Imperative mood in Russian examples. How to determine the mood of a verb

The verb is one of the most important parts of speech. It serves to describe an action, to designate a certain process, that is, without it there will be absolutely nothing, only a meaningless name for a phenomenon that cannot manifest itself in any way, having fixed itself in a certain state. This nominative part of speech is characterized by such constant morphological features as aspect, reflexivity, transitivity and conjugation, while gender, person, number, tense and mood are non-permanent. The latter will be discussed in this article. How to determine in Russian what it affects, why is it necessary at all? Let's try to understand and, importantly, remember.

What is inclination? General view

In principle, inclination is defined by some scholars as "relation to reality." Pretty abstract wording, not really explaining the meaning of this morphological trait, is worth confessing. But if you try to understand, everything becomes very clear.

In total, there are three in the Russian language indicating a real action and are used in all three times- it is the most common and, therefore, the easiest to remember. Or the most difficult. Its existence in three tense forms allows you to conjugate verbs with all accessible ways, because of which you have to memorize a huge number of endings, which is not always so easy.

It is also quite common in Russian. It denotes an order, a request, some kind of instruction - any action that a person must perform not of his own free will, but at the will of the interlocutor. Imperative verbs exist in only two forms, which, of course, simplifies working with them, but at the same time creates certain difficulties for those who are not native Russian speakers and cannot intuitively choose the correct ending.

In Russian, it is also called the subjunctive, it shows an unrealistic action that is possible under certain conditions. It is called the simplest: only one form, changing only by gender, to which a particle is added - it is not difficult to determine such an element in the text.

Now that we have a basic understanding of what moods are in Russian, examples will help us understand the rule better.

Imperative mood - for what, how

So, we continue to consider in Russian. As mentioned above, it means, based on the name, a command in any of its forms: an order, a request, a polite assignment - the semantic shade depends only on intonation, there are no features in the formation of the form, depending on the motive that the speaker puts in.

The imperative mood in Russian is a rule that has been deposited in our subconscious, we apply it without even thinking. But still, it is necessary to understand why it is so, and not otherwise.

In order to use verbs in the imperative mood, you first need to determine who you need to contact. To address the request to the person to whom the speaker refers to "you", the appropriate form of the singular is used. To form it, you need to take away the ending from the verb in the indicative mood ( read-read-read ..., run-run-run ..., be-will-be...) and add one of the two vowels ( and or th) or soft sign (read, run, be). Fortunately, Russian speakers usually intuitively feel which ending to choose, so putting the verb in the second person singular imperative usually does not cause difficulties.

If we address a person with “you” or want to address our request to a group of people, then “te” is simply added to the singular form of the imperative mood ( read, run, be) - everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.

Is it really that easy?

But this is the Russian language - where is it without exceptions? No one has canceled verbs in which root vowels and consonants change during conjugation, or even the root completely. For example " eat-eat-eat, go-go-go". Here, unfortunately, the rule is useless, either intuition or a banal subconscious knowledge of the required form will help - there is no other way.

Imperative mood in Russian - the simplest theme, to master which it is necessary to be able to form the singular form of the second person of this mood, and if necessary, simply add a “polite” ending to it.

The use of exception forms is not so frequent as to be a serious difficulty for native speakers. Foreigners, however, will have to try very hard to achieve an understanding of the imperative mood of the verb.

And a few more features

First, you need to consider formed only from verbs imperfect form- they answer the question "What to do?" ( open-open-open), while the perfect view, respectively, - only from the perfect - with the question "What to do?" ( slightly open-slightly open-slightly open).

Another interesting thing related to the imperfect form of the verb: the presence of the suffix "va" after the roots "kna-", "da-", "sta-" (as in the words KNOW, GIVE, Rise). Usually, to form the imperative mood, the verb is put in the first person singular, corresponding to the pronoun "I" (I know, yes, I get up), that is, this suffix disappears, as in all other forms of the verb ( know, give, get). But in the imperative mood, the suffix returns ( get to know, let's get up) should never be forgotten.

And the subjunctive? Education and application

Let's move on to the subjunctive conditional. Everything is much simpler here than even in the imperative. The peculiarity of the use of this mood is that for its formation the form of the past tense is used, which changes in accordance with the gender and number of the object of the statement, that is, in order to say about the subject in singular, we use the past tense singular forms ( went and drew), and if we are talking about a group of people or someone to whom we respectfully refer to "you", it applies plural the same past tense ( pointed out, spoken).

The second component of the subjunctive mood is the particles "by" and "b" - their choice depends on the context and is most often determined by the euphony of the phrase.

That is, when we want to show the possibility of action under any condition, we take the verb in the appropriate form of the past tense and add the necessary particle to it: I would say, I would go, they would laugh.

A little more about the features of use

This form, by the way, is used not only to express an action under a certain condition, but also in the case when we want to express dreams, desires ( would like to dream) and fears, doubts ( would not have happened). It would probably be more correct to say that all these shades are used equally, therefore the name “conditional mood” used in school textbooks is very conditional (a funny pun turns out), it is better to use the term “subjunctive mood”.

And now again and briefly

In principle, the whole theory on simple rule moods in Russian. The table will help to fix it.

Practice, practice, and more practice!

To finally consolidate the learned material, try to put the following verbs in different moods.

• Indicative: draw, laugh, take away, rustle, answer, hate, go out, refuse, put, be proud, tear off, order, purr, hope, scratch.
• In imperative: go, renounce, scream, call, get, dream, achieve, turn off, give, blossom, overcook, curse, boast, imagine, realize.
• into the subjunctive: paint, visit, appear, command, destroy, warm up, breathe, freeze, buy, ask, reduce, break off, do, congratulate, think.

Summing up

The indicative, subjunctive, and imperative moods are one of those ground rules, which does not require special memorization and is mostly applied automatically, according to the sense of the language that each native speaker has. But at the same time, in no case can we deny the need to study at least a basic theory: without knowing the rules, you will never be able to understand certain features of a linguistic phenomenon.

In any case, practice is sometimes a much more effective teacher than dry theory. A huge plus in this particular case is that we apply this rule every day, so it will not be difficult to learn it.

A fairly simple question, although for many it causes certain difficulties. In fact, everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance.

What's this?

Before getting into the rules regarding inclinations, we need to understand what they are. This is a special grammatical pointing to the connection between action and reality. That is, it is not an independent part of speech, but a form of a verb that shows an action that already exists or is possible in the future.

Types and forms of moods of verbs

In linguistics, the following types of this category are distinguished:

• Indicative.
• Subjunctive.
• Imperative.
• Desirable mood (middle between subjunctive and imperative).
• Permissible.
• Proposal.
• Intentional mood (expressing intention).
• Negative-interrogative (an expression of a request that the action not be carried out).
• Surreal (characteristic of Indian and Pacific languages; it characterizes an action that has almost happened).
• Narrative (used in the Latvian language; exists for translating direct speech into indirect).

The first three of the given moods will be analyzed in more detail, because they are the verbs in the Russian language. However, since there are a whole lot of species, in the Russian language each of the available ones has different characteristics modality, that is, it combines several moods.

Indicative, subjunctive and imperative - features

The indicative or indicative is a category that expresses a process at any time. This type has no morphological indicator; instead, morphemes of tense and person of the verb are used.

Additional modal characteristics of this subspecies of the category are determination, readiness, threat and other intonational moments.

Imperative mood or imperative - a category responsible for expressing a request, order or inducement to action. It is also called the incentive mood. This category has no tense forms, but it is possible to distinguish the forms of 2 persons singular and plural and 1 person plural, that is, such a verb is combined with the pronoun “you”, “you” and “we”, respectively.

Additional modal characteristics of this subspecies of the category are desirability, assumption, obligation, and others.

The subjunctive or subjunctive is a category denoting a desired, supposed or possible process. This species has no forms of time, but it changes in numbers and genders. A feature of this subspecies is the presence of the particle "would", that is, the question to the verb does not sound "what (c) to do?", but "what to (c) do?". Therefore, this inclination is also called conditional.

Other modal characteristics of this given subspecies of the category are desire, advice, regret.

Table with examples

We give examples for each type of mood of verbs in the table.

Indicative (indicative)	Subjunctive (subjunctive)	imperative (imperative)
I write / wrote / will write	I would write
Do you write / wrote / will write
He / she writes / wrote (a) / will write	He/she would write
We write / have written / will write		We are writing!
you write/have written/will write		You write!
They write / have written / will write	They would write
features - none	features - no forms of time and faces	features - no time forms, not all face shapes

How to determine the mood of a verb?

Determining the grammatical category being described can be quite difficult. But the table of moods of verbs, which we bring to your attention, will help you solve this problem. You need to ask questions from the first column and find the answers in the columns on the right. You can think of this as an algorithm that explains how to determine the mood of a verb.

	indicative	Subjunctive	Imperative
What does	action that was, is or will be	action that could be	command, request, call to action
In what form is it used	all forms of person, number, tense and gender	only number and gender forms, always in the past tense	there are no forms of gender, time, only forms of 2 l. units and many others. numbers and 1 l. pl. number
An example for clarity	I eat / have eaten / will eat tonight	He would eat tonight	Eat tonight!

There is another easy way. To determine the mood of a verb, you must first ask yourself the question, does the word carry a command or an impulse? Thus, the imperative is eliminated. Next, you need to find the particle "would". If it is not present, then the subjunctive will also be removed from options. In general, the indicative mood is the most frequently used among the other subspecies of the category, but sometimes this still does not interfere with checking.

As you can see, the topic of moods in Russian is far from the simplest, but not the most difficult either. To correctly determine whether a glalol belongs to this category, you just need to understand what meaning it carries and pay attention to the words surrounding the verb. Often this is what helps to draw the right conclusions.

In Russian, there are three types of mood of verbs: indicative, imperative and conditional. The latter is also called the subjunctive. This is a very important classification, because each listed form helps to determine how the sentence mentioned is related to reality. The chosen mood of the verb may imply a request or command that the action has happened, is happening or will happen in reality, and also that it is only desired or will take place if some conditions necessary for this are met.

The first type is indicative, which is also called "indicative". This form means that the action has happened, is happening or will actually happen. Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. Moreover, for imperfective verbs, all three tenses take place: past, present and complex future (for example: I thought - I think - I will think, I did - I do - I will do, I searched - I search - I will search), and for the perfect form - only two: the past and the simple future (for example: figured out - figured out I did - I will do, I found - I will find). In the future and present tenses, the vowel at the end of the stem of the infinitive disappears in some cases (for example: hear - hear, see - see).

The second type is conditional or subjunctive mood, which is also called the "subjunctive". This form means that the action did not actually happen, but is only desired, planned in the future, unrealizable, or will be carried out when performing some necessary conditions. (For example: I would fly into space to study distant stars. In a year I would like to go to the sea. I would read other people's minds. I would go for a walk if the rain stops.) Verbs in the present and future tense are not used to form the conditional mood. It is composed exclusively with the help of the past tense verb (that is, the basis of the infinitive, adding the suffix “-l-” to it), as well as the particle “by” or “b”. These particles can be both before the verb and after it, and also be separated from it by other words. (For example: I would go to the museum. I would love to go to the museum). Verbs in conditional mood change in numbers, and in the singular also in gender, but never change in persons and, as already mentioned, in time. (For example: I would look, I would look, I would look).

The third type is imperative mood, which is also called "imperative". This form means a request, advice, order, or a call to action. Imperative verbs are most often used in the 2nd person. In this case, they have the zero ending in the singular and the ending "-te" in the plural. They also don't change over time. The imperative mood is formed with the help of the stem of the verb in the present or simple future tense, to which the suffix "-and-" is added, or in some cases null suffix. (For example: Remember, you must do it! Stop doing nonsense! Watch this movie!)

The use of the 1st person plural forms is also possible. It is used to encourage joint action, in which the speaker will also participate. Then the imperative mood is formed using the infinitive of the imperfective verb or the perfective verb in the future tense, before which the following words are placed: come on, come on. (For example: Let's go to the cinema. Let's make breakfast. Let's try this dish.)

Forms of the 3rd person singular and plural are used to form the imperative mood when it is necessary to express the motivation for action of people who are not participating in the dialogue. In this case, it is formed using a verb in the form of the present or simple future tense and the following particles: yes, let, let. (For example: Let him buy bread. Let them come to me. Long live the king!)

From time to time, to soften the order, the particle "-ka" is added to the verbs of the imperative mood (for example: Go to the store. Show me the diary. Bring me a book.)

In some cases, there are exceptions when mood forms are used in a figurative sense, namely in a meaning that is usually characteristic of another mood.

So a verb in the form of the imperative mood can take on the meaning of the conditional mood (for example: Without his will, nothing would have happened. If he had not noticed the loss in time, trouble would have happened.) or the indicative mood (for example: And she suddenly once and say that she had already seen this man. And he take it and do it your way!)

A verb in the indicative mood can take on the meaning of an imperative. (For example: Get up quickly, you'll be late! Let's go dig potatoes.)

The verb in the conditional mood can also take on the meaning of the imperative. (For example: I'd say it like it is. Would you help your friend in need.)

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Russian verbs can be used in three moods: indicative, conditional and imperative. Let's consider each inclination in more detail.

Indicative

The indicative mood of the verb serves to convey the presence or absence of an action within any time (past, present or future). The main difference between verbs in the imperative mood is that they can change over time. Read more about verb tense in the article. So, if the verb is in the present, past or future tense and conveys a real action, then it is used in the indicative mood.

Example: The cup is (was, will be) on the table.

Conditional mood

Used to express an action that can only be performed under certain conditions. Distinctive feature- adding a particle "by" ("b"), which can be placed anywhere in the sentence. Used only in the past tense.

Example: The cup would have been on the table if he had not taken it.

Imperative mood

Serves to convey the will of the speaker (request, advice, order). Most often it is in the second person. The number in this case can be both singular and plural. Example: Put (place) a cup on the table.

If the imperative mood is used in the third person, then it will necessarily have a future tense, and the words “let” (sometimes “yes”) are added to it. Example: Let him put the cup on the table.

If such a verb is used in the first person, then it must be plural. Sometimes the word "come on" is added. Example: [Come on] Put the cup on the table. In the presence of all these signs, we can say that the verb is used in the imperative mood.

In Russian, there are subjunctive, imperative and indicative moods. The beauty for us, as native speakers of the Russian language, is that by the name we intuitively understand the essence of the data grammatical categories, even though we cannot explain it from the standpoint of linguistics. used when there is a certain condition for an action to take place. we use when we command or order someone to do something, and the indicative mood - when we tell something, express our thoughts. But this is a philistine approach. Let's look at the category of mood from the position of linguistics.

So, any, and not just indicative, mood expresses the relation of action to reality from the position of the one who speaks. Therefore, we can consider inclination as an intentional, that is, depending on the goal of the speaker, category. To determine the mood, the position of the subject is always determined first, since it determines whether the action is desired, possible, or intended.

Reality and the possibility of action in 3 tenses - present, past and future - expresses the indicative mood. Example:

I never thought that Beijing is such a beautiful city.

Looking through old photographs, he involuntarily recalled the past.

It seems that nothing can be returned.

Tiredly leaning on a stick, the old man hobbled along the snow-covered alley.

Next week I'll go and talk to him, and by then you'll have all the documents ready.

Signs of the indicative mood are endings that indicate the person and the indicative mood can be perfect and imperfective and have the form of gender and number.

The indicative mood in English language close to that in Russian. It performs the same functions and also shows that the action can be carried out at different times.

The imperative mood shows the expression of will to the second person, the addressee of the message. Inclination can act as an order, a request. All forms of the imperative mood are used in the 2nd person only in the active voice.

There are verbs from which it is not formed. It is "to be able", "to see", "to want". The fact is that these verbs denote an action that cannot be controlled by a person. Some linguists endure the indicative mood as a kind of imperative, or rather, its forms and combinations with the particle "let". For example:

Leave the kids alone, let them play.

Let it be as it is, no need to change anything.

As well as poetic forms with a particle "yes":

Long live the peaceful sky, happiness and the sun!

The examples described are called synthetic forms of the imperative.

The subjunctive expresses theoretically possible action. This action
can be realized if certain conditions are met. The mood is formed by adding the particle "by" to the verb, that is, analytically:

If yes, if only mushrooms would grow in your mouth!