Full parsing. Offers
To correctly punctuate, you need to clearly understand the structure of the sentence. To realize it is intended to help parsing, that is, analysis of the proposal by members. Our article is devoted to the syntactic analysis of the sentence.
Syntax units
Syntax studies the relationship of words within phrases or sentences. Thus, the units of syntax are phrases and sentences - simple or complex. In this article, we will talk about how to parse a sentence, not a phrase, although it is often asked at school to do it too.
Why is parsing a sentence necessary?
The syntactic analysis of a sentence involves a detailed examination of its structure. This is absolutely necessary in order to correctly punctuate. In addition, it helps to understand the relationship of words within a phrase. In the course of syntactic analysis, as a rule, a sentence is characterized, all members of the sentence are determined and it is displaced by what parts of speech they are expressed. This is the so-called full parsing. But sometimes this term is used in relation to a short, partial, syntactic analysis, during which the student only underlines the members of the sentence.
Members of the proposal
Among the members of the proposal, the main ones are always distinguished first: subject and predicate. They usually form the grammatical basis. If a sentence has one grammatical basis, it simple, more than one complicated.
The grammatical basis can consist of two main members, or include only one of them: either only the subject, or only the predicate. In the second case, we say that the sentence one-component. If both main terms are present - two-part.
If, apart from the grammatical basis, there are no words in the sentence, it is called uncommon. IN widespread offer is also minor members: addition, definition, circumstance; application is a special case of definition.
if the sentence contains words that are not members of the sentence (for example, an appeal), it is still considered non-common.
When parsing, it is necessary to name the part of speech that expresses one or another member of the sentence. The guys work out this skill by studying Russian in the 5th grade.
Offer characteristics
To characterize a proposal, you must specify it, you must describe it.
- according to the purpose of the statement;
- by intonation;
- by the number of grammatical bases and so on.
Below we offer a proposal characterization plan.
For the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, motivating.
By intonation: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
Exclamatory sentences can be any for the purpose of the statement of the proposal, and not just incentives.
By the number of grammatical bases: simple or complex.
By the number of main members in the grammatical basis: one-part or two-part.
If the proposal is one-part, it is necessary determine its type: nominative, definitely-personal, indefinitely-personal, impersonal.
By the presence of secondary members: widespread or non-common.
If the proposal is complicated by something, then this must also be indicated. This is the parsing plan for the sentence; better to stick with it.
Complicated sentence
The sentence can be complicated by appeal, introductory and plug-in constructions, homogeneous members, isolated members, direct speech. If any of these types of complications is present, then it is necessary to indicate that the sentence is complicated, and write with what.
For example, sentence “Guys, let's live together!” complicated by the appeal "guys".
If the sentence is complex
If it is necessary to analyze a complex sentence, you must first indicate that it is complex and determine its type: allied or non-union, and if allied, then also compound or complex. Then characterize each of the parts in terms of the composition of the grammatical basis (two-part or one-part, type of one-part) and the presence / absence of secondary members.
The table shows the minor members and their questions.
Minor terms can be expressed different parts speech, for example definition:
woolen skirt- adjective;
wool skirt- noun;
skirt ironed- participle;
winning habit- infinitive...
An example of parsing a sentence
Let's analyze the offer “I didn’t know that you, Masha, moved from the village to the city”.
We emphasize grammar basics. There are two of them: I knew and you moved . Let's define parts of speech: knew- the predicate is expressed by the verb in a personal form, etc.
Now we emphasize minor members:
Moved from where? from the village - a circumstance expressed by a noun; where? to the city is also a circumstance, also expressed by a noun. Masha- this is an appeal, it is not a member of the proposal.
Now let's give characteristic. The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, allied, complex.
The first part of "did not know" is incomplete, not widespread.
The second part is two-part, common. Complicated by handling.
At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to draw up a scheme of a complex sentence.
What have we learned?
Parsing is intended to help understand the structure of a sentence, so everything that can be associated with it must be indicated. It is better to carry out the analysis according to the plan, then there are more chances that you will not forget anything. It is necessary not only to emphasize the members of the sentence, but also to determine the parts of speech, and to characterize the sentence.
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Many PC users may need to parse a sentence. This may be caused by standard school curriculum, teaching philology and linguistics at the university, or other related purposes related to the parsing of verbal structures. At the same time, parsing itself assumes the possession of the necessary knowledge base, therefore, a number of users may need to somehow facilitate this process, in particular, by using auxiliary online resources. IN this material I will tell you how to parse a sentence online, and what resources will help us with this.
As you know, the classical parsing of a sentence is carried out according to the following algorithm:
- Determination of the purpose of the statement of the sentence (narrative, incentive, interrogative);
- Determination of the emotional coloring of the sentence (exclamation-non-exclamation);
- Determination of the number of grammatical bases in a sentence (one base is a simple sentence, two or more bases are complex);
If simple sentence, then it is also necessary to determine whether it is one-part or two-part, common or not, complicated or not, what parts of speech the members of the sentence are expressed, draw up a sentence scheme.
If complex sentence, then it is necessary to determine the allied or non-union connection, the method of communication (intonation, subordinating, coordinating), determining the type of the complex sentence (union-free, compound, compound), and so on.
Parsing sentences online - implementation features
The abundance of syntactic parameters and the richness of sentence composition options make parsing with the help of robotic systems quite difficult. Therefore, there are quite a few resources in the network that perform syntactic or related analysis of a sentence (text). Below I will describe a number of such resources, and tell you how to use them.
Seosin.ru - the resource allows you to perform text analysis
The seosin.ru resource is one of the most famous resources of this kind. The capabilities of this site, according to the developers, allow for morphological and syntactic analysis of the text online, as a result of which the user receives statistics about the available text.
To work with this resource, follow the link provided, paste the text into the window, enter the control number below, and click on "Analyze".
Advego - semantic text analysis
The popular Advego content exchange boasts a built-in tool for semantic text analysis, which can also be useful in parsing. This tool determines the total number of words used, the number of significant and unique words, the amount of "water" and so on.
To use the resource, you must register. Then go to the “SEO text analysis” tab at the top, on the page that opens, paste in special window required text, and click on "Check".
Semantic analysis tool on "Advego" Resource erg.delph-in.net
The erg.delph-in.net resource is a powerful linguistic tool that allows you to parse various English sentences using tools such as Linguistic Knowledge Builder , PET System parser, Answer Constraint Engine generator, and others.
To work with this service, go to the resource erg.delph-in.net, insert your English sentence into a special line, and click on the "Analyze" button on the right. The system will process the proposal and give you the result.
Forums
Relevant philological and linguistic forums (in particular, gramota.turbotext.ru, lingvoforum.net and others) can help you parse the sentence online. You can register on one of these forums, and in your post ask experts to help you parse the sentence you need.
Conclusion
Carrying out the syntactic analysis of a sentence assumes the possession of an appropriate knowledge base, without which such analysis will simply be impossible. At the same time, the resources available on the web on this topic are rather scarce, and due to a number of conceptual reasons, they cannot carry out a full-fledged syntactic analysis of the sentence (this is especially true for Russian-language resources). Therefore, in this regard, I recommend either replenishing your knowledge base, or asking for help on the forums of philologists - you will definitely be helped in the necessary parsing.
Parsing Order simple sentence
1. Parse the sentence by members and indicate how they are expressed (first, the subject and predicate are disassembled, then the secondary members related to them).
2. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, incentive, interrogative).
3. Determine the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory, non-exclamatory).
4. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence and prove that it is simple.
5. Determine the type of offer by structure:
a) two-part or one-part (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal, nominal);
b) widespread or non-common;
c) complete or incomplete (indicate which member of the sentence is missing in it);
d) complicated (indicate what is complicated: homogeneous members, isolated members, appeal, introductory words).
6. Draw up a sentence diagram and explain the placement of punctuation marks.
Parsing Samples
1) My bonfire shines in the fog(A. K. Tolstoy).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated.
Grammar basis - the bonfire is shining my, expressed possessive pronoun. The predicate refers to the circumstance of the place in the fog, expressed by a noun in the prepositional case with a preposition in.
Sentence outline A period is placed at the end of this declarative sentence.
2) At the end of January, fanned by the first thaw, cherry blossoms smell good. gardens (Sholokhov).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, complicated by a separate agreed definition expressed participle turnover.
Grammar basis - gardens smell. The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate is a simple verb, expressed by the verb in the form of the indicative mood. The subject is the agreed definition cherry expressed by an adjective. The predicate refers to the circumstance of time in the end of January, expressed by the phrase (noun + noun) in the prepositional case with a preposition in, and the circumstance of the mode of action Okay expressed in an adverb.
Sentence outline A period is placed at the end of this declarative sentence; commas in the sentence highlight the participial turnover, which, although it stands before the word being defined, is isolated, since it is separated from it in the sentence by other words.
Ways to underline members of a sentence
When parsing a sentence by members, standard underlines are used: one line for the subject, two lines for the predicate, a dashed line for the object, wavy line to define, alternating dots and dashes for circumstance.
Some schools main member a one-part sentence is underlined with three features, however, such underlining is more common, in which the main member nominal offer marked as a subject, and the main members of other one-part sentences - as predicates.
When emphasizing the secondary members of the proposal, it is advisable to be guided by the following principles.
A separate member of the sentence is underlined as a single member.
Accordingly, non-isolated members should be underlined as much as possible in accordance with the questions asked of them.
Designation of words and phrases that are not members of the sentence
As is known from morphology, service parts of speech are not members of a sentence, however, during syntactic parsing, certain problems are associated with them.
Unions are not members of the proposal and are not distinguished when homogeneous members are combined, but in some cases they may be part of non-single members of the proposal.
First, x, these are comparative conjunctions as part of comparative revolutions, for example: The surface of the bay was like a mirror.
Secondly, these are unions in the composition separate members suggestions, for example: Stopping often and for a long time, we got to the place only on the third day.
Prepositions also cannot act as independent members of a sentence, but they are used as part of a prepositional case group, expressing a certain meaning together with the case form.
Therefore, it is customary to underline the preposition together with the noun to which it refers. In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to cases where the preposition and noun are separated by adjectives or participles, for example: instead of older brother. In this case, it would be a mistake to underline the preposition together with the adjective as a definition; underscore should be: instead of older brother.
Formative particles are part of compound verb forms and are underlined together with the verb both in contact and non-contact arrangements, for example: Let him call me!
Semantic (non-formative) particles are not members of the sentence, however, in school practice the negative particle is not usually stressed as a single member of the sentence along with the word to which it refers, for example: No smoking here. I didn't expect much help.
It is permissible not to single out both prepositions and all semantic particles.
Some teachers teach to highlight unions by circling them, and prepositions by a triangle. This distinction is not generally accepted.
Introductory words and appeals are not members of the sentence. Sometimes students enclose these components in square brackets or underline them with crosses. This is undesirable, as underlining is only used to indicate members of a sentence; it is permissible to mark these elements of the proposal by inscribing the words “introductory” or “address” above them.
Description of the complicating members of the sentence
If the sentence is complicated by direct speech or an insert sentence, they are considered and described as an independent sentence, since both direct speech and the insert sentence have own purpose utterance and intonation, which may not coincide with the purpose of the utterance and the intonation of the sentence itself.
So, for example, the proposal He indignantly asked: “How long will you be digging?!” should be parsed as follows: the sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complete, complicated by direct speech. Direct speech is an interrogative, exclamatory, two-part, common, complete, uncomplicated sentence.
The participial turnover complicates the sentence only if it is isolated. In this case, the description should indicate the complication not by the participial turnover, but separate definition; in brackets is possible, but not necessarily an indication that it is expressed by participial turnover.
The comparative turnover can be any member of the sentence - a predicate ( This park is like a forest.), circumstance ( The rain poured like a bucket), complement ( Petya draws better than Anton), defining (He is almost the same as his brother). In this case, the comparative turnover can be both isolated and non-isolated. The complication causes only a separate comparative turnover, and, as in the case of participial turnover, it is necessary to indicate the complication by a separate circumstance, addition or definition.
Homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, appeals are also described as complicating the structure of the sentence.
Some difficulty is presented by sentences with homogeneous predicates. In school and pre-university practice, it is believed that a two-part sentence in which the subject is used with several predicates is a simple sentence complicated by homogeneous predicates. In a one-part sentence, there are as many parts as there are predicates in it, with the exception of cases when homogeneous parts are presented in the structure of the predicate.
For example: I was offended and did not want to answer him- a simple two-part sentence with homogeneous predicates.
I felt embarrassed and didn't want to answer him.- difficult sentence.
I got sad and lonely- a simple one-part (impersonal) sentence with homogeneous parts of the predicate.
One-part sentences
When parsing one-component sentences, students often make various mistakes.
The first type of errors is associated with the need to distinguish between one-part and two-part incomplete sentences.
As already mentioned, we diagnose a definitely personal sentence by the form of the main member: the predicate in it is expressed by the verb in the form of 1 and 2 persons singular and plural indicative mood (in the present and in the future tense), and in the imperative mood; the producer of the action is defined and can be called personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person I, you, we, you:
I go, I go, but I can’t reach the forest.
The peculiarity of verb forms with a morphological feature of 1 and 2 persons is that each of these forms can “serve” a single subject: a form with the ending -y ( go-y) - the pronoun I, the form with the ending -eat / -ish ( go-eat) - pronoun you, form with -em / -im ( go eat) - pronoun we, form with -et/-ite ( go) - pronoun you. Forms 1 and 2 of the person of the imperative mood also clearly indicate the person who is the producer of the action.
Insofar as morphological trait the person is represented by the verb only in the indicated forms, sentences of a similar meaning with the predicate-verb in the form of the past tense of the indicative mood and conditional mood are considered two-part incomplete, for example:
He walked and walked, but never reached the forest.
In this sentence, the form of the predicate does not in any way indicate the producer of the action.
Even if it is clear from the previous context that the producer of the action is the speaker(s) or the listener(s), sentences or parts of a complex sentence without a subject with a predicate in the past tense or in the conditional mood should be characterized as two-part incomplete, since information about the producer of the action is extracted not from the sentence itself, but from the previous context, which, in fact, is an indicator of the incompleteness of the sentence or part of it; see for example the second part of the compound sentence:
I would help you if I knew how.
In indefinite personal sentences, as already mentioned, the main member is expressed by the verb in the form of the 3rd person plural (present and future tenses in the indicative mood and in the imperative mood), the past plural form of the indicative mood, or a similar form of the conditional mood of the verb. The producer of the action in these sentences is unknown or unimportant:
They call / have called / let them call / would call.
Such sentences are not indefinitely personal without a subject with a predicate in the indicated forms, in which the producer of the action is known from the previous context; see for example the second sentence in the following context:
We left the forest and tried to orient ourselves on the ground. Then we went along the path to the right.
Such sentences are also two-part incomplete.
Thus, when characterizing a sentence as a one-part definite-personal, it is necessary to remember about the restrictions on the form of the predicate; when diagnosing a sentence as indefinitely-personal, it is also necessary to take into account the meaning - an indication that the producer of the action is unknown.
Generalized personal one-part sentences do not include all one-part sentences that report an action that can be attributed to everyone and everyone, but only those in which the predicate is expressed in the form of 2 persons singular indicative and imperative or the 3rd person plural indicative mood:
They cut the forest - the chips fly.
However, in a generalized personal sense, definite personal sentences with the main member in the form of 1 person and impersonal sentences can also be used: What we have - we do not store, having lost - we cry; To be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. Nevertheless, such proposals are not usually characterized as generalized-personal.
The greatest difficulties are associated with the analysis of an impersonal sentence.
Considerable difficulty is the definition of the composition of the main members in sentences like We had a lot of fun riding this slide., i.e., in sentences that include a bunch, a nominal part and an infinitive. There are two traditions in parsing such proposals.
There is an opinion that when characterizing such sentences as impersonal or as two-part, it is not the sequence of components that is important (the infinitive at the beginning of the sentence or after the link and the nominal part), but the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate.
So, if an adverb is used in the nominal part with the meaning of the state experienced by the producer of the action (fun, sad, hot, cold, etc.), then this is a one-part impersonal sentence:
It was fun to ride this hill.
It was fun to ride this hill.
If in the nominal part a word is used with the meaning of a positive or negative assessment (good, bad, harmful, useful, etc.), then we have a two-part sentence with a subject, pronounced infinitive:
It was bad for him to smoke.
Smoking was bad for him.
According to another linguistic tradition, the characteristics of a sentence of this type depend on the word order in it, and not on the meaning of the word in the nominal part. If the infinitive comes before the link and the nominal part, then it, with a relatively free word order in Russian, denotes the subject of the message and is the subject:
Smoking was bad for him.
If the infinitive follows the link and the nominal part, then we have an impersonal sentence:
It was bad for him to smoke.
In a relationship impersonal proposals it is also necessary to note the following: not impersonal, but two-part incomplete, it is customary to consider parts of a complex sentence, the position of the subject in which is replaced by a subordinate explanatory or direct speech, for example:
It was heard how the gate creaked a (compare: It was heard).
"I'm lost" - flashed through my head(compare: It went through my head).
Such sentences without a subordinate clause or direct speech lose all meaning, are not used, which is the criterion for the incompleteness of the sentence. So, the sentences * It was heard or * It flashed through my head cannot be understood and are not used.
When working with various texts, many need to parse a sentence according to its composition. The implementation of such an analysis usually assumes that a person has the appropriate philological knowledge that can help in the correct analysis of the text he needs. At the same time, there are also services in the network that perform online sentence parsing operations. After a thorough study of the rules for parsing different offers In terms of composition, I decided to present all my achievements in this article.
In the beginning, I note that the expression “parsing a sentence by composition” is somewhat incorrect, since words are usually parsed by composition, and what we are interested in in this case is called “syntactic analysis of a sentence”.
At the same time, the specified parsing (in school it is also called “parsing by members”) is usually performed as follows:
- Decide which sentence to be analyzed according to the purpose of his statement (declarative, interrogative, or has an incentive character);
- Indicate the emotional coloring of the sentence (it is exclamatory or not exclamatory);
- Mark the number of grammatical bases in this sentence (if the sentence is simple - then one basis, if complex - two or more);
If the sentence is simple:
Simple sentence example:
“It was an extraordinary autumn day!”
After parsing, we can see that this sentence is declarative, exclamatory, simple, two-part, complete, not complicated.
If the sentence is complex:
- Decide on the connection in a complex sentence - allied or non-union;
- Indicate the connection used in the sentence - intonation, subordinating, coordinating;
- Indicate the type of complex sentence - non-union, compound, compound.
Complex sentence example:
"There were roses and lilies in the bouquet, but she liked tulips more."
After syntactic analysis of this sentence, we can see that this sentence has a narrative character, is not exclamatory, complex, has allied connection, compound. The first sentence here is two-part, grammatical basis the words “there were roses and lilies” appear, it is common, and complicated by homogeneous subjects.
The second sentence in this complex sentence is two-part, its grammatical basis is the words “I liked tulips”, the sentence is common and not complicated.
Services for parsing proposals by composition online
Due to the richness of grammatical structures, and the complexity of creating a powerful network tool for parsing text, the services presented on the network (of which there are few) have rather weak capabilities for conducting a full-fledged parsing of sentences. However, I would highlight the following resources:
Seosin.ru
Among the Russian-language resources for online semantic analysis (de facto, they are practically not represented), I would single out the seosin.ru service. It allows you to identify syntactic and morphological errors, demonstrates the general associativity of the text, and performs other types of analysis. Unfortunately, the service does not always work stably; dysfunctions are often observed in its work.
- To work with this service, go to the site seosin.ru.
- Enter your proposal in the appropriate box, and click on "Analyze".
Lexisrex.com
lovers in English the powerful linguistic resource lexisrex.com can help with parsing. Its capabilities allow you to analyze the proposal by its members. At the same time, this site also has other auxiliary tools for the implementation various kinds linguistic analysis online.
- To access this resource, please log in to lexisrex.com.
- Paste your proposal into the appropriate box and click on the "Analyze" button.
Forums of linguists
In syntactic parsing of a sentence online, you can turn to the help " human factor”, and go to various forums of linguists (level gramota.turbotext.ru, rusforus.ru and analogues). Register there, ask your question, and they will definitely help you.
Conclusion
Network resources that allow analysis of proposals by composition are rather scarce, which is associated with the difficulties of creating such resources. However, there are several such tools on the web (most of them are in English) that make it easy to carry out the text analysis we need. Use the functionality of these services to parse the necessary sentences and parse them online.
In contact with
Syntax is the most complex section of the modern Russian language. At school, the syntactic analysis of a sentence almost always causes serious difficulties, since in the analysis it is necessary to use the previously acquired knowledge in a complex way: to be able to distinguish parts of speech, access information from the vocabulary, to navigate perfectly in the semantic load and functions of different members of the sentence, to correctly indicate simple sentences in the composition complex and define their role.
At school and university, there are different requirements for the syntactic analysis of a sentence. Schoolchildren usually designate parts of speech, and comment on each word during analysis. The requirement is due to the fact that for correct parsing it is necessary to know morphology well, the concepts of syntax and morphology should not be confused (there is a common mistake when parts of speech and members of a sentence are mixed). At the philological faculties of various higher educational institutions parsing schemes are individual: it depends on how educational complex undergoing training, which are methodological developments at the department. When preparing for admission, the applicant will need to find out the requirements of a particular university, otherwise the analysis may be considered incorrect.
To correctly parse a sentence, you need to master large volume theory, be able to accurately use the terms, get a practical skill. Practice plays a particularly important role, so it is advisable to train regularly by analyzing sentences. different levels difficulties.
Strict requirements are imposed on parsing: it can only be done according to a clear scheme, without deviating from a given algorithm. Often it is also necessary to draw a graphic scheme of the sentence, reflecting in it the levels of division, the dependence of simple sentences on each other. Also, the members of the proposal are graphically highlighted different signs directly in the text (several types of subscripts).
General scheme for parsing a sentence
Exists general scheme, on which the syntactic parsing of the sentence is carried out. It varies depending on specific requirements, but the basic base remains the same.
- The purpose of the statement is indicated: declarative, motivating, interrogative sentence.
- On the this stage you should write what the sentence is in terms of intonation: exclamatory or non-exclamatory.
- The type of sentence is determined: simple or complex, consisting of several simple ones.
- At complex sentences you need to specify the type of construction: simple (of the same type), complex ( different types connections between simple sentences in a complex one).
- The type of connection of proposals is indicated: allied, allied.
- There are two types of allied sentences: compound and complex.
- For a complex sentence, the type of the subordinate clause is determined: attributive, explanatory, adverbial, adjunctive;
- It is necessary to indicate the type of circumstance subordinate clause:
- mode of action;
- places;
- time;
- terms;
- measures and degrees;
- comparisons;
- concessions;
- consequences;
- goals;
- causes.
- mode of action;
- If the sentence is complex, a description of the connection of parts in the complex is performed. The parts are numbered, all types of communication are indicated (unionless and allied, subordinating and coordinating), if necessary, division into levels is made.
- Then they proceed to the characteristics of each simple sentence, indicating its number.
- The analysis of a simple sentence continues to indicate the presence of main members: one-part or two-part.
- In a one-part sentence, its type is determined: nominal, generalized-personal, impersonal, definite-personal or indefinitely-personal.
- At this stage, you need to write the type of predicate: PGS (simple verbal predicate), CGS (compound verbal predicate) or SIS (compound nominal predicate).
- Now it is necessary to determine the presence of minor members: common (there are minor members), non-common (there are no minor members).
- At this point in the analysis, it is indicated whether the sentence is complicated, what exactly it is complicated by.
- At the end of the analysis, it is necessary to determine the type of sentence in terms of completeness: complete or incomplete. Incomplete sentences are those in which the main or secondary members are omitted, but they can be easily restored from the context.
Ways of expressing sentence members
Knowing how to express the members of a sentence will help you parse the sentence correctly without confusing parts of it. Often, school students find it difficult to even determine the main members of a sentence, since there are a number of difficulties, and generally accepted stereotypes make it difficult to correctly find the basis and accurately analyze the secondary members.
It must be remembered that different parts of speech have practically unlimited possibilities and can be almost any part of the sentence, with rare exceptions. Often, students get used to the fact that the subject is a noun, and the predicate is a verb. Not seeing the appropriate parts of speech in a sentence, they find themselves in a difficult position and do not know how to parse it by composition. In fact, it is impossible to conclude analysis in such a framework.
Subject answers questions of the nominative case and is expressed by different parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, numerals. The subject can also be expressed:
- adjective (red is my favorite color);
- a participle that has turned into a noun (the others were silent);
- union (and - connecting union);
- an indefinite form of the verb (for example, an indefinite form of a verb with a noun in the accusative case: having a doctor in the house is a serious advantage).
To differentiate different types predicates, it is important to remember the lexical and grammatical meaning of words. Lexical meaning reflects the meaning of the word, and grammatical contains grammatical categories(for example, mood, tense, number and gender of the verb). Types of predicates:
- PGS: the predicate is expressed in the personal form of the verb, in which the GZ and LZ coincide. Sometimes PGS is expressed by a phraseological unit containing a conjugated verb form.
- GHS: Must consist of at least two words. Each word has its own meaning: the infinitive of the verb ( lexical meaning) and modal or phase link (grammatical meaning). The phase link indicates the phase of the action, and the modal link reflects the attitude towards the action. The link can be expressed in words reflecting the assessment of the action, desirability, necessity, short adjectives.
- SIS: must consist of at least two words. Nominal part (LZ) and formal or semi-significant copula (GZ). A more common formal link is the verb to be. All nominal parts of speech, adverbs, phrases act as a nominal part. Semi-significant connectives are verbs to become, to become, to be, to seem, and others; verbs of state, movement.
- The agreed definition is easy to recognize, it is expressed by a pronoun-adjective, adjective, participle, ordinal number. The main thing is not to confuse it with the nominal part of the SIS.
- An inconsistent definition is usually expressed by nouns in indirect cases, but sometimes adverbs, phrases, infinitives, adjectives become them. comparative degrees. There are also inconsistent application-definitions.
Circumstance answers to general question as? Expressed by adverbs and nouns. Circumstances are divided into categories:
- circumstance of time;
- places;
- mode of action;
- causes;
- comparisons;
- concessions;
- terms;
- goals;
- measures and degrees.
Types of subordinate clauses
Analyzing complex sentence, it is important to correctly determine the type of the subordinate clause. It can be circumstantial, explanatory and attributive.
- Subordinate explanatory sentences answer the questions of indirect cases. Unions, allied words act as means of communication.
- Subordinate attributive clauses refer to a noun, join with the help of allied words, sometimes unions, answer the questions of whose? which?
- Adverbial adverbial clauses differ depending on the category:
- PO places answer questions where? where? where? join with allied words;
- How long do they answer questions? how long? when? for how long? Joining with the help of unions is common only, when, bye, as soon as, etc .;
- ON measures and degrees answer the questions to what extent? how much ?, refer to a word expressing a concept that can have a degree of manifestation;
- The software of the mode of action answers the question how ?, you can insert words into the main part in this way, so;
- ON conditions answer the question under what condition ?, connecting unions - when, if, how soon;
- ON reasons reveal the question why ?, unions due to the fact that, since, because, due to the fact that;
- By purpose: questions for what purpose? why? etc. Unions if only to, in order to;
- ON consequence: the consequence follows from the first part, the union so;
- ON concessions: questions in spite of what? in spite of what? Unions let, for nothing, despite the fact that;
- Comparative software: questions like what? like what? Unions as if, as if, exactly, as;
- PO places answer questions where? where? where? join with allied words;
- Subordinate adjectives do not answer questions, do not express the semantic relations of circumstances, but give Additional information to the main part. Means of communication: allied words (relative pronouns what, where, where, when, how, why, why, why).
Universities mainly analyze polynomial sentences, therefore, they distinguish the levels of division, the connections between them, indicate all the blocks and the features of their relationship with each other, and draw complex diagrams. At school, they usually limit themselves to sentences consisting of two to four simple ones.
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