Definitely personal suggestions than expressed. Single-part definite-personal constructions: meaning and structure

I'm going to the museum today. Come with me? or I know you're joking, but I still believe it. Why do you suffer? (A.N. Tolstoy)

Hurry up! Lesson will start soon! or Well, how do you live?

These sentences have only one main member of the sentence - the predicate. “Definitely personal sentences have the highest degree of logical-syntactic articulation. They approach two-part sentences in terms of the nature of the thought expressed.(V.V. Babaitseva. L.Yu. Maksimov. “Modern Russian Language”) The agent is not named in definitely personal sentences, but is definitely thought of in them: he can act as pronouns: I, we, you, you.

In definitely personal sentences, the action is actualized, this is what they differ from two-part sentences. Compare:

I monument yourself erected miraculous, the folk trail will not grow to it (A.S. Pushkin)

I recognize you, life! I accept! And I greet with the sound of the shield!(A. Blok)

Definitely personal sentences are not incomplete without a subject. If such sentences are treated as a structural-semantic type of two-part sentences, they can be qualified as incomplete. The acting person in definite-personal sentences is either unknown or not important for the message. For example:

Let them talk, don't listen or The quieter you go, the further you'll get, Without labor - you can’t pull a fish out of the pond, If you like to ride - love to carry sleds. (P proverbs)

The following type of offer: Excited by dreams, through the fields, through the meadows lined with haystacks, I wander thoughtfully in the cool twilight(N.A. Nekrasov) refers to transitional (intermediate) constructions between one-part and definitely personal sentences. In such sentences there is no subject, but there is a definition to it.

Peculiar intermediate constructions form sentences in which there are words all, himself, both with double subordination:

Give it all! Leave one prince with me.(A.S. Pushkin)

The predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed:

1. 1st person verb singular indicative mood. This "most typical shape definite-personal sentences, since this form has an individually-personal meaning"(V. V. Vinogradov). The shade of generalization in proverbs and reasoning is especially enhanced general, where the individual-personal meaning of the form of the 1st person is extremely weakened: I’m going, I’m not whistling, but when I hit, I won’t let go.(A.S. Pushkin) or My hut is on the edge - I don't know anything. (proverb) The shade of generalized meaning is created by their proverbial use.

2. The verb of the indicative mood in the form of the 2nd person singular or plural. This form occurs when the speaker addresses the interlocutor, for example: Why are you silent? For the last time I ask a question, do you hear?

3. Imperative verb: Well, sit down, luminary!(V.V. Mayakovsky)

4. Verb in the form of the 1st person plural.

This form has the following values in definite-personal sentences:

a) The speaker encourages the interlocutor to perform a joint action: Let's go! If a subject is inserted into such a sentence, then it will lose its incentive meaning, thus, two-part and one-part sentences may differ in semantic and grammatical properties.

b) The speaker denotes the action of another person, the number of which may be definite and not entirely accurate: We will also drink vodka at your wedding after the war.(Yu. Bondarev)

c) The verb in the form of the 1st person plural expresses the attitude of sympathetic involvement in appeals to the interlocutor (instead of the 2nd person singular and plural): How do we feel, how do we live?

The predicate of definitely personal sentences cannot be a verb in the form of the 3rd person singular and in the form of the past tense. Sentences with such predicates in the absence of a subject are two-part incomplete.

In the Russian language, according to the well-known Dahl dictionary, there are about two hundred thousand words, but even knowing all of them by heart does not at all mean that a person will be able to freely express his thoughts. After all, for coherent speech, even the rich vocabulary not enough - you need to be able to correctly arrange the words in a sentence and at the same time use them in desired form. After all, it is the interconnected vocabulary units that make up statements with meaning, which in Russian are called sentences.

Sentence construction

Each statement must have a grammatical basis, which consists of a subject, expressed by a noun in the nominative case and being the subject of an action, and a predicate - a verb denoting the action it performs. However, there are also such constructions where there is only one main member (predicate). Such proposals are called one-part proposals. They also have a complete meaning and are not empty at all, and sometimes the subject in them seems completely out of place. All one-component constructions are divided into several types, among which linguists note generalized-personal, impersonal, nominative, indefinitely-personal and definitely-personal sentences. Each of them has its own characteristics in the form of the main member and the way of expression. general meaning. Further in the article, a definitely personal proposal, the nuances of its design and application options will be considered.

Definition

In order to understand the essence of the construction under consideration, you should first familiarize yourself with the definition of this type of proposal. In the school course of the Russian language, it sounds like this: “Definitely personal sentences are a combination of words related in meaning with one main member - a predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of the first or second person plural or singular in the imperative or indicative mood used in the present or future tense. As a rule, the person performing the action, not indicated in this one-component sentence, can be called one of the personal pronouns of the first or second person. For example: "I love the chime"; "Let's go camping"; "Sit here and don't get up." Definitely personal sentences cannot have a verb in the past tense as a predicate, since it by itself does not reveal a particular person. In such cases, the statement requires an indication of the subject by which the action is performed.

Types of definitely personal offers

Depending on which verb the predicate is expressed, the sentences under consideration are divided into two types:

1. A complete statement with a predicate in the form of a verb of the first and second person in the indicative mood ( Let's go to the park tomorrow).
2. A complete statement with a predicate expressed by a verb of the second person in imperative mood (Submit your report today).

How to distinguish definitely personal offers from others

Knowing the features of such sentences, it is not difficult to single them out of context. So, first you need to identify single-component sentences in the text and highlight the grammatical basis in them. After that, you need to analyze the predicate, for which the verb will need to be parsed as a part of speech. This is how it will be possible to determine its inclination, number and time. And, based on the results of the analysis, determine whether the statement is one-part, complete and definitely personal.

Design features

Such one-part sentences may well exist as independent statements. However, they are easy enough to combine with other sentences that are related in meaning. Another feature of this type of structures is that they are almost always common. If a definite personal sentence is not distributed by secondary members, it is often incomplete and requires the presence of a subject. An example of such a connection can be seen in the following example: Yesterday we walked along the promenade. We looked at various sights and returned home late in the evening. Or: Yesterday we walked along the embankment, looked at various sights and returned home. th. In this example, the one-part sentence is closely related to the previous one, and therefore they can be combined. For this purpose, the form of the verb should be changed from "looked" to "watched". The most main feature, which a definite personal sentence has, is a special ending of the verb by which the predicate is expressed. It is thanks to the ending that the object from which the action emanates is traced, which makes it possible not to use the subject in the statement.

The meaning of one-part sentences

Most schoolchildren, when studying this topic, have questions regarding the need for this type of sentence in the Russian language. Many people ask questions about the role and significance of such structures. The answer to these questions is quite simple. The use of one-component sentences gives speech expression, conciseness, creates simple colloquial intonations, without which it would be impossible to focus on a particular segment of the statement. Such conciseness in colloquial and writing facilitates the perception of the author's thought, which, in turn, does not have to overload the text with numerous pronouns.

Exercises to reinforce the topic

No theory is assimilated without practical exercises especially if the learning process is aimed at children. Therefore, in school curriculum along with numerous rules, students are given a lot of exercises in which they can apply all the knowledge gained on this topic. So, to consolidate the material, teachers give the following tasks:

1. Children are offered options for sentences in which they should find definitely personal and analyze the predicate that is included in its construction. In this case, the mood and person of the verb should be indicated. For example: We want to go on vacation at sea for at least a couple of weeks. “We want” is a predicate expressed by the first person plural verb with the ending -im. It follows that the main member in a one-part sentence clearly indicates the possible subject "we", and therefore the statement is definitely personal.
2. The students are given a text in which they should determine which sentence is one-part and which is two-part. Next, you need to indicate which statements are definitely personal, and explain why. As a rule, in the case of simple one-part sentences, there are no difficulties, and children easily cope with the task. But when it is necessary to single out a definitely personal sentence as part of a complex one, many people get lost here. But in order to cope with this task, each compound statement should be divided into simple ones and the grammatical foundations should be distinguished in them. After that, analyze a single predicate used without a subject.
3. Often, students are encouraged to make definite personal sentences on their own. To do this, you just need to take the necessary form of the verb and supplement the resulting predicate with secondary members.

Instead of an afterword

So we briefly analyzed what are definitely personal proposals. As you can see, there is nothing complicated in this material. But in order to fully assimilate it, you need to practice. We have given examples of definitely personal sentences, so there should not be any difficulties in finding such constructions in the text. Good luck!

One-part sentences are those in which one of the main members of the sentence is missing and without it the meaning of the sentence is clear, its restoration is not required. In connection with these, all single-component proposals are divided into:
a) predicates, subjectless - verbal;
b) subject, inexpressible - denominative.
Verbs (depending on how the main member of the sentence is expressed - the predicate) are divided into:
a) definitely personal;
b) indefinitely personal;
c) generalized-personal;
d) impersonal.
One-part sentences can be both common and non-complicated, complicated and uncomplicated.

1. Verbal one-part sentences
A. Definitely personal suggestions.
In these sentences, the verb-predicate is in the form of 1 or 2 person singular indicative or imperative in the present or future tense.
For example:
I am sitting alone at home. I love you, Petra creation! (A. S. Pushkin)
As a subject in a sentence, you can substitute the pronouns I, we, you, you.
Attention! Never in definite personal sentences the verb-predicate is in the form of the past tense, so there is no person in the given tense, and, therefore, such sentences are two-part incomplete.

B. Indefinitely personal proposals.
In these sentences, the verb-predicate is in the form of the 3rd person plural of the indicative mood of the present or future tense or in the plural form of the past tense.
For example:
They knocked on the door. Summer is usually loved more than other seasons.
The pronoun they can be used as a subject in such sentences.

B. Generalized-personal sentences.
In form, these sentences are similar to both indefinitely personal and definitely personal, but they have the meaning of generalization, i.e., the action referred to in generalized personal sentences can be attributed to any person or group of persons. As a rule, in the form of such sentences there are most often proverbs.
For example:
Chickens are counted in the fall (in form it resembles an indefinitely personal). If you like to ride, love to carry sleds (in form it resembles a definitely personal).

D. Impersonal offers.
Impersonal sentences are sentences in which the action is performed on its own, without the help of any person, and therefore the subject cannot be substituted in these sentences. Predicate in impersonal sentences expressed differently:

a) with an impersonal verb: It's getting dark outside;
b) a personal verb in the meaning of an impersonal (can also be used in two-part sentences): Snow covered the tent (cf. in two-part: The animal brought a virus to itself);
c) with the words it is necessary, it is necessary, it is possible: You need to think about others more often;
d) the infinitive of the verb: To be war;
e) words of the state category: The girl was sad all day;
f) the words no, it wasn’t, it didn’t turn out: There is not a cloud in the sky;
g) short passive participles in the form of the middle gender: The hero was described earlier.

2. Nominative sentences.
One-part denominatives are sentences in which there is only one main member of the sentence - the subject.
They report on the subject, phenomenon, fact of reality.
For example:
Winter. The weather is wonderful.
Attention! One-part nominatives should be distinguished from the nominative theme (or nominative representation), which does not name anything, but only contains the theme of further reasoning.
For example:
Films about love. Most of us have seen these films at least once.

In Russian, there are two groups of syntactic units, divided by the presence or absence of a subject or predicate in them: two-part and one-part sentences. How many main members are in such constructions, and what types of one-part sentences are there (table with examples)? This article will tell.

Concept definition

A one-part sentence is a complete speech statement, where grammatical basis has only a subject or only a predicate.

For example: “Shall we buy products in the store?”. Analyzing the offer parsing, you can see that the main member there is the predicate - “we will buy”, expressed by the verb, and the secondary ones are the addition of “products” and the circumstance “in the store”, expressed by nouns.

There is no subject in this sentence, but you can easily pick it up: “Will we buy products in the store?”. You can substitute here only the pronoun "we" - 1 person singular.

In this case, the subject was not specifically removed, but it is simply absent.

Important! One-part sentences should not be confused with a two-part incomplete sentence with a missing subject.

For example: “The trees grew tall, slender. They rustled in the wind with their green foliage. Determine the type of one-part sentence. Or is it still two-part?

IN this example without context, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the second sentence, so it is a two-part incomplete with a missing subject.

Types of one-part sentences (table with examples)

So. The easiest way is to put the types of one-part sentences in a table with hint examples:

What is the difference between them from each other? It is worth considering in more detail.

Denominative or nominative sentences

The following syntactic constructions are called denominative or nominative sentences. Everything is pretty simple. One main member of a one-part sentence is the subject, expressed by a noun. It always stands in such complete speech utterances in the nominative case.

In such a syntactic unit there is not and cannot be minor members, for example, additions or circumstances, since they relate to the predicate, it is from him that a question will be asked to similar members of the sentence.

In nominative sentences, only a definition can be used, since it always refers to the subject.

For example: "Morning. Summer day. Winter."

In all these sentences there is only a subject, the predicate is not provided there.

In addition to the noun, nominal sentences there may be a phrase in which one noun is in the nominative case, and the second in the genitive case.

For example: "Time of warmth and sun. Songs of fun and joy."

One-part definite-personal sentences

In these syntactic constructions, there is only a predicate in 1 and 2 litres. units and many others. h. The predicate is in the indicative or imperative mood depending on the person and is expressed by the verb.

These constructions are always called one-part definite-personal sentences, since the grammatical basis is equal to one main member of the sentence.

For example:

1. "I go up the stairs, look out the windows."
2. "Shall we play together?"
3. "Give me, please, this piece of cake!".
4. "Do me a favor."

Indefinitely personal sentences

The following syntactic units also contain a predicate expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural. The predicate can be in the past or future tense, and also have an indicative or subjunctive (conditional) mood.

For example:

1. "I was told from the cancellation of lessons."
2. "Give me a discount at this store!"
3. "Let them first tell about all the nuances of the work!".

In these constructions, it is possible to pick up only the personal pronoun "they" and substitute it for the subject.

Generalized personal sentences

Such syntactic units of speech are a real alloy of definitely and indefinitely personal speech statements, however, in generalized personal sentences, the predicate has a generalized, not a specific meaning. That is why this type of one-piece constructions is used most often in proverbs and sayings, where it is impossible to make a reference to a specific person.

For example:

1. "If you love the tops, love the roots."
2. "You can't even catch a fish out of a pond without work."
3. "Seven times measure cut once".

impersonal proposals

These offers are separate and very interesting view- they do not and cannot have a subject, therefore only one predicate remains, which can be expressed in various categories:

• A verb without a face: "Dawn." "Evening". "It was getting dark."
• A verb that used to be personal, but then turned into an impersonal form: "My nose itches." "He can't sleep at all." "It got dark in the distance."
• A category of state, or an impersonal predicative word: "It was quiet in the garden." "Very sad at heart." "Stuffy and hot."
• The negative particle “neither” or the negative word “no”: “You have no conscience!”. "Not a star in the sky."

Infinitive sentences

The last category of one-component sentences also has in its grammatical basis only the predicate expressed by the infinitive - initial form verb. The infinitive is very easy to recognize - it answers the questions "what to do / what to do?".

This part of speech has neither a number nor a person, since it is immutable.

1. "You don't have to listen to anyone!"
2. "Why lie on the beach for a long time under the scorching sun?".
3. "Why not dance at the party?"

To easily remember the types of one-part sentences (a table with examples), it is best to learn which main member is missing in them. If this is a predicate, then you have a nominative sentence, etc.

Thus, one-part sentences - special kind syntactic constructions, the grammatical basis of which has only one main member. Subject or predicate. In addition, there are several types of one-part sentences. Each of them uses either only the subject in the nominative case, or only the predicate in different faces and numbers.

Among simple sentences by the presence of the main members distinguish two-part And one-component. In two-part sentences, the grammatical basis consists of both main members - the subject and the predicate, in one-part sentences - only one.

It is important that the main member of one-part sentences is neither subject nor predicate, because it combines the functions of the two main members of the sentence.

The following types of one-component sentences are distinguished:

• definitely personal
• vaguely personal
• impersonal
• infinitive
• nominative

Definitely personal sentences are such one-part sentences in which the main member and indicates a certain actor and is expressed in the personal form of the verb (1 or 2 person). Nr: I love thunderstorm in early May- here the form of ch.-skaz. indicates a specific person - the speaker himself. The main members of the defined-personal. suggestion most often expressed by ch. 1l. And 2l. units or plural. present or bud. time, as well as pov. inc., eg: I'm going on the way to. we sit, think, write. Don't cool your heart, son! Such one-part sentences are synonymous with two-part sentences: I'm going on the way to - I'm going on the way to. Used in formal speech business style and in thin literature.

Vaguely personal sentences are such one-part sentences in which the action expressed by the forms of the predicate refers to an indefinite person. For example: In the door knocking (someone undefined). Main Member most often expressed in the form 3 l. pl. h. present or bud. time, ch. pl. h past. time, ch. in exiled inclination. For example: You are waiting in the audience. You handed over book (to be given). If I asked, I would agree.

impersonal such one-part sentences are called in which the main member denotes an action or state that exists independently of the idea of ​​a person, for example: Already it was getting light. It was frosty And clear . In impersonal sentences, natural phenomena are called ( Freezes), physical and mental states of a person ( I'm bored), state of the environment, assessment of the situation ( Coldly. Think well on the steppe roads), modal relations ( I wantedeat) and others. The predicate in the impersonal. the preposition is expressed by an impersonal verb ( It's getting light), a personal verb in an impersonal meaning ( It's rattling in the attic), the words of the state category ( How good is it all around!), short passive participle past time ( Decided to go on a tour), negative word ( There is no rest). Most often used in thin. lit. (accuracy, conciseness).

infinitive- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed by an independent infinitive and denotes a necessary, inevitable or desirable action, for example: You start! They differ from the impersonal in that in the impersonal. the infinitive is dependent, and in infinitives it is independent: To you tell about it?- inf. And To you should(necessary) tell about it?- impersonal.

Nominative (naming)- these are sentences in which the main member is expressed in the nominative case of the name and denotes the existence of objects, phenomena, states, for example: Night. The outside. Flashlight. Pharmacy(Block). The main member combines the meaning of the subject and its being. There are the following types of sentences: nominative existential: Night. The outside; nominative demonstratives: Won asterisk; nominative emotional-evaluative: Well, what a neck! What eyes!(Krylov).