The peoples of the USSR in the fight against German fascism. The peoples of the Soviet Union in the fight against fascism

§ 35. The peoples of the USSR in the fight against German fascism

Multinational Soviet people on the fronts of the war. When planning an attack on the USSR, Hitler believed that the multinational Soviet power would fall apart under the blow of his armies, “like House of cards". But this not only did not happen, but, on the contrary, the multinational Soviet people rallied even more in a moment of mortal danger. The defense of the unified state was perceived in the most remote corners of the country as a national task for each of its more than 100 peoples.

Representatives of all peoples fought in the ranks of the Red Army from the first days of the war (KhSR. Taking into account the increased national consciousness during the war years, dozens of national divisions and brigades were created, in which, along with Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, soldiers from among the peoples of the Volga region and North Caucasus, Far North and Siberia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, the Baltic States and the Far East.

Among the defenders Brest Fortress, the first to take the blow of the Nazi troops, fought and died representatives of 30 nationalities. Friendship and mutual assistance of soldiers of different nationalities was equally manifested in the defense of the common capital of Moscow, the capitals union republics Kyiv, Minsk, Chisinau, Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, centers autonomous republics and regions - Maykop, [rozny, Nalchik, Cherkessk, Ordzhonikidze. Heroes of different nationalities fought to the death, defending Odessa and Sevastopol, Kyiv and Kharkov, Novorossiysk and Stalingrad, Smolensk and Tula.

The exploits of the Russian heroes A. M. Matrosov, A. K. Pankratov, V. V. Vasilkovsky, who closed the embrasures of enemy bunkers with their chests, were repeated by the Ukrainian A. E. Shevchenko, the Estonian I. I. Laar, the Uzbek T. Erdzhigitov, the Kyrgyz Ch. Tuleberdiev, Moldavian I. I. Soltys, Jew E. S. Belinsky, Kazakh S. B. Bai-bagambetov, Belarusian P. V. Kostyuchek, hundreds of fighters of other nationalities.

Representatives of 33 nationalities were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union for crossing the Dnieper.

On the territory of Belarus, partisans and underground fighters of more than 70 nationalities of the USSR fought the enemy, on the territory of Ukraine - more than 60.

For courage and heroism, 8160 Russians, 2069 Ukrainians, 309 Belarusians, 161 Tatars, 108 Jews, 96 Kazakhs, 90 Georgians, 69 Uzbeks, 61 Mordvins, 44 Chuvashs, 43 Azerbaijanis, 39 Bashkirs, 32 Ossetian, 18 Mari and others.

The economy of the Union republics during the war. From the first days of the war, the friendship of the Soviet peoples also manifested itself in the restructuring of the country's economy on a war footing. The evacuation of enterprises to the eastern union and autonomous republics led to the displacement of millions of refugees with them. They were placed in local families of Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kirghiz, Azerbaijanis, and others, who shared with the evacuated Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians not only shelter, but also food. Most of the enterprises moved to the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia were left in them after the end of the war, significantly strengthening the economic potential of the union republics.

The initiators of important initiatives in industry during the war years were the Russian E. G. Baryshnikova and the Kazakh S. Bekbosynov, the Belarusian D. F. Bosy and the Georgian N. V. Geladze, the Tatar G. B. Maksudov and the Ukrainian E. M. Chukhnyuk. AT agriculture Collective farmers of various nationalities looked up to P. N. Angelina, Ch. Bersiyev, M. I. Brovko, D. M. Garmash, P. I. Kovardak, T. S. Maltsev, and others.

In all national regions of the country, from the first days of the war, the movement of people of different nationalities to collect Money, clothing and footwear, food to help the army, refugees and migrants. At the expense of the peoples of the country during the war years, 2.5 thousand combat aircraft, several thousand tanks, 8 submarines, 16 military boats were built, thousands of guns and mortars were created.

Since 1943, all the peoples of the USSR joined the movement for the creation of a special Fund for Assistance to the Liberated Regions. The fighting was still going on, and workers of different nationalities were already rebuilding enterprises in the autonomies of the North Caucasus, the central regions of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

National Movements during the War. At the same time, the war caused a revival of national movements, as a rule, in those regions of the country where the policy of the authorities in the pre-war years caused the strongest protest. local population. Nationalist organizations were also created with the aim of achieving national independence. The largest of these was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), which had been operating in Ukraine since the late 1920s. Similar, but less numerous, organizations also operated in Western Belarus, the Baltic states, the Crimea, and the mountainous regions of Checheno-Ingushetia.

With the outbreak of war, especially as the German troops approached, the activities of these organizations intensified. The creation of armed detachments to fight the Red Army began. In Ukraine, the OUN created its own Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). The Crimean Muslim Committee, the Special Party of Caucasian Brothers (Checheno-Ingushetia), and others waged an armed struggle against the authorities. Cases of attacks by armed nationalist groups on retreating or surrounded units of the Red Army became more frequent.

The Germans tried to put national movements in the USSR under its control in order to facilitate the task of military defeat of the Red Army. From the captured Soviet soldiers who wished to cooperate with the enemy, the Russian liberation army(ROA) under the command of General A. A. Vlasov, as well as battalions and regiments from Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, some peoples of the North Caucasus. Many of them were led by former generals and officers of the White armies.

However, despite Taken measures, the Germans did not manage to create a sufficiently serious military force and shake the friendship of the peoples of the USSR.

National Policy. The activation of national movements could not but cause an even greater tightening of the policy of the country's leadership. Any manifestation of national specifics, and even more so armed opposition, was declared a betrayal. Often, not only those who really collaborated with the Germans, but all representatives of this people were accused of betrayal.

In this regard, during the war years, deportation entire peoples and the elimination of a number of national autonomies.

Summer 1941 The entire German population of the country (almost 1.5 million people) was declared "saboteurs and spies", subject to deportation to Siberia and Kazakhstan. The ASSR of the Volga Germans was liquidated. At the same time, more than 50,000 Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians were deported to Siberia.

In October 1943, almost 70,000 Karachays were deported to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and 93,000 Kalmyks to Siberia. Soon, 40,000 Balkars were loaded into freight wagons and sent to the east in just a day. At the same time, 15,000 Balkars who fought on the front were exiled to Kazakhstan straight from the front. Exceptions were not made even for the Heroes of the Soviet Union and the party and state leadership of the autonomous republics and regions. The only difference was that they were taken to the places of exile not in "cars", but in reserved seat or even compartment cars.

On February 23, 1944, a large-scale operation began to deport Chechens and Ingush. People were invited to rallies dedicated to the Day of the Red Army, after which they put them on their knees and read out the eviction order. They were given 15 - 20 minutes to take a bundle with food and things with them, after which they drove to railway stations and loaded onto freight wagons. In total, 650 thousand Chechens and Ingush were taken to the east. Soon the Chechen-Ingush ASSR itself was abolished.

As a result of the deportation, up to 200 thousand Chechens and Ingush died, half of the entire Kalmyk people, every second Balkar, every third Karachay.

Stalin's approach to national policy not only failed to solve the existing problems in interethnic relations, but also inevitably led to the formation of post-war years new wave of national movements.

Thus, Hitler's calculations for the collapse of the allied Soviet state under the blows of the Wehrmacht did not materialize. The moral and political unity of the multinational Soviet people became essential condition his victory in the Great Patriotic War.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS:

1. Why did the Germans' hopes for the collapse of the Soviet multinational state fail? 2. Tell us about the contribution of various peoples of the USSR to the victory over Germany. 3. Tell us about the attempts of the Nazi leadership to use national movements in the USSR. What are the results of these attempts? Why did they generally fail? 4. Determine your attitude towards collaborationism during the war years. Can the actions of collaborators be justified by the idea of fighting the Stalinist regime?

Expanding vocabulary:

AUTONOMY - the right of the territory to self-government.

§ 36. The USSR at the final stage of World War II

Military-strategic situation by the beginning of 1944 By the beginning of 1944, Germany had suffered significant losses, but was still a strong adversary. She kept almost 2/3 of her divisions (up to 5 million people) on Soviet-German front. Almost 75% of its tanks and self-propelled guns (5.4 thousand), guns and mortars (54.6 thousand), aircraft (more than 3 thousand) were concentrated here. Nevertheless, having suffered a heavy defeat in 1943, the German army switched to strategic defense.

By this time, at the cost of the heroic efforts of the entire Soviet people, the superiority of the Red Army was ensured not only in numbers (6.3 million people), but also in aircraft (10.2 thousand), guns and mortars (up to 96 thousand). Only in terms of the number of tanks and self-propelled guns, the forces of the parties were approximately equal (there were about 5.3 thousand of them in our troops).

Soviet military enterprises by that time produced tanks 8 times, guns 6 times, mortars 8 times, aircraft 4 times more than before the war.

In an effort to consolidate military success, the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command ordered in 1944 to ensure the final defeat of the German army and the liberation of the territory of the USSR.

"Ten Stalin's blows". In January, the first major blow was dealt to the enemy near Leningrad. The blockade was broken, and the German troops were driven back to Narva and Pskov.

In February - March, a major offensive Soviet troops was taken in Ukraine. As a result, practically the entire Right-bank Ukraine was liberated from the occupation.

In April - May, the defeat of German troops in the Crimea was completed. If the Germans needed in 1941 - 1942. 250 days in order to be in Sevastopol, it took the Soviet troops only three days to liberate it.

On June 6, Allied troops launched a grandiose landing operation in Normandy. This meant the opening of the long-awaited second front. In order to prevent the Germans from moving troops to the west, on June 10, the Red Army launched a summer offensive on the Karelian Isthmus. Having broken through the Mannerheim Line and occupied Vyborg and Petrozavodsk, Soviet troops forced Finland to withdraw from the war and start peace negotiations.

The most powerful was the offensive of our troops in Belarus (Operation Bagration), which began on June 23. The main blow was delivered in the central direction, where, due to the abundance of lakes and swamps, the enemy did not expect an offensive. Especially unexpected for him was the tank breakthrough of the Soviet troops in this sector of the front. As a result, the German troops were utterly defeated in the area of Vitebsk, Bobruisk, Mogilev, Orsha. Up to 30 enemy divisions were surrounded. Not only the whole of Belarus, but also a significant part of Lithuania and eastern Wormwood was liberated from the enemy. The group of German armies "North" in the Baltic turned out to be cut in two.

In July, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front launched an offensive, surrounding 8 enemy divisions and liberating Lvov.

In August, in the southern direction, the Red Army defeated the German-Romanian troops in the Chisinau region. 22 enemy divisions were surrounded, which, after refusing to surrender, were destroyed. As a result, the entire southern flank of the German army collapsed. Romania was withdrawn from the war. Its capital, Bucharest, was occupied by Soviet troops on August 31. On September 8, the Red Army crossed the border of Bulgaria. On October 20, Belgrade was liberated by the joint efforts of the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front and the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. Romania and Bulgaria opposed Germany.

In September - October, the main territories of Estonia and Latvia were liberated from the Germans, and 38 enemy divisions were surrounded and destroyed south of Riga.

In autumn, Soviet troops reached the border of Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Fearing Hungary's withdrawal from the war, Hitler brought his troops into Budapest. But this could not change the situation at the front. With blows from the north and south, the Red Army closed the ring around the Hungarian capital. Nearly 200,000 enemy troops were surrounded.

At the same time, a blow was struck against German troops in northern Finland, after which the liberation of Norway from the Germans began.

All and as a result of the "ten Stalinist strikes" for 1944, according to Soviet official data, it was withdrawn t building 120 enemy divisions.

Crimean (Yalta) conference. In January 1945, at the request of W. Churchill, Soviet troops launched an offensive along the entire line of the Soviet-German front ahead of schedule in order to help the Anglo-American troops, who were experiencing serious difficulties in the Ardennes region.

In the conditions of the rapidly developing offensive of the Red Army, on February 4-11, near Yalta (Crimea), the second personal meeting of the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition, I. V. Stalin, F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill took place. The main questions were no longer so much military plans for the defeat of Germany as the post-war order of the world. The terms of the unconditional surrender of Germany were agreed upon, the terms of its occupation and demilitarization were stipulated.

It was decided to convene a founding conference of the United Nations, the main task of which was to be the prevention of new wars in the future. The Declaration on a Liberated Europe was also adopted, which proclaimed that in resolving all issues European development after the war, the USSR, the USA and Great Britain should coordinate their actions. The USSR reaffirmed its promise to enter the war against Japan 2-3 months after the defeat of Germany.

Liberation of Europe from fascism. Meanwhile, the offensive of the Soviet troops continued. Squeezed in the grip of a war on two fronts, Germany was quickly losing strength for further resistance. However, its main troops were still concentrated on the Soviet-German front, which remained the main one.

Front commanders on final stage Great Patriotic War: And S. Konev, A. M. Vasilevsky, G. K. Zhukov, K. K. Rokossovsky, K. A. Meretskov (sitting, from left to right), F. I. Tolbukhin, R. Ya. Malinovsky, L. A. Govorov, A. I. Eremenko, I. Kh. Bagramyan (standing, from left to right).

The struggle against Germany was carried out by 10 Soviet fronts, consisting of 6.7 million people, equipped with 107.3 thousand guns and mortars, 12.1 thousand tanks and SLN, 14.7 thousand aircraft.

By the beginning of April, the territory of Hungary, Poland and East Prussia was liberated. Ra (the battle for Berlin returned, which Stalin ordered to be taken at any cost without the help of the Western allies. The troops of the 1st Belorussian (Marshal G. K. Zhukov), the 2nd Belorussian (Marshal K. K-Rokossovsky) and I to ) Ukrainian (Marshal I. S. Konev) fronts total strength 2.5 million people. On April 24, the ring of Soviet troops around Berlin closed. To save the capital, Hitler began to withdraw troops from Western Front, which facilitated the task of the Anglo-American divisions. Already on April 25, they connected with the Soviet units on the Elbe in the Torgau region.

On April 30, 1945, soldiers of the 150th Infantry Division M.A. Egorov and M.V. Kantaria hoisted the Red Banner of Victory over the Reichstag. On the same day, Hitler committed suicide. The Berlin garrison capitulated.

On May 8, in Karlshorst near Berlin, representatives of the victorious countries and the Nazi military leadership signed an act of unconditional surrender of Germany. From the USSR, the document was signed by Marshal G.K. Zhukov.

But the war for our country ended only on May 9, when the remnants of the German army in Czechoslovakia capitulated. This day was declared Victory Day.

On June 24, exactly four years after the start of the war, the Victory Parade took place on Red Square.

Potsdam conference. July 17 - August 2, 1945 in the suburbs of defeated Berlin - Potsdam - a conference of leaders of the victorious powers was held. The Soviet delegation was headed by I. V. Stalin, the American - by G. Truman, the British - by W. Churchill (and from July 28 - his successor as Prime Minister, C. Attlee).

The German question took center stage. It was decided to keep Germany a single state, to carry out measures for its disarmament, complete elimination remnants of the fascist regime (i.e. denazification). To accomplish this task, it was decided to send troops of the victorious countries (including France) into Germany, and the period of their stay was not limited. The issue of reparations from Germany in favor of the USSR as the country most affected by Hitler's aggression was also resolved.

The conference set new frontiers in Europe. The pre-war borders of the USSR were recognized, and the territory of Poland was expanded at the expense of German lands. The territory of East Prussia was also divided between Poland and the USSR, which was called in the conference documents "a constant source of military danger in Europe."

Issues of the forthcoming Allied war with Japan were also discussed.

The entry of the USSR into the war with Japan. Results of the Second World War. The defeat of Germany did not mean the end of World War II. She continued on Far East where the US, Britain and China were at war with Japan.

Fulfilling allied obligations, the USSR declared war on Japan on August 8, after which it dealt a crushing blow to the million-strong Japanese Kwantung Army located in Manchuria. In just two weeks Soviet army under the command of Marshal A. M. Vasilevsky, she defeated the main forces of the Japanese and occupied not only Harbin and Mukden in Northeast China, but also Port Arthur and Far (on the Liaodong Peninsula), as well as Pyongyang. During the landing operations, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were liberated.

On September 2, 1945, the Japanese delegation aboard the American battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay signed an act of unconditional surrender. Second World War ended in complete defeat and the surrender of those who unleashed it.

The victory in World War II was of world-historical significance. Huge military forces of the aggressor countries were defeated. The military defeat of the Axis powers meant the collapse of the most brutal dictatorial regimes.

The victory over Germany and Japan increased sympathy for the USSR all over the world and immeasurably raised the prestige of our country.

The Soviet army ended the war with the most powerful army in the world, and the Soviet Union became one of the two superpowers.

Unparalleled courage and heroism became the main source of the victory of the USSR in the war. Soviet people at the front and in the rear.

The outcome of the struggle against Germany and Japan was decided on the Soviet-German and Soviet-Japanese fronts. 607 enemy divisions were defeated on the Soviet-German front. Germany lost more than 10 million people (80% of its military losses), 167 thousand artillery pieces, 48 thousand tanks, 77 thousand aircraft (75% of all its equipment) in the war against the USSR ).

The victory came at a great cost to us. The war claimed the lives of almost 27 million people (including 10 million soldiers and officers). 4 million partisans, underground workers died in the enemy rear, civilians Over 6 million people ended up in fascist captivity.

Nevertheless, in the people's minds, the long-awaited Victory Day became the brightest and most joyful holiday, which meant the end of the most bloody and destructive of wars.

DOCUMENT

FROM J. V. STALIN'S SPEECH AT THE RECEPTION

Our government made many mistakes, we had moments of desperate situation in 1941 - 1942, when our army retreated, left our native villages and cities ... because there was no other way out. Another people could say to the government: "You have not lived up to our expectations, go away, we will install another government that will make peace with Germany and ensure peace for us." But the Russian people did not agree to this, because they believed in the correctness of the policy of their government and made sacrifices in order to ensure the defeat of Germany. And this confidence of the Russian people in the Soviet government turned out to be the decisive force that ensured the historic victory over the enemy of mankind - over fascism. Thanks to him, the Russian people, for this trust!

When planning an attack on the USSR, Hitler believed that the multinational Soviet power would fall apart under the blow of his armies "like a house of cards." But that did not happen. On the contrary, the multinational Soviet people rallied even stronger in the moment of mortal danger. The defense of the united state was perceived by all as the national task of each of its more than one hundred peoples.

Representatives of all peoples of the USSR fought in the ranks of the Red Army. Dozens of national divisions and brigades were created, in which, along with Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, fighters from the Volga region and the North Caucasus, the Far North and Siberia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, the Baltic states and the Far East fought.

Among the defenders of the Brest Fortress, who were the first to take the blow of the Nazi troops, representatives of 30 nationalities fought and died. Friendship and mutual assistance of soldiers of different nationalities were equally manifested in the defense of the common capital of Moscow, the capitals of the union republics - Kyiv, Minsk, Chisinau, Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, the centers of autonomous republics and regions of the North Caucasus - Maykop, Grozny, Nalchik, Cherkessk, Ordzhonikidze . Heroes of different nationalities fought to the death, defending Odessa and Sevastopol, Kyiv and Kharkov, Novorossiysk and Stalingrad, Smolensk and Tula, Leningrad and Murmansk.

The exploits of the Russian heroes A. M. Matrosov, A. K. Pankratov, V. V. Vasilkovsky, who closed the embrasures of enemy bunkers with their chests, were repeated by the Ukrainian A. E. Shevchenko, the Estonian I. I. Laar, the Uzbek T. Erdzhigitov, the Kyrgyz Ch. Tuleberdiev, Moldavian I. I. Soltys, Jew E. S. Belinsky, Kazakh S. B. Baibagambetov, Belarusian P. V. Kostyuchek, hundreds of fighters of other nationalities. Warriors of 33 nationalities were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union for crossing the Dnieper.

On the territory of Belarus, partisans and underground fighters of more than 70 nationalities of the USSR fought the enemy, on the territory of Ukraine - more than 60. For courage and heroism, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on the war fronts was awarded to 8160 Russians, 2069 Ukrainians, 309 Belarusians, 161 Tatars, 108 Jews, 96 Kazakhs, 90 Georgians, 69 Uzbeks, 61 Mordvins, 44 Chuvashs, 43 Azerbaijanis, 39 Bashkirs, 32 Ossetians, 18 Maris, etc.

The economy of the Union republics during the war.

The friendship of the Soviet peoples was also manifested in the way the country's economy was transferred to a war footing. The evacuation of enterprises to the eastern union and autonomous republics led to the displacement of millions of refugees with them. They were placed in local families of Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kirghiz, Azerbaijanis, and others, who shared with the evacuated Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians not only shelter, but also food. Most of the enterprises moved to the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia were left in them after the end of the war, significantly strengthening the economic potential of the union republics.

From an article by the writer A. N. Tolstoy "The Invincible Fortress"

For all of us, no matter which of the one hundred and fifty languages of the peoples we spoke, no matter where our native home stood - on the bank of the Dnieper River, defiled by the Germans, flooded with blood and tears, or at the peacefully murmuring canal of the luxurious Ferghana Valley, in the harsh Siberian taiga or at the fertile south sea, - is equal for all of us one fatherland ... the source of all our life, our invincible fortress.

The initiators of important initiatives in industry during the war years were the Russian E. G. Baryshnikova and the Kazakh S. Bekbosynov, the Belarusian D. F. Bosy and the Georgian N. V. Geladze, the Tatar G. B. Maksudov and the Ukrainian E. M. Chukhnyuk. Collective farmers of different nationalities looked up to P. N. Angelina, Ch. Bersiyev, M. I. Brovko, D. M. Garmash, P. I. Kovardak, T. S. Maltseva, and others.

Throughout the country, from the first days of the war, the movement of people of different nationalities to collect money, clothing and footwear, food to help the army, refugees and migrants was expanding. At the expense of the peoples of the country during the war years, 2.5 thousand combat aircraft, several thousand tanks, 8 submarines, 16 military boats were built, thousands of guns and mortars were created.

Since 1943, all the peoples of the USSR joined the movement for the creation of a special fund to help the liberated regions. The fighting was still going on, and workers of different nationalities were already rebuilding enterprises in the autonomies of the North Caucasus, the central regions of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

National Movements during the War.

The war at the same time caused a revival of national movements, as a rule, in those areas where the policy of the authorities in the pre-war years aroused the strongest protest of the local population. Organizations were also created with the goal of achieving national independence. The largest of these was the Organization of Ukrainian

nationalists (OUN), which has been operating in Ukraine since the late 1920s. Similar, but less numerous organizations were also in Western Belarus, the Baltic states, the Crimea, and the mountainous regions of Checheno-Ingushetia.

With the outbreak of war, especially as the German troops approached, the activities of these organizations intensified. The creation of armed detachments to fight the Red Army began. In Ukraine, the OUN created its own Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). The Crimean Muslim Committee, the Special Party of Caucasian Brothers (Checheno-Ingushetia), and others waged an armed struggle against the authorities. Attacks by armed nationalist groups on retreating or encircled Red Army units became more frequent.

The Germans tried to put the national movements in the USSR under their control in order to facilitate the task of defeating the Red Army militarily. From the captured Soviet soldiers who wished to cooperate with the enemy, the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) was formed under the command of General A.A. Vlasov, as well as battalions and regiments of Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, and some peoples of the North Caucasus. Many of them were led by former generals and officers of the White armies.

From a note to the German Foreign Minister about a conversation with General A.A.Vlasov

I told the Soviet officers clearly... Russia had been a constant threat to Germany for a hundred years, whether it was under the Tsarist regime or under the Bolshevik regime. Germany is not at all interested in the revival of the Russian state on a Great Russian basis.

General A. A. Vlasov voluntarily surrendered to German captivity. Created an army that fought on the side of the Nazis. He tried to explain his betrayal with ideological considerations - the struggle against the Stalinist regime. However, despite the measures taken, the Germans did not manage to create a sufficiently serious force from national formations and shake the friendship of the peoples of the USSR.

National Policy.

The activation of national movements could not but cause an even greater tightening of the national policy of the country's leadership. Any manifestation of national specifics, and even more so armed opposition, was considered a betrayal. Often, not only those who collaborated with the Germans, but also all representatives of this people were accused of treason.

During the war years, the deportation of entire peoples and the liquidation of a number of national autonomies were carried out.

As in other warring states, in particular in the United States, extrajudicial repression after the start of the war, citizens connected by nationality with the enemy were exposed. In the summer of 1941, the entire German population of the USSR (almost 1.5 million people) was declared "saboteurs and spies", subject to deportation to Siberia and Kazakhstan. The ASSR of the Volga Germans was liquidated. Then there were deported more than 50 thousand Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians to Siberia.

In October 1943, almost 70,000 Karachays were deported to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and 93,000 Kalmyks to Siberia. Soon, 40,000 Balkars were loaded onto freight wagons and sent to the East in just a day. 15 thousand Balkars who fought at the front were exiled to Kazakhstan straight from the front. Exceptions were not made even for the Heroes of the Soviet Union and the party-state leadership of the autonomies.

On February 23, 1944, the largest operation to deport Chechens and Ingush began. People were invited to rallies dedicated to the Day of the Red Army, after which they put them on their knees and read out the eviction order. They were given 15-20 minutes to take a bundle of food and belongings with them, after which they were driven to railway stations and loaded into freight cars. In total, 650 thousand Chechens and Ingush were taken to the East. Soon the Chechen-Ingush ASSR itself was abolished.

In April - May 1944, more than 180 thousand Crimean Tatars were taken from the Crimea to Uzbekistan. Following them, Armenians, Bulgarians, Greeks were also deported. Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Ossetians, Abaza, Avars, Nogais, Laz, Laks, Tavlins, Dargins, Kumyks were also partially affected by the resettlement. These peoples suffered huge sacrifices along the way from hunger, cold and disease. As a result of the deportation, 200 thousand Chechens and Ingush died, half of the entire Kalmyk people, every second Balkar, every third Karachay. Severe repression inevitably led to the formation of a new wave of national movements in the postwar years.

Hitler's calculations for the collapse of the allied Soviet state under the blows of the Wehrmacht did not materialize. The moral and political unity of the multinational Soviet people became the most important condition for their victory in the war.

During the classes

I. Introduction.

II. Main stage.

4.National policy.

Homework: item 35

Topic: Peoples of the USSR in the fight against German fascism

Purpose: to expand the horizons of students.

Educational: repeat, summarize and consolidate educational material.

Correction-developing: speech development, enrichment active dictionary, students' thinking; development of communication skills, check the ability of students to work with a map and with additional literature.

Equipment: computer, presentation, map “General course of the Second World War (1.9.1939 - 2.9.1945),

Portraits of Soviet military leaders, prominent partisans, leaders of the underground movement, political and government figures; reproductions of paintings.

During the classes

I. Introduction.

II. The main stage (the study of new material).

III. Summing up the consolidation of the material.

II. Main stage.

1. Multinational Soviet people on the fronts of the war.

2. The economy of the Union republics during the war.

3. National movements during the war years.

4.National policy.

3. Tell us about the attempts of the Nazi leadership to use national movements in the USSR. What are the results of these attempts? Why did they generally fail?

4. Determine your attitude towards collaborationism during the war years. Can the actions of collaborators be justified by the idea of fighting the Stalinist regime?

Homework: item 35

Hitler believed, when planning an attack on the USSR, that the multinational Soviet state would fall apart under the blow of his armies "like a house of cards." But this not only did not happen, but, on the contrary, the multinational Soviet people rallied even more in a moment of mortal danger. The defense of the unified state was perceived in the most remote corners of the country as a national task for each of its more than one hundred peoples. Envoys from all the peoples of the USSR fought in the ranks of the Red Army from the first days of the war. Taking into account the increased national consciousness during the war years, dozens of national divisions and brigades were created, in which, along with Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, representatives of the peoples of the Volga region and the North Caucasus, the North and Siberia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, the Baltic states and the Far East fought.

Among the defenders of the Brest Fortress, who were the first to take the blow of the Nazi troops, representatives of 30 nationalities fought and died. Friendship and mutual assistance of soldiers of various nationalities was equally manifested in the defense of the common capital of Moscow, the capitals of the union republics of Kyiv, Minsk, Chisinau, Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, the centers of the autonomous republics and regions of the North Caucasus - Maykop, Grozny, Nalchik, Cherkessk, Ordzhonikidze.

The exploits of the Russian heroes A. M. Matrosov, A. K. Pankratov, V. V. Vasilkovsky, who closed the embrasures of enemy bunkers with their breasts, were repeated by the Ukrainian A. E. Shevchenko, the Estonian I. I. Laar, the Moldavian I. I. Soltys, the Jew E. S. Belinsky, Kazakh S. B. Baibagambetov, Belarusian P. V. Kostyuchek, hundreds of fighters of other nationalities. Representatives of 33 nationalities were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union for crossing the Dnieper. On the territory of Belarus, partisans and underground fighters of more than 70 nationalities of the USSR fought the enemy, on the territory of Ukraine - more than 60. For courage and heroism, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on the war fronts was awarded to 8160 Russians, 2069 Ukrainians, 309 Belarusians, 161 Tatars, 108 Jews, 96 Kazakhs, 90 Georgians, 69 Uzbeks, 61 Mordvins, 44 Chuvashs, etc.

The economy of the Union republics during the war. From the first days of the war, the friendship of the Soviet peoples also manifested itself in the transfer of the country's economy to a military footing. The evacuation of enterprises to the eastern union and autonomous republics led to the displacement of millions of refugees with them. They were placed in local families of Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kirghiz, Azerbaijanis and others, who shared not only shelter, but also food with the evacuated Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians. Most of the enterprises evacuated to the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia were left there even after the end of the war, significantly strengthening the economic potential of the union republics.

Representatives of all nations and nationalities of the country participated in the All-Union Socialist Competition, various forms movement of industrial innovators. The initiators of valuable initiatives in industry during the war years were the Russian Yevdokia Baryshnikova and the Georgian Nukzar Geladze, the Tatar Maksudov and the Ukrainian Chukhnyuk. In agriculture, collective farmers of different nationalities looked up to Angelina, Bersiyev, Brovko, Maltsev, and others.

In all national regions of the country, from the first days of the war, the movement of people of different nationalities to collect money, clothes and shoes, food to help the army, refugees and migrants was expanding. At the expense of the peoples of the country during the war years, 2.5 thousand combat aircraft, several thousand tanks, 8 submarines, 16 military boats were built, thousands of guns and mortars were created. Since 1943, all the peoples of the USSR joined the movement for the creation of a special fund to help the liberated regions. The fighting was still going on, and workers of different nationalities had already begun the restoration of enterprises in the autonomies of the North Caucasus, the central regions of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

national movements. But the war also revived national movements, mainly in those regions of the country where the harsh policy of the authorities in the pre-war years caused the strongest protest of the local population. Nationalist organizations were also created with the aim of achieving national independence. The largest of these was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), established in Ukraine in the late 1920s. Similar, but less numerous, organizations also operated in Western Belarus, the Baltic states, the Crimea, and the mountainous regions of Checheno-Ingushetia.

With the beginning of the war, especially as the German troops approached, the activities of these organizations intensified sharply. The creation of armed detachments to fight the Red Army began. In Ukraine, the OUN created its own Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). armed struggle against Soviet power the Crimean Muslim Committee, the Special Party of Caucasian Brothers (Checheno-Ingushetia), and others were conducting. Cases of attacks by armed nationalist groups on retreating or surrounded units of the Red Army became more frequent.

The Germans tried to put the national movements in the western regions of the USSR under their control in order to facilitate the task of defeating the Red Army. From the captured Soviet soldiers who wished to cooperate with the enemy, the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) was formed under the command of General A. A. Vlasov, as well as battalions and regiments from Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, and some peoples of the North Caucasus. Many of them were led by former generals and officers of the White armies.

However, despite the measures taken, the Germans did not manage to create a sufficiently serious military force from national formations and shake the friendship of the peoples of the USSR.

National Policy. The activation of national movements could not but cause an even greater tightening of the national policy of the country's leadership. Any manifestation of national specifics, and even more so armed opposition, was declared a betrayal. However, not only those who really collaborated with the Germans were accused of treason, but also entirely representatives of one or another people. The most reactionary feature of Stalin's national policy was deportation, that is, the forcible resettlement of entire peoples and the liquidation of a number of national autonomies.

We started, of course, with the Germans. In the summer of 1941, the entire German population of the country (almost 1.5 million people) was declared "saboteurs and spies", subject to deportation to Siberia and Kazakhstan. The autonomy of the Volga Germans was abolished. At the same time, over 50,000 Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians were deported to Siberia.

In October 1943, almost 70,000 Karachays were deported to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and 93,000 Kalmyks to Siberia. Soon 40,000 Balkars were loaded into freight cars and sent to the east. At the same time, the Balkars who fought at the front were exiled to Kazakhstan directly from the army.

Liquidation of Checheno-Ingushetia. On February 23, 1944, the largest operation to deport Chechens and Ingush began. People were invited to rallies dedicated to the Day of the Red Army, after which they put them on their knees and read out the eviction order. They were given 15-20 minutes to take a bundle of food and belongings with them, after which they were driven to the station and loaded into freight cars. In total, 516 thousand Chechens and Ingush were taken to the east. Soon the Chechen-Ingush ASSR itself was abolished. The authorities tried to destroy the very memory of the indigenous inhabitants of these places.

In April-May 1944, more than 194,000 Crimean Tatars were deported from the Crimea to Uzbekistan. Following them, Armenians, Bulgarians, and Greeks were also deported. Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Ossetians, Abaza, Avars, Nogais, Laz, Laks, Tavlins, Dargins, Kumyks, Dagestanis were partially affected by the resettlement.

Losses along the way from hunger, cold and disease led to huge casualties. As a result of the deportation, more than 144 thousand people died, including half of the entire Kalmyk people, every second Balkar, every third Karachay. These brutal repressions caused a new surge of national movements in the post-war years.

Multinational Soviet people on the fronts of the war. When planning an attack on the USSR, Hitler believed that the multinational Soviet power would fall apart under the blow of his armies, "like a house of cards." But this not only did not happen, but, on the contrary, the multinational Soviet people rallied even more in a moment of mortal danger. The defense of the unified state was perceived in the most remote corners of the country as a national task for each of its more than 100 peoples.

Representatives of all peoples fought in the ranks of the Red Army from the first days of the war (KhSR. Taking into account the increased national consciousness during the war years, dozens of national divisions and brigades were created, in which, along with Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, soldiers from among the peoples of the Volga region and the North Caucasus fought, Far North and Siberia, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, the Baltic States and the Far East.

Among the defenders of the Brest Fortress, who were the first to take the blow of the Nazi troops, representatives of 30 nationalities fought and died. Friendship and mutual assistance of soldiers of different nationality was equally manifested in the defense of the common capital of Moscow, the capitals of the union republics of Kyiv, Minsk, Chisinau, Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn, centers autonomous republics and regions - Maykop, [rozny, Nalchik, Cherkessk, Ordzhonikidze. Heroes of different nationalities fought to the death, defending Odessa and Sevastopol, Kyiv and Kharkov, Novorossiysk and Stalingrad, Smolensk and Tula.

Representatives of 33 nationalities were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union for crossing the Dnieper.

On the territory of Belarus, partisans and underground fighters of more than 70 nationalities of the USSR fought the enemy, on the territory of Ukraine - more than 60.

The economy of the Union republics during the war years. From the first days of the war, the friendship of the Soviet peoples also manifested itself in the restructuring of the country's economy in a warlike manner. The evacuation of enterprises to the eastern union and autonomous republics led to the displacement of millions of refugees with them. They were placed in local families of Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kirghiz, Azerbaijanis, and others, who shared with the evacuated Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians not only shelter, but also food. Most of the enterprises moved to the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia were left in them after the end of the war, significantly strengthening the economic potential of the union republics.

The initiators of important initiatives in industry during the war years were the Russian E. G. Baryshnikova and the Kazakh S. Bekbosynov, the Belarusian D. F. Bosy and the Georgian N. V. Geladze, the Tatar G. B. Maksudov and the Ukrainian E. M. Chukhnyuk. In agriculture, collective farmers of various nationalities looked up to P. N. Angelina, Ch. Bersiyev, M. I. Brovko, D. M. Garmash, P. I. Kovardak, T. S. Maltsev, and others.

National Movements During the War Years. The war, at the same time, caused a revival of national movements, as a rule, in those regions of the country where the policy of the authorities in the pre-war years aroused the strongest protest of the local population. Nationalist organizations were also created with the aim of achieving national independence. The largest of these was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), which had been operating in Ukraine since the late 1920s. Similar, but less numerous, organizations also operated in Western Belarus, the Baltic states, the Crimea, and the mountainous regions of Checheno-Ingushetia.

The Germans tried to put the national movements in the USSR under their control in order to facilitate the task of defeating the Red Army militarily. From the captured Soviet soldiers who wished to cooperate with the enemy, the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) was formed under the command of General A. A. Vlasov, as well as battalions and regiments from Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, and some peoples of the North Caucasus. Many of them were led by former generals and officers of the White armies.

However, despite the measures taken, the Germans did not manage to create a sufficiently serious military force from national formations and shake the friendship of the peoples of the USSR.

National policy. The activation of national movements could not but cause an even greater tightening of the policy of the country's leadership. Any manifestation of national specifics, and even more so armed opposition, was declared a betrayal. Often, not only those who really collaborated with the Germans, but all representatives of this people were accused of betrayal.

In this regard, during the war years, deportation entire peoples and the elimination of a number of national autonomies.

On February 23, 1944, a large-scale operation began to deport Chechens and Ingush. People were invited to rallies dedicated to the Day of the Red Army, after which they put them on their knees and read out the eviction order. They were given 15 to 20 minutes to take a bundle of food and belongings with them, after which they were driven to railway stations and loaded into freight cars. In total, 650 thousand Chechens and Ingush were taken to the east. Soon the Chechen-Ingush ASSR itself was abolished.

As a result of the deportation, up to 200 thousand Chechens and Ingush died, half of the entire Kalmyk people, every second Balkar, every third Karachay.

Such an approach of Stalin to national politics not only did not solve the existing problems in interethnic relations, but also inevitably led to the formation in the postwar years of a new wave of national movements.

Thus, Hitler's calculations for the collapse of the allied Soviet state under the blows of the Wehrmacht did not materialize. The moral and political unity of the multinational Soviet people became the most important condition for its victory in the Great Patriotic War.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS:

Expanding vocabulary:

AUTONOMY - the right of the territory to self-government.