Mineral fertilizers: main types and information on their use. Mineral fertilizers, their types and characteristics - what every summer resident needs to know

Classification of mineral fertilizers

Agriculture is one of the oldest occupations. Throughout history, mankind has managed to accumulate rich experience in the use of fertilizers and develop many of their options, as chemical structure, as well as in form and function.

When purchasing fertilizer, it is necessary to pay attention to several factors: ease of use, intended purpose, pricing policy, final benefits. Without taking into account the types of classification that will be discussed below, it should be noted that there are dressings in a different state of aggregation and form (liquids, powders, pencils, aerosols), as well as those intended for different parts plants - shoots, flowers, fruits, etc. Therefore, when purchasing, you should think about why you need fertilizer, how much you are willing to pay for it, and then choose the appropriate product.

Classification of fertilizers by origin

According to the origin, two types of fertilizers are distinguished - organic mineral fertilizers and proper mineral fertilizers. The first are the product of the vital activity of domestic animals. They, decomposing, turn into the corresponding microelements. The latter already contain the desired set of chemicals.

There is an opinion that "organics" is better than "chemistry", but this is far from the case. In organic fertilizers, often the amount useful substances too little or none at all. The use of chemical alternatives makes it possible to provide the plant with good nutrition.

Chemical classification of dressings

Scientists have studied the main minerals that plants need. This made it possible to create fertilizers, the action of which is aimed purely at improving the agronomic qualities of the land. Mineral fertilizer types are quite different. Among them, the most common are nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium supplements. Their combinations and alternatives are also being created.

potash fertilizers

Potash fertilizers are responsible for increasing plant yields. In addition, they allow green organisms to be more resistant to diseases and adverse factors. external environment. Potash fertilizers are not sold as a standalone product, they are combined with others. Here it is worth noting the following:

1. Potassium salt - contains potassium chloride and other minerals. It has the highest percentage of potassium (up to 40%), so it must be applied in the fall.
2. Potassium chloride - contains chlorine that is dangerous for plants and the environment, so handle it with care. It also needs to be applied in the fall to avoid harm to the plants.
3. Potassium sulphate - does not contain chlorides, therefore it is favorably tolerated by plants at any time. Both independent and complex mineral fertilizers are used.

Phosphate fertilizers

The presence of phosphorus in the soil is associated with the acceleration of flowering and fruit formation. But one should not think that the application of mineral fertilizers based on this trace element should be done before bud formation. Phosphorus is poorly absorbed by the roots due to its low solubility in water, so it must enter the soil in advance - in autumn or in early spring. Common drugs:

1. Simple superphosphate - has 12-25% phosphorus, is used to feed trees and shrubs.
2. Double superphosphate - contains twice as much phosphorus, since gypsum is excluded from its composition. They are also fertilized fruit trees and berry bushes.
3. Phosphorite flour - contains up to 25% of sparingly soluble phosphorus. Used on acidic soils(an acidic pH is needed to dissolve the trace element), which enriches this element for many years.

nitrogen fertilizers

Nitrogen is most often used in fertilizers, since its presence promotes the development of the above-ground part of the plant. Due to the variety of compounds containing this element, there are 4 groups of nitrogen fertilizers:

1. Nitrates. The nitrate form includes calcium and sodium nitrate. The drug is applied in the fall in small doses so that nitrates do not adversely affect a person. It is best to use fertilizers for growing greens, radishes, cabbage.
2. Ammonium sulfate. The drug is used to fertilize acidic soils, since it is not absorbed in others. Tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, cabbage are susceptible to it. It is introduced into the soil in autumn.
3. Amides. Urea is a vital nutrient for increasing yields in the garden. In autumn, it is applied under the roots of trees, previously diluted with lime (ratio 1:2).
4. Ammonium nitrate. The drug is partially soluble in water, so it has a complex effect - fast and slow. Crops such as potatoes, cereals, and beets are susceptible to it.

Other types of dressings

Not only mono-fertilizers are actively used, but also complex preparations. These are nitroammophoska, nitrophoska, ammophos and other combinations of phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium.

Another group of fertilizers is microfertilizers, which allow replenishing the supply of zinc, magnesium, copper, manganese, iron and other trace elements. The norms of mineral fertilizers of this kind are quite low, so they are introduced extremely rarely.

Rules for the use of fertilizers

In order for fertilizer to have a positive effect on the plant, it must be applied correctly. The timing of the introduction of the drug, the choice of form and other aspects are important here. The application of simple rules will provide you with a harvest for many years.

Mineral fertilizers: what rules should be remembered?

One of important rules- Fertilization time. It should be remembered that the stronger the fertilizer, the more it destroys the plant. Therefore, potash, strong nitrogen and other substances should be applied in the fall, in advance. This will allow them to enrich the soil and the excess to wash out with the water. Also in the fall, drugs are introduced that slowly dissolve in water.

Before fertilizing, it is important to analyze the composition of the soil, find out its alkalinity or acidity, since not all fertilizers work at any pH value. This can be done using litmus paper and other simple devices.

Feeding frequency - not less than important factor. When choosing a drug, look on the package for how often it is recommended to use it. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations and in no case exceed the dose, as this will adversely affect the plant.

Consequences of improper feeding

If the plant has an excess of fertilizer, this is also detrimental. Its leaves turn yellow, the stems are stretched in growth and weakened, the ability to bear fruit is lost, or the fruits are formed too early.

You can learn more about the rules for using fertilizers in the video below.

Garden owners and summer cottages, which are engaged in the cultivation of vegetable and fruit crops, use a variety of methods to obtain a rich harvest. And one of the most effective methods is the use of mineral fertilizers to enrich the soil and feed plants.

Article outline

Types of fertilizers

Fertilizers are of two main types:

• organic- these are useful substances, which are obtained as a result of the decomposition of animal and vegetable products.
• mineral fertilizers have an inorganic nature of origin and their composition does not have a carbon skeleton.

In this article, we will consider mineral fertilizers.

Mineral fertilizers are divided into two types:

• Simple - consist of one component.
• Complex - consist of two or more components.

The application of fertilizers in the complex is much more efficient, due to the fact that the soil comes with different acidity and the presence of various substances useful for growth, and it is very difficult to find out exactly what is missing.

The main types of simple mineral fertilizers:

Almost all of these types of fertilizers will be discussed in this article, except for microfertilizers - we have already considered them here.

1. Ammonium form, contains ammonium ions. This is an acidic fertilizer, which must be diluted with lime before use (for deoxidation). It is poorly soluble, so it is recommended to use it as a top dressing from autumn.
2. Nitrate fertilizers- This is sodium. It contains nitrogen in the form of an acid, due to which it is easily soluble in water. This form of fertilizer is alkaline and is recommended for use in acidic soils. Saltpeter can be used both in spring and in autumn or summer as a top dressing, but in small doses, otherwise in case of an overdose of saltpeter, nitrates accumulate in the fruits, which are harmful to the body.
3. Ammonium nitrate form, the nitrogen content in it is about 30 percent, the fertilizer is acidic, well soluble. It is quickly absorbed by vegetation. Ammonium nitrate can act even on unheated soil. Scattering it over the snow, she will melt it, paving the way to the soil.
4. has about 40% nitrogen. The fertilizer is acidic and lime must be added if used. It is well soluble and digestible by cultures. Urea is best used as a liquid top dressing., since in this case the fixation of nitrogen in the soil is much better. They need to fertilize the soil to the depth of root growth. If you spread it on the surface, then most of the nitrogen will simply dissolve.

Potash - this kind of simple mineral fertilizers, which contribute to the accumulation of starch and sugar in plants. They give plants resistance to various diseases and unfavorable weather (heat, frost).

Potash fertilizers include:

• – it is obtained from potash ores. It has dual properties due to the fact that it contains chlorine, which is not suitable for all crops, but due to the presence of many other useful elements in the composition, it is useful. Potassium chloride is recommended to be used in the fall, so that there is time to wash out all harmful substances.
• – does not contain impurities, chlorine, sodium, magnesium. Therefore, they can fertilize all types of crops and in any season.
• Potassium salt - consists of potassium chloride, kainite and sylvinite, its properties are the same as those of potassium chloride. Read .

Phosphorus top dressing is necessary during flowering and fruiting.

Varieties of phosphate fertilizers:

• Phosphorite flour is a popular top dressing of the phosphorus group. It must be applied on soils with acidity, since phosphorus has an effect only in interaction with acid. One of the advantages of this flour is its longevity - having doubled the fertilizer, it will last for several years.
• Superphosphate simple - has sulfur and gypsum in its composition, it is used for any soil. Mainly used for feeding fruit and berry trees.
• Superphosphate double - does not contain gypsum, but phosphorus, unlike simple superphosphate, contains twice as much.

Their composition, as mentioned above, contains two or more trace elements. They are divided into types:

• by the number of trace elements - double, triple;
• according to the method of production - mixed, complex, as well as complex-mixed.

The most common types:

How to apply mineral fertilizers - the main principles

The process of feeding plants is very responsible and requires compliance with all standards. Having understood the varieties of fertilizers, it is clear that some of them can be used as the main ones, and some only in the form of top dressing.

Each species has its own norms and methods of application, which are described in the instructions. But there is general tips suitable for all kinds.

• The use of food utensils for breeding fertilizer is not desirable.
• Storage of chemical fertilizers should be carried out in vacuum packages.
• When applying top dressing, dosages must be strictly observed.

Experienced farmers are also advised to heed these tips:

• If top dressing with mineral fertilizers is carried out through the soil, it is necessary to avoid getting it on the vegetative parts of plants. If this still happened, then the plants need to be rinsed with water.
• The highest quality result of a rich harvest is achieved in the process of alternating organic and mineral fertilizers.
• Mineral fertilizers in dry form are recommended to be applied during top dressing to well-moistened beds, as a result of which the applied concentrate will be softened.
• For high-quality assimilation of trace elements, it is recommended to use liquid mineral fertilizers.

When laying dry fertilizers, you need to immediately cover them with a small layer of soil. The depth should be small so that top dressing is available to the roots.

Some tips from seasoned gardeners:

• If there is a shortage of nitrogen in the ground, then other fertilizers (potassium and phosphorus groups) without combination with nitrogen will not bring any benefits, so you need to apply them all in combination.
• With overgrown plants, it is better to use a foliar feeding method.
• Foliar top dressing of bushes and trees must be done in the spring, when the leaves have just formed.
• In the case of applying mineral fertilizers along with organic ones, their rate must be reduced by three times.

Fertilizers of the nitrogen form are recommended to be applied in the spring, as they are easily soluble, due to which they are quickly washed out with the flow of moisture from irrigation or precipitation. It is necessary to spread the granules immediately before sowing. You need to close them up to a depth of 10-20 cm. Or you can top dressing locally, pouring directly into the holes.

Which fertilizer is better - mineral or organic?

Methods of mineral feeding

Top dressing with mineral fertilizers can be done in two ways:

• root way, using dry or soluble mineral fertilizers, with their introduction into the soil with or without irrigation.
• foliar top dressing mineral fertilizers - this is spraying the vegetative parts of the plant.

Fertilizers can be used at all stages of land work.

• They are introduced in the autumn to restore soil fertility.
• Seeds are treated with various nutrient solutions of mineral fertilizers for a good start.
• Vitamin and mineral top dressing is introduced directly into the seedling furrows.

Proper use of mineral fertilizers

Based on the foregoing, it is clear that mineral fertilizers have many types, having different components, which is why they are not suitable for all crops. Some are for vegetables, others for trees.

Consider the most common types of plants and fertilizers suitable for them.

During the period of growing seedlings, the lack of any microelements manifests itself in slow growth, loss of color and fall of leaves. In the case of an excess of mineral components, there is a possibility of plant death or burns, which will also adversely affect the growth of seedlings. Therefore, you need to study the instructions and, according to the indicated dosage, make them.

Main components for good growth seedlings, it is nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Mineral fertilizer for cucumbers

A crop such as a tomato is very sensitive to the quality of the soil and the applied fertilizers. But tomatoes are still better to underfeed than overfeed. In order to avoid overdose, phased fertilizer is performed. It depends on the stages of vegetation of crops.

During the period abundant flowering fertilize with a combined solution of mineral and organic fertilizers, this is cow or bird manure and potassium sulfate.

During the formation of the ovary and their maturation, superphosphate and sodium humate are used. Also, mineral fertilizers can be mixed with.

With grapes, the feeding process is different. If the soil was fertilized when planting seedlings, then top dressing will not be needed for the next 5 years.

To get a rich grape harvest, you need the following elements:

• Nitrogen - as for any plant, it is needed to build up green mass. Application must be made in the spring. Fertilizing with nitrogen autumn period can be harmful, as excessive growth of greenery will interfere with the maturation of the vine.
• Phosphorus- necessary during the flowering period.
• Potassium - contributes to the early ripening of grapes and its vines. Also prepares grapes for wintering.
• Copper- improves frost resistance and enhances shoot growth.
• Bor - It is introduced during the period of ovary brushes and their growth, as it increases the sugar content of fruits and accelerates their ripening.

Many of the elements are in the ground, but with additional feeding, the grape harvest will improve significantly.

Mineral fertilizer compatibility table

Summing up, we can say that mineral fertilizers have great importance to obtain a rich and high-quality harvest. They are divided into two main groups: organic and mineral. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages, but subject to all requirements and norms, the result will be positive.

What are mineral fertilizers(be careful, the video is uplifting)

How much agriculture develops on Earth, the same number of people to receive good harvests apply organic fertilizers. Types and their characteristics must be taken into account when using, since each of them has its own characteristics. Some need to be applied to the soil in the fall, others at the time of planting, others throughout growing season. The value of organic matter lies in its beneficial effect on the condition of plants, in improving the soil, in increasing yields and in cheapness, because every farmer can prepare it in his personal subsidiary plot.

Organic fertilizer: what is it

Many will immediately say manure and compost. The answer is correct, but incomplete, because organic fertilizers are human and animal waste, as well as household and even industrial waste, which contain substances necessary for the development of plants in the form organic compounds. This may include:

bird droppings;

Feces;

Waste wood processing factories (sawdust, tree bark, etc.);

green manure plants;

Compost;

bone meal;

Humus;

complex organics.

Chemical composition

As you can see from the above list, there are a variety of organic fertilizers. Types and their characteristics mainly depend on the source of receipt, and in addition, on technological process fertilizer production. Each of them contains:

Calcium;

Special (a very valuable element that improves soil structure).

In small quantities, organic fertilizers include:

sulfurous acid;

Silicic acid;

Oxides of some metals and other chemical elements.

Let us analyze in more detail what and how much is contained in each type of organic fertilizer.

Manure

This very valuable fertilizer is nothing but the faeces of domestic animals, with the exception of cats and dogs. Depending on the type of animal, organic fertilizers of different composition are obtained. Types and their characteristics also depend on the stage of the cooking process, which are as follows:

Fresh manure (applied only in the fall, the soil is immediately plowed after that);

Semi-rotted (the straw in it becomes dark, easily divided into pieces);

Overripe (homogeneous dark mass);

Humus.

The higher the stage of manure preparation, the more it loses its mass, and the better the organic matter decomposes in it and the quality increases.

It is equally important on which bedding this fertilizer is prepared.

As can be seen from the table, there is very little calcium in pig manure, so lime is added to it.

Rabbit manure is also a good fertilizer. But from nutria, you can use only rotted manure or add it to compost.

Storage methods

Manure from different animals is, among other things, diverse organic fertilizers. Types and their characteristics directly depend on how they are stored. The methods can be the following:

1. Loose styling. Stacks up to 3 m wide and up to 2 m high are made from fresh manure, they are not covered with anything. With this method in stacks (t = +70 °C), the preparation process takes about 4-5 months, during which up to a third of the original mass is lost.

2. Tight styling. From fresh manure, the same piles are made as in loose laying, but the manure is compacted tightly and covered with an airtight film. In such stacks, the temperature does not rise above +35 °C even in summer. Decomposition with this method lasts about 7 months, and the original mass is lost up to 1/10 of the part. Dense stacking is the most acceptable storage method.

3. Loose laying with compaction. A low, loose pile up to 3 m wide is made from fresh manure. On the fifth day, it is rammed, and a new loose layer is laid on top. This is repeated until the stack reaches a height of two meters, after which it is covered with a film. Completely rotted manure is formed in 5 months.

How to apply

The use of organic fertilizers, in particular manure, has its own little tricks. Yes, for warm beds horse manure is ideal because it contains little water. It is buried in special trenches, pulled out along the perimeter of the beds, and after the need for it disappears, they are scattered across the field. On light soils, it is better to use manure from cows, and on heavy soils, from sheep, goats and horses. Under spring crops, fresh or semi-rotted soil is plowed into the soil in autumn, and humus is introduced in spring. If there is little fertilizer, it is advisable to apply it not to the entire plot, but only to the wells. When planting trees, it is very useful to add up to 10 kg of humus to each hole.

Important! Under no cultures can be applied fresh manure. It releases ammonia, which is detrimental to plants. There are no general norms for fertilizing, since they are different for each crop and directly depend on the quality of the soil.

In stores you can find manure extract. It is also an excellent fertilizer, but only for plants. It is useless for improving the condition of the soil.

Liquid organic fertilizers, their types and characteristics

There are the most various fertilizers that you can do yourself without spending Money. Those who have the opportunity, they use manure. It can be used in solid form, or it can be used to make liquid organic fertilizers - slurry and mullein. The latter is prepared by pouring water on cow feces. Use it for dressing absolutely any plants, even flowers. At the same time, they take 1 liter of mullein in a bucket of water. The slurry does not need to be prepared. It is the liquid part of manure. To liquid fertilizers include herbal infusions and even human urine, but more on that below.

As can be seen from the table, there is almost no phosphorus in this fertilizer, so superphosphate is added to the slurry (about 15 g per liter).

Litter

It is believed that the best organic fertilizers are obtained from the droppings of pigeons and chickens. The waste products of geese and ducks are somewhat worse in quality.

Bird droppings should be stored in closed containers or composted with peat, straw, sawdust, as it loses its nitrogen component very quickly. Bird is used for feeding vegetables, fruit and ornamental trees, shrubs, flowers. In its pure form, it is not brought in, but poured with water (1 part of organic per bucket of water) and insisted for up to 3 days. After that, it is again diluted with water, taking 1 measured part of the infusion and 10 - of water.

Human feces

Some gardeners do not even suspect what exotic types of organic fertilizers are. One of them is our feces. Previously, absolutely everything was fertilized with these waste products, they were even sold. Now this type of fertilizer is not popular, although it is almost the best. It should be noted that not only feces are called feces, but also urine, which is also suitable as a fertilizer. The only caveat is that nitrogen evaporates almost instantly from it, so the biomaterial must be covered with soil immediately after application.

As can be seen from the table, feces are ideal for improving soil quality.

Of course, many farmers even disdain to think about using human feces as fertilizer. For those who are more loyal to this, it is important to know what methods of preparing such organics exist. To remove an unpleasant smell, "raw materials" must be shifted with peat or, in last resort, leaf ground. Can also be arranged from foliage and plant debris compost heaps, laying feces in layers in them. They must be aged for at least 3 years.

Urine as a fertilizer is used immediately. For trees, it can not be diluted. For other cultures, it is desirable to dilute with water in a ratio of at least 1:4. It is also useful to water compost heaps with urine.

Peat

To the question: “What fertilizers are organic?” many will answer: "Peat". It is widely advertised, it is actively sold by everyone flower shops, it is sought to be used by many gardeners and gardeners. However, there are not so many substances useful for plants in peat to fertilize them all indiscriminately. Moreover, it must be taken into account that there are different types peat, which differ significantly in quality.

As can be seen from the table, peat, especially lowland peat, is advisable to use on acidic soils. It is necessary to use all types of peat only to improve the quality of soils, regulate their moisture content, as well as to create high-quality compost and for mulching any crops, but not for fertilizer.

Sapropel

Some types of organic fertilizers are familiar to us from balneological procedures in sanatoriums. Such is the silt of lakes, ponds, any reservoirs with stagnant water, called sapropel. Especially a lot of it is used in the Rostov region due to the huge reserves in Lake Nero. Sapropel, which is plant and animal remains, accumulates in reservoirs for decades. During this period, it gradually decomposes, turning into the most valuable organic fertilizer, in which there is a lot of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and nitrogen 4 times more than in manure. Sapropel can be used unchanged or added to compost. Before being introduced into the soil, it must be ventilated, shoveled and frozen so that all substances unnecessary for plants are removed from it.

Sawdust, tree bark, bone meal

There are cheap and very useful organic fertilizers for improving soil quality. Their types and characteristics are as follows:

1. sawdust. They perfectly loosen the soil, improve its moisture capacity and breathability, but absorb nitrogen from it. The acidity of sawdust is quite high (pH about 3-4), therefore, before making them, they should be mixed with slaked lime and complex mineral or only nitrogen fertilizers. You can also wet them with animal urine or liquid mineral fertilizers. It is better to use rotted sawdust or add it to compost heaps.

2. Tree bark. These wastes are used to create compost. To do this, fresh bark is crushed, put in a pit, complex moisturizing is added. The fertilizer will be ready in about six months, during which the bark pit needs to be periodically moistened and its contents shoveled.

3. Bone meal. It well reduces the acidity of soils and is ideal for wetlands. Bone meal contains all the elements necessary for the growth and fruiting of plants. The only caveat is that you need to use it only fat-free (evaporated and dry).

siderates

The use of organic fertilizers can differ significantly from the methods indicated above. It's about about green manure - plants sown on the field before planting the main crops or after harvesting. These include: sunflower, mustard, lupine, clover, legumes, oats, vetch, raspberry radish and other early crops that give a lot of green mass. The use of green manure is most effective on sandy and humus-poor soils, but can be practiced on any soil. According to the content of useful elements, green fertilizers are almost identical to manure. For example, lupine per 1 m 2 gives a green mass of about 4 kg. They contain an average of 18 g of nitrogen, 4.8 g of phosphorus, 6.8 g of potassium, 19 g of calcium, 4.8 g of magnesium. The technology for fertilizing the site with green manure is as follows: after harvesting the main crop, the seeds of the selected plant are sown on the field (some can simply be scattered across the field, others need to be planted in grooves), watered if necessary, and after waiting for the buds to appear, mow. Green mass can be plowed into the ground, folded into compost pits to feed livestock. Some green manures (mustard, in addition to fertilizing the soil, help to destroy bacteria in it, such as root rot, nematodes, late blight and others.

Nettle

If you need to fertilize a small garden, you can make excellent fertilizer from nettles. It is cut, put in a container and filled with water. Nettle fertilizer is being prepared for 3-5 days, during which the contents of the container must be mixed. To disappear bad smell, you can add valerian rhizome, and to speed up the process, add bread, yeast, sourdough. The finished fertilizer must be filtered and used by adding 1 measured part of it to 10 measured parts of water.

Complex organic fertilizers

This is one of the best, most balanced types of fertilizers, suitable both for plant nutrition and for improving soil quality. For their production in industry, the biofermentation method is used, which consists in the oxidation of organic elements with atomic oxygen. In this case, a type of chemical energy is released, which is unusually useful for needed by plants microorganisms. They produce complex organic fertilizers from manure, sawdust, manure, peat and similar natural products. The preparations "ZhTSKKU", "Piska", "KOUD", "GUMI-OMI", "Biogumus" are very popular. Basically, they are all concentrated and very easy to use.

Not everyone knows what types of fertilizers exist today. But in order to understand the types of fertilizers and their classification, you do not need to be a certified agronomist at all.

In nature, since ancient times, there has been a natural process of filling the earth with elements useful for plants. But a man appeared and made his own adjustments - he began to intensively exploit plots of land suitable for crops and seize more and more plots in order to increase the amount of agricultural products received.

During this process, there were practically no undeveloped lands left, and those on which crops took place began to be depleted.

The old method - to leave the land fallow (let it rest and gain strength) turned out to be ineffective, but a solution was found. Organic and mineral fertilizers appeared.

Separation of fertilizers by characteristics

Fertilizers are classified according to the following criteria:

Mineral, chemical and organic fertilizers

Organic and mineral fertilizers differ in their origin:

• Mineral, or chemical fertilizers - the result of work chemical enterprises which use inorganic substances in their production, mainly mineral salts.
• Organic - obtained from the components of vital activity. Therefore, they are a product of natural origin.

Further, the classification of fertilizers occurs according to the types of nutrients that they contain.

For example, chemical fertilizers are based on nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium.

According to the agrochemical significance, fertilizers are divided into direct and indirect. The former are a source of nutrition for plants, the latter improve soil properties. But such a division is very conditional, because. direct fertilizers are also involved in indirect interaction.

Direct fertilizers necessarily contain the main nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are added to the soil for crops. large quantity. Moreover, if chemical fertilizers contain only one element, then they are called simple. If two or more - complex.

Complex fertilizers can be double or triple (full). Such terms are introduced solely for the purpose of determining the presence of the main elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), since. in absolutely pure form they are not used.

The division of fertilizers into simple, mixed and complex indicates the way they are obtained:

• Simple, have only one element in their composition.
• Mixed, obtained in the process of mechanical action (fertilizer mixing).
• Complex, are the result of chemical reactions.

Also, in order to increase the efficiency of transportation and storage, concentrated and ballast-free fertilizers are produced.

Those fertilizers that are created for a specific soil and a specific crop are called balanced.

Mineral fertilizers

They are produced in three types - ammonia, contain ammonium sulfate, nitrate, the presence of ammonium nitrate and amide, urea is present.

• Ammonia nitrogen introduced into the soil with weak acidity is well absorbed by plants through root system and can be in it for quite a long time. Apply before sowing (in spring) and after harvest (in autumn).
• Nitrate nitrogen is introduced into the soil in the form of a solution, so its duration is limited. Applied with the beginning of spring. It is easily absorbed by plants and can be used in the summer as top dressing.
• Amide nitrogen is a fast-acting, soil-acidifying fertilizer. At high temperatures environment changes to the ammonia form. Mainly used for top dressing.

1. Based on phosphorus (phosphoric).

They are divided into water-soluble, semi-soluble and sparingly soluble.

• Simple and double superphosphate is an easily soluble fertilizer that is used on any type of soil. Careful mixing with water does not require, because. the dissolution process is easy and without mechanical action.
• The precipitate is a semi-soluble fertilizer. Insoluble in water, weak acids are used for this. Used on acidic soils.
• Phosphorite flour is a sparingly soluble fertilizer. Available to plants only on acidic soils. When making, requires thorough mixing with the soil.

1. Based on potassium (potassium).

They are concentrated chloride and sulfate salts.

• Potassium chloride is highly soluble in water. Penetration into the soil is somewhat slowed down. It is used on clay and loamy soils, taking into account that the roots of plants are poorly developed and require a quick supply nutrients.
• Potassium salt - easily soluble in water. Mostly used on sandy soils to compensate for the lack of potassium. In autumn, the use of this fertilizer is not desirable, because. rapidly washed out by groundwater.

1. Based on lime (lime).

Used to eliminate excessive acidity of the soil and enrich it with calcium.

1. Chlorinated fertilizers.

organic fertilizers

Biohumus, sapropel, humus, peat, manure, bird droppings, guano, compost are fertilizers that have organic basis. You can also add complex organic fertilizers to them.

Organic fertilizers are produced from substances that are formed as a result of the natural process of life of plants, animals and birds.

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of its state - slightly decomposed, semi-decayed, rotted and humus.

• The amount of nutrients in manure can vary depending on which animal it is derived from. Horse and sheep manure, for example, has less water and more organic and inorganic substances than in cow and pig.
• The effectiveness of manure application depends on its quality, applied volumes and soil and climatic conditions. It is used in spring and autumn, depending on the stage of its condition. Fresh - better not to use.
• Manure increases productivity not only in the year it is applied to the soil, but also for several years after that.
• Depending on the technology of its production, there is bedding (semi-liquid) and bedding-free (liquid) manure. They have some differences in composition, methods of use and storage.

1. Bird droppings - is considered the best organic fertilizer.

Especially chicken and pigeon. This fertilizer is best used in the fall, evenly distributed over the entire area. land plot, due to the high content of nitrogen in the nitrate form. The use of bird droppings in liquid dressings is the most effective.

1. Peat - contains not very many nutrients. But its use can improve the structure of the soil by increasing the humus content.

Peat fertilizer is distinguished by the degree of decomposition - high and lowland. Horse has the remains of vegetation and high acidity.

Peat is brought in almost at any time of the year. A prerequisite for application is the addition of lime.

1. Silt - is deposited at the bottom of water bodies (ponds, lakes, rivers). It contains a lot of humus and mineral elements in its structure. Before applying to the soil, it must be well ventilated (hold for some time on outdoors). Successfully used on sandy soils.

1. Sawdust and tree bark are an inexpensive way to increase soil fertility and improve its moisture capacity and breathability. It is introduced into the soil in a rotted form or with other components.
2. Siderates are tall plants plowed into the soil. They act on the soil in much the same way as fresh manure.
3. Complex organic fertilizers - consist of organic matter and minerals that are combined with chemical or mechanically. The result of processing bird droppings or manure by biofermentation.

Physical properties

The types of fertilizers and the classification of fertilizers also take into account the aggregate (physical) state. They can be solid, liquid or even gaseous. The use of gaseous fertilizers, for example - carbon dioxide, is carried out in complete isolation from the atmosphere.

After manufacture and transportation, before application, the physical properties of fertilizers can be changed.

A very important component physical properties, is the ability of the initial product to dissolve, because Plants get all their nutrients from water.

The types of fertilizers in this regard are diverse, but coarse-grained and granular ones are in the first place. This is due to the fact that with local application to the soil, the process of natural leaching slows down, and the period of action increases with minimal loss of useful components.

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Video - Fertilizer classification

Every summer resident knows that without fertilizers it is impossible to obtain stable rich harvests. Fertilizers help plants to ripen much faster, make the fruits juicy and healthy, and contribute to the accelerated restoration of the soil. There are many varieties of mixtures, each of which differs in its composition and specific application. In this article we will consider the main types of fertilizers, their advantages and features of use.

Whether you grow plants on your windowsill or have your own yard with beds and a garden, the use of fertilizers is an essential part of the process. To increase soil fertility, many substances are used, which are determined by the initial composition of the soil, the variety of the plant that you are going to grow, climatic conditions and your financial resources.

The main task of all fertilizers is to replenish the supply of missing substances in the soil for crop growth and crop maturation. Often the land needs several important elements, therefore, special nutritional complexes are created, aimed at comprehensive enrichment.

There are two main groups of fertilizers:

1. Mineral.
2. Organic.

Each of them is divided into a lot of subspecies depending on the substances used (nitrogen, manure, potassium, sulfur, etc.). The scheme "Types of fertilizers", set out below, clearly demonstrates all the diversity and multidirectional compositions:

Mineral fertilizers

Fertilizers are components of inorganic nature and are actively used in agriculture for several reasons. Firstly, you can buy them in almost any store, and the low cost allows you to choose an option for any wallet. Secondly, mineral fertilizers have a quick positive impact with a wide range of coverage. Thirdly, they are quite compact, and it is very convenient and inexpensive to transport them.

The composition of such "fast" dressings contains substances that do not have a carbon base. Typically, inorganic fertilizers contain various mineral compounds, such as acids, salts or oxides. Distinguish between simple and complex fertilizers. In simple ones, there is only one active component. They have a clearly directed effect. Complex ones are more versatile and are able to cope with several problems at once, for example, enrich the soil with many useful substances.

nitrogen fertilizers

Nitrogen blends have excellent diffusing properties, allowing them to quickly dissolve in liquids.

Such fertilizers are usually applied to the ground in early spring or late winter. During this time, they manage to give the earth most of useful components even before the plants begin to develop. But this general rule is far from suitable for all cases, so individual conditions should be taken into account when preparing a concentrated composition.

Ammonia fertilizers

Ammonia top dressings include more than 30% nitrogen. They are not recommended to be applied to podzolic soils, since there are not enough cations in the composition to nitrify nitrogen. This, in turn, negatively affects useful characteristics ah ammonium nitrate.

Saltpeter is perhaps the best fertilizer for potatoes. Since it is grown in large volumes, a lot of top dressing is required. The cost of saltpeter is quite low, which makes it possible to provide top dressing of the entire territory without significant costs. At the same time, the yield increases by 40-50% already in the first year after soil cultivation, the immunity of potatoes is strengthened (tolerates frosts, drought, is less affected by insects and diseases).

A unique feature of ammonium nitrate is its ability to act on soil that has not yet been warmed by the sun. Some experienced gardeners scatter it directly on the unmelted snow at the end of winter. She can feed grapes and various berry bushes (gooseberries, currants) in March-April so that the plants do not feel a nitrogen deficiency. In this particular case, saltpeter is even better than organic additives, which can only "work" in warm soil.

Important: ammonium nitrate is explosive, therefore, precautions should be taken during operation and storage. Protect it from overheating and foreign matter.

Nitrate fertilizers

Saltpeter is sold in the form of peas white color. It is used to enrich any non-saline soils, except for chernozem. The nitrogen content in the nitrate composition is insignificant - up to 17%. For this reason, a special technology should be used to release it - scatter fertilizer over the fallow until spring plowing. Saltpeter has time to release a sufficient amount of nitrogen for crop germination and at the same time does not lose useful characteristics due to interaction with air.

Important: nitrate fertilizers are strictly forbidden to be used in greenhouses. Also, they are not recommended for long-term storage, as they lose their useful properties.

If on your section easy soil, sodium nitrate should be applied in early spring using the row method. If heavy loam, processing is carried out in the middle of autumn. Today in the domestic market you can find only one type of saltpeter - "Sodium saltpeter technical grade CX".

Amide fertilizers

Amide fertilizers are created mainly from nitrogen and, depending on the additional substances, have different effects.

There are several varieties:

potash fertilizers

There are several types of potash fertilizers, depending on the percentage of potassium in the composition:

1. Potassium chloride contains the highest concentration of potassium - 50%. It should be applied in the autumn during digging, since chlorine will go into the lower layers of the soil, and its effect on plants will subsequently be minimal.
2. Potassium sulfate is intended for crops with severe potassium deficiency. It does not contain powerful impurities like chlorine, magnesium and sodium. This fertilizer is best suited for feeding cucumbers. The percentage of potassium is 46%.
3. Potassium salt is small crystals of a "rusty" color and is used to feed all varieties berry crops. It is added to the grant before autumn plowing at the rate of 150-200 g per sq. m.

Phosphate fertilizers

Types of phosphate fertilizers:

1. Simple superphosphate is an inorganic mixture containing 20% ​​phosphorus anhydride. Considered the best mix for any phosphorus deficient soil. It should be added depending on the moisture content of the soil. If the ground is very wet, simple superphosphate can be applied as groundbait as the plants grow.
2. Double superphosphate is a fertilizer with a higher concentration of nutrients than in simple superphosphate. It is more economical because it does not contain ballast components like CaSO4, as in the previous case. The phosphorus content can vary from 32% to 46%.
3. Phosphorite flour - the standards for the production of this fertilizer have not changed for more than 40 years. It is used to increase plant resistance to negative environmental changes on acidic soils, improve winter hardiness. Contains at least 19% phosphorus and about 35% calcium.

Complex fertilizers

The composition of complex inorganic mixtures includes many useful components that can bring plants back to life, strengthen their immunity, and develop fertility.

Types of complex fertilizers:

organic fertilizers

Compositions derived from natural natural processes processing of organic matter (faeces, peat, vegetable humus, bird droppings, etc.) are called organic. Such fertilizers contain a colossal concentration of nutrients in various ratios, so they must be used in small doses so as not to harm the plants.

manure fertilizer

The most popular and affordable fertilizer. Depending on its quality and soil characteristics, a portion of addition to the soil can be 6-10 kg per square meter. m. Often, manure is used with compost or diluted with water.

Slurry fertilize plants during the growing season. It should be diluted with water 1:5, and in order to improve the efficiency of the fertilizer, a little superphosphate should be added (about 40 g per 10 l).

Bedding manure is formed by mixing liquid and solid excreta. livestock. It helps to significantly improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the earth, making, for example, a sandy layer more stable or clayey - loose. It also reduces the acidity of the earth and normalizes its water and aerobic regimes. The value of bedding manure is determined by the animal that produced it, the quality of the feed, and the method of storage. The waste products of horses are considered the best fertilizer, followed by sheep, followed by cows and pigs.

fertilizer compost

Compost is obtained as a result of the decomposition of a variety of organic debris - leaves, peel, husks, fish bones, meat, etc. Many summer residents make compost pits on their site, where they put waste mixed with earth in layers, after which they leave everything to rot for a year or longer. Every year, all layers must be shoveled to obtain a uniform, high-quality compost.

fertilizer humus

Humus looks like a dark brown friable mass and is obtained as a result of the decomposition of manure. The characteristics of the fertilizer distinguish it from other types, since the humus contains the largest number useful elements. Accordingly, it has the highest fertilizer performance. However, to keep the humus useful qualities, it must be stored properly. The best option– stack fertilizer in piles. A 25-cm layer of peat should be laid on dense soil, then manure should be poured out and compacted into piles about 2 m thick. Then covered with earth 25 cm.

Fertilizer bird droppings

Bird droppings contain a very high concentration of nutrients. It can be used for any type of soil, while bird droppings are much more effective than even the most quality manure. It should be added as evenly as possible. If it is necessary to make a liquid top dressing of an individual plant, dilute the litter in water in a ratio of 1:10. Store in exactly the same way as in the previous case, however it will be useful to add peat and sod in a ratio of 1:2.

Peat fertilizer

Beautiful natural fertilizer saturated with nitrogen. The main drawback of peat is the lack of potassium and phosphorus, so it is recommended to mix it with inorganic fertilizers, feces, manure or slurry. Peat is used to fertilize plants and to enrich the land.

Fertilizer sawdust

Wood sawdust is an excellent loosening material. They retain moisture and air well, enriching the soil. They should be applied when digging along with inorganic fertilizers, dosing 3 buckets per 1 sq. m. If you do not add mineral mixtures, sawdust can mineralize and take all the nitrogen out of the soil, reducing its fertile characteristics. Accordingly, when digging, mineral fertilizers with a high proportion of nitrogen should be added.

The rational use of several types of fertilizers at once will help you get excellent harvests any crop without the risk of soil depletion.