New and old light time of change lesson. Lesson on new history topic: "time of change

MOBU Novobureyskaya secondary school №1

OPEN LESSON ON NEW HISTORY
TOPIC: "TIME FOR CHANGE"

(lesson held in 7th grade)

Developed and conducted: Kostyreva O.A.,

history teacher Novobureyskaya secondary school No. 1

Novobureisky settlement

Lesson Objectives:

Educational:

- to consider the most important events in the history of the 18th century that took place in England, France and the USA, to conclude that they radically changed social relations in these states, led to the destruction of traditional society and the emergence of a new - industrial one.

Developing:

- work on the development of students' speech, their ability to draw conclusions, analyze, look for cause-and-effect relationships.

Educational:

- introducing students to the culture of Western states, educating respect for universal history.

Lesson equipment:

Paintings: "Signing the Declaration of Independence", "Three Estates in France", "Life of Peasants in the French Village", "Sale of Slaves in North America" and others.
Multimedia installation and educational disk "General History" - Grade 7.

^ Introductory speech of the teacher:
Dear Guys! We finish our study of New History in the 7th grade. And today we will conduct a repetitive-generalizing lesson, in which we will consider the most important events of the 18th century that took place in three states - England, the USA and France. These events dealt a blow to the old feudal order, changing the economic, political, cultural life of Western society.

^ The purpose of our lesson:

- consider the features of the industrial revolution in England, explain the basic concepts and terms;

Recall the struggle for the independence of the English colonies in North America, find out its causes and results, tell about the most prominent figures in the struggle for independence;

- Find out the causes of the French Revolution.
Open your notebooks and write down the topic of today's lesson: "Time of Change".
Our lesson will be held in the form of the game "Clever and clever", as a result of which the guys who show good knowledge will be awarded "orders".
From each row, a representative of the team is called, who becomes the “smart guy” who answers at the board. There are “agonists” in the class who can answer questions that the “wise men” have not answered. In addition, the facilitator (teacher) asks questions directly to the guys sitting in the class. At the end of the lesson, the result will be summed up on which row there are the most "wise guys", and those guys who have the most correct answers will be awarded.

^ The game starts.

A representative is called from each team.

Teacher:

At our open lesson there are teachers of the school. They are invited to become members of the jury, the "Supreme Areopagus".

The facilitator will be assisted by a class student who will issue "medals" for correct answers.
In the last lesson, I asked team representatives to think about the question “What do you think the new story is?” and express your thoughts for one minute.

- The statement of "wise men" about the new history.
Teacher:

While the "smarts" are working at the blackboard, our "agonists" in the classroom are given an advanced task that they must complete during the game. We will refer to their assignments as we review the relevant topics.

Teacher:

The first agon is the Industrial Revolution in England.

(On the board are the paintings “Craft, manufactory, factory”, “Sale of slaves in the New World”)
^ Questions for the smart guys:

Question 1: What is the agricultural revolution?

Question 2: What is the industrial revolution?

Question 3: Tell us about the conditions of the industrial revolution.
^ Question for agonists:

Explain the difference between a manufactory and a factory (the guys refer to the picture).

Explain the concept of the Golden Triangle, what did it bring to entrepreneurs? (You can refer to the painting "The Sale of Slaves in the New World").

Who are Luddists?

Why did they destroy cars?

Name the most important inventions that led to the industrial revolution in England (Jenny's spinning wheel by James Hargreaves, steam engine by James Watt).

^ The second agon is the "War for the Independence of the British Colonies in North America".

Question for the smart guys:

Question 1: Causes of the War of Independence.

Question 2: What is the "Stamp Duty Law"?

Question 3: What event is known as the Boston Tea Party?
^ Question for agonists:

Each of the team representatives had an advanced task. From the description of the biography of the person they receive, they must conclude: “Who is this great figure?”

^ The children read the tasks and give their answers:

American educator, statesman, scientist. Born into the family of a poor craftsman. Giving all his free time to self-education, he became one of the most educated people of his time. They said about him “He took the scepter from tyrants, lightning from God” (meaning that he proved the electrical nature of lightning and showed how it can be obtained in the laboratory). He organized the first public library in Philadelphia, published his own newspaper. His last political act was the signing of a petition to abolish slavery.

(Benjamin Franklin)

Born into the family of a wealthy Virginia slave planter. He was rich, successful in business, independent in decision-making and opposed the British colonial policy. Among the Puritans, such personality traits were highly valued. He was entrusted with the creation of a regular US army, since he already had experience in conducting military operations against the Indians and the French.

(George Washington) He became the first President of the United States.

An outstanding thinker and humanist of his time, an Enlightenment figure, a Virginian planter and lawyer, one of the most prominent figures in the revolutionary war for independence. For him, the break with England was not just an achievement of independence, but a means of creating a state on the principles of popular rule and the natural equality of people. Author of the Declaration of Independence.

(Thomas Jefferson)

(According to the multimedia installation, the teacher shows portraits of these great figures)

Teacher: Guys, in front of you is the picture "Proclamation of the Declaration of Independence of the United States." Now we will find out what this most important document in US history contains. One of the "agonists" had a task: "Insert the missing letters in the text of the Declaration."

^ The student reads the text of the declaration with the words inserted by him.

Task: fill in the missing letters.
The Declaration of Independence proclaimed the principle... popular……… sovereignty and the right of the people to overthrow……….. power that violates his rights. The declaration proclaimed... equality………. people and such inalienable human rights as the right to life, freedom and desire for... fortunately.

Teacher: to find out the correct answer, let's turn to the document on page 214 of our textbook and read the text of the Declaration.

^ Questions for "agonists":

Before you is a picture - "The battle of the army of colonists with the British." Where do you think the British are drawn, and where are the colonists, by what signs can you prove this?

When was the US Constitution adopted and what did it contain?

(In 1787. Proclamation of a presidential republic. Legislative power - Congress).

What does the American flag mean?

^ Third agon. Causes and origins of the French Revolution.
Questions for the smart guys:

Question 1: Describe the life of the three estates in France before the revolution. (According to the picture).

Question 2: What was the position of the peasants in France before the revolution? (According to the picture).

Question 3: What are the causes of the French Revolution?
^ Questions for agonists:

France in the 18th century was an agricultural country. What does this mean?

What event is considered the beginning of the French Revolution? (fall of the Bastille)
^ Guys, we have the opportunity to see how this event happened.

An educational disk with a fragment of "The Fall of the Bastille" is shown for 5 minutes.

Teacher: Our "agonists" had assignments on the history of the Great French Revolution. Let's find out how they coped with these tasks.
Exercise: What is the name of this great figure of France.

While still in college, the young marquis became acquainted with the works of Rousseau and Montesquieu, dreamed of a society where natural human rights would be realized. When the English colonies in North America began the struggle for independence, a sense of justice determined his sympathy for the rebels. He left for the New World, where he equipped and armed the division entrusted to him with his own money. His exploits became known in France, and Voltaire called him "the hero of the New World." In France, he became chief of the National Guard.

(Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette)

^ Exercise: Paste missing letters.
May 5, 1789 in the Palace of Versailles, the king opened a meeting of ……… General…………… states. 270 deputies from the nobility, 291 deputies from the clergy and 600 deputies from third…………. estates took their places. Louis 16 ordered the approval of new taxes. The king's speech was... disturbance……. Third estate. On June 17, the deputies of the third estate declared themselves representatives of the entire nation - ... National………….. assembly.
Teacher: Guys, you can ask your questions to each other on the topic of our lesson.
So, let's summarize our lesson and write the conclusions in a notebook:
Today in the lesson we examined the most important events of the 18th century, which led to the gradual destruction of traditional society and the emergence of features of the future - industrial. In many ways, these events were prepared by the new ideology of the Enlightenment.
Notebook entry:

The events that took place in North America and France in the 18th century are called bourgeois revolutions, as they radically transformed society, establishing a republican system in these states.
The result of our game will be summed up by the "High Areopagus".

The results of the game are summed up, the guys who gave the correct answers are awarded with good marks, and those who gave the most correct answers are also awarded with “orders”.
Teacher: Guys, thank you for the lesson.
Literature:
1.Yudovskaya A.Ya., Baranov P.A. New story. 1500-1800.- M., Enlightenment, 2000

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Slides captions:

English in the New World

In 1607, a group of colonists who landed in what is now Virginia founded the city of Jamestown, named after King James I Stuart.

Thanksgiving Day The first colonists had to live in very difficult conditions: fight cold and hunger, clear forests, build dwellings and fortifications

Among the settlers were many English, Scots and Irish. Some were driven by need and the hope of getting rich in a new place, others fled from justice, many fled from religious persecution. They were determined and independent people. The "spirit of freedom" was characteristic of the first Americans, and their descendants are still proud of this feature of the national character.

In 1620, a group of English Puritans set off for the New World on the Mayflower ship.

England on the shores of America -The core of the modern United States was 13 colonies - The center of business and trade activity in New England was Boston, the capital of Massachusetts

Early American society Elite: large landowners, merchants, bankers, owners of manufactories Middle layer: farmers, merchants, artisans, lawyers Niza: peasants, indentured servants, Negro slaves.

At the head of the colonies were governors appointed by the English crown. Under them, there were assemblies representing the full-fledged white male population. Women, blacks and Indians had no political rights.

The relationship of the colonies with Britain was unequal. From America to Britain they exported furs, grain, wood, tobacco, and fish. Machine tools and equipment, essential goods were supplied from Britain, while it was forbidden to export the latest mechanisms to the New World.

1765 - Stamp Act The tax was imposed on all commercial transactions, publishing activities and legal transactions. A wave of indignation arose in the colonies. The Sons of Liberty Society urged Americans "to be no more slaves of the English." England has abolished most taxes, leaving only one for tea.

"Boston Tea Party" In 1773, a large cargo of tea was brought to Boston at a deliberately low price. He was assigned the role of bait, the British authorities hoped that the Americans would not last long without this product. But the colonists continued the boycott. Bostonians, disguised as Indians, carried away a crowd of citizens to the port to the battle cries and, having boarded the ships, sown all the tea in the sea.

"Boston Tea Party"

The British began to urgently transfer additional troops to the New World. The Americans began to realize that they are a single community, they have their own economic interests, culture and their own destiny, and their paths with England may diverge.

Homework paragraph 28. Textbook Dmitriev O.V.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Biology lesson Grade 6 "Gifts of the Old and New Worlds"

Biology lesson "Gifts of the Old and New Worlds" in the 6th grade. Developed and tested in 2012 in general education grade 6....

This topic is considered in the 5th grade according to the textbook by N. Petrova and Maximova on the Federal State Educational Standard. I wanted to structure the lesson ....

Not slow to take advantage of the discovery of Columbus, the Spaniards and the Portuguese created huge empires in Central and South America. Much later, the development of North America, which at first glance was not so rich, began.

Until the end of his days, Columbus did not admit that he could not get to India. But other Spaniards soon decided that by chance they stumbled upon vast uncharted lands that can be robbed, conquered and converted with impunity. In this adventure, they had no rivals except the Portuguese, who accidentally discovered Brazil in 1500. Since this country lay to the east of the line drawn in 1494 for dividing the newly discovered lands into zones of Spanish and Portuguese influence, it became a Portuguese colony. Spain was given all the rest of Central and South America from New Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, as well as - theoretically - less fertile lands further north, in which the Spaniards showed little interest.

The Spaniards initially occupied the largest islands in the Caribbean. Many settlers took up agriculture in the new lands, and as early as 1501 they began to import slaves from Africa. But easy loot - gold, silver and precious stones - turned out to be much less than expected. Therefore, ambitious nobles and petty nobles, who did not have time to make their own fortune, easily recruited mercenaries for new dangerous expeditions deep into the American continent.

It was these people - the leaders and their henchmen - who gained the dubious fame of conquistadors ("conquerors"). For the good of Spain and the Catholic faith, these fearless and merciless adventurers defeated the great empires of the Aztecs and Incas. Any territory captured by them was declared the property of the Spanish crown, although all expeditions were undertaken solely at their own peril and risk. Quite often they received royal patents, which guaranteed positions and wealth if they were successful.

Rumors of a new empire

Since 1509, the first mainland settlements began to appear on the northern coast of South America. In 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. He immediately declared it the property of the Spanish king and confirmed the growing conviction that a huge expanse of water separates the New World from India, so desired by Columbus. And as soon as the legends of local tribes about the existence of a great and fabulously rich empire on the mainland reached the Spaniards, the New World ceased to be an inconvenient barrier and itself turned into a tasty morsel. The adventurer Hernando Cortes, who participated in the development of Cuba, took these rumors as a guide to action and became the first of the great conquistadors.

Cortes burns the ships

In 1519, Cortes decided to openly disobey the governor of Cuba and sailed to the coast of Mexico at the head of a detachment consisting of 600 soldiers, 17 horses and 10 cannons. Having landed on the shore, he made two symbolic gestures: he founded the city of Veracruz and burned the ships, making it clear to his comrades-in-arms that there was no turning back.

Having learned about the campaign of Cortes deep into the mainland, Emperor Montezuma sent messengers to him with a friendly message and at the same time ordered an ambush. When the stratagem failed, Montezuma, despite his vast superiority in strength, made no further serious attempt to stop the Spanish advance. The Spanish soldiers must have instilled awe in the Aztecs as gods descended to the earth, for they rode on unseen creatures, wore armor and weapons from an unknown metal (steel) and hit the enemy at a distance with their "thundering pipes".

However, the Spaniards themselves were no less shocked when in November 1519 they first saw the great capital of the Aztecs - the lake city of Tenochtitlan, which was not inferior to the largest cities in Europe. Cortes, to whom Montezuma gave the most cordial reception, at the first opportunity captured the emperor. Resignedly submitting to fate, Montezuma did everything that was required of him. And since the subjects revered their emperor as a deity, his removal from power plunged the state into complete chaos. However, it was at this moment that Cortes had to hastily return to the coast in order to prevent the attempts of the governor of Cuba to replace him with his protege. Returning to the capital, Cortes discovered that the governor left in the city had provoked the Aztecs to revolt with his cruelties. Moctezuma, wounded while trying to pacify his subjects, either died of his wounds or was killed by the Spanish. By force of arms, Cortes and a handful of his associates broke out of the encirclement, sent for reinforcements and managed to win over a number of Indian tribes to their side. Having significantly strengthened his forces, Cortes surrounded and besieged Tenochtitlan, and on August 13, 1521. the city fell after a desperate seven weeks of resistance. The dominion of the Aztecs was broken forever. Tenochtitlan was razed to the ground, and in its place grew the city of Mexico City, which became the capital of the "New Spain". The Indians - both enemies and allies - were enslaved. The bloody sacrificial religion of the Aztecs was ruthlessly eradicated, and the Indian tribes were forcibly converted to Christianity.

The conqueror of another great Indian empire was a man who was not inferior to Cortes either in courage, or in audacity, and even more so in recklessness. Francisco Pizarro was an illiterate adventurer who from the first steps took part in the colonization of the continent. In the 1520s Pizarro, fascinated by legends about the existence of a mysterious "golden empire" somewhere in the south, explored the coast of Peru and reached the city of Tumbes on the very border of Inca possessions. Convinced that there really was a lot of gold here, Pizarro persuaded the king of Spain to appoint him governor of the empire that had not yet been conquered. In 1531, having conquered vast coastal territories, he moved into the interior of the mainland at the head of an even smaller detachment than Cortes. The Inca emperor Atahualpa could at any moment destroy a miserable handful of mercenaries, but instead sent messengers with greetings and organized a decent meeting for the newcomers. As a sign of good will, the emperor went out to meet Pisarrovo at the head of a huge unarmed retinue. At the same moment, the Spaniards mercilessly killed the defenseless Incas, and Atahualpa himself was captured. And here the Indians who were left without a leader could not do anything. Atahualpa negotiated a ransom for his person - a myriad of gold and silver, the delivery of which took several months. But after paying the ransom, the Spaniards brought Atahualpa to "trial" and sentenced to death. And since by that time he had been converted to Christianity, they did not burn him at the stake as a sign of special mercy, but strangled him.

Meanwhile, other conquistadors established Spanish rule throughout Central and South America, and full-scale development of new lands began. The newly appeared gentlemen took up agriculture, taking the position of feudal lords.

Slave labor in the mines

The labor of the Indians was exploited with unheard-of cruelty on plantations and mines. Rich deposits of silver were discovered in Mexico and Potosi (present-day Bolivia), and in the 16th-17th centuries. the precious metal mined there was sent across the Atlantic to finance Spain's ambitious aspirations for European dominance. And as the Spanish crown spared no expense to achieve its ambitious goals, silver flowed generously into the European economic system.

Europe, in turn, also had a far-reaching influence on the destinies of both Americas. A so-called "Latin America" appeared, Catholic in religion, Spanish and Portuguese in language and culture. Diseases introduced by Europeans caused enormous devastation among the local population, giving impetus to the importation of black slaves from Africa. As a result of the mixing of the European, African and Indian races, an extremely diverse population was formed, practically free from racial prejudices. At the same time, the master class in Latin American society was dominated by Spaniards by birth or origin, and pure-blooded Indians usually constituted the poorest group of the population.

northward advance

Against the backdrop of the untold riches of Central and South America, the lands further north seemed less attractive to the Spaniards. The rest of the Europeans were also in no hurry to cross the ocean, and the successful development of these lands began only in the 17th century.

In the 1580s Queen Elizabeth's favorite, Walter Raleigh, twice tried to establish an English colony on Roanoke Island off the coast of Virginia, but failed both times. Jamestown (Virginia), founded in 1607, was the first colony to take root. Six years later, the Dutch, then at the height of their power, purchased the island of Manhattan from the Indians for $24 with the intention of founding New Holland, and in Canada, the French, under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain, established themselves on the banks of the St. Lawrence River and founded the city of Quebec.

New immigrants

The landing of the "Pilgrims" at Cape Cod went down in history, becoming a symbol of a number of distinctive features of the English colonial conquests. Unlike the Anglican settlers of Jamestown, the "pilgrims" were religious dissidents - Puritans (later they were called Congregationalists who did not agree with the creed of the Anglican Church and went overseas to practice their faith freely. Since then, the American colonies have become a haven for all those who were persecuted in their homeland (for example, Maryland - for Catholics, and Pennsylvania - for Quakers).

Puritan community

Fleeing religious persecution, the Puritans themselves showed the same intolerance, trying to impose their faith on others. The colony of Massachusetts, which grew out of a settlement at Cape Cod, acquired a particularly notorious reputation for its harsh puritanical customs. But with the influx of new immigrants, it became increasingly difficult to maintain religious supremacy. The colonies were settled by people of different faiths, who gradually learned to live peacefully with each other. The efforts of the pilgrims laid the foundation for the traditions of colonial self-government.

In 1664, the British captured New Amsterdam and the Dutch colony in Manhattan, renaming it New York. Little by little, other colonies were formed, the last - the 13th - of which was Georgia in 1733. Thus was laid the foundation of the future state - the United States of America.

Not slow to take advantage of the discovery of Columbus, the Spaniards and the Portuguese created huge empires in Central and South America. Much later, the development of not so rich, at first glance, North America began.

Until the end of his days, Columbus did not admit that he could not get to India. But other Spaniards soon realized that by chance they stumbled upon vast uncharted lands that can be robbed, conquered and converted with impunity. In this adventure, they had no rivals except the Portuguese, who accidentally discovered Brazil in 1500. Since this country lay to the east of the line drawn in 1494 for dividing the newly discovered lands into zones of Spanish and Portuguese influence, it became a Portuguese colony. Spain was given all the rest of Central and South America from New Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, as well as - theoretically - less fertile lands further north, in which the Spaniards did not show much interest (Fig. 4).

Sallying out of a fort on the island of Hispaniola (now divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic), the Spaniards initially occupied the largest and most accessible islands in the Caribbean. Many settlers took up agriculture in the new lands and as early as 1501 they began to import slaves from Africa. But easy loot - gold, silver and precious stones - turned out to be much less than expected. Therefore, ambitious nobles and petty nobles, who did not have time to make their own fortune, easily recruited mercenaries for new dangerous expeditions deep into the American continent.

Since 1509, the first mainland settlements began to appear on the northern coast of South America. In 1513, Vasco Nune de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. He immediately declared it the property of the Spanish king and confirmed the growing assertion that a huge expanse of water separates the New World from India, so desired by Columbus. And as soon as the legends of local tribes about the existence of a great and fabulously rich empire on the mainland reached the Spaniards, the New World ceased to be an inconvenient barrier and itself turned into a tasty morsel. The adventurer Hernando Cortes, who participated in the development of Cuba, took these rumors as a guide to action and became the first of the great conquistadors.

Meanwhile, other conquistadors established Spanish rule throughout Central and South America, and full-scale development of new lands began. The new masters took up agriculture, taking the position of feudal lords in a system that made them nominal defenders of Indian villages in exchange for the slave labor of the local population.

Rice.

The labor of the Indians was exploited with unheard-of cruelty on plantations and in the states. Rich deposits of silver were discovered in Mexico and Potosi (present-day Bolivia), and in the 16th - 17th centuries. the precious metal mined there was sent across the Atlantic to finance Spain's ambitious aspirations for European dominance. And as the Spanish crown spared no expense to achieve its ambitious goals, silver flowed generously into the European economic system.

Against the backdrop of the untold wealth of Central and South America, the lands further north seemed less attractive to the Spaniards. The rest of the Europeans were also in no hurry to cross the ocean, and the successful development of these lands began only in the 17th century. In these territories, colonies were created, populated by people of different faiths, who gradually learned to get along peacefully with each other. The efforts of the pilgrims laid the foundation for the traditions of colonial self-government.

In 1664, the British captured New Amsterdam and the Dutch colony in Manhattan, renaming it New York. Little by little, other colonies were formed, the last - 13 - of which was Georgia in 1733. Thus was laid the foundation of the future state - the United States of America.

New time is a period of world history, including the 16th-18th centuries. There are different interpretations of when the new time began, but it is most correct to consider the end of the Middle Ages in 1453, when Byzantium fell and the palm of messianism over humanity passed from Byzantium to Russia. The history course of grade 7 modern time tells that it ended in 1917, when catastrophic changes began in Russia itself.

The main sign of the advent of the New Age, in addition to the destruction of Byzantium and the rise of Russia, is the rise of Europe as a whole. In the Middle Ages, Western Europe did not surpass Asia in terms of development. The capital of the world was Constantinople. Around Byzantium, the foreign policy of the world powers was built.

Shortly before its fall, the Renaissance began. It happened in Italy in the XIV. This was the first sign of the beginning of the New Age. After the collapse of Byzantium, the world immediately learned about a whole galaxy of great geniuses: Leonardo da Vinci, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Nicolaus Copernicus. In the very first years of the New Age, there was an unprecedented qualitative leap in Europe's development in history. Geniuses began to appear in all fields of science. It began even before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, so it is incorrect to consider them the beginning of the New Age. They were prepared by a previous era, no longer related to the Middle Ages.

The massive interest of Europeans in the sciences was awakened due to the collapse of Byzantium. Europe has lost its former support, which forced it to look for alternative supports. The victory of the Saracens cut off the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles from Europe, making it impossible to travel to India by land. This is what made them look for him by sea.

The great geographical discoveries led to a unique economic breakthrough in world history. Over the course of a century, Western Europe turned from a continent equal in terms of life to Asia into the capital of the world. This was facilitated by the influx of gold from the new colonies. The influx was so colossal that by the end of the XVI century. in Spain, gold was already valued like bread is now. An ounce of gold was worth nothing, there was a hyperinflation of gold, which ceased to be an item of luxury and exclusivity.

The onset of the great geographical discoveries led to a moral crisis in European society. People stopped living according to the Laws of the Gospel and switched to earning money at any cost. The new principles dictated by the colonial world were the opposite of the teachings of Christ. This led to the fall of the authority of the Church and the emergence of Protestantism.

The millennial foundations of Europe were undermined. Protestants who did not want to live according to the Law of God began to declare war on the Catholic Church. This led to the Dutch Revolution, which was the first in a series of revolutions that ended the world of traditional values.

The reasons for the revolution in Holland are that the poor Spanish province did not receive the income from the colonies that Spain itself received. The Dutch felt left out and revolted. Soon they themselves became colonizers and went down in history as a major colonial power.

England also went to break off relations with the Church, and Protestantism won in Scandinavia, Estonia, part of Germany, and France. However, in the latter he led to religious wars, which were eventually won by the Catholics. Here the influence of Spain affected.

The history course of grade 7 new time tells that the 16th century made England and Spain the two most powerful and richest countries in the world. The English fleet became the king of the seas. Europe for a long time seized the championship in the world, and only in our days its geopolitical leadership began to be challenged by other races.

The economic breakthrough led to a scientific, technical and philosophical breakthrough. At the beginning of the XVII century. the world has learned what revolutionary philosophy is. Humanism was born, which, with its edge, opposed autocracy and traditional values. Humanism placed not God, but man at the center of the universe, and insisted that the main values in people's lives are universal, not religious.

Against the background of this ideology, protests against autocracy began to intensify. People began to think that democracy is the best system. This led to the great English Revolution of 1640. It led to the greatest civil war in the history of England, but even it could not undermine its power. The main result of the revolution is the fall of the autocracy and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, which has not fallen in England so far.

In the 17th century The main event in Europe was the offensive of Islam. The Ottoman Empire occupied the Balkans, Greece, Hungary, part of Ukraine and Poland. The crown of Turkish power was 1687, when the Turks, having gathered an invincible army, attacked Austria. Europe realized that Islam is much more terrible than all internal civil strife, immediately stopped the civil inter-religious war among Christians and united. As a result, Jan Sobessky defeated the Turks near Vienna in 1697, striking them with a cavalry attack, when the Turks were already carrying the green banner of Islam over the great immortal European city.

The onslaught of the Turks was stopped. Europe was saved, and Islam no longer reached such power as in the 17th century. and began to fade. The next important event was the fall of Spain. The hyperinflation of gold led to the fact that the Spaniards ceased to live richly. Gold was not valued, prices for consumer goods rose, and it turned out that Spain could offer the people nothing but gold, which. Fearing the same hyperinflation, no one wanted to buy in Europe. An absurd situation happened. Nobody needed gold. It has become an unnecessary product like dirt. This resulted in the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century. and the final collapse of Spain.

The history course of grade 7 modern times will tell students that in the middle of the 18th century England turned into a workshop of the world. The British managed their gold more competently than the Spaniards, they did not give it into the hands of people, saving it in banks, putting into the economy exactly as much as was needed to support it. As a result, in the 1750s, England became the greatest state in the world, capable of producing any product available to mankind. She was ahead of the whole planet, ranked first in terms of territory and population.

The end of the 18th century was marked by the industrial revolution, which led to the change from manual labor to machine labor. The existence of people has become easier, but the pace of life has increased. The economy began to acquire a modern character. The appearance of people has also changed, becoming close to modern. People's way of life, fashion, clothes have changed. Classical works of culture appeared.

The century ended with two more catastrophes. Revolutions in the USA and France. Their reasons are that the former were burdened by the position of those dependent on England, feeling the strength in themselves for independent national development, while the latter were burdened by the same, only already banal, lag behind the economy and the standard of living of France from England.

As a result, autocracy collapsed in France, and the country itself turned into a stronghold of a threat to the very existence of mankind. Russia saved the world from this threat. The United States did not have such ambitions as France, and therefore survived.

The victory of the American Revolution led to the emergence of the first democratic state on Earth. The United States became the first country where the values of humanism and the common good were officially triumphant. At first, the United States lagged behind the monarchies of Europe, but in the 20th century. it was the American state that established total and absolute control over the planet, imposing on humanity against its will its then developed values of humanism and the common good, which are now considered undeniable by all countries of the world.