from the basement space, basement or basement semi-floor, and is also the floor of the room on the ground floor. The attic, or attic, overlap separates the room (upper floor) and the attic or attic. Above it, the roof of the building is formed. Finally, it separates the floors of the building from each other. different types floors have their own specific features.

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Design requirements

The device of floors must meet sufficiently high requirements in terms of functionality and common to the entire structure. First of all, the overlap must have high mechanical strength in bending, tearing and compression. So, basement systems must withstand a load of up to 2.1 kN / sq.m, and attic systems - up to 1.1 kN / sq.m. Interfloor and attic structures must have sufficient sound insulation. High requirements for waterproofing properties are imposed on basement and attic systems, which should protect the room from precipitation from above and water from below. All floors (especially basement and attic) must have high thermal insulation characteristics. Common to all elements of the building is the requirement of fire and seismic safety.

Installation of ceilings causes additional terms in the direction of reliability of fastening to supporting elements, manufacturability, availability of manufacture and transportation in specific circumstances.

In addition, there are requirements regarding the placement of communication systems.

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Types of structures

First of all, all floors are classified according to the type of connection with load-bearing support elements and installation methods. There are two types - beam and beamless systems. The beam structure implies that the elements spanning the span are located on beams that are mounted on supports. Beams play the role of a bearing element and perceive the main part of the load on themselves. The beamless device provides for the placement of the ceiling directly on the supports through various types of fastening.

According to the technology of installation or manufacturing of overlapping parts, floors are divided into the following main types:

• monolithic;
• prefabricated monolithic;
• prefabricated systems.

In addition to the main classification features, it is customary to distinguish floors according to the material used. Main types:

• wooden;
• concrete;
• reinforced concrete;
• using metal structures;
• combined.

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Beam systems

Beams in the floor structure are designed to take on the load, they are made of wood, reinforced concrete and metal. Reinforced concrete beams are mounted with a span width of 3 to 7.5 m. Their own weight ranges from 175-400 kg. Beams are installed parallel to each other on walls or columns in increments of 60-100 cm. Lightweight slabs are usually laid on top of such beams.

In private construction, wooden beams are most widely used. The following maximum spans are established by the norms: between floors - 5 m; for the attic - 6 m. Over such beams is usually done wood flooring. The dimensions of the beam itself depend on the width of the span. For example, for attic beams, the condition is accepted that their thickness must be at least 1/24 of the span width. The beam can be a board or a beam.

Metal beams have increased strength and are used for spans of 6 meters or more. These items are made from different metal profile- I-beam, channel, corner. The top layer is lightweight slabs.

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Monolithic floors

As a rule, they refer to beamless systems. They can be made directly on site or by installing a standard monolithic slab. The most widespread is the manufacture of a monolithic concrete floor by pouring a solution at the site of the formation of the structure. In this case, even panels are used as formwork, mounted on a prefabricated grid, which, in turn, is fixed to uprights(supports). In the thickness of the structure there are two reinforcing layers.

If necessary, thermal insulation, waterproofing and sound insulation are placed above and below.

The thickness of the monolithic layer is from 10 to 40 cm, depending on the purpose of the floor.

Monolithic beamless systems also include coffered and ribbed systems. In them, due to the formation of stiffeners, a lightweight design is provided.

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Prefabricated systems design

The prefabricated device is mainly based on elements of wooden and reinforced concrete floors. The wooden structure includes beams that are attached to the walls, and two plank floorings. First, the lower decking (ceiling for the lower room) is attached, then the space between the beams is filled with waterproofing, steam protection, soundproofing and heat-insulating material. Above the beams, the upper flooring is fixed (a draft floor for the upper room).

The device of reinforced concrete floors can be either beamed or beamless, depending on the width of the span. Beamless system is based on the use of reinforced concrete hollow or monolithic slabs, which are installed directly on the walls of the building through the fastening system. When overlapping brick walls a layer of concrete mixture is used as a pillow under the slabs, which makes the load uniform. For installation on walls made of porous concrete blocks, a reinforcing belt is provided on top of the wall. The plates are fastened with anchors.

The device of such an overlap is a parallel installed plates close to each other. Mass-produced monolithic slabs type PRTm are sold with a length of 117 to 359 cm, a width of 39 cm and a thickness of 9-15 cm (weight from 65 to 240 kg). You can purchase foam concrete slabs, which are somewhat lighter. PK-type hollow concrete slabs are produced with through holes with a diameter of 159 mm. The usual dimensions are: length 479-695 cm, width 104-242 cm, thickness 22 cm. The structures of both types of plates contain longitudinally arranged reinforcing elements.

The upper surface of the ceiling must provide a floor arrangement for the slabs for the upper room. For this, layers of hydroprotection and thermal insulation are superimposed. From above, a concrete screed is poured - a subfloor. The screed is made with a cement-sand mortar or ready-made building mix based on cement.

Overlaps are important element any building structure.

Roofing scheme.

They serve to divide the building into floors and separate the attic and basement. Overlappings are of three types - basement, attic and interfloor. There are many classifications of floors. In particular, according to the construction technology, they are divided into prefabricated, monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic. But regardless of the type, they must have certain characteristics, the main of which are sound, heat, and water resistance, fire safety, strength and rigidity. Floor device different kind fundamentally different from each other.

Floor structures

Scheme of the arrangement of floors of interfloor and attic type.

By their own design features ceilings are beamed and beamless. According to the type of materials from which the floors are made, they are divided into two types - beam and slab. Beam ceilings consist of a supporting structure (beam) and its filling (rolling). The building material used, from which the beam can be made, is different. It can be metal or wood. The latter, of course, is cheaper, but less durable. Wood is not as strong as steel. It is highly flammable and susceptible to humidity.

The rollover performs a number of functions. Firstly, it must be made of a material that will provide such floor properties as noise and heat insulation. It directly depends on how smooth the surface of the ceiling will be. As a rule, it is performed in several layers, each of which fulfills its purpose.

Types of plates

Scheme of reinforced concrete floor.

In the construction of large buildings and structures, reinforced concrete floors are used. They have a long service life and are able to withstand significant loads. The floor slab can be monolithic and be made on site right on construction site and the team, which is produced under industrial conditions.

The use of reinforced concrete monolithic floors is advisable in buildings complex shape, in which it is impossible to use standard constructions. The production of a slab on a construction site is a complex and time-consuming process that requires special equipment. Due to the complexity, the construction process moves more slowly than with the installation of a typical structure.

In mass construction, prefabricated slabs and reinforced concrete panels. Their use is fully justified. After all, they consist of elements of various sizes. Large-panel ceilings are installed in living rooms and correspond to their size. Wherein a large number mounting parts are not required. The absence of joints makes the ceiling decoration much easier and increases.

Wooden floors

Scheme of a wooden floor.

In the construction of houses, as before, wooden floors are quite popular. Wood has several advantages over other materials. It is environmentally safe for health. Making wooden floors is much easier than reinforced concrete. They are made from coniferous trees, since this material works better than hardwood, bending. Wooden floors are much cheaper. Significant savings in their use are achieved due to the low cost of their installation and the absence of the need to use complex lifting machines. However, wooden floors also have a number of disadvantages. The main one is frequent repairs. This is due to the properties of the material, because the wood can dry out and rot. Repair of wooden beams involves either strengthening the ceilings or completely replacing them. In this regard, wooden floors are not the best option.

On modern construction market there are more and more new materials with the appropriate characteristics for the manufacture of floors. These include, in particular, foam concrete and polystyrene concrete. Plates made from them are lightweight, and installation is so simple that it does not require highly skilled workers.

Structure repair

The scheme of the beam ceiling.

When they are in critical condition, posing a threat to the health or life of people living or working in the building, it is necessary to repair them. Wooden floors, as a rule, are changed, and reinforced concrete beams are reinforced, without dismantling them.

When reconstructing or overhauling a building, the estimate must necessarily take into account work such as changing floor beams. allows, during the reconstruction of an industrial building, to expand its area by arranging additional floors in the workshops. Replacement of floor beams and installation of additional floors are provided for by the project.

Reinforced concrete slabs have undeniable advantages. They are tough and durable. Such plates are fireproof and do not rot. Due to their properties, they are widely used in construction. Unlike wooden ones, they are used not only in the construction of private houses, but also in the construction of large structures for various purposes. Floor slabs are large and small in size. The former are used in the construction of multi-storey buildings, and the latter in low-rise construction. Reinforced concrete slabs can be hollow, solid or ribbed.

Not without the use of lifting equipment. After the slabs are laid on the load-bearing walls or columns, it is necessary to make a reinforcing and binding concrete belt, poured strictly horizontally. Installation must be carried out in such a way that the edge of the slab does not extend approximately 5 cm to the edge of the wall from the street side. In this area, a heater will subsequently be located. If it is impossible to lay the floor slabs, formwork is performed, laying the reinforcement in such a way that it is either drilled or resting on them, and concrete is poured.

Repair features

Attic floor plan.

Metal beams require repair when they lose their stability due to corrosion that forms on their shelves and walls.

The easiest repair of metal floors is welding metal plates to cover the corrosion zone. The thickness of the plate corresponds to the dimensions of the reinforced element.

Repair of wooden floors is carried out when rotting or destruction occurs along the load-bearing beams, rolling or any other elements under the influence of a fungus. Sometimes this happens because the floor beams during its construction were already affected by the fungus, the ceiling was damp in the house, or, for example, linoleum was laid on a dry floor. These defects are detected by performing an annual inspection of the beams.

If a fungus is found, such ceilings must be completely destroyed, the beams and all wooden structures must be burned, and the embankment removed as far as possible from the building. The surface of the masonry in contact with the affected tree must be burned and treated with a special protective composition. Creosol is well suited for these purposes.

Repair ceiling beams consists either in their replacement, or in the use of new additional beams to strengthen the structure. To do this, on one side of the wall, a “nest” hole is made with a size of 20-25 cm. On the other side of the wall, the “nest” should be approximately twice as deep and located slightly higher than the first. This is necessary so that the beam can be easily manipulated. When installing, the beam is first inserted into a deep socket, and then into a shallower one.

Sometimes the repair of a wooden beam consists in reinforcing it with overlays. You can also use this method: cut off the damaged part - the head - and connect the beam itself with a spike to the new head. A wooden beam can be placed on a brick or concrete console. When repairing wooden floors in an old house, it is advisable to replace the filing made of plywood or some other material with drywall.

Reconstruction of reinforced concrete floors

Of course, reinforced concrete slabs are very durable, but they also need to be repaired over time. Their main problem is the corrosion of reinforcement, which appears on metal rods due to a too thin layer of concrete around them. Rust is easy to detect, as its traces become visible on the surface of the plate.

It consists in removing the concrete around the corroded rod, treating it with an anti-corrosion agent and replenishing the concrete layer with a new mixture after pre-priming the surface. Next, the slab is plastered with a cement-based mortar.

Enhance reinforced concrete slab it is possible by creating a "nabetonka" above and below it. The thickness and method of its reinforcement are developed by a professional designer.

Technological process

The roll-up of any floor, whether attic, basement or interfloor, is carried out along the beams. The process itself when using beams from different materials is the same.

First of all, the beams need to be fixed6, their ends are led into "nests" - holes specially designed for this purpose in the walls. The dimensions of the beams depend on the size of the span and on the frequency of their location. Before embedding, wooden beams need to be treated with bitumen at their ends in order to prevent the wood from rotting.

Further, at the next stage of work, roll forward. To the beams for its fastening, cranial bars with a section size (5x5) cm 2 are nailed, on which the boards are laid. Then an insulating layer is performed. Sawdust is used as a material, mineral wool or slag. Roofing material is laid at the top along the beams and only then, in the case of wooden floors, logs are superimposed.

When making prefabricated reinforced concrete floors, their support is carried out by means of U-shaped blocks. They are filled with concrete of a certain grade and reinforced with metal rods. The size of the zone on which the beam rests should not be less than 12 cm. The lower surface of the slab serves as the ceiling of the building.