Compound complex and subordinate sentences how to distinguish. What is a complex sentence: explanation, types and examples

1. Complex sentences(SPP) are sentences that have a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are subordinate to the main clause and answer the questions of the members of the sentence.

before the main sentence:

Since Nonna refused Andrei, the old man was officially dry with Nonna.(Panova).

(Since), .

Adventitious adjectives can stand after main clause:

what leads through the grove(Goncharov).

, (what)

Adverbial clauses can stand in the middle of the main sentence:

And in the evening, when all cats are gray, the prince went to breathe clean air(Leskov).

[ , (when), ]

2. Adverbial clauses can refer to one word in the main or to the whole main offer.

To one word The main clause includes the following types of subordinate clauses:

• subordinate subjects;
• predicates (according to another classification, subject and predicate clauses are classified as pronoun-defining clauses);
• defining;
• additional (according to another classification - explanatory);
• mode of action and extent.

To the whole main offer usually include the following types of subordinate clauses:

• subordinate places, times, causes, consequences, comparisons, goals, conditions, concessions (that is, adverbial types of subordinate clauses, except for the subordinate modes of action and degree).

Adverbial clauses, except for the mode and degree clauses, as a rule, refer to the entire main clause, but the question to them is usually asked from the predicate.

The typology of subordinate clauses is given according to the textbook: Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language: Theory. 5-9 cells: Proc. for general education institutions.

3. The means of communication between the subordinate and main clauses are:

• in a subordinate clause- subordinating conjunctions ( what, to, for, bye, when, how, if etc.) or allied words ( which, which, who, what, how, where, where, from where, when and etc.);
• in the main sentence- pointing words ( that, such, there, there, because, because etc.).

Unions and allied words are the main means of communication in a complex sentence.

Indicative words in the main clause may or may not be.

Conjunctions and allied words usually stand at the beginning of a subordinate clause and serve as an indicator of the boundary between the main and the subordinate clause.

Exception makes up the particle union li, which is in the middle of the subordinate clause. Pay attention to this!

Distinguishing unions and allied words

Unions	allied words
1. They are not members of the proposal, for example: He said his sister won't be back for dinner(which is a union, is not a member of the proposal).	1. They are members of a subordinate clause, for example: She kept her eyes on the road what leads through the grove(the allied word that is the subject).
2. Often (but not always!) the union can be removed from the subordinate clause, cf .: He said that his sister would not be back for dinner. - He said: sister will not be back for dinner.	2. Since the allied word is a member of the subordinate clause, it cannot be removed without changing the meaning, for example: She kept her eyes on the road what leads through the grove; impossible: She did not take her eyes off the road, leads through the grove.
3. The union cannot be logically stressed.	3. A logical stress may fall on the allied word, for example: I know what he will do tomorrow.
4. After the union, you cannot put particles of the same, namely.	4. After the allied word, you can put particles of the same, namely, cf .: I know what he will do tomorrow; I know exactly what he will do tomorrow.
5. The conjunction cannot be replaced by a demonstrative pronoun or a pronominal adverb.	5. The allied word can be replaced by a demonstrative pronoun or a pronominal adverb, cf.: I know what he will do tomorrow. - I know: he will do it tomorrow; I know where he was yesterday. - I know he was there yesterday.

Note!

1) What, how, when can be both unions and allied words. Therefore, when parsing complex sentences with these words, one must be especially careful. In addition to the above methods of distinguishing unions and allied words, the following should be taken into account.

When is union in adventitious time ( My father passed away when I was sixteen. Leskov) and in the subordinate condition ( When you need the devil, then go to hell! Gogol).

When is allied word in a subordinate clause ( I know, when he will return) and in the attributive clause ( That day, when ; when in the attributive clause it is possible to replace the main allied word for this clause which, cf .: That day, in which we met for the first time, I will never forget).

How is union in all adverbial clauses, except for the clauses of the mode of action and degree (cf .: Serve me as you served him(Pushkin) - comparative clause; As the soul is black, so you can't wash it off with soap(proverb) - subordinate clause; can be replaced: if the soul is black. - Do it like this how you were taught- subordinate mode of action and degree).

Particularly carefully analyze the subordinate clauses: in them, how and what can be both unions and allied words.

Wed: He said he'd be back for dinner (what- union). - I know, what he will do tomorrow (what- union word); I heard a child crying behind the wall (how- union). - I know, how she loves her son (how- union word).

In the subordinate clause, the union how can be replaced by the union what, cf .: I heard a child crying behind the wall. - I heard a child crying behind the wall.

2) What is union in two cases:

a) as part of a double union than ... so:

b) in subordinate clauses of such complex sentences that have an adjective, an adverb in a comparative degree or words in the main part different, other, different.

He turned out to be more enduring than we thought; Than counting gossips to work, is it not better to turn on yourself, godfather(Krylov).

3) Where, where, from where, who, why, why, how much, which, which, whose are allied words and cannot be unions.

I know where he hides; I know where he will go; I know who did it; I know why he did it; I know why he said it; I know how long it took him to renovate the apartment; I know what our holiday will be like; I know whose briefcase it is.

When parsing a subordinate clause as a simple one, the following mistake is very often made: the meaning of the subordinate clause is transferred to the meaning of the allied word. To avoid such a mistake, try to replace the allied word with the corresponding demonstrative word and determine which member of the sentence this word is.

Wed: I know where he is hiding. - There he hides.

allied words which, what, whose in the attributive clause can be replaced by the noun to which this clause refers.

Wed: Tell me the story that mother loved(Hermann). - Mom loved fairy tales; Stuart Yakovlevich is such a steward as there is not in the world. - Such a steward and not in the world.

The reverse error is also possible: the meaning of the allied word is transferred to the meaning of the subordinate. In order not to be mistaken, put the question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.

I know(what?), when he will return; I know(what?), where he was- accessory clauses; He returned to the city(which city?) where spent his youth; That day(what day?) when we met, I will never forget- adjectives.

In addition, in the attributive clause allied words where, where, where, when can be replaced by the allied word which.

Wed: He returned to the city where spent his youth. He returned to the city wherein spent his youth That day, when we met, I will not forget. - That day, in which we met, I will not forget.

4. Demonstratives are found in the main clause and usually answer the same questions, have the same syntactic meaning as subordinate clauses. The main function of demonstrative words is to be a harbinger of a subordinate clause. Therefore, in most cases, the demonstrative word can tell you what type the subordinate clause belongs to:

He returned to that city, where spent my youth (that- definition; adverbial attributive); He stayed so to prove my innocence (so- purpose circumstance; adverbial purpose); Read so that nobody saw the note (So- circumstance of the mode of action, measure and degree; adverbial modus operandi and degree).

Way of expressing pointer words

Discharge	Word list	Examples
1. Demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs	That, this, such, there, there, from there, then, so, so much, so much, because, because and etc.	So this is the gift that he promised to give her in ten years.(Paustovsky). Read it so no one sees(Leskov). There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth(L. Tolstoy).
2. Definitive pronouns and pronominal adverbs	All, all, each, everyone, everywhere, everywhere, always and etc.	The whole day that we spent in Zagorsk, I remember every minute(Fedoseev). Everywhere we've been, we see traces of desolation(Soloukhin).
3. Negative pronouns and pronominal adverbs	Nobody, nothing, nowhere, never and etc.	I don't know anyone who could replace the old count(Leskov).
4. Indefinite pronouns and pronominal adverbs	Someone, something, somewhere, sometime and etc.	For some reason we didn't know about, everyone in the house spoke in whispers and walked almost inaudibly.(Leskov).
5. Nouns and whole combinations of nouns with demonstrative pronouns	On the condition (what, if, when), at the time (when, how), in the event (when, if), for the reason (that), for the purpose (to), to the extent (that)	And this succeeds if he himself treats words indifferently and unusually(Marshak). I decided to dine alone for the reason that lunch fell on Butler's watch(Greene).

Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses there are two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main clause; 2) the first clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first clause, etc.

I. Clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.

1. Homogeneous adventitious, like homogeneous members, have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. Between themselves, homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected by coordinating unions or union-free (only with the help of intonation). For example:

1) [But sad to think], (which is in vain was us youth is given), (what changed her all the time), (that deceived us she is)... (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (conjunction what),(union what),(union what)...

2) [Dersu said], (what it's not clouds, it's fog) and what tomorrow it will be a sunny day and even hot) (V. Arseniev).[vb], (what) and (what).

The connection of homogeneous clauses with the main clause is called uniform subordination.

It should be borne in mind that with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to skip the union or allied in the second (third) clause, for example:

(Where is the cheerful sickle walked) and ( fell ear), [now everything is empty] (F. Tyutchev).(where) and ("), ["].

2. Heterogeneous clauses have different meanings, answer different questions, or depend on different words in the sentence. For example:

(If I have one hundred lives), [ they would not satisfy all the thirst for knowledge], ( which burns me) (V. Bryusov)- (conjunction if),[n.], (s. word which).

The connection of heterogeneous clauses with the main clause is called parallel submission.

II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses includes those in which the clauses form a chain: the first clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second clause refers to the clause of the 1st degree (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree) etc. For example:

[She was horrified"], (when found out), (that the letter was father) (F. Dostoevsky)- , (With. when verb), (p. what).

Such a connection is called consistent submission.

With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause can be inside another; in this case, two subordinating unions may be nearby: what and if anything and when what and because etc. (for punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions, see the section “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses”). For example:

[The water collapsed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers fled below), after them already flew raging streams) (M. Bulgakov).

[uk.sl. so + adv.], (what, (when),").

In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there may be more complex combinations of subordinate clauses, for example:

(Who in young age not tied yourself with strong ties with an external and beautiful cause, or at least with simple, but honest and useful work), [ he can count his youth without a trace lost], (as if fun she is neither passed) and how much would happy memories she is neither left).

(who), [pronoun.], (however), (however). (A complex sentence with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination).

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.

4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is conditional), characterize the means of communication (unions or allied words), determine the types of clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).

5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (homogeneous, parallel, sequential).

An example of parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

1) [Look up at the pale green, star-studded sky, (on which there is neither a cloud nor a spot), and understand], (why is the summer warm air immovable), (why nature is on guard) (A. Chekhov).

[n., (vill. on which), vb.], (vill. why),(vill. why).
will determine. explain. explain.

Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (the clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which?, on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - subordinate explanatory clauses (depend on the verb understand answer the question what?, join with an allied word why).

2) [Any man knows], (that he have to do not that, ( what separates him with people), otherwise), ( what connects him with them) (L. Tolstoy).

[vb], (conjunction what local, (s.el. what), places.), (s.el.chto).

explain. place-determined place-determined

Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with serial and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - subordinate explanatory clause (depends on the verb knows answers the question what?, joins union what), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronoun-defining clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun then, answers the question what (that)?, joins with an allied word what).

.one. Associative compound sentence

Associative compound sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of unions or allied words: [Habit over us given]: [replacement happiness she is](A. Pushkin).

The semantic relations between simple sentences in allied and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, unions take part in their expression, therefore the semantic relations here are more definite and clear. For example, union so expresses the consequence because- the reason if- condition, but- opposition, etc.

The semantic relations between simple sentences are less clearly expressed than in the union. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in terms of intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others to complex ones. However, often the same non-union compound sentence in meaning, it can be brought closer to both a complex and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: Searchlights lit up- it became light around; Searchlights were lit, and it became light around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.

Meaningful relationships in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing by various punctuation marks (see the section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).

AT non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:

I. enumeration(lists some facts, events, phenomena):

[I_ did not see you for a whole week], [I didn't hear you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .

Such non-union complex sentences approach compound sentences with a connecting union and.

Like their synonymous compound sentences, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity enumerated events and 2) their sequences.

1) \ Bemep howl plaintively and quietly], [in the darkness neighing horses], [from the tabor floated tender and passionate song- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.

stirred ], [fluttered half asleep birdie] (V. Garshin)- ,.

Associative compound sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.

II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what the first says):

[I unhappy]: [everyday guests] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinate causes.

III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first one):

1) [Items were lost form]: [ everything merged first into gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-

2) [Like all Moscow, your father is like that]: [would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction. namely.

IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or the word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back etc.; in the second case, we can talk about the omission of words like see, hear etc.):

1) [Nastya during the story remembered]: [she has from yesterday remained whole intact cast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.

2) [I came to my senses, Tatyana looks]: [bear No]... (A. Pushkin)- :.

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses. (remembered that ...; looks (and sees that) ...).

V. Comparative-adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or opposed to it):

1) [All happy family looks like and each other], [each unhappy family unhappy but in its own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.

2) [Chin followed to him]- [he service suddenly left] (A. Griboyedov)- - .

Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with compound sentences with adversative conjunctions ah, but.

VI. Conditionally temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):

1) [Do you like to ride] - [love and sleigh carry] (proverb)- - .

2) [see you with Gorky]- [talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.

Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate conditions or tense.

VII. Consequences(the second sentence names the consequence of what the first says):

[Small the rain sows since morning]- [it's impossible to get out] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT

What is a complex sentence? Every student asked this question. How easy is it to determine which sentence is in front of you: simple or complex? It's pretty easy, the main thing is to know a few tricky features.

What is a complex sentence: definition, types and examples

A complex sentence is a sentence that has more than one stem in its composition, they are interconnected by subordinating unions. Also, parts of such a sentence can be combined. It should be noted that along with complex sentences, there are also compound sentences in which the parts are connected by the unions “and”, “but”, “a”, in some cases there is a union “yes”. So, before determining which sentence is in front of you, you need to note the grammatical foundations, if there are two or more of them, then you need to ask a question from one of them. The part from which the question is asked is called the main part, and to which the question is asked is called the subordinate.

A complex sentence, examples of which will be given below, may include several types of connection of parts, for example, parallel, serial. In parallel, the question is asked from the main part to the rest, in sequential - from each to the next. This suggests that in a complex sentence, dependent parts are always unequal.

What is a complex sentence? Now there is an answer to this question: this is a sentence with unequal dependent parts that are connected by a subordinating union. Now we need to move on to classification. are attributive, circumstantial, which, in turn, have about 7 more subspecies, as well as explanatory. The first type is the type of sentence, when the dependent part answers the questions of adjectives, that is, it creates the emotional color of the sentence. For example: "The garden, because of which the house was not visible, was a famous place in the city." explanatory answers the questions of all cases, except for the nominative. This can easily be confused with the attributive, so it is very important to ask the right question. For example: "Nikita was thinking about the same things his sister had said before."

The largest group is complex sentences with adverbial clauses, there are about 7 additional subclauses: clauses, causes, goals, conditions, places, consequences, and others. It is quite easy to distinguish them: all questions that can be asked to adverbs will be asked in this case. Therefore, it is usually simple and easy to define a part.

What is The answer to this question can be found in the article. In addition to the definition, the article presents all classifications of types of subordination, as well as types of subordinate parts. With such information, you can safely go to the unified state exam, because some of the questions aimed at an advanced level are connected precisely with the task-determining the type or type of subordination of parts in a sentence.

complex called sentence, parts of which are grammatically unequal and connected by subordinating conjunctions or allied words.

Part complex sentence, subordinating the subordinate clause, is called main proposal . The part of a complex sentence that is syntactically dependent on another is called subordinate clause . The main and subordinate clauses are interconnected: they are united by meaning and construction.

Complex sentences include a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The subordinate clauses obey the main clause and answer the questions of the members of the sentence.

The subordinate clause can be placed after the main, in the middle of it, or before it.

For example: You only need to read the books which teach to understand the meaning of life, the desires of people and the motives of their actions. (M. Gorky.) The branches of the trees seemed shaggy and, when the wind came up, slightly noisy with the first green noise. (G. Skrebnitsky.) If language weren't poetic n, there would be no art of the word - poetry. (S. Marshak.)

The place of the subordinate clause in relation to the main clause can be depicted graphically:

[=], (which =).

[-= and, (when --), =].

(If - =), [=]

Subordinate clauses are separated from the main clause by commas. If the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main clause, it is separated by commas on both sides.

If there are several subordinate clauses in a complex sentence, then they can explain not only the main sentence, but also each other.

For example: 1) When I have a new book in my hands, I feel, that something living, speaking, wonderful has entered my life.(M. Gorky.) 2) Painting is also important because that the artist often notices what we do not see at all.(K. Paustovsky.)

In the first complex sentence, the main clause is explained by two subordinate clauses. In the second complex sentence, the main clause is Painting is also important; first adjective - that the artist often notices - explains the main thing, and itself is explained by the second subordinate clause - what we don't see .

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words in complex sentences

Subordinate clauses are attached to the main (or other subordinate clause) by subordinating conjunctions (simple and compound) or allied words (relative pronouns), which are presented in the table:

Subordinating conjunctions are not members of the subordinate clause, but serve only to attach clauses to the main or another clause.

For example: It is bitter to think that life will pass without grief and without happiness, in the hustle and bustle of daily worries.(I. Bunin.)

Allied words not only attach clauses to the main clause (or another clause), but are also members of clauses.

For example: In autumn, birds fly away to places where it is always warm. I don't know why he did it.

In these sentences, allied words where and why are circumstances.

The union word requires a special comment which the. It can act as different members of the sentence: subject, predicate, inconsistent definition, circumstance and addition. To determine the syntactic function of an allied word which the, you need to find out which word of the main clause it replaces, substitute it for the allied word and determine which member of the subordinate clause it is.

For example: Village, which located on the banks of the river, very beautiful. In this sentence, the allied word that refers to the noun village. If we substitute the word village in the subordinate clause, we get: Village located on the coast. In this sentence, the word village performs the function of the subject, therefore, in the subordinate part of the original sentence, the allied word which is also subject.

Compare: The lake we approached turned out to be clean and deep. - I met a man whom I had not seen for a long time.

Some of the allied words turn out to be homonymous with unions, that is, in some cases they act as unions, and in others - as allied words.

To distinguish a union from an allied word, one must remember:

1) in some cases, the union can be omitted, but the allied word is not:

For example: Tanya says that the grass grows at night. (V. Belov.) - Tanya says: “The grass grows at night”;

2) the union can only be replaced by another union.

For example: When (- if) work is pleasure, life is good.(M. Gorky.)

3) A union word can only be replaced by a union word or those words from the main sentence to which the subordinate clause belongs,

For example: Remember the songs that the nightingale sang.(I. Bunin.)

Word what is an allied word, since it cannot be omitted, but can be replaced by an allied word which ( Remember the songs that the nightingale sang) and the word of the song ( Remember the songs: these songs were sung by the nightingale).

The ability to distinguish between unions and allied words is necessary for the correct intonation of a sentence, since often allied words are the semantic center, they are highlighted by logical stress.

What how and when can be both unions and allied words

To distinguish between these allied words and conjunctions, it should be remembered that:

1) on allied words what and how logical stress usually falls;

2) one can pose a semantic question to them and determine which member of the sentence they are;

3) they cannot be removed from the sentence without violating the meaning, but they can be replaced by synonymous allied words.

Compare: I knew our house was in need of repair. - I knew our house was in need of repair.

House, what on the contrary, it needs renovation. The house opposite is in need of repair.

When distinguishing between an allied word and a union when should be based on the meaning of subordinate parts. In relative clauses and often in clauses of explanatory clauses when is a union word, in all other cases when- union:

For example: I remember well the day we met. No one knew when he appeared in our city. When the blizzard is over, you can go for a walk.

The role of demonstrative words in the subordination of sentences

In the main part of a complex sentence, demonstrative words can sometimes be used that, such, all, everyone, no one, there, then and etc.

The role of demonstrative words in the organization of a complex sentence is not the same.

Firstly , they may be constructively necessary (a sentence with a given clause cannot be constructed without them).

For example: I am the one no one loves. The inclusion of correlative words necessary for the structure of the sentence is mandatory for the block diagram of such NGN:

Secondly , correlative words can be optional, their role in the sentence in this case is intensifying-excretory (correlative words can be omitted without loss of meaning):

He remembered the man which the was visiting Petrov.

Demonstrative words are members of the main clause.

Features of attaching subordinate clauses to the main

The subordinate clause is joined by conjunctions and allied words to the entire main clause, but in terms of meaning, the subordinate clause explains:

- one word (one member of the main sentence);

For example: The village where Eugene missed was a lovely corner. (A. Pushkin.) I guessed long ago that we are kindred in the heart. (A. Fet.) Having loaded the rifle, Andrei again rose above the pile of stones, thinking where to shoot. (M. Bubennov.);

- phrase;

For example: She stood fabulous silence that comes with frost. (P. Pavlenko.) And for a long time I will be so kind I to the people that I awakened good feelings with a lyre ... (A. Pushkin.) These snows burned with a ruddy sheen so fun so bright that, it seems, would have stayed here forever. (M. Lermontov.);

- the whole main sentence: The house stood on a slope so the windows to the garden were very low from the ground. (S. Aksakov.) The darker the night became, the brighter the sky flared up. (K. Paustovsky.)

Complex sentences- These are sentences consisting of several simple ones.

The main means of connecting simple sentences in complex ones are intonation, conjunctions (coordinating and subordinating) and allied words (relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs).

Depending on the means of communication, complex sentences are divided into allied and unionless. Allied proposals are subdivided into compound and complex subordinate.

Compound sentences (SSP) are complex sentences in which simple sentences are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating conjunctions.

Types of compound sentences by the nature of the union and meaning

SSP type	Unions	Examples
1. connecting unions(connective relationship).	AND; Yes(in meaning and); no no; yes and; too; also; not only but.	They opened the door, and air from the yard flowed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). Her face is pale, slightly parted lips also turned pale.(Turgenev). Not only was there no fish, but the rod did not even have a fishing line.(Sadovsky). He did not like jokes, and she was with him left alone(Turgenev).
2. Compound sentences with opposing alliances(opposite relationship).	BUT; but; Yes(in meaning but); but(in meaning but); but; but; and then; not that; not that; a particle(in the meaning of union a); particle only(in the meaning of union but).	Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). Beliefs are inspired by theory, behavior is shaped by example.(Herzen). I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry.(Tendryakov). It rained in the morning, but now the clear sky shone above us(Paustovsky). you today should talk with his father, otherwise he will worry about your departure(Pismsky). Boats immediately disappear into the darkness, only bursts of oars and voices of fishermen are heard for a long time.(Dubov).
3. Compound sentences with divisive unions(separating relations).	Or; or; not that ..., not that; then ... then; whether... or.	Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb). Either he envied Natalya, or he regretted her(Turgenev). Either silence and loneliness affected him, or he just suddenly looked with different eyes at the situation that had become familiar(Simonov).

Note!

1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a compound sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when parsing, be sure to highlight the grammatical foundations in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or a compound sentence).

Wed: From the smoky hole a man walked and carried a large sturgeon(Peskov) - a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I’ll give money for the road, and you can call a helicopter(Peskov) - a compound sentence.

2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second part (the second simple sentence).

In some places, the Danube serves as a border, but it serves as a road people to each other(Peskov).

The exceptions are unions, too, also, particles-unions are the same, only. They necessarily take or can take place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).

My sister and I were crying, my mother was also crying.(Aksakov); His comrades treated him with hostility, while the soldiers truly loved him.(Kuprin).

Therefore, when parsing such complex sentences, they are often confused with non-union complex sentences.

3) The double union not only ..., but also expresses gradation relations and is referred to as connecting unions in school textbooks. Very often, when parsing, only its second part is taken into account ( but also) and are mistakenly referred to as adversarial unions. In order not to be mistaken, try replacing this double union with the union and.

Wed: The language should not only understandable or vulgar but also the language must be good (L. Tolstoy). - Language should be understandable or vernacular, and language must be good.

4) Compound sentences vary greatly in meaning. Quite often they are close in meaning to complex sentences.

Wed: You leave - and it becomes dark(Schefner). - If you leave, it will become dark; I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry.(Tendryakov). - Although I didn't eat anything, I didn't feel hungry.

However, when parsing, it is not this particular meaning that is taken into account, but the meaning determined by the type of the coordinating union (connective, adversative, divisive).

Notes. In some textbooks and manuals, compound sentences include complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions. that is, namely, for example: The board authorized him to speed up the work, that is, in other words, he authorized himself to this(Kuprin); The flights of birds have developed as an adaptive instinctive act, namely: it gives the birds opportunity to avoid adverse winter conditions(Peskov). Other researchers attribute them to complex sentences or distinguish them as an independent type of complex sentences. Some researchers of sentences with particles only refer to non-union sentences.