Methods of protection against mechanical injury. Protecting a person from mechanical injury

To protect against mechanical injury, the following methods are used:
- unavailability of hazardous objects for humans;
- the use of devices that protect a person from a dangerous object;
- use of personal protective equipment.
There are many ways to ensure the protection of machines, mechanisms, tools. The type of job, size or shape of the material being processed, processing method, location of the work area, production requirements and restrictions help determine the appropriate protection method for a given equipment and tool.
Protective devices must meet the following minimum general requirements:
1) prevent contact. The protective device must prevent the contact of hands or other parts of the body of a person or his clothing with dangerous moving parts of the machine, prevent a person - the operator of the machine or another worker - from bringing his hands and other parts of the body closer to dangerous moving parts;
2) provide security. Workers must not be able to remove or bypass the protective device. Protective and safety devices must be constructed of durable materials that can withstand normal use. They should be securely attached to the machine;
3) protect from falling objects. The protective device must ensure that no object can get into the moving parts of the machine and thereby disable it or ricochet from them and cause injury to someone;
4) not create new dangers. A protective device will not fulfill its purpose if it itself creates at least some danger: a cutting edge, a burr or a surface roughness. The edges of protective devices, for example, must be folded over or fastened so that there are no sharp edges;
5) do not interfere. Safety devices that interfere with work can be removed or ignored by workers.
The greatest application for protection against mechanical injury of machines, mechanisms, tools are protective, safety, braking devices, automatic control and signaling devices, remote control.
Protective devices designed to prevent accidental entry of a person into the danger zone. They are used to isolate moving parts of machines, processing areas of machine tools, presses, impact elements of machines, etc.
Protective devices can be stationary, mobile and portable.
Protective devices can be made in the form of protective covers, doors, visors, barriers, screens.
Protective devices are made of metal, plastic, wood and can be either solid or mesh.
There are four general types of barriers (barriers that prevent entry into hazardous areas).
Stationary fences. Any stationary barrier is a permanent part of this machine and does not depend on moving parts, performing its function. It can be made of sheet metal, wire mesh, slats, plastics and other materials strong enough to withstand any possible impact and have a long service life. Fixed fences are generally preferred over all other types of fences because they are simpler and stronger.
Portable fences are used as temporary during repair and adjustment work.
Guards must be strong enough to withstand the loads from flying particles of the processed material, the destroyed processing tool, from the breakdown of the workpiece, etc.
Entry into the enclosed hazardous area is through doors equipped with interlocks that stop the operation of the equipment when they are opened.
Combined protective devices. The fence is equipped with a locking device. When the guard is open, the locking mechanism will automatically disengage or disengage and the machine cannot continue its cycle or start a new one until the guard is in place. However, replacing the safety device does not automatically turn on the machine. Interlocked guards can use electrical, mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic power, or a combination of these types of power.
Adjustable safety devices. Adjustable guards allow for flexibility in selecting different material sizes. Such devices are used, for example, on a band saw.
Self-adjusting protective devices. The opening of self-adjusting devices depends on the movement of the material. When a worker advances the material into the danger area, the safety guard swings open, opening up a large enough space just to receive the material. After the material is removed, the fence returns to its original position. Such a protective fence provides protection for the worker by establishing a barrier between them as a dangerous area. It is used, in particular, on woodworking machines and sawmills.
Safety (blocking) devices are designed for automatic shutdown of machines and equipment in case of deviation from the normal mode of operation or if a person enters the danger zone.
Safety devices can stop the machine if a hand or any other part of the body is inadvertently placed in the danger area. There are the following main types of safety devices: presence detection devices and retract devices.
Presence detection devices stop the machine or interrupt the work cycle or operation if the worker is within the danger zone. According to the principle of operation, devices can be photoelectric, electromagnetic (radio frequency), electromechanical, radiation, mechanical. There are other less common types of blocking devices (pneumatic, ultrasonic).
Photoelectric (optical) presence device uses a system of light sources and controls that can interrupt the working cycle of machines. Its work is based on the principle of converting the light flux incident on the photocell into an electrical signal. The danger zone is protected by light rays. Crossing a light beam by a person, his hand or foot causes a change in the photocurrent and activates the mechanisms for protecting or shutting down the installation. Similar optical devices are used in subway turnstiles. Such a device should only be used on machines that can be stopped before the worker reaches the danger area.
RF (capacitive) presence device uses a radio beam that is part of the control circuit. When the capacitive field is broken, the machine stops or does not turn on. Such a device should only be used on machines that can stop before the worker reaches the danger area. To do this, the machine must have a friction clutch or other reliable means of stopping.
Electromechanical device has a trial or contact rod that descends to a predetermined distance from which the operator begins the working cycle of the machine. If there is any obstacle for it to fully lower to the set distance, the control circuit does not start the work cycle.
Work radiation device based on the use of radioactive isotopes. Ionizing radiation directed from the source is captured by a measuring and command device that controls the operation of the relay. When crossing the danger zone, the measuring and commanding device sends a signal to the relay, which breaks the electrical contact and turns off the equipment. The action of isotopes is designed to work for decades, and they do not require special care.
Pulling devices are, in fact, one of the varieties of mechanical blocking. Retraction devices use a series of wires attached to the hands, wrists, and forearms of the worker. They are used primarily in percussion machines. For example, on a small press, when the plunger is at the top, the worker gains access to the area of ​​operation. As soon as the plunger starts to descend, the mechanical connection automatically removes the worker's hands from the operation area.
Emergency shutdown devices. These include: manual emergency shutdown bodies, rods that are sensitive to pressure changes; emergency shutdown devices with a shutdown rod; emergency shutdown wires or cables.
Organs for manual emergency shutdown in the form of rods, rails and wires, which provide a quick shutdown of the machine in an emergency.
Bars sensitive to pressure changes,- when you press them (the worker falls, loses balance or is pulled into the danger zone), the machine turns off. The position of the boom is very important because it must stop the machine before any part of the human body enters the danger zone.
Emergency stop devices with trip rod work by hand pressure. Since they must be switched on by the worker during an emergency, their correct position is very important.
Emergency shutdown wires or cables located along the perimeter or near the danger zone. The worker, in order to stop the machine, must be able to reach the wire with his hand.
Gates are movable barriers that protect the worker from the hazardous technological zone of the machine. The gate automatically closes in every machine cycle before the start of a dangerous technological operation.
Another use of the gate would be as part of a security system around the perimeter of the machine, where the gate protects the worker and those who may be nearby.

Automatic feed. The material being processed is automatically fed from the rollers or other feed mechanisms of the machine. This eliminates the need for a worker to act in a hazardous area.
Semi-automatic feed. In semi-automatic feeding, the worker uses a mechanism to place the workpiece under the machining tool. There is no need for the worker to reach into the danger zone, since it is completely closed.
Automatic reset. An automatic release may use either air pressure or some mechanical device to remove the machined workpiece from the machine, such as from under a press. An automatic reset can be linked to the operator's control panel to prevent a new operation from starting before the next workpiece is removed.
Semi-automatic reset. It is used, for example, on presses with a mechanical drive. When the plunger leaves the nip, the pick-up arm, which is mechanically coupled to the plunger, ejects the finished part.
Robots. Robots are complex devices that feed and remove material, assemble parts, move objects, or do other work that a worker would do without them. In doing so, they reduce the worker's exposure to danger.
It is better to use robots in high-performance processes that require the repetition of monotonous operations, where they can protect workers from the risks of this production. Robots themselves can create a hazard, and suitable protective devices must be used with them.
Other safety devices. Although the various safety devices do not completely protect against the danger associated with this machine, they can provide workers with additional protection.
warning barriers. Warning barriers do not provide physical protection, they only serve as a reminder to the worker that he is approaching a hazardous area. Warning barriers are not considered reliable protective measures when there is long-term exposure to any hazard.

Screens. Screens can be used to protect against flying particles, chips, fragments, etc. flying out of the processing area.
Holders and clamps. A similar tool is used to place and remove material. A typical application would be when a worker needs to reach out and adjust a workpiece that is in a hazardous area. For this, various kinds of tongs, pincers, tweezers, etc. are used. These tools should not be used in place of the other machine guards, but should be considered as merely an addition to the protection provided by the other guards.
Rails and strips for pushing material can be used when feeding material into a machine such as a power saw. When it becomes necessary to have hands in close proximity to the saw blade, such a rail or bar can provide additional safety and prevent injury.
Restrictive safety devices- these are elements of mechanisms and machines, designed for destruction (or failure) during overloads. These elements include: shear pins and keys connecting the shaft to the drive, friction clutches that do not transmit movement at high torques, etc. Elements of restrictive safety devices are divided into two groups: elements with automatic restoration of the kinematic chain, after the controlled parameter has returned to normal (for example, friction clutches), and elements with the restoration of the kinematic connection by replacing it (for example, pins and keys).
Brake devices subdivided according to the design into shoe, disk, conical and wedge. Most types of production equipment use shoe and disc brakes. An example of such brakes can be the brakes of automobiles. The principle of operation of the brakes of production equipment is similar. Brakes can be manual (foot), semi-automatic and automatic. Manual ones are activated by the operator of the equipment, and automatic ones - when the speed of movement of the mechanisms of the machines is exceeded or when other parameters of the equipment go beyond the permissible limits. In addition, the brakes can be divided according to their purpose into working, reserve, parking and emergency braking.
Application automatic control and alarm devices- the most important condition for the safe and reliable operation of the equipment. Control devices are devices for measuring pressures, temperatures, static and dynamic loads and other parameters that characterize the operation of equipment and machines. The efficiency of their use is significantly increased when combined with signaling systems (sound, light, color, sign or combined). Automatic control and signaling devices are subdivided: by purpose - into information, warning, emergency; according to the method of operation - on automatic and semi-automatic.
The following colors should be used for signaling:
red - forbidding, signals the need for immediate intervention, indicates a device whose operation is dangerous;
yellow - warning, indicates the approach of one of the parameters to the limiting, dangerous values;
green - informing about the normal mode of operation;
blue - signaling, used for technical information about the operation of equipment, etc.
On automated lines, red signal lamps are installed on machines and equipment that are not controlled by service personnel; green - on temporarily non-working equipment.
The type of informative signaling is various kinds of schemes, pointers, inscriptions. The latter explain the purpose of individual elements of machines or indicate the permissible values ​​of loads. As a rule, inscriptions are made directly on the equipment or display located in the service area.
Remote control devices most reliably solve the problem of ensuring safety, because they allow you to control the operation of equipment from areas outside the danger zone. Remote control devices are divided: by design - into stationary and mobile; according to the principle of operation - mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic and combined.
Safety signs can be warning, prescriptive and indicative and differ from each other in color and shape. The type of signs is strictly regulated by the state standard.
Ensuring safety when performing work with hand tools. In ensuring labor safety is of great importance workplace organization. When organizing a workplace, it is necessary to ensure:
- convenient design and correct placement of workbenches - free access to workplaces is required, and the area around the workplace must be free at a distance of at least 1 m;
- a rational system for locating tools, fixtures and auxiliary materials at the workplace.
It is advisable to install the workbench on stands, the height of which is selected according to the height of the worker. The workbench must be strong and stable, it is desirable to make its frame metal, welded from corners and pipes. When planning a workplace, you should strive to reduce the number of movements. Movements during the performance of work should be short and not tiring, if possible evenly performed with both hands. To create such conditions, a workbench or table, fixtures, tools, parts must be placed at the workplace, taking into account the following rules:
- all items that are taken only with the right or left hand are placed respectively on the right or left;
- items that are required more often should be closer;
- it is impossible to allow crowding of objects, their dispersion;
- each item must have its permanent place;
- You can not put one item on top of another.
To avoid injury, the following must be observed safety rules:
- when working with cutting and piercing tools, their cutting edges should be directed in the direction opposite to the worker's body in order to avoid injury when the tool breaks off the surface to be treated;
- the fingers holding the workpiece must be at a safe distance from the cutting edges, and the object itself must be securely fixed in a vice or some other clamping device;
- at the workplace, cutting and stabbing objects should be located in a prominent place, and the workplace itself should be freed from foreign and unnecessary objects and tools that can be caught on and tripped over;
- the position of the body of the worker must be stable, it is impossible to be on an unstable and oscillating base;
- when working with a tool that has an electric or any other mechanical drive (electric drills, electric saws, electric planes), you need to be especially careful to strictly follow the safety requirements, because a power tool is a source of severe injuries due to its high speed, for which the speed of human reaction is insufficient to turn off the drive in time at the time of the accident;
- the worker must be dressed in such a way as to prevent parts of clothing from getting on the cutting edge or on the moving parts of the tool (it is especially important that the sleeves of the clothes are buttoned up), because otherwise the hand may be tightened under the cutting tool;
- the mechanized tool is turned on only after the workplace has been prepared, the surface to be treated, and the person has taken a stable position, after the completion of the processing operation, the tool must be turned off;
- when processing brittle materials, a torch of particles is formed, flying out from under the cutting tool at high speed. Particles with high kinetic energy can cause injury, especially eye damage. Therefore, if there are no special protective screens on the tool, the person's face must be protected by a mask, eyes by goggles, work clothes must be made of dense material;
- when processing a viscous material, chips are formed (metal chips are especially dangerous), they wrap around a rotating tool, and then, under the action of centrifugal force, can fly off and cause injury. Therefore, the resulting band chips must be removed from the tool in a timely manner, after stopping it.
Hand tools can be equipped with additional devices to increase the safety of its use.

To protect a person from mechanical injury, two main methods are used: ensuring the inaccessibility of a person to dangerous areas and the use of devices that protect a person from a dangerous factor.

Means of protection against mechanical injury are divided into collective (SK.Z) and individual (PPE). C.Z are divided into protective, safety, braking devices, automatic control and signaling devices, remote control, safety signs.
Protective devices are designed to prevent accidental entry of a person into the danger zone. They are used to isolate moving parts of machines, processing areas of machine tools, presses, impact elements of machines, etc. from the working area. Protective devices can be stationary, mobile and portable; can be made in the form of protective covers, doors, visors, barriers, screens. Protective devices are made of metal, plastic, wood and can be both solid and mesh. On fig. 7.1 shows a stationary mesh fence of the hazardous area of ​​an industrial robot, and in fig. 7.2 - diagram of the robotized area. Entry into the enclosed hazardous area is through doors equipped with interlocks that stop the operation of the equipment when they are opened.
The working part of cutting tools (saws, milling cutters, cutter heads

Rice. 7.1. Stationary Mesh Fencing Industrial Robot

etc.) should be closed by an automatically operating fence (Fig. 7.3), which opens during the passage of the processed material or tool only for its passage.
The guards must be strong enough to withstand the loads from flying particles of the material being processed, the collapsing processing tool, from the breakdown of the workpiece, etc. Portable fences are used as temporary during repair and adjustment work.
Safety devices are designed to automatically turn off machines and equipment in case of deviation from the normal mode of operation or when a person enters the danger zone. They are divided into blocking and restrictive.
Blocking devices exclude the possibility of a person entering the danger zone. According to the principle of operation, blocking devices can be mechanical, electromechanical, electromagnetic (radio frequency), photoelectric, radiation. There are other less common types of blocking devices (pneumatic, ultrasonic).
Widely used photoelectric blocking based on

Rice. 7.2. Scheme of the security system of the robotic area

on the principle of converting the light flux incident on the photocell into an electrical signal. The danger zone is protected by light rays. Crossing a light beam by a person causes a change in the photocurrent and activates the mechanisms for protecting or shutting down the installation. Photoelectric interlocking is used on subway turnstiles. Radiation blocking based on the use of radioactive isotopes finds application. Ionizing radiation directed from the source is captured by a measuring and command device that controls the operation of the relay. When crossing the beam, the measuring and commanding device sends a signal to the relay, which breaks the electrical contact and turns off the equipment. The action of isotopes is designed to work for decades, and they do not require special care.
Restrictive devices are elements of mechanisms and machines,
m

designed for destruction (or failure) during overloads. These elements include: shear pins and keys connecting the shaft with the drive, friction clutches that do not transmit movement at high torques, etc. Elements of restrictive safety devices are divided into two groups: elements with automatic restoration of the kinematic chain after a controlled the parameter returned to normal (for example, friction clutches) and elements with the restoration of the kinematic connection by replacing it (for example, pins and keys).
Brake devices are divided according to their design into shoe, disc, conical and wedge. Most types of production equipment use shoe and disc brakes. An example of such brakes can be the brakes of automobiles. The principle of operation of the brakes of production equipment is similar. Brakes can be manual (foot), semi-automatic and automatic. Manual ones are activated by the operator of the equipment, and automatic ones - when the speed of movement of the mechanisms of the machines is exceeded or when other parameters of the equipment go beyond the permissible limits. In addition, the brakes can be divided according to their purpose into working, reserve, parking and emergency braking.
Automatic control and signaling devices (information, warning, emergency) are very important to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the equipment. Control devices are devices for measuring pressures, temperatures, static and dynamic loads and other parameters that characterize the operation of equipment and machines. The efficiency of their use is significantly increased when combined with signaling systems (sound, light, color, sign or combined). Automatic control and signaling devices are subdivided: by purpose - into information, warning, emergency; according to the method of operation - on automatic and semi-automatic. The following colors are used for signaling: red - prohibited

warning, yellow - warning, green - notifying, blue - signaling.
The type of informative signaling is various kinds of schemes, pointers, inscriptions. The latter explain the purpose of individual elements of machines or indicate the permissible values ​​of loads. As a rule, inscriptions are made directly on the equipment or display located in the service area.
Remote control devices (stationary and mobile) most reliably solve the problem of ensuring safety, as they allow you to control the operation of equipment from areas outside the danger zone.
Safety signs can be prohibitory, warning, prescriptive, index, fire, evacuation and honey. destination. The type of signs is regulated by GOST 12.4.4026-03.

The problem of injuries at work is one of the most acute problems facing the state and entrepreneurs in today's technogenic society. The risk factor is a serious organizational and psychological problem in the complex of measures for labor protection at work. Many machines and structures, technological processes should be considered as sources of increased danger to people. This is an inevitable by-product of scientific and technological progress. The definition of the technical aspect of risk is based on possible deviations of the parameters of technological processes and the reliability of equipment from normal, leading to unforeseen material consequences and human casualties. Among the technical causes of an accident at work, the causes associated with the insufficient reliability of production equipment, structures, devices or their elements occupy a special place, since most often they appear suddenly and, therefore, are characterized by high rates of injury severity.

The means of protection against mechanical injury include safety brakes, protective devices, automatic control and alarm systems, safety signs, remote control systems. Remote control systems and automatic signaling devices for dangerous concentrations of vapors, gases, dusts are most often used in explosive industries and industries with the release of toxic substances into the air of the working area.

Safety protective equipment is intended for automatic shutdown of units and machines when any parameter characterizing the operating mode of the equipment deviates beyond the limits of permissible values.

Thus, in case of emergency conditions (increase in pressure, temperature, operating speeds, current strength, torques, etc.), the possibility of explosions, breakdowns, and ignitions is excluded. In accordance with GOST 12.4.125-83, safety devices, by the nature of their action, are blocking and restrictive. Blocking devices according to the principle of operation are divided into mechanical, electronic, electrical, electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic, optical, magnetic and combined.

Restrictive devices according to their design are divided into couplings, pins, valves, keys, membranes, springs, bellows and washers. Blocking devices prevent a person from entering the danger zone or eliminate the dangerous factor during his stay in this zone. Particularly great importance is attached to these types of protective equipment at the workplaces of units and machines that do not have guards, as well as where work can be carried out with the guards removed or open. Mechanical interlock is a system that provides communication between the fence and the braking (starting) device. When the guard is removed, the unit cannot be braked and, therefore, put into motion. Electrical interlocking is used in electrical installations with a voltage of 500 V and above, as well as in various types of technological equipment with an electric drive. It ensures that the equipment is switched on only when there is a fence. Electromagnetic (radio frequency) blocking is used to prevent a person from entering the danger zone. If this happens, the high frequency generator supplies a current pulse to the electromagnetic amplifier and the polarized relay. The contacts of the electromagnetic relay de-energize the magnetic starter circuit, which provides electromagnetic braking of the drive in tenths of a second. Magnetic blocking works similarly, using a constant magnetic field. Optical blocking finds application in forging and pressing and machine shops of machine-building plants.

The light beam falling on the photocell ensures a constant current flow in the winding of the blocking electromagnet. If at the moment the pedal is pressed, the worker’s hand is in the working (dangerous) zone of the stamp, the fall of the light current on the photocell stops, the windings of the blocking magnet are de-energized, its armature is extended under the action of the spring, and turning on the press with the pedal becomes impossible.

Examples of limiting devices are elements of mechanisms and machines designed for destruction (or failure) during overloads. The weak links of such devices include: shear pins and keys connecting the shaft to the flywheel, gear or pulley; friction clutches that do not transmit movement at high torques; fuses in electrical installations; bursting discs in high-pressure installations, etc. Weak links are divided into two main groups: links with automatic restoration of the kinematic chain after the controlled parameter has returned to normal (for example, friction clutches), and links with the restoration of the kinematic chain by replacing weak link (for example, pins and keys). The operation of a weak link leads to a shutdown of the machine in emergency modes.

Brake devices are divided into:

by design - on shoe, disk, conical and wedge; according to the method of operation - manual, automatic and semi-automatic;

according to the principle of action - on mechanical, electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic and combined;

by appointment - for working, reserve, parking and emergency braking.

Protective devices - a class of protective equipment that prevents a person from entering the danger zone. They also enclose working areas located at a height (forests, etc.). Constructive solutions for protective devices are very diverse. They depend on the type of equipment, the location of a person in the working area, the specifics of hazardous and harmful factors that accompany the technological process. In accordance with GOST 12.4.125-83, which classifies means of protection against mechanical injury, protective devices are divided: by design - into casings, doors, shields, visors, slats, barriers and screens; according to the manufacturing method - into solid, non-solid (perforated, mesh, lattice) and combined; according to the method of installation - on stationary and mobile. Examples of a complete stationary fence are the fences of electrical equipment switchgear, the casing of tumbling drums, the casing of electric motors, pumps, etc.; partial - fencing mills or the working area of ​​the machine.

It is possible to use a movable (removable) fence. It is a device interlocked with the working bodies of a mechanism or machine, as a result of which it closes access to the working area when a dangerous moment occurs. Such restrictive devices are especially widespread in the machine tool industry (for example, in OFZ-36 CNC machines). vibration safety injury

Portable fences are temporary. They are used in repair and adjustment work to protect against accidental contact with live parts, as well as from mechanical injury and burns. In addition, they are used at permanent workplaces of welders to protect others from the effects of an electric arc and ultraviolet radiation (welding posts). They are most often performed in the form of shields 1.7 m high. The design and material of the enclosing devices are determined by the features of the equipment and the technological process as a whole. Fences are made in the form of welded and cast casings, gratings, meshes on a rigid frame, as well as in the form of rigid solid shields (shields, screens). The dimensions of the cells in the mesh and lattice fencing will be determined in accordance with GOST 12.2.062-81*. Metals, plastics, and wood are used as fencing materials. If it is necessary to monitor the working area, in addition to grids and gratings, solid protective devices made of transparent materials (plexiglass, triplex, etc.) are used. Guards must be strong enough to withstand the loads from flying particles during processing and accidental impacts of operating personnel. When calculating the strength of the fences of machines and units for processing metals and wood, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of flying out and hitting the fence of the workpieces being processed. The calculation of fences is carried out according to special methods.

To protect a person from mechanical injury, two main methods are used:

1. ensuring the inaccessibility of a person to dangerous areas;

2. the use of devices that protect a person from a dangerous factor.

Means of protection against mechanical injury are divided into:

1. collective;

2. customized.

Means of collective protection are divided into:

1. protective;

2. safety;

3. braking devices;

4. automatic control and alarm devices;

5. remote control devices;

6. safety signs.

Protective devices are designed to prevent accidental entry of a person into the danger zone.

They are used to isolate moving parts of machines, processing areas of machine tools, presses, impact elements of machines, etc. Protective devices can be stationary, mobile and portable; can be made in the form of protective covers, doors, visors, barriers, screens. Protective devices are made of metal, plastic, wood and can be either solid or mesh.

The figure shows a diagram of the robotic area.

Entry into the enclosed hazardous area is through doors equipped with interlocks that stop the operation of the equipment when they are opened.

The working area of ​​cutting tools (saws, milling cutters, cutter heads, etc.) must be closed by an automatically operating fence that opens during the passage of the material being processed or the tool only to let it through.

Guards must be strong enough to withstand the loads from flying particles of the processed material, the destroyed processing tool, from the breakdown of the workpiece, etc. Portable fences are used as temporary during repair and adjustment work.

Safety devices are designed to automatically turn off machines and equipment in case of deviation from the normal mode of operation or when a person enters the danger zone.

They are divided into blocking and restrictive.

Blocking devices exclude the possibility of a person entering the danger zone. According to the principle of operation, blocking devices can be:

1. mechanical;

2. electromechanical;

3. electromagnetic (radio frequency);

4. photovoltaic;

5. radiation.

There are other less common types of blocking devices (pneumatic, ultrasonic).

Photoelectric blocking is widely used, based on the principle of converting the light flux incident on the photocell into an electrical signal. The danger zone is protected by light rays. Crossing a light beam by a person causes a change in the photocurrent and activates the mechanisms for protecting or shutting down the installation. Radiation blocking based on the use of radioactive isotopes finds application. Ionizing radiation directed from the source is captured by a measuring and command device that controls the operation of the relay. When crossing the beam, the measuring and commanding device sends a signal to the relay, which breaks the electrical contact and turns off the equipment. The action of isotopes is designed to work for decades, and they do not require special care.

Restrictive devices- these are elements of mechanisms and machines, designed for destruction (or failure) during overloads. These elements include:

1. shear pins and keys connecting the shaft to the drive.

2. Friction clutches that do not transmit movement at high torques,

3. All kinds of fuses that interrupt the power supply in case of excess loads, etc.

Elements of restrictive safety devices are divided into two groups:

1. elements with automatic restoration of the kinematic chain after the controlled parameter has returned to normal (for example, friction clutches),

2. elements with the restoration of the kinematic connection by replacing it (for example, pins and keys).

Brake devices are divided according to their design into:

1. block,

2. disk,

3. conical,

4. wedge.

Most types of production equipment use shoe and disc brakes. Conical and wedge are used in mechanisms that use the principle of ratchets.

Brakes can be manual (foot), semi-automatic and automatic. Manual ones are activated by the equipment operator, and automatic ones - when the speed of movement of the machine mechanisms is exceeded or other equipment parameters go beyond the permissible limits. In addition, the brakes can be divided according to their purpose into working, reserve, parking and emergency braking.

Automatic control and alarm devices(information, warning, emergency) are very important to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the equipment. Control devices - these are instruments for measuring pressures, temperatures, static and dynamic loads and other parameters that characterize the operation of equipment and machines. The efficiency of their use is significantly increased when combined with signaling systems (sound, light, color, sign or combined). Automatic control and alarm devices are divided into:

1. by appointment

1.1. informational

1.2. warning

1.3. emergency

2. by way of operation

2.1. automatic

2.2. semi-automatic

The following colors are used for signaling:

1. red - forbidding,

2. yellow - warning,

3. green - notifying,

4. blue - signaling.

The type of informative signaling is various kinds of schemes, pointers, inscriptions. The latter explain the purpose of individual elements of machines, or indicate the permissible values ​​of loads. As a rule, inscriptions are made directly on the equipment or display located in the service area.

Remote control devices(stationary and mobile) most reliably solve the problem of ensuring safety, as they allow you to control the operation of equipment from areas outside the danger zone.

Safety signs can be warning, prescriptive and indicative and differ from each other in color and shape. The type of signs is strictly regulated by GOST.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

Protecting a person from the danger of mechanical injury and from dangerous factors of a complex nature

2 slide

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3 slide

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Mechanical injury to a person - - damage to the skin, muscles, bones, tendons, spine, eyes, head and other parts of the body. 3

4 slide

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Causes of injury: surface roughness; sharp edges and edges of tools and equipment; moving mechanisms and machines; unprotected elements of production equipment; moving products, materials, blanks; collapsing structures; falling from height; possible eye injury from sharp objects formed during the processing of materials. 4

5 slide

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All sources of mechanical injury are divided into really and potentially dangerous 5

6 slide

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Really dangerous sources of mechanical injury: surface roughness; risks, burrs; sharp edges and protrusions on parts of the equipment; moving workpieces when working on metalworking machines; working bodies of stamping and pressing equipment; abrasive particles when sharpening tools; moving hoisting machines and means of transport. 6

7 slide

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Potentially dangerous sources of mechanical injury: pressure vessels; stacks of materials, finished products (if stacked incorrectly, they can collapse); equipment maintenance platforms at height; stairs (if they do not meet safety requirements). 7

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Other causes of mechanical injury: falling on a slippery floor (there may be stains of oil spilled or leaked from the equipment on the floor); falling from height; collision with technological transport (trolleys, loaders) moving in the working area; the impact of robots and manipulators when a person enters their zone of action; destruction of containers under pressure; falling objects or a person from a height; collapse of building structures. eight

9 slide

Description of the slide:

Means of protection against mechanical hazards are divided into collective and individual 9

10 slide

Description of the slide:

Means of collective protection against mechanical injury. protective devices (casings, doors, shields, visors, slats, barriers, screens); safety devices (blocking, restrictive); braking devices; automatic control and alarm devices (information, warning, emergency, response); remote control devices (stationary, mobile); safety signs. GOST 12.4.125-83.SSBT. Means of collective protection of workers from mechanical injury. Classification. ten

11 slide

Description of the slide:

Meaning and scope of signal colors 11 Signal Meaning Meaning Scope Contrasting color Red Imminent danger Prohibition of dangerous behaviour. Identification of an immediate danger. Message about an emergency shutdown or an emergency condition of the equipment. Designation and location of fire equipment, fire protection equipment White Yellow Possible danger Designation of a possible danger. Hazard Warning Black

12 slide

Description of the slide:

Meaning and scope of signal colors 12 Signal Meaning Meaning Scope Contrast color Green Safety, safe conditions Help Message about the normal operation of the equipment. Designation of the evacuation route, first aid means. White Blue Prescription to avoid danger Requirement for mandatory action in order to ensure safety. Allow certain actions. White

13 slide

Description of the slide:

Meaning of basic safety signs 13 Group Shape Color Meaning Prohibition signs Circle with transverse stripe Red Prohibition of dangerous behavior or action Warning signs Triangle Yellow Warning of possible danger. Caution. Caution Mandatory signs Circle Blue Mandatory action to avoid danger

14 slide

Description of the slide:

The semantic meaning of the main safety signs 14 Group Shape Color Meaning Fire safety signs Square or rectangle Red Designation and indication of the location of fire protection equipment Evacuation signs and signs for medical and sanitary purposes Square or rectangle Green Designation of the direction of movement during evacuation. Rescue, first aid in case of accidents or fires. Safety lettering Indication signs Square or rectangle Blue Permission. Instruction. inscription or information

15 slide

Description of the slide:

Personal protective equipment against mechanical injury; special clothing; special shoes; hand protection; eye and face protection; head protection; safety belts; organizational measures (instructions, internships). fifteen

16 slide

Description of the slide:

Federal Law "On fire safety" dated 21.12.94. No. 69-FZ. GOST 12.1.033-81 "SSBT. Fire safety. Terms and Definitions". GOST 12.1.004-9 “Fire safety. General requirements". 16 Fire safety. Normative base

17 slide

Description of the slide:

Fire - uncontrolled burning, causing material damage, harm to the life and health of citizens, the interests of society and the state. Fire safety is the state of protection of an individual, property, society and the state from fires. Fire safety requirements - special conditions of a social and (or) technical nature, established in order to ensure fire safety by the legislation of the Russian Federation, regulatory documents or an authorized state body. Violation of fire safety requirements - non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of fire safety requirements. 17 Fire safety. Terms

18 slide

Description of the slide:

Flash - rapid combustion of a combustible mixture, not accompanied by the formation of compressed gases. Ignition - the occurrence of combustion under the influence of an ignition source. Ignition - ignition, accompanied by the appearance of a flame. Spontaneous combustion is a phenomenon of a sharp increase in the rate of exothermic reactions, leading to the combustion of a substance in the absence of an ignition source. 18 The combustion process is divided into several types:

19 slide

Description of the slide:

Self-ignition - spontaneous combustion, accompanied by the appearance of a flame. An explosion is an extremely rapid chemical (explosive) transformation, accompanied by the release of energy and the formation of compressed gases capable of producing mechanical work. The occurrence of combustion of substances and materials under the influence of thermal impulses with a temperature above the ignition temperature is characterized as ignition. The occurrence of combustion at temperatures below the autoignition temperature refers to the process of spontaneous combustion. 19 The combustion process is divided into several types:

20 slide

Description of the slide:

a set of organizational and technical measures to prevent, localize and eliminate fires, as well as to ensure the safe evacuation of people and property in the event of a fire. 20 Fire prevention -

21 slide

Description of the slide:

Organizational: proper operation of machines and intra-factory transport, proper maintenance of buildings, territories, fire-fighting briefing of employees, issuance of orders on strengthening fire safety. Technical: compliance with fire regulations, norms in the design of buildings, in the installation of equipment, heating, ventilation, lighting, proper placement of equipment. Measures of a regime nature: prohibition of smoking in unspecified places, production of welding and other hot work in fire hazardous premises. Operational: timely preventive inspections, repairs and testing of process equipment. 21 Fire prevention measures

22 slide

Description of the slide:

The use of building structures with a standardized fire resistance limit. Fire alarm. Automatic fire extinguishing installations. Evacuation of people. Devices to limit the spread of fire. Fire warning system. The use of PPE and SKZ. Smoke protection system. 22 Fire protection system

23 slide

Description of the slide:

Rescue is the forced movement of people outside when they are exposed to dangerous fire factors or when there is an immediate threat of this impact. Evacuation is the process of organized independent movement of people out of the premises in which there is a possibility of exposure to fire factors. Evacuation is carried out through evacuation exits. 23 Rescue of people in case of fire

24 slide

Description of the slide:

In order to ensure the evacuation of people from the object or the protection of people within the object, it is necessary: ​​to establish the number, size and design position of evacuation routes, exits; ensure the possibility of unhindered movement along evacuation routes; organize, if necessary, the management of the movement of people along evacuation routes (light indicators, sound and voice alarms); organize the use of PPE and SKZ of people from dangerous fire factors (shelters); the use of smoke protection systems should ensure non-smoke, temperature reduction on evacuation routes. 24 Rescue of people in case of fire

25 slide

Description of the slide:

water; water vapor is used in conditions of limited air exchange, in enclosed spaces with the most dangerous technological processes; water jets - for extinguishing solid materials, oil products; foam is used to extinguish solid and liquid substances that do not interact with water; gases - for extinguishing fires in electrical installations; powder compositions - for extinguishing fires of alkali metals and organometallic compounds; sand, soil. 25 Extinguishing media

26 slide

Description of the slide:

Advantages: cooling effect; dilution of the combustible mixture with steam (when water evaporates, its volume increases by 1700 times); mechanical effect on the flame; availability and low cost; chemical neutrality. Disadvantages: oil products float and continue to burn on the surface of the water; has high electrical conductivity. Sprinkler water fire extinguishing installations; deluge. 26 Water

27 slide

Description of the slide:

mobile (fire trucks); stationary installations; fire extinguishers. 27 Fire extinguishing apparatus

28 slide

Description of the slide:

are intended for the manufacture of extinguishing agents, are used to eliminate fires at a considerable distance from their location. They are divided into: tank trucks (water, air-mechanical foam); special (AP-3, PS and PSB-3 powder 3.2t); airfield (water, freon). 28 Fire trucks

29 slide

Description of the slide:

designed to extinguish fires in the initial stage of their occurrence without human intervention. They can be automatic and manual with remote control. They are divided into: water; foam; gas; powder; steam. 29 Stationary installations

30 slide

Description of the slide:

- devices for extinguishing fires with an extinguishing agent, which it releases after actuating it, is used to extinguish small fires. The following are used as fire extinguishing agents: chemical or air-mechanical foam; carbon dioxide (in liquid state); aerosols and powders containing bromine. Fire extinguishers are marked with letters (type of fire extinguisher by category) and numbers (volume). 30 Fire extinguishers

31 slide

Description of the slide:

By mobility: manual up to 10 liters; mobile; stationary. According to the fire extinguishing composition: liquid (the charge consists of water or water with additives); carbon dioxide (CO2); chemical foam (aqueous solutions of acids and alkalis); air foam; freon (freons 114V2 and 13V1); powder (PS, PSB-3, PF, P-1A, SI-2); combined. 31 Classification of fire extinguishers

32 slide

Description of the slide:

is a system of organizational and technical measures and means that ensure the protection of people from the harmful and dangerous effects of electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity 32 Electrical safety

33 slide

Description of the slide:

The effect of electric current on the human body is thermal (burns, heating vessels, nerves, heart and brain to a high temperature); electrolytic (decomposition of organic fluids, including blood); mechanical (convulsive contraction of muscles, throwing back, pulling away); biological (spasm, irritation and excitation of tissues and organs, a specific effect on the cardiovascular system - the effect of fibrillation). 33

34 slide

Description of the slide:

electrical injuries are clearly expressed local violations of the integrity of body tissues caused by exposure to electric. current or el. arcs. Usually these are superficial injuries, i.e. lesions of the skin, and sometimes other soft tissues, as well as ligaments and bones. electric shock is the excitation of living tissues by an electric current passing through the body, accompanied by involuntary convulsive muscle contractions. 34 Types of damage to the body e. current

35 slide

Description of the slide:

electric burn current; arc; mixed leather plating; 35 Electrical injury

36 slide

Description of the slide:

Electric shocks are divided into four degrees: I - convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness. II - convulsive muscle contraction with loss of consciousness, but with preserved breathing and heart function. III - loss of consciousness and impaired cardiac activity or breathing (or both). IV - a state of clinical death, that is, the absence of breathing and blood circulation. 36

37 slide

Description of the slide:

Reasons for the defeat of email. current Touching live parts under voltage; touching disconnected parts on which voltage may occur: in case of residual charge; in case of erroneous inclusion of email. installation or uncoordinated actions of service personnel; in the event of a lightning discharge in el. installation or near; defeat via email arc at voltage el. installations above 1 kV, when approaching an unacceptably small distance; the action of atmospheric electricity during gas discharges; liberation of a person under tension. 37

38 slide

Description of the slide:

38 Statistical data on the causes of people getting energized Cause of damage % Touching open live parts that are energized 56 Touching conductive parts of equipment that are energized as a result of insulation damage 23 Touching live parts covered with insulation that has lost its properties; touching current-carrying parts with objects with low el. resistance 18 Contact with floors, walls, structural elements, soil, energized due to an emergency ground fault 2 Electric arc shock 1

39 slide

Description of the slide:

voltage value; type of current (up to 500 V, alternating current is more dangerous); current frequency (the most dangerous range f = 40…100 Hz); current path through the human body; resistance of the human body (calculated value 1000 ohms); duration of the current; environmental conditions (temperature, humidity affect the resistance). 39 Factors affecting the risk of electric shock