Dangerous diagnosis. Why are fruit trees dying? Fruit trees are dying

It just seems that a dead tree turns into useless trash. Even after death, it continues to play an important role in the forest ecosystem. In fact, a dead tree is a whole universe in which various organisms live.

At the end of a long journey

Trees, like all other earthly creatures, are born to die. Although the life of some of them can be very long, it still comes to an end sometime. The mighty oak, which seems immortal to us, rarely reaches the millennial anniversary. Siberian pine (cedar) can live somewhat less. The elm will last no more than 400 years. Pine and spruce do not live longer. But the age of birch rarely exceeds 200 years.

In youth, the tree effectively counteracts the introduction of insects and fungi, “licks” the slightest wounds with protective substances. But with age, the plant weakens, loses its stamina and becomes an easy prey for many xylophilic creatures (wood lovers). Any broken branch, any broken branch opens the gate for the penetration of a fungal or bacterial infection. Eggs laid on the trunk by bark beetles, barbels, gold beetles are no longer tightened with gum and resin, and the hatching larvae freely penetrate into the bark and wood.

For an experienced eye, trees infected with fungi and inhabited by insects stand out noticeably among healthy ones: crowns are sparse, many dry branches appear in them, foliage or needles wither and fall off, tinder fungi grow on trunks. Having penetrated inside the trunk, xylotrophic fungi and larvae of xylophagous beetles day after day, month after month, do their dirty work, undermining a powerful organism. And then the moment comes when a powerful gust of wind puts an end to many years of life - the tree leans towards the ground and falls, turning out a huge clod of earth, riddled with roots. Or it breaks into two parts, one of which rises for a long time as a kind of monument at the defeated peak.

Life after death

What happens to fallen trees? Regardless of the breed and place of growth, their fate is similar: after undergoing a long period of decomposition, they eventually disintegrate into elements that provide the basis for other, new forms of life.

The process of such a transformation can be very long - the complete decomposition of large trunks of dead coniferous trees in taiga forests it can take up to several centuries. It involves a wide variety of organisms that live their sometimes short, and sometimes long life, replacing each other and forming the so-called successional series (from the Latin "succesio" - "continuity"), where each previous community forms the conditions for the development of the next one.

Of course, such rows different conditions unique and represented by different groups of species. In the taiga above the decomposition fallen tree will work mainly fungi and insects. And the fate of the saxaul that died in the semi-desert will be determined by the wind, which will wear sandy emery day and night to grind strong bone-like wood into dust. Although here, insects, in particular termites, will also not stand aside and, on occasion, will take an active part in recycling.

tree death

The decomposition of organic residues, often referred to as putrefaction, is extremely important process flowing in nature. The biological decomposition of wood is absolutely necessary for the normal life of forest communities. One can imagine what the forest would have turned into if, along with the accumulation of organic substances on a large scale, the reverse process, the dying off of living matter, had not taken place in it. This process goes through the death of whole plants - the so-called decay and through the periodic death of individual organs or their parts (leaves, buds, branches, bark) - the so-called litter. During the life of one forest generation, 3–4 times more organic matter goes into waste and litter than is retained in the living phytomass of the forest.

And now the tree is down. For some time, the trunk seems to hang above the surface of the earth on powerful crutches-boughs and may still show signs of life, some branches remain alive for a year or two. But in the end, the vital juices leave the plant, and it finally dies and falls to the ground. But the mushrooms and insects that inhabited it do not die. They still continue their life activity, reluctantly yielding to occupied positions those who seek to replace them.

Complete decomposition of large trunks of dead coniferous trees in taiga forests can take up to several centuries.

Wood-destroying mushrooms

Have you noticed that on a fallen aspen or birch, the fruiting bodies of tinder fungi occupy a different position? Some of them are placed on the trunk “incorrectly” - sideways with a geminophore, and some occupy the “correct” position - downwards with a geminophore. The first ones are those that appeared on a vertically standing trunk, and the second ones grew after its collapse. This means that the pioneer mushrooms that inhabited the trunk are still alive and continue to grow, decomposing strong wood. And only when they finish their work and the formation of young fruiting bodies stops, new settlers will come to replace them. These will already use dead organic matter as a food source.

The biological decomposition of wood by wood-destroying fungi becomes possible only under certain conditions favorable for the development of the fungus. It does not occur, for example, if the free water content of the wood is less than 18–20%. Therefore, you will not find mushrooms on a dead saxaul, and in the damp taiga there are a lot of them on each lying trunk.

The nature of decay, its predominant type, depends on what enzymes the fungus acts on the wood, what components of its cell membranes and in what sequence it destroys.

Heminophore - a flat surface of a fungus with tiny tubes from which spores should spill out.

Complicated decay process

There are two types of decay. The first is destructive, when cellulose, hemicellulose and other polysaccharides that make up wood decompose. The intensity of destruction in this case is determined by the content of lignin in it - a complex polymeric substance, on which its density depends. The less lignin, the more intense the destruction. In hardwood it contains up to 20%, coniferous - up to 30%. That is why the trunks of coniferous species decompose more slowly than deciduous ones.

The second type of decay is corrosive. In this case, in addition to the polysaccharide complex, both cell membranes and lignin are decomposed. However, when affected by various fungi, this process proceeds differently. In one case, voids are formed in the wood, filled with the remnants of undecomposed cellulose (brown rot occurs). In other cases, in the final stage of destruction, the wood brightens, acquiring a white or light yellow color (white corrosion rot).

IN coniferous forests the main work on the biological decomposition of wood is carried out by species such as bordered and pink tinder fungi, pine and spruce sponge. Deciduous wood is processed by a different complex of fungi: real and false tinder fungi, birch sponge.

Fungi, which are classified as humus saprotrophs, complete the long and complex processes of biological decomposition of wood. In our forests, they are represented by raincoats and, especially often, hat mushrooms, which develop in large numbers on rotten wood and forest litter. We derogatoryly call them grebes. Yes, they cannot be eaten, but without them there would be no one to complete the process of biological decomposition.

Mushrooms grew on the trunk after it collapsed
Larval moves on an oak trunk
Moss on the trunk of a dead tree

From the life of insects

Simultaneously with the succession of fungal communities, there is also a change of arthropod inhabitants of the lying tree. Nature assigned the main work on wood processing to beetles. Those who have settled standing tree, and after it falls, they will sharpen the barrel for some time. But here, too, changes will soon begin. The young generation of beetles will fly out to start searching for another weakened victim, and new residents will rush into the passages they have formed: larvae of swamp mosquitoes, hover flies and beetles that prefer rotten wood. The density of their settlements will increase day by day.

On a downed birch, the wood of which decomposes as light rot, the barbels will be replaced by false elephants, stags, and ceps. In the loose and damp wood of trunks lying on the ground, there will be more and more larvae of Diptera and click beetles. For them, it is now that the environment acquires optimal properties. Following the “vegetarians”, predators will also move: for example, larvae of ktyrs will go into the resulting cavities.

Insects are not only directly involved in the decomposition of the woody body, many act as consumers of mycelium and fungal bodies. Such, in particular, is the role of some common thyroid beetles in taiga zones. By the time their larvae settle, the wood loses its strength under the influence of wood-destroying fungi, the mycelium of which penetrates the wood in the form of dense white films and serves as a source of food for the larvae.

There is another essential function of these small inhabitants of the forest: they are important distributors of wood-destroying fungi, transferring fungal spores on their bodies from one trunk to another.

Decayed trunks and windfall mounds become ideal microstations for the renewal of tree species.

Mosses, lichens and others

Slowly, imperceptibly to the eye, day and night, month after month, year after year goes by processing of the former timber giant. The armada of small living creatures is busy with this. After quite long time the bare trunk, which has long lost its bark, begins to become covered with vegetation. Lichens and mosses appear on it, higher plants settle. Decayed trunks and windfall mounds become ideal microstations for the renewal of tree species. It is on such elevations, and not between them, that the germination of tree seeds most successfully occurs.

Researchers have long paid attention to the fact that in taiga conditions, most of the viable undergrowth of spruce and fir is confined to large lying trunks, and there is practically no viable undergrowth of coniferous trees on small ones. At the same time, seedlings of spruce and fir rarely reach the second year of life on the soil surface due to strong shading from the taiga tall grass. But for seedlings located on elevations, this is no longer scary.

A viable birch undergrowth shows an even greater dependence on the size of decomposed trunks: almost all of it is located on the butt sections of the largest fallen trees.

Dead but not alive

People far from the study of forest ecology often consider the wood of dead trees as just unnecessary waste, and the fact that this wood rots and disappears in the forest is evidence of mismanagement. It is not uncommon to hear the opinion that if old trees, which in the near future one way or another should die, are cut down and taken out, then the forest will not suffer from this at all. However, if we consider the role played by the wood of dead trees in the life of biological communities, it becomes clear that it is exclusively important element functioning of forest ecosystems.

In forest ecosystems, dead wood is a kind of storehouse of organic matter, the main reserve of stored carbon, on the release of which into the atmosphere, as we now know, the climate of the planet largely depends. The products of wood decomposition constantly accumulating under the forest canopy have the property of a blanket: they warm and regulate the thermal conductivity of the upper soil horizons, creating exclusively for plants favorable conditions. And, finally, it should be taken into account that the trunks lying throughout the forest, which are at different stages of decomposition, create a heterogeneity of the relief, which largely determines the high forest biodiversity.

Orchards that are bursting with an abundance of apples in the central strip and even to the north are not uncommon, and the apple trees themselves live a very, very long time, and more than one generation feasts on their fruits. In more severe regions, in particular, in the Middle Urals, where I live, everything is different - apple trees for the most part bear fruit poorly and often die at a fairly young age, only having entered fruiting.

The point here is not so much the climate (although, of course, it plays its sad role), but the banal absence of a culture of growing apple trees, which did not historically develop in these regions. As a result, gardeners do not pay attention to many apple tree problems, and when they catch on, usually nothing can be done - the apple trees die. In addition, in regions with a harsh climate, it is customary to grow apple trees on undersized (dwarf and semi-dwarf) rootstocks, which (for all its advantages) creates its own difficulties and also does not contribute to the longevity of apple trees.

As a result, for example, in the Urals, every spring, apple trees die in many orchards - large ones that have already begun to bear fruit, and even very small ones. More often this does not happen from freezing in winter, since the vast majority of gardeners buy zoned apple seedlings in nurseries, but for completely different reasons.

Reasons for the death of apple trees

In the list of the most common of them, one should name root neck warming, eversion of trees by strong spring winds and faults. In addition, the death of fruit trees from damage to the bark due to frost holes, sunburn and the invasion of mice or hares occurs.

Warming up

Suspension is a real scourge of apple trees on undersized (dwarf and semi-dwarf) rootstocks. Of course, apple trees on low-growing rootstocks have many advantages. First of all, it is much easier and faster to achieve crops from them, which is important in unfavorable conditions. natural conditions for apple-tree regions. But here there are rules of the game - in no case should you fall asleep root collar(it is better to install rectangular fences that would artificially prevent the soil level from rising near the apple tree trunk). Otherwise, the death of the apple tree will not be far off. In vigorous apple trees, which in most cases are grafted onto wild (that is, grown from seed) Antonovka, the problem of warming up is not so acute. The fact is that the wild-growing Antonovka is considered the most resistant to underpremation among apple trees, in principle it does not threaten it, although it is also not recommended to fill up the root collar.

eversion

Trees twisting right up to their fall is also not uncommon for the Urals. On vigorous apple trees with a deep and very powerful root system, eversion is practically impossible. But on dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks, it happens very often, since root system they have a superficial location, and the trees themselves cannot stand without the presence of supports. Their eversion is facilitated by strong winds in spring and high soil moisture during prolonged autumn rains. To prevent such a situation, it is necessary to provide supports. At first, while the apple tree is small, an ordinary good wooden stake will be enough, and then it is much more reliable to install it on the periphery of the crown metal pipe and pull the tree to it with a cable (in places where the cable touches the bark, it is necessary to lay rubber gaskets so that the bark is not damaged in any way).

faults

To avoid faults, you need to correctly form the crown of apple trees. The formation of apple trees is a separate serious topic, but in a nutshell, then the skeletal branches should have an angle of inclination of 60-70 °, and not less. At sharp angles of inclination, branch breaks are possible. This can happen under the influence strong wind or when the branches are weighed down with harvest. The consequences of fractures of skeletal branches are extremely serious - as a rule, it is no longer possible to save them, and with significant damage to the trunk, this can lead to the gradual death of the apple tree, since the wounds formed during the fractures are too large and do not heal. The statement about the undesirability of sharp corners also applies to other, less important branches. There, faults are possible to exactly the same extent, although they cannot cause such grandiose harm as faults in skeletal branches.

Cortical damage

With regard to damage to the bark, wounds can appear from sunburn, from frost cracks, and from damage by mice and hares. Not one of the most insignificant wounds can be treated “slipshod”, because any of them can become a real gateway for infection. And, it is quite possible that this infection will lead to further loss of the tree. This is especially true, again, of apple trees on low-growing rootstocks, which are more susceptible to such terrible diseases as black cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to immediately cover garden pitch places of cuts during the pruning process, and do everything possible so that the tree does not have additional wounds from frost cracks, burns or devastating consequences winter invasion of mice. Wounds from hares are less significant in volume, but good branches they can also mess up quite a lot. Remember that it takes a long time to treat wounds (sometimes many years) and with very variable success, especially on middle-aged and weakened trees. It is much easier to avoid the appearance of wounds, and it is necessary to protect trees from wounds from the first year of life, because even then, having forgotten about security measures, you can “reward” them with severe burns, which then have to be treated for the rest of your life.

How to avoid wounds?

To avoid wounds from frostbite and sunburn, you need to follow these simple rules:

1. In young trees (the first few years of life), wrap the trunks loosely with ordinary medical bandages. Winding can be done at any time in summer or autumn (the main thing is that this work should be done before late autumn). Do not be afraid, there will be no constrictions on the trunk from bandages, but your plants will be reliably protected. Bandages, unlike whitewashing, do not wash off over time, and it is usually enough to carry out this procedure once every two years. It is very convenient. True, for adult apple trees with their thick trunks, this option can be quite expensive in terms of the cost of bandages. Therefore, over time, you will have to switch to whitewashing, although the use of bandages is more convenient, easier and more practical.

2. In adult trees, regularly carry out late-autumn whitewashing of boles and bases of skeletal branches with the composition: 10 liters of water, 2.5 kg of quicklime, 1 kg of clay and 03 kg blue vitriol. You can add 20 g of heated wood glue to this composition for sticking.

To avoid the invasion of mice, it is enough to tie late autumn trunks with spruce branches, which is more relevant for relatively young trees (as practice shows, apple trees older than 25-30 years old no longer attract mice). The binding should be very thick and prickly. Only in this case it can serve as a barrier to voracious creatures. At the same time, in no case should there be any gaps between the trunk and the spruce branches, since the mouse can easily penetrate through any smallest gap and do its “dirty deed”. You need to be especially careful with the upper and lower parts of the harness. In the lower part, spruce branches should be sprinkled with wet earth: then, after the onset of frost, they will freeze tightly to the soil and will not let mice through. At the top, the harness should be perfectly pressed against the trunk.

In order for hares to bypass your site, you can hang shiny black objects on branches at the end of winter, which hares are afraid of - for example, old magnetic disks (5.4-inch floppy disks) previously removed from containers.

Wound treatment

Any wounds are cleaned with a garden knife to healthy wood and covered with garden pitch. Large wounds (often these happen after the work of mice) are tied over with burlap, and then covered with an additional film. Keep such a harness usually up to next year, it happens - and longer, if the wound does not heal well, only periodically it is weakened.

shallow sunburn can be treated by furrowing the bark. This operation is carried out in May after bud break. With the end of a garden knife, longitudinal grooves are cut to the wood at a distance of 2 cm from each other and 5 cm above and below the damaged area. Such incisions in the cortex contribute to the active division of cambial cells, the restoration of sap flow and faster wound healing.

When treating large and poorly healing wounds, it’s a good idea to disinfect them with a solution of copper sulphate (300 g of copper sulphate per 10 liters of water) before puttingty with garden pitch, simply washing them with this composition once and letting them dry a little (within 20-30 minutes). To some extent, it stimulates wound healing, and also disinfects its ordinary garden sorrel. Having picked its leaves (they need to be rumpled a little in your hands so that the leaves give juice), you should then carefully wipe the surface of the wound and apply fresh and also crumpled oxalic leaves to it. Tie and close with burlap. A day later - remove two and repeat exactly the same operation 1-2 more times. After that, cover the wound with var.

Svetlana Shlyakhtina, Yekaterinburg
Author's photo

Sometimes a tree dies very quickly as a result of a devastating insect invasion or from dangerous disease. More often, however, the death of a tree is due to complex and slow processes with multiple causes, which are divided into biotic and non-biotic.

Causes of tree death

Nonbiotic

Non-biotic causes of tree death include environmental stresses such as flooding, drought, heat, low temperatures, ice storms, excess sunlight. Environmental stresses are especially detrimental to tree seedlings. Non-biotic pollutants and wildfires cause significant damage to both young and old trees.

Biotic

The biotic causes of tree death are largely related to plant competition. As a result of the struggle for light, nutrients or water photosynthesis may become insufficient - the trees begin to starve. Any fall of leaves or needles, whether due to insects, animals or diseases, can have the same long-term effect. The progressive decline in a tree's vitality due to starvation, pests and disease, and exposure to environmental stresses can eventually lead to the tree's death.

The durability of a dried tree depends on two factors - the size of the tree and the durability of its wood. Dead redwoods on the Pacific coast North America, as well as cedars and cypresses in the southern United States, can stand for more than 100 years. Dried trees of other species, such as pine or birch, are destroyed in less than five years.

Ecological potential of dead trees

A dried dead tree eventually loses small branches, which fall off and rot next to the tree. Over time, over several decades, the mass and size of a tree slowly decrease, and at the same time, viable ecosystems are formed in the tree itself and under it.

A dead tree has not yet fully exhausted its ecological potential and retains its ecological value for a long time. After death, the tree continues to play various ecological roles, influencing the surrounding organisms. Of course, the influence of dead trees gradually decreases as they are destroyed. But even destroyed tree structures can exist in various ecosystems for thousands of years, especially in wetlands.

A withered tree continues to have a huge impact on the micro-ecology in itself, next to it, and under it. So the tree can become a nesting place for a population of squirrels, becoming a den tree. On its boughs can nest large birds- heron, osprey, hawk, etc. The dead bark feeds insects that attract woodpeckers and other insectivorous birds. Fallen branches combined with undergrowth provide shelter and feeding grounds for quails and pheasants.

In forest ecosystems, the decayed remains of dried trees serve as a nutrient substrate for the growth of many new plants of various species.

Whole branches on your apple tree began to dry out? This is a wake up call. But in order to help the apple tree, you first need to identify the reason why the tree began to dry. In our article, we will talk about the four most likely causes.
The roots of the apple tree "bath" in ground water Oh
Drying of the branches may occur due to the fact that the roots of your apple tree have reached nearby groundwater. This happens with trees aged 5 to 15 years.
Also, trees can suffer from temporary flooding of the roots in the spring. A sure sign of the death of the roots is the dry top of the shoots. What to do? Most likely, your tree is doomed to death, since it cannot be saved from groundwater. For the future, keep in mind that in areas with close groundwater, you can plant trees only on dwarf rootstocks, the roots of which do not go deep into the ground. Or plant trees on man-made mounds.

Roots damaged by frost
This phenomenon happens quite often. We just often don't notice it. This happens if the frost hit in the fall before the snow fell. And in spring, the trees start to grow, which pleases gardeners. They even bloom, but then the branches begin to dry out rapidly. All because the roots are frozen. And the rest are not able to provide the whole tree with food and water. If the roots are severely frozen from frost, then it will not be possible to save the tree. If the damage is average, then try watering the trees with a solution of heteroauxin or Kornevin (according to the instructions), and spray the crown with Zircon.

Tree damaged by mushrooms
Fungal diseases can also cause the branches to dry out. Moniliosis is especially dangerous - a disease that causes extensive drying of the branches. Sick branches should be cut and burned, and the trees should be sprayed with Horus solution, you can even flowering trees. The drug will not harm the bees. To make the trees compensate for losses faster, feed them with nitrogen fertilizers, for example, ammonium nitrate(1 tablespoon per 1 m2) or urea if your garden is lawned.

Insidious May Khrushchev
Voracious beetle larvae cause a lot of harm to gardens and orchards. One larva is able to destroy the roots of a young tree and cause its death. At first, the tree dries up and falls off the foliage, then the branches dry up. Carefully dig under the tree - you are sure to find some disgusting beetle larvae. They must be destroyed.
How to help a tree affected by a beetle? It is good to water the trees so that the roots recover faster. Fertilize the soil with manure. For some reason, beetles are moving away from fertile, nitrogen-rich areas.

Garden at a former construction site the best solution
If construction "treasures" remain in the soil - concrete plates and other debris - the roots of the tree cannot overcome them, the result may be premature leaf fall. The situation can only be corrected regular top dressing mineral and organic fertilizers.

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There is a place on the site near the house. I planted cherries and quince there, but in the third year everything disappears. Cherries died this winter. I pulled everything out of the pit, dragged earth, sapropel, grass, fertilizers, moss ... Can I plant a peach here?

There is one generally accepted rule: if a tree or bush has died in the garden, it is not recommended to plant a new tree in the same place if the cause of death is not established.

In our garden, more than one tree has died in one place. Will replacing the soil in the planting pit help in this case? I think no. If the matter was unfavorable properties soil or lack of nutrition or moisture, the tree would suffer from the very beginning and would not develop normally for two years.

The fact that the tree dies after three years suggests that the causes of death lie deeper. landing pit, because in three years, the roots of fruit trees are already quite strongly developed and go deeper and wider.

If the roots rested against some harmless physical obstacle, a stone slab, then the tree should not die, just the roots will develop not in depth, but in breadth. So there is something bad in there.

If the tree begins to die from the top, then maybe the roots have reached the aquifer. In irrigated areas, the formation of perched water with long standing is a fairly common phenomenon. Perhaps a water-resistant clay layer is shallow, sloping just to the point where your tree grows and dies. The roots reach the water, and the tree simply suffocates.

A fruit tree dies approximately the same way if the roots reach a highly saline rock. Therefore, without finding out and eliminating the cause of the death of the tree, you should not step on the same rake, i.e. plant a tree there again.

Does changing the soil in the hole help?

A few words on another topic. You write that you replaced the soil in the pit, filling it with grass, moss, sapropel. Grass and moss, presumably for organic replenishment. Why sapropel? And what is it, where is it taken, from what source? Sapropel is a product of swamp formation, bottom sediments of a reservoir, in literal translation - “rotting silt”, i.e. mixture of bottom sediments with surrounding area and organic matter (plankton, duckweed, etc.) decomposing under anaerobic (without air access) conditions. If the reservoir is located within the city, then it will not be difficult to guess how many various substances, including heavy metals, get into it with spring and rain waters. So everything can be: someone carelessly used herbicides, and other pesticides, and industrial and household waste.

In addition, during the anaerobic process, ferrous forms of compounds are formed, including ferrous iron, which is poisonous to all plants.

I do not want to say that sapropel cannot be used at all. Can be used, for example, to increase fertility sandy soil, but it is necessary to know chemical composition. When silt, peat, sapropel and other natural products are used on an industrial scale, they must be carefully laboratory analysis, which gardeners - summer residents cannot do. So my advice to you is: no need to drag anything to your site.

A sad example is the mass infection of suburban areas with a bear. She did not come and did not fly, she was brought with manure and sand. If the manure is stored in a damp place, it is saturated with the eggs of the mole cricket. If the sand is taken from the periodically moistened shore of a reservoir, there may also be a bear in it. It is necessary to strictly choose what to use and what to refuse in your garden and vegetable garden.