As you know, all parts of speech are divided into independent and auxiliary. As in Russian, pronouns in English belong to an independent part of speech, which denotes an object or is its attribute, but does not name persons and objects directly. These words do not name relations and properties, they do not give a spatial or temporal characteristic.

Pronouns (Pronouns) in English replace the noun, which is why they are called “in place of the name” - He, you, it. These words can also be used instead of an adjective - Such, that, these. As in Russian, so in English, there are a lot of such lexical units, but it is necessary to know them and use them correctly. Therefore, we proceed directly to the study.

According to their meaning, Pronouns can be classified into several groups. I suggest that you familiarize yourself with this classification and the features of each of the groups:

Personal (Personal) - the most important and common pronouns. In a sentence, they act as the subject. And the word "I (I)" is always capitalized, regardless of whether it is at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. And the pronoun you (you, you) expresses both the plural and the singular.

It should also be remembered that lexemes he (he) and she (she) use when they want to designate an animated person, and it- to refer to animals, abstract concepts and inanimate objects. BUT "they" It is used both for inanimate objects and for animate persons.

Personal pronouns in English are declined by case. In the case when they play the role of a subject in a sentence, they are in the nominative case, and when they play the role of an object, they are in the object case. To make it clearer to you, study the table

Face	Nominative		Objective case
	Singular
1	I	I	me	me, me
2	you	you	you	you, you
3	he	is he	him	him, his
	she	she is	her	her, her
	it	it, he, she	it	him, her, him, her
	Plural
1	we	we	us	us, us
2	you	you	you	you, you
3	they	they	them	them, them

Possessive pronouns

English possessive pronouns (Possessive) we discussed in detail in the previous article. But still, let me remind you that they express belonging, have two forms - an adjective and a noun, answer the question “Whose?” and do not change in numbers. There is also a special absolute form. Look at the table, how Possessive Pronouns are declined:

pronouns
the form	personal	possessive	absolute
unit. number	I he she it	my his her its	mine his hers her its his/her
Plural number	we you they	our your their	ours yours theirs

Demonstrative pronouns in English

Demonstrative or demonstrative - point to a person or object. Demonstrative pronouns in English do not change by gender, but decline by number, that is, they have singular and plural forms. Wherein " this"They call an object that is next to the speaker, and the word" that” denotes an object located at a considerable distance.

In addition, “that” can be translated into Russian as “this, this”. Demonstrative pronouns in English in a sentence can act as a subject, object, attribute or noun.

Reflexive pronouns in English

Reflexive or reflexive - express a reflexive meaning, show that the action is directed to the actor himself, therefore, reflexive pronouns in English in a sentence correspond in form to the subject.

Their distinguishing feature is that they end in "- self"in the singular or "- selves" in plural)". In Russian, this is the verbal suffix “-sya (-s)” or the pronoun “himself (himself, himself, himself)”: He cut himself - He cut himself

Singular		Plural
myself		ourselves
yourself		yourselves	yourself (themselves)
himself	himself (himself)	themselves
herself
itself
oneself indefinite personal form

Indefinite pronouns in English

Indefinite is one of the most numerous groups of English pronouns. In sentences, nouns and adjectives can be replaced. Indefinite pronouns in English can be conditionally divided into words, formed from “no” (no, not at all), “any” (any, a few, a little) and “some” (a few, a little).

no		any		some
noone/nobody	none	anyone/anybody	someone/someone, anyone	someone/somebody	somebody/someone
nothing	nothing	anything	something/something, whatever	something	anything
nowhere	nowhere	anywhere	somewhere/somewhere, anywhere/anywhere	somewhere	somewhere
		anyhow	somehow / somehow, somehow	somehow	somehow / somehow
		any day/any time	whenever	some time/some day	someday

Other Indefinite Pronouns include: every, each, both, all, few, little, many, much.

Interrogative pronouns in English

Interrogatives are very similar to relative ones, but perform completely different functions in a sentence where they are subject, adjective or object: Who is there? - Who's there? Sometimes they can be a nominal part of the predicate. Interrogative pronouns in English are also called "question words":

• who? - who?
• which? - which?
• whom? - whom? to whom?
• where? - where?
• what? - what?
• whose? - whose?
• when? - when?
• why? - why?

Other pronouns

We have looked at the main and more numerous pronouns in more detail, but there are other groups of pronouns in English:

• Universal: all, both, everyone, everybody, everything, every, either, each
• Dividers: another, other
• Negative: no, nobody, nothing, no one, neither, none
• Relative: that, which, whose, who

- such a topic, without which it is impossible and even difficult to express the simplest English sentence. Therefore, it is worth studying the whole thing a little and reinforcing yourself with a couple of new words, or if you already know a basic level of English, you can subtract something new for yourself.

The author of this article did not want to write a lot about the entire grammar of pronouns in the English language in order to free your mind from unnecessary classifications and other heresy, so the most “meat” that is most often used in the English language is posted here.

Starting with the basics of the English language, let's remember what we knew or did not know, the pronouns that answer the question "Who?". There are not so many of them, only 7 pieces.

№	Pronoun	Pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation	Example
1	I	I		ah	I love to eat
2	You you	You		Yu	You took $5
3	We	We		vii	We work every day
4	They are	They	[ðei]	zey	They went to sleep
5	He	He		hee	He is a doctor
6	She is	She	[∫i:]	shea	She likes to dance
7	He she it	It		it	It ran to the guys

In graphic format:

Let's look at a couple of nuances:

• The pronoun "It" replaces all inanimate objects, as well as animals:

Where is the book? It is on the table. - Where is the book? She is on the table.

My cat is very funny. It runs and jumps all day long. – My cat is very funny. He runs and jumps all day.

Important: Do not replace people with "It". For third parties, only the pronouns "He", "She" and "They"!

• To the verbs that come after the pronouns "He", "She" and "It", in the present tense we add the ending "-s" or "-es" after the endings -ch, -x, -sh, -ss, -s, -o:

He love sme. - He loves me.

She open s the windows every morning. She opens the windows every morning.

The dog like s to bark. This dog likes to bark.

• In English, the pronoun "I - I" is always capitalized.
• The pronoun "You" can be used to refer to one person or to a group of people.
• The pronoun "You", when addressed in writing, is not capitalized (unless it is at the beginning of a sentence). To express respect for another person, other verbal expressions are used.

All these pronouns in English can bend. Namely, all of them can answer the question “Whom? To whom?":

№	Pronoun	Who?	Pronoun	Whom? To whom?	Pronunciation	Example
1	I	I	me, me	me	mi	give me money
2	You you	you	you, you	you	Yu	I love you
3	We	we	us, us	us	ace	They see us
4	They are	they	them, them	them	zem	Do it for them
5	He	he	him, him	him	chem	She go to him
6	She is	she	her, her	her	hye	I left with her
7	He she it	it	him, him, her	it	it	medicine helped it

To consolidate, let's take more detailed examples:

• I gave you key. - I gave you the key.
• They don't give me to train. They don't let me train.
• Do do you understand me? - You understand me?
• They will not understand us. They won't understand us.
• I helped them. - I helped them.
• I heard that you have a new notebook. Show me please. I heard that you have a new laptop. Show it to me please.

Also, all these 7 basic pronouns can decline and answer the question “Whose?” or "Whose?":

№	Pronoun	Who?	Pronoun	Whose? Whose?	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	I	I	my my	my		May
2	You you	you	yours, yours	your		yoar
3	We	we	is our	our	[‘aΩə]	ave
4	They are	they	them	their	[ðεə]	zea
5	He	he	his	his		hiz
6	She is	she	her	her		hye
7	He she it	it	his her	its		its

For example (for example):

• Will I take your car? - Can I take your car?
• I bought their house yesterday. I bought their house yesterday.
• She will finish her project tonight. She will finish her project at night.
• The monkey did it's hands. The monkey did it with her own hands.
• This is my friends. - These are my friends.

The note; do not confuse "It's - it is" and its!

And let's summarize everything in a general table:

№	Pronoun (who?)	Pronoun (of whom? to whom?)	Pronoun (whose? whose?)
1	I - I	me - me, me	my - my, mine
2	You - you, you	you - you, you	your - yours, yours, yours
3	We - We	us - us, us	our - our
4	They - They	them - them, them	their - their
5	He - He	him - him, him	his - his
6	She - She	her - her, her	her - her
7	It - he, she, it (subject)	it - him, him, her (subject)	its - his, her (object, animal)

Analyze this block again. We know that in total there are 7 basic pronouns that can answer the question “Who?”, Or the question “Whom? To whom?”, or to the question “Whose? Whose?". And if you have well fixed this material, then we move on.

The pronoun "it" has several important functions in English:

First, we learned that the pronoun "it" is used to replace the names of all objects, animals, and any other animate or inanimate phenomena. In short, everything except people!

Secondly, the pronoun "it" means or is translated as "it". Example:

• It is very interesting - This is very interesting.
• It's Mike. Open the door! - This is Mike. Open the door!
• It's her new style. This is her new style.
• Who is it? - Who is it?

Well, in the third, the pronoun “it” is not translated at all, but is used simply to say about the weather, time, condition, etc. Example:

• It is frost - frost (on the street).
• It is bright day - a wonderful day.
• It will be windy - It will be windy.
• It's 5 o'clock - five hours
• It's was cool - It was cool.
• It will be very funny - It will be very fun.

In English, our basic pronouns answer the question "Whose?" or “Whose?”, can be converted into an absolute form in order to avoid repetition of the defined subject, namely:

№	Pronoun (whose? whose?)	Absolute pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	my - my, mine	mine - mine, mine		lane
2	your - yours, yours	yours - yours, yours		years
3	our - our	ours - our	[‘auəz]	avez
4	their - their	theirs - their	[ðεəz]	zeaz
5	his - his	his - his		hiz
6	her - her	hers - her		hez
7	its - him, her	its - him, her		its

Let's represent these pronouns graphically:

Example:

• Did you see my keys? - No, I didn't. But mine is here. (mine instead of my keys)

Have you seen my keys? No, but mine are here.

• Your tables are smaller than theirs . (theirs instead of their tables)

Your tables are smaller than theirs.

• Whose car is this? - It's hers. (hers instead of her car)

Whose car is this? - It is her .

Thus, this absolute form frees us from the repetition of objects and indicates the owner of these very objects.

And the last important transformation of our base pronouns is independent pronouns. How is it correct to say in English “self, self, self, self” and show independence of action? Let's take a look:

№	Pronoun (who?)	pronoun (himself)	Transcription	Pronunciation
1	I - I	myself - myself		may-self
2	You - you, you (singular)	yourself - you yourself		yoa-self
2	You - you (plural)	yourselves - you yourself		ea-sales
3	We - we	ourselves - we ourselves	['auə'selvz]	ave-selvs
4	They - they	themselves - they themselves	[ðəm'selvz]	zem-selvs
5	He - he	himself - he himself		chem-self
6	She - she	herself - she herself		hyo-self
7	It - he, she, it	itself - it is itself		it-self

Example:

• I will do it myself - I will do it myself.
• It subsided itself - It subsided by itself.
• She will not do it herself - She will not do it herself.
• Will you call her yourself? Will you call her yourself?
• You can do it yourselves - You yourself can do it.
• They cope themselves - they can handle themselves

There are pronouns in English that, when combined with the words "thing, one, body, where", form another set of commonly used pronouns. Let's take a look at these pronouns:

• some - some;
• any - any;
• every - everyone;
• no - negative prefix;

All these pronouns, in combination with the above words, generate new words:

Union	Thing	Body		Where
some	something anything something	somebody anyone someone	someone anyone someone	somewhere somewhere somewhere
	anything anything any	anyone anyone any	anyone anyone any	anywhere somewhere everywhere
	nothing nothing	nobody none	no one none	nowhere nowhere
every	everything all	everybody all	everyone everyone	everywhere everywhere

In this table, if you notice, there are some pitfalls:

1. Combinations with the pronouns some and any are translated in the same way, but in the context they are used differently, since "any" means "any", and "some" means "some". In affirmative sentences, the pronoun "some" is almost always used,and in interrogative or negative sentences - any. For example:

• Is anyone here? – Is there anyone here?
• I feel someone was here. – I feel someone was here.
• I didn't see anyone there. “I didn't see anyone there.

2. Transforms with "-body" and "-one" are synonyms. It doesn't matter whether you say "everybody" or you say "everyone". Combinations with "-one" are more modern in American English and therefore you will hear them more often.

3. It would be possible to add the word "-time" here and also get a series of combinations (sometimes, anytime, everytime, no time). But in American English, only one is used - sometimes (sometimes). For others, there are analogues:

• instead of "no time" - never - never;
• instead of "everytime" - always - always;

It is important that it is not a mistake to use any combination with "-time". They are just rarely used. Moreover, “everytime” is more likely to be translated as “every time”, and it is perfect for strengthening the expression:

• You always clean your shoes - You clean your shoes always.
• Every time you clean your shoes - Everytime you clean your shoes.

There are also frequently used combinations with the pronoun "any":

• anyhow - as you like;
• anyway - in any case, however;
• anytime - at any time;

And simple examples with these pronouns:

• Sometimes I feel myself very good - Sometimes I feel very good;
• I know someone of you was in a club yesterday - I know that one of you was in the club yesterday;
• Nobody know about it - Nobody knows about it (in English there can be only one negation in a sentence);
• Call her and tell that I will be somewhere in the center about 8 o'clock - call her and tell her that I will be somewhere in the center around 8 o'clock;
• Everybody rest now. Come later - Now everyone is resting. Check back later

And now let's quickly go over the small pronouns.

Meet the pronoun "each other", translated as "each other." Can be combined with prepositions:

• for each other - for each other;
• with each other - with each other;
• without each other - each without a friend;
• about each other - about each other;

Example:

• They do it for each other - They do it for each other.
• Will you exchange with each other? - Do you trade with each other?
• We can't live without each other - We cannot live without each other.
• Sometimes they tell funny stories about each other - Sometimes they tell funny stories about each other.

Pronoun	Transcription	Pronunciation
this - this	[ðɪs]	sis
that - that	[ðæt]	zet
these - these	[ði:z]	ziiiis
those - those	[ðəuz]	zous

In graphic format:

Example:

• I ran this morning - I ran this morning.
• We were there that evening - We were there that evening.
• These books are ours - These books are ours.
• She went there to ask those guys - She went there to ask those guys.

This is the whole foundation that must eventually be laid in each of us. A daily ten-minute habit of making new English sentences using pronouns will dispel fear and make you rise to a higher level in English. Learn a little, practice a lot, and smile more.

If you have something to add, or you want to ask something on this topic, then do not be shy - write to us in the comments.

A pronoun, instead of a name, helps to replace a noun in speech to avoid annoying repetitions. In English, as in Russian, there are several types of pronouns. We will talk today about what these pronouns are, how they are expressed and how to learn them easily and quickly. How easy is it to learn English pronouns?

Getting to know the types of pronouns in English

The first type and the most important Personal Pronouns (personal). This type of pronoun is the most common in speech. Everyone, both beginners and people who have been practicing English for a long time, knows simple and short words:

I - I You - you / you
He - he She - she
It - it, it
We - we They - they

Pay attention to the suggestions:

• I'm busy now. - I'm busy now.
• They are going to take their sister with them. They are going to take their sister with them.
• We must learn English pronouns. We must learn English pronouns.

The same Personal Pronouns, but in the genitive and dative cases:

Me - me, me
You - you, you / you, you
Him - him, him
Her - her, her Its - him, him
Us - us, us
Them - them, them For example:

• Tell us that you are not guilty! Tell us you're not to blame!
• Allow them to pass, please. “Let them pass, please.
• Take me with you. - Take me with you.

The next type of English pronouns is Possessive Pronouns (possessive):

My - mine (mine, mine)
Your - yours / yours
His - his
Her - her Its - his
Our - our
Their - their

• Give me my copy-book, please. Give me my notebook, please.
• Where is your coat? - Where is your coat?
• She is walking with her dog. — She walks with her (her) dog.

Reflexive Pronouns or reflexive pronouns, look like this:

Myself - I myself / myself (myself, myself, etc.)
Yourself - you yourself / yourself
Himself - he himself
Herself - she herself
Itself - it is itself
Ourselves - ourselves
Yourselves - you yourself
Themselves - they themselves

• It switches itself off. - It turns itself off.
• She does everything herself. She does everything herself.
• You should think about yourselves. “You should think about yourself.

And finally, the absolute form or Absolute Pronouns, which is used without nouns:

Mine - mine, mine, mine
yours - yours
His - his
Hers - her Its - his
Ours - our
Theirs - their For example:

• Do not touch this bag; it's mine! Don't touch this bag, it's mine!
• This is our classroom; where is yours? This is our class, where is yours?
• My flat is on the first floor, theirs is on the last floor. My apartment is on the first floor, and theirs is on the top.

We will not dwell on each type of English pronouns, because we examined them in detail in our past articles. We will just focus on how to learn them quickly and effectively.
Demonstrative pronouns in English

Learn English pronouns quickly and effectively!

So, you have decided to master the pronouns in English, remember them once and for all! A very correct decision, because not a single dialogue, not a single conversation can do without these words. We want to offer you several ways to quickly and firmly learn all these types of English pronouns. Moreover, this can be done without interrupting work, household chores or leisure.

To begin with, make yourself such a tablet, in which there will be all of the above types of “substitutes” for English nouns. For example, this one:

PersonalPronouns	Genitive and Dative	PossessivePronouns	ReflexivePronouns	AbsolutePronouns
I - I You - you / you He - he She - she It - it, it We - we They - they	Me - me, me You - you, you / you, you Him - him, him Her - her, her Its - him, him Us - us, us Them - them, them	My - mine (mine, mine) Your - yours / yours His - his Her - her Its - his Our - our Their - their	Myself - I myself / myself (myself, myself, etc.) Yourself - you yourself / yourself Himself - he himself Herself - she herself Itself - it is itself Ourselves - ourselves Yourselves - you yourself Themselves - they themselves	Mine is mine yours - yours His - his Hers - her Its - his Ours - our Theirs - theirs

Make several copies of this tablet, each type of pronoun separately and all together. Fortunately, English pronouns are short words, and each type is consonant with the previous one, that is, they are similar in sound and even in spelling.

So you've made a table; now place the leaves or funny colored stickers with the sign wherever possible: on the desktop, on the bookshelf, in the work bag, in the case along with the mobile phone, in the kitchen near your favorite cup, near the cupboard with dishes. Let these pronouns be in front of your eyes until you “click” them like seeds.

Seeing English pronouns at every step before your eyes, just repeat them out loud several times. Also, substitute auxiliary words with which pronouns will be more firmly deposited in memory: my book, his cup etc. Make the task more difficult, add more auxiliary words: this is our house, that is their car etc.

Name objects around you with pronouns

“Run through” English pronouns with your eyes at every opportunity and free minute: on the way to work, from work or from school, at night before going to bed, etc. You yourself will not notice how your visual memory will serve you well, and you learn pronouns in just a few days.

Pronoun- a part of speech that denotes persons, objects, phenomena that have already been previously mentioned in speech or text, and replaces them. A pronoun is usually used in a sentence instead of a noun or an adjective, sometimes instead of an adverb or numeral. Thus, pronouns allow you to avoid repeating the same nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech.

English pronouns differ in person, number, gender (only in the 3rd person singular) and case. A pronoun must agree with the noun it refers to. Accordingly, if the noun is in the singular, then the pronoun that replaces it must be in the singular, and vice versa. If the noun is feminine, then the pronoun must also be feminine, and so on.

For example:
The train was late, it had been delayed.
A train was late is he stuck somewhere.

The trains were late, they had been delayed.
Trains were late they stuck somewhere.

Grammatically pronouns in English are divided into several types. They are presented in the table below. Each type of pronoun will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.

Type	Description	Examples
Personal Pronouns	They replace nouns when it is already clear from the context or situation who or what they are talking about.	I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
Possessive Pronouns	Express belonging.	Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
Reflexive Pronouns	They show that the action returns to the one who performs this action.	Myself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourselves, yourself
Interrogative Pronouns	Used in questions.	Who, what, which, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns	They point to a specific object, place, etc.	This, that, these, those
Relative Pronouns	Used to connect the main and subordinate clauses.	Who, whose, which, that, etc.
Indefinite Pronouns	They point to unknown, indefinite objects, signs of quantity.	Some, any, something, nothing, nobody, etc.
Reciprocal pronouns (Reciprocal Pronouns)	They indicate that some action is performed together, or some persons or objects are compared with each other.	each other, one another

• Personal pronouns in English (Personal Pronouns)

- these are pronouns I, we, he, she, it, we, they. The main purpose of personal pronouns is to replace nouns, if it is clear from the context what or who is being discussed.

Pronouns I and we refer to the speaker, and correspond to the Russian pronouns "I" and "we". They are first person pronouns ( I has a singular form, we- plural form).

For example:
I am free now.
Now I free.

We have to go.
We must go.

Pronoun you refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, and is a second person pronoun. Note that in modern English you always has a plural form, and, accordingly, the verb after it always follows in the plural form. In Russian, it corresponds to both the pronoun "you" when referring to a group of people, or to one person (in a polite form), and the pronoun "you", depending on the context.

For example:
You are a good worker.
You you good worker.

You have completed your assignments successfully.
You successfully completed their tasks.

Pronouns he, she, it, they, are third person pronouns. All of them have the singular form, except for the pronoun they, which is plural. In addition, pronouns he and she are used to refer to male and female people, respectively, and the pronoun it denotes all inanimate objects, events, phenomena, etc. (that is, it corresponds to the middle gender in Russian). Also it often used to refer to animals.

Pronoun they used to refer to both people and objects:

Pronoun it can also be used in relation to people when the speaker is trying to establish the identity of the interlocutor:

It used in disjunctive questions when the subject is expressed in words nothing,everything and all:

Everything is all right, isn't it?
It's all right, isn't it?

Nothing happened, did it?
Nothing happened, did it?

It can be used as an introductory subject or object in such sentences where the subject or object is actually expressed by an infinitive or a subordinate clause. In Russian, in such cases, the pronoun it there is no equivalent.

For example:
It is not easy to solve this math problem.
It is not so easy to solve this mathematical problem.

It used as a formal subject, without meaning, in statements about time, weather, temperature, distance, etc.:

It is raining.
It's raining.

It is six o "clock.
Six o'clock.

It is a cold day.
Cold day.

Personal pronouns in English have different forms, depending on the case. Distinguish nominative case of personal pronouns (Subject Pronoun), and subjective case of personal pronouns (Object Pronouns).

Nominative	subjective case
I	me - me, me, me, etc.
You	you - you, you, you, etc.
He	him - him, him, etc.
She	her - her, her, etc.
It	it - him / her, him / her, etc. (about inanimate objects)
We	us - us, us, us, etc.
They	them - them, them, them, etc.

• I and Me: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

• For example:
  I am a teacher (and NOT me).
  I- teacher.

  Give that to me(but not I).
  Give it to me.

  Sometimes it is difficult to choose the correct pronoun and speakers make mistakes when using them. choose between I / Me it is more difficult when these pronouns are paired with another pronoun or noun. In this case, they must be used in accordance with the rules for using the subject or object in the sentence.

  For example:

  How right?

  "It was I who did the homework." or "It was me who did the homework."
  This is I did homework.

  Simplify the statement:

  "I did the homework." So that"It was I who did the homework." is the correct option.

  me(but not I).
  The teacher gave homework to my friend and to me.

  If you don't understand why the above sentence is correct, just simplify it again. Break down the offer by participants.

  The teacher gave the homework to my friend.
  +
  The teacher gave the homework to me.
  =
  The teacher gave the homework to my friend and me.

  Personal pronouns in the nominative case in the sentence perform the function of the subject or nominal part of the predicate:

  Mike hasn't come back yet. He is still in his office.
  Mike hasn't returned yet. He is still at work. ( he replaces proper name Mike, and performs the function of the subject.)

  Personal pronouns in the subjective case in a sentence perform the function of a direct or indirect object:

  We called her to congratulations her.
  We called her to congratulate her. ( In this sentence, the pronouns her perform the function of a direct complement.)

  We apologized to him.
  We apologized to him. ( In this sentence, the pronoun him performs the function of an indirect complement.)

• Reflexive pronouns in English (Reflexive Pronouns)

Reflexive pronouns in English are formed from possessive pronouns with the addition of a particle -self for the singular and –selves for plural.

	Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun
The only thing number	I	myself
	You	yourself
	He	himself
	She	herself
	It	itself
plural number	We	ourselves
	You	yourselves
	They	themselves

English reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object in the sentence are the same person, or, in other words, when the action is directed at oneself.

For example:
Alice saw herself in the mirror.
Alice saw myself into the mirror.

John doesn't know what to do with himself.
John doesn't know what to yourself to do.

In Russian, recurrence can be conveyed by a particle of the verb -sya or -ss:

We had to explain ourselves to the teacher.
We had to explain myself in front of the teacher.

In addition, reflexive pronouns in English can be used to emphasize that an action is performed independently, without outside help.

For example:
She herself admitted her mistake.
She is herself admitted her mistake.

The manager spoke to me himself.
Manager myself talked to me.

I myself cleaned the house.
I myself got into the house.

Reflexive pronouns can often be used instead of personal pronouns after words. as, like, but (for), and except (for):

These shoes are especially designed for fast runners like yourself(= like you).
This shoe is specially designed for such fast runners, how are you.

Everybody was happy except myself(= except me).
Everyone was happy, except for me.

Some verbs are not used with reflexive pronouns. As a rule, such verbs coincide in Russian and in English.

For example:
Suddenly the door opened. (NOT Suddenly the door opened itself.)
Suddenly the door opened.

His books are selling well. (NOT His books are selling themselves well.)
His books are good sold.

I tried to concentrate. (NOT I tried to concentrate myself.)
I've tried focus.

However, some of these verbs in Russian and English do not coincide:

He washed and shaved in the morning.
In the morning he washed up and shaved.

She feels happy.
She is feels himself happy.

• Interrogative pronouns in English (Interrogative Pronouns)

Interrogative pronouns in English used to ask questions. Some of them can only specify people (for example, " Who") and some on objects and people (for example, " What"). They are not divided into singular and plural, therefore they have only one form. Interrogative pronouns introduce the so-called. special questions that cannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no".

There are the following English interrogative pronouns:

who? - who?
whom? - whom? to whom?
what? - what? which?
which? - which? which?
whose? - whose?

For example:
What is her phone number?
Which does she have a phone number?

What do you want?
What you need?

As can be seen from the table, interrogative pronouns in a sentence can function as a subject, object, or possessive pronoun.

Subject	Addition	Possessive pronoun
who	whom	whose
which

Pronoun who refers to persons and is used without a subsequent noun or pronoun. When used who the predicate, as a rule, has the singular form.

The exceptions are those cases when the questioner knows that the answer to his question will be a noun in the plural.

Pronoun whom is the indirect form of the pronoun who and is used as a question word in the complement function, especially in formal style. In colloquial speech, these functions are performed by the pronoun who.

For example:
whom did you phone? (= Who did you phone?)
To whom did you call? ( The first option has a more formal connotation.)

For whom will you vote?
Behind whom will you vote? ( Official speech.)

Pronoun what has two meanings - "what?" and which?". Meaning "what?" pronoun what used separately, while in the meaning of "what?" pronoun what is a member of the question group leading the question.

For example:
What is your name?
how Your name is?

What film are you watching?
Which movie are you watching?

Pronoun which translated as "what?", "which?" and offers a choice from a limited number of items, unlike the pronoun what, which requires, rather, characteristics, or offers a choice from an unlimited number, not predetermined.

For example:
Which jumper do you like?
Which do you like the jumper? ( It means one of the several presented.)

What jumpers do you like?
What kind do you like jumpers? ( I mean in general, regarding coloring, models, etc.)

• What and Which: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns and Which, and What are used in interrogative sentences, and both translate as " which", "what kind", etc. Which can also be translated as " which", "which", etc.

What used in questions where the number of possible answers is not known in advance. The questioner knows that there are many answers to the question asked, and wants to hear from the respondent only options that interest him.

For example:
What movie did you go to see?
Which did you go to see the movie?

Which used in questions where the number of answers is already known in advance.

For example:
Which shoes should I wear with this dress – my blue ones or my black ones?
What kind Should I wear shoes with this dress - blue or black?

Often in the same situations, you can use and Which, and What, depending on what the speaker means.

For example:
Which bus goes to the centre?
Which does the bus go to the center?

What bus shall I take?
On the which do I need to take the bus?

Both suggestions are possible. In the first sentence, the speaker probably means fewer possible buses than in the second sentence.

Note: about pronouns What and Which You can also read in the section on interrogative pronouns.

Pronoun whose- "whose?" performs the functions of possessive pronouns in a sentence, expressing belonging. And can be used immediately before the noun to which it refers, or used alone, without a subsequent noun, similar to the absolute form of possessive pronouns.

For example:
Whose did you drive in?
AT whose did you drive the car?

Whose is this book?
Whose this is a book?

• Demonstrative pronouns in English (Demonstrative Pronouns)

As the name suggests, they are used to refer to something or someone.

Demonstrative pronouns can have singular and plural forms:

This(singular) and These near speaker.

That(singular) and Those(pl.) indicate an object or person that is on distance from the speaker.

In addition to indicating distance in space, pronouns this, these, that, those, can indicate distance in time. This and these can indicate something that has already happened, or is about to happen, pronouns that and those may indicate something that has just happened, or some time ago.

For example:
Listen to this. It's going to be interesting.
Listen This. It will be interesting.

watch this. It's worth seeing.
look This. It's worth seeing.

Did you see that? That was wonderful!
You This seen? This is it was wonderful!

Who said that?
Who This said?

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns in English can act not only as independent words (as described above), but also as definitions for nouns. In this case, they are also called demonstrative adjectives.

For example:
This book is mine.
This my book.

What is that noise?
What This for noise?

These flowers are very beautiful.
These flowers are very beautiful.

Those days were the best.
Those the days were the best.

This horse is faster than that horse.
This horse faster than that horse.

Sometimes pronouns that and those can be used to avoid repeating the same words:

The streets of Mumbai are busier than those of Paris. (= The streets of Mumbai are busier than the streets of Paris.)
The streets in Mumbai are busier than the streets in Paris.

In the example above, the pronoun those used to avoid repeating words the streets. In the singular in such cases, the pronoun is used that.

• Relative pronouns in English (Relative Pronouns)

Relative pronouns in English (who, whom, that, which) are used to enter subordinate clauses, and introduce additional information about someone or something already said.

For example:
I know the book that you are describing.
I know the book you are talking about. ( In this offer that replaces the previously specified word book, and enters additional information.)

In a subordinate clause that introduces relative pronouns, they can act as the subject. In this case, pronouns can be used who, which, that. Who used to refer to people which- to designate things that can refer to both people and objects.

For example:
The boy who stole the watch was punished.
Boy, which stole a watch, was punished.

It is a book which will interest children of all ages.
This is a book, which will interest children of all ages.

The people that/who live next door keep having all-night parties.
People, which live in the neighborhood, continue to have night parties.

These are the keys that open the front and back door.
These are the keys which open the front and back doors.

Also pronouns who, whom, which and that can perform the function of an object in a subordinate clause. In this case, the pronouns who and whom interchangeable, but whom bears a somewhat formal connotation.

• Who and Whom: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronoun Who used as a subject (about other uses of the pronoun Who see That, Which and Who). In simple terms, anywhere in a sentence where pronouns can be used I, she or he, you can also use Who.

In interrogative sentences Who used when we are talking about a person or group of people who did something, or when someone's name is asked. Factual, in informal speech and writing pronoun Who used very often.

Pronoun whom used in formal language as the complement of a verb or preposition.

note

Pronoun whom rarely used in questions.

For example:
To whom do you wish to speak? ( Sounds old-fashioned, pompous and unnatural.)
With by whom do you want to talk?

Attention

If you can't decide what to use, try the test " he or him" - try rewriting the sentence using pronouns he or him.

For example:
"He took out a photo of his son, whom he adores." – "He adores he." sounds wrong. So it will be right"He adores him."

From the above, it follows that they serve two purposes: they serve as the subject or object of the subordinate clause, and at the same time, they connect the main clause with the subordinate clause.

For example:
I have found the car keys. You were looking for them.
I found the car keys which you were looking for.
I found my car keys you were looking for.

This is Mr. Peter. You met him last year.
This is Mr. Peter whom you met last year.
This is Mr. Peter whom you met last year.

Indefinite Pronouns in English (Indefinite Pronouns)

Indefinite pronouns in English indicate unknown, indefinite objects, signs, quantities. They do not point to specific objects or people, but are used to describe them in general, as a whole.

For example:
None of them have come yet.
None of them have not yet arrived.

Some are born great, some achieve greatness.
Some great are born, and some become great.

Nobody came to his rescue.
None did not come to his rescue.

Somebody has let the cat in.
Someone let the cat in.

Few escaped unhurt.
few managed to get out intact.

Indefinite pronouns can take the form of the singular, plural, and can change their form of the number depending on the context.

Below is a table with all indefinite pronouns, which indicates what form they can take.

Singular		Plural	singular or plural
anyone- anyone	anyone- someone	several- some	all- all
anything- anything	each- everyone	both- both	more- more
either- any (of two)	everybody- all	others- other	some- some
everyone- all	everything- all	few- Little	most- majority
much- lot	nobody- none	many- lot	none- nobody, nothing
neither- none (out of two)	no one- none	any- any
nothing- nothing	one- one
other- another	somebody- anyone
someone- someone	something something

Many indefinite pronouns in English can be used as adjectives:

one day my prince will come.
My prince will come one day.

He is man of few words.
He is a man of few words.

some milk was split.
Some milk was spilled.

• Any and Some: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronouns Any and Some are determinants. They are used when talking about indefinite quantities, numbers, in cases where the exact amount or number is not important. Mainly, Some used in declarative sentences Any- in interrogative and negative. into Russian Some and Any are usually not translated.

For example:
I asked the barman if he could get me some sparkling water. I said, "Excuse me, have you got any sparkling water?" Unfortunately they didn't have any.
I asked the bartender if he could get me some sparkling water. I said, "Excuse me, do you have sparkling water?" Unfortunately they didn't have it.

note

Sometimes Some can be found in interrogative sentences, and Any- in affirmative sentences.

Some used in interrogative sentences if the question is an invitation, a request, or if a positive answer to the question is expected.

For example:
Would you mind fetching some gummy bears while you "re at the shops?
Buy me some gummy bears, please, while you're at the store.

Any can also be used in affirmative sentences if it comes after a word that has a negative or restrictive connotation.

For example:
"She gave me some bad advice." "Really? She rarely gives any bad advice."
She gave me bad advice. - Seriously? She rarely gives bad advice.

Note: pronouns Any and Some belong to the type of indefinite pronouns. Such pronouns are discussed in more detail in the section on indefinite pronouns.

• Much and Many: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Adverbs Much and Many are used mainly in interrogative and negative sentences in the sense of " lot". There are also synonyms for these adverbs - a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, large amounts of, etc., depending on the context.

Interrogative sentences

How much (how much = how much) ... + uncountable nouns

For example:
how much sugar do you take in your coffee?
How much do you put sugar in your coffee?

how much money do you want for this?
How much(money) do you want it?

Do you have much work to do?
By you lot work?

How many (how many = how many) ... + countable nouns

Negative sentences

In negative construction sentences Not Much and not many usually translated as " few", "Little".

For example:
He doesn't earn much money ( noun money- uncountable).
He earns few (= Little) of money.

Not many people have heard of her noun people- countable).
Few heard about her.

Barbara doesn't have many friends.
Barbara few (= Little) friends.

• Each and Every: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns have the same meaning - "everyone". The general rule for using these pronouns is that Each used when talking about two or more objects or things, Every- when it comes to three or more objects or things.

For example:
The orange was split into two halves; each half was given to them. (NOT …every half.)
The orange was divided into two parts, and each part was given to them.

Pronoun use Each it is preferable when the described things or objects are presented separately, the use of the pronoun Every it is preferable when the described things or objects are presented as a whole.

For example:
each boy in the class was given a present.
To every boy The class was given a gift. ( To each separately.)

Every boy in the class went on a picnic.
Every boy (= all boys) went on a picnic in class. ( All boys as one.)

Every, but not Each, can be used with abstract nouns:

You have every reason to be happy. (NOT You have each reason to be happy.)
You have every reason to be content.

The same way, Every(but not Each) can be used with nouns with cardinal numbers:

Buses leave every ten minutes. (NOT …each ten minutes.)
Buses run every ten minutes.

• Little and Few, A Little and A Few: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Like an adverb Little, so is the adverb Few means " few", "a small amount of something". The difference is that Little used with not, a Few- with countable nouns.

For example:
They have very little money.
They have very few of money.

There seems little hope.
Seems like hope few.

Heate very little at lunch.
He ate a lot few at lunch.

Only few people can afford to pay such prices.
Few who can afford such prices.

I know few places that I could recommend to you.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you.

note

Adverbs Little and Few have a somewhat negative connotation.

For example:
I know few places that I could recommend to you. = I would like to be able to recommend more places, but unfortunately there aren't more.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you. = It’s a pity that I can’t recommend you more places, but unfortunately there are no other places.

If before adverbs Little and Few the indefinite article is used a, they take on a positive connotation, and have a meaning similar to the word some – "some", "some amount", "Little" etc.

A Few used with countable nouns.

For example:
We need to get a few things in town.
We need something pick up in the city.

We've got a few cakes left over from the party. = We've got some cakes left over from the party.
We have left from the evening some cakes.

A Little used with .

For example:
With a little training Mike could do very well.
A little with practice, Mike will succeed.

• The use of the pronoun all in English

Pronoun all in English It can be used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun. All means "all", "all", "all", etc.

Often all used with uncountable nouns, and with plural nouns (in this case, the described objects should be more than two).

For example:
All children need love.
To all children need love. ( Pronoun all children. )

I love all music.
I like all (= any, different) music. (Pronoun all used with an uncountable noun music. )

All the invitees turned up.
All invitees came. ( Pronoun all used with a plural noun invitees. )

If a all used with a plural noun, the verb usually also has a plural form. After an uncountable noun, the verb is singular.

For example:
All cheese contains fat.
Any (= all) cheese contains fat.

All the lights were out.
All fires were extinguished.

Pronoun all followed by a noun is not normally used as a subject with a verb in the negative form. In this case, as a rule, the construction is used not all + noun + positive verb.

For example:
not all birds can sing. (NOT All birds cannot sing.)
Not all birds can chirp.

All or All of

Before a noun without a determiner (articles, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, etc.), use all:

All children need love.
All cheese contains fat.
All lights were out.

Before a noun with a determiner (for example: the, my, this, etc.) can be used as all, and all of:

All the lights were out. = All of the lights were out.
All fires were extinguished.

I have invited all my friends to my birthday party. = I have invited all of my friends to my birthday party.
I invited all my friends to my birthday party.

Used before a personal pronoun all of:

All of us love music. (NOT All us love music.)
We all love music.

I have invited all of them. (NOT …all of them.)
I invited them all.

Using all with nouns and pronouns

Pronoun all can define both nouns and pronouns, and is usually placed before the word being defined.

For example:
I have invited all (of) my friends.
I invited all my friends.

All of us love music.
We all love music.

I love all of you.
I love you all.

All of us are going to the movies.
We all go to the cinema.

All can be used after a defined pronoun if it performs the function of an object:

I love you all. (= I love all of you.)
I love you all.

Give my love to them all. (= Give my love to all of them.)
Say hi to them all for me.

I have made you all something to eat. (= I have made all of you something to eat.)
I have prepared food for all of you.

Using all with verbs

All can be used with a verb that acts as the subject of a sentence.

If the verb consists of only one word, and is not a form be(i.e. is, am, are, was, were), all any used in negative and interrogative sentences, and can be connoted with doubt, disbelief, or denial. into Russian pronoun any usually not translated.

For example:
Is there any water in the bottle?
There is in the bottle water?

Have you got any friends?
You have friends?

Are there any witnesses?
There is witnesses?

Do you need any help?
Help need?

I haven't got any money.
I do not have of money.

I have hardly any food in the larder.
I have in my closet almost no food.

You never give me any help.
You to me never don't offer help.

Also any often used after union if:

If you need any help let me know.
If a you will need help, let me know.

Any, no, not any

Note that the pronoun itself any has no negative value. It takes a negative value only together with a particle not.

For example:
See that you don't do any damage. (NOT See that you do any damage.)
Try not to do any damage.

Instead of a combination not any you can use the pronoun no, which means the same thing, but has a more expressive connotation.

For example:
He has got no friends. Him no (no) friends. (More expressive than He hasn't got any friends. )

Any and any of

Before a pronoun and a noun with a determiner (for example, the, this, my, your, etc.) the form is used any of.

For example:
Do any of these books belong to you?
belongs to you at least one of these books?

I don't think any of us want to work tomorrow.
It seems to me, none of us does not want to work tomorrow.

She doesn't like any of my friends.
None of my friends she does not like.

It should be noted when the noun after any of has a plural form, the verb following the noun can also take the plural form, or it can take the singular form.

For example:
If any of your friends is interested, let us know. ( formal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, let us know. ( informal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, let us know.

Using any with singular countable nouns

Pronoun any is the equivalent of the article a/an, but in the plural. It is often used before plural nouns and uncountable nouns.

"Which is your boy?" " The one in the blue shirt."
Which child is yours? - The one in the blue shirt.

"I"d like to buy a magazine." " This one?" "No, that one."
I want to buy a magazine. - This? - No, that one is over there.

"Can you lend me a pen?" Sorry, I haven't got one."
Can you lend me a pen? Sorry, I don't have a pen.

I "ve already read this book, I" m going to get a new one.
I have already read this book and I am going to buy a new one.

As you can see from the examples above, one can be used as a substitute for a specific noun (when it is clear what exactly is being discussed) - in this case one used with a definite article, or with a demonstrative pronoun, and to replace a common noun - in this case one used either without an article or with an indefinite article if an adjective precedes the noun.

To replace a plural noun, use ones.

For example:
Green apples often taste better than red ones.
Green apples are often tastier than red ones.

In what cases one / ones can be omitted

Substitute words one / ones can be omitted immediately after superlative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, some indefinite pronouns ( either, neither, another), as well as after some other determinant words ( which, which ever, and etc.).

For example:
I think my dog ​​is the fastest (one).
I believe that my dog ​​is the fastest.

Either (one) will suit me.
Any will suit me.

let us have another (one).
Let's take one more.

"Which (one) would you like?" "That looks the nicest."
What would you like? - That one is the best.

Substitute word one not used immediately after possessive pronouns ( my, your, etc.), indefinite pronouns some, any, both, and also after the numbers.

For example:
Take your coat and pass me mine. (NOT ... my one.)
Take your coat and hand me mine.

I need some matches. Have you got any? (NOT…any ones?)
I'd like some matches. You have?

"Are there any grapes?" "Yes, I bought some today." (NOT ... some ones today.)
Are there grapes? Yes, I bought it today.

However, note that one will be used in all of the above cases if an adjective is used.

For example:
"Are there any mangoes?" "Yes, I bought some sweet ones today."
Is there a mango? Yes, I bought sweet mangoes today.

"Has the cat had her kittens?" "Yes, she had four white ones." (NOT ... four white.)
Has the cat already given birth to kittens? – Yes, she gave birth to four white kittens.

One not used to replace uncountable and abstract nouns.

For example:
If you haven "t got fresh cream I will take tinned cream. (NOT ... tinned one.)
If you don't have fresh cream, I'll use canned.

The Dutch grammatical system is very similar to the English system. (NOT … the English one.)
The Dutch grammar system is very similar to the English grammar system.

Substitute word one and pronoun it

To replace a noun that has been very clearly marked, the pronoun is used it, not a word one.

Compare:
"Could you lend me a bicycle?" "Sorry, I haven't got one."
Can you lend me a bike? Sorry, I don't have a bike.

"Could you lend me your bicycle?" "Sorry, I need it."
Can you lend me your bike? Sorry, I need him.

One as an indefinite pronoun

Pronouns one or you can be used to describe people in general.

For example:
One / you should not do such an unkind thing as that.
There is no need to do such bad deeds.

One / you should love one "s / your country.


Note that the pronoun one has a more formal connotation than you.

Pronoun one not used to describe people in general unless the speaker is one of them, pronoun you not used to describe people in general unless the interlocutor is one of them.

For example:
One / you must believe in something.
A person needs to believe in something.

In the sixteenth century people believed in witches. (NOT ... one / you believed in witches, since this pronoun does not include either the speaker or the interlocutor.)
In the sixteenth century people believed in witches.

In American English, in sentences where one, in order to point to one, often used pronouns he, him, his, himself. In British English, the possessive form is usually used in this case. one – one's and oneself.

Compare:
One should love his country. ( AmE)
One should love one "s country. ( BrE)
Everyone should love their country.

• Reciprocal pronouns in English (Reciprocal Pronouns)

English reciprocal pronouns (one another, each other- each other, one another) indicate that some action is performed together, or some persons or objects are compared with each other.

For example:
Peter and Mary kissed each other.
Peter and Mary kissed each other.

With the help of reciprocal pronouns, the same idea can be expressed twice as short and simpler.

For example, a proposal

On their wedding day John gave Mary a gold ring and Mary gave John a gold ring.
On the wedding day, John gave Mary a gold ring, and Mary gave John a gold ring.

using a reciprocal pronoun each other can be expressed more simply:

On their wedding day Mary and John gave each other gold rings.
On their wedding day, Mary and John gave each other gold rings.

Differences between pronouns each other and one another no. However, when it comes to more than two people or objects, the pronoun is more often preferred. one another.

For example:
The students in this classroom help one another.
The students in this class help each other.

Pronoun in English, it is a part of speech that can replace (pronouns-nouns) or (pronouns-adjectives). Pronouns are one of the most used words in the language.

There are many pronouns, they are divided into several categories:

Personal pronouns

Designate a person: I, you, she, he, it etc. They are used in two cases: nominative and object.

I love my sister. - I I love my sister.

He is my boss. - He's my boss.

We are the champions. - We are champions.

This is my Cat Lucy. - This is my cat Lucy.

Someone's stole their bikes yesterday. - Someone stole yesterday them bicycles,

You can see our family in the picture. - You can see our family in this photo.

Is that your opinion? - This is your opinion?

Possessive pronouns-nouns

Noun pronouns are used, as you might guess, instead of . In a sentence, they perform the function, or nominal part of the predicate.

My pencil is broken, please give me yours. My pencil is broken, please give me your(yours replaces your pencil)

Her car is blue mine is white. – Her car is blue, my- white (mine instead of my car).

Your team is strong but not stronger that ours. – Your team is strong, but not stronger our(commands).

Demonstrative pronouns in English

Point to a person or object, in Russian it is that, that, these, that etc. There are only two such pronouns in English - , they have singular and plural forms.

Where is the line between "near" and "far" you may ask? There is no such line, expressed in centimeters, you just need to rely on common sense. In Russian, we use the words “this” and “that” in the same way.

This man - this person (well, here he is, standing next to him).

That man - that person (not present here or one that stands aside).

These photos - these photos (pointing with a finger).

Those photos - those photos (they hang on your wall at home).

Good movie examples on using this and that are shown in this video:

reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns mean that the action is directed by the acting on itself, they are used as objects after some verbs. They are formed with endings -self, -selves, they are attached to pronouns my, our, your, him, her, it, the, indefinite pronoun. In Russian, a similar function is performed by particles -sya, -sya at the end of the verb.

Protect yourself! - Protect yourself!

Don't hurt yourself- Don't get hurt.

There are cases when reflexive particles are used in Russian, and in English the same words are used without a reflexive pronoun. For example, in Russian we say: wash, shave, dress, bathe, hide. In English, the corresponding to wash, to shave, to dress, to bathe, to hide commonly used without reflexive pronouns:

I washed, dressed and shaved. I washed, dressed and shaved.

Hide in the cardboard box. - Hide in a cardboard box.

I'd like to bathe. - I'd like to take a dip.

Also, reflexive pronouns are used to enhance how Russian words himself, himself, himself, himself.

I heard it myself! - I heard it myself!

He di it himself- He did it himself.

A common mistake is to say I'am feeling myself fine \ I feel myself fine (I feel great). Actually right: I'am feeling fine \ I feel fine.

Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns are pronouns like “each other”. There are only two of them: each other(each other), one another(one another). In theory, each other- this is when two persons or objects, and one another- when a lot. In practice, no one really pays attention to these subtleties, especially in colloquial speech.

They don't talk about each other. They don't talk about each other.

They often see one another. They often see each other.

Please note that the preposition comes before the pronoun, and does not wedged into it, as in Russian. Compare:

they talk about each other - They say each other about friend.

Interrogative pronouns

With the help of these pronouns, questions are asked, there are only four of them:

1. Who (whom)- who, whom, to whom.

Who is this person? - Who this person?

Who is here? - Who here?

2. Whose- whose, whose, whose, whose.

Whose is that noice? - Whose is that noise (who is making noise)?

Whose car is parked by the house? - Whose car parked at home?

3.What- what.

What are you doing? - What You doing?

What is going on? - What happening?

4. Which- what, which (which of several)

Which part of the task is hard for you? What part of the assignment is difficult for you?

Which student in your group had the best result? Which student in your group has the best result?

Note: whom is who in the object case, if who is “who”, then whom is “whom”. Who is often used instead of whom.

Who (whom) did you see there? - Whom did you see it there?

Who (whom) can I ask for help? - Whom can i ask for help?

How to choose between I and Me?

Pronouns deserve special mention. I and me in which even native speakers often get confused. As stated above, I used as , and me– the object of action, . Here are simple examples:

I am looking for an interesting movie. - I I'm looking for an interesting movie.

My sister was looking for me. - My sister was looking for me.

It would be a gross mistake to confuse these two pronouns:

Me is looking for an interesting movie.

My sister was looking for I.

But even children who study English as a foreign language are so rarely mistaken. Difficulties begin in sentences more difficult.

Case one: Anna and I\me went to the park

In sentences with two subjects like “Anna and I went to the park”, there is a choice between pronouns:

• Correctly: Anna and I went to the park.
• Incorrect, but found in colloquial speech: Anna and me went to the park.
• Not allowed: Me went to the park.

The first option (Anna and I) is considered correct, because here I plays the role of the subject. However, in colloquial speech, the second option (Anna and me) is often used, which, however, jars the hearing of educated people. But notice, there are two subjects here. The option “Me went to the park” is not used and sounds very illiterate.

Case Two: My father is talking to I\me and Anna

There are two additions here. If there was one addition here, everything would be clear: My father is talking to me. But when this pronoun is paired with another noun, even native speakers sometimes get confused.

• Correctly: me.
• Not right: My father is talking to Anna and I.

Case three: John is taller than I\me

Three options are possible here, in short, they are all correct, there is a slight stylistic difference.

• John is taller than I am. - grammatically correct, the most complete version, sounds official, serious.
• John is taller than I. - a grammatically correct option, also formal.
• John is taller than me. - grammatical correctness is ambiguous, this option is more common in colloquial speech.

The latter option is used more often and sounds more natural. Some linguists recognize it as correct, and some do not. This is a complex linguistic issue, due to the fact that scientists do not agree on whether than alliance or suggestion.

Another nuance of designs with than me that there are two possible interpretations. For example:

• me I(I love this dog).
• Mary loves her dog Jim more than me. Mary loves her dog Jim more than me.

In this case, it is better to write the sentence more fully:

• Mary loves her dog Jim more than I do.
• Mary loves her dog Jim more than I love him.