Herd economy business plan with calculations. Growing crops

Food production is an actual business at any time. A guarantee of return on invested capital and the most entrepreneurial activity is both a steady and constantly growing demand, and various government programs aimed at the development of particular farms. Many citizens would like to open their own farm, but do not know how to do it and where to start. This article aims to answer the most popular questions for beginners.

What is KFH?

In the Russian Federation, the concept of a peasant farm is interpreted by the Federal Law No. 74-ФЗ “On a Peasant (Farm) Farm” dated May 11, 2003 as follows:

A peasant farm is an association of citizens related by kinship and (or) property, having property in common and jointly carrying out production and other economic activities (production, processing, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products), based on their personal participation.

A farm can be created by one citizen.

The farm carries out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity. The rules apply to the entrepreneurial activity of a farm, carried out without the formation of a legal entity. civil law, which regulate the activities of legal entities that are commercial organizations unless otherwise follows from federal law, other regulatory legal acts Russian Federation or essence of legal relations.

A farm may be recognized as an agricultural commodity producer in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

According to this law, as of April 1, 2017, 150,634 peasant (farmer) households (PFHs) were registered in Russia. They have the following key legal features:

• the main activity of the peasant farm should be aimed at the production, processing and sale of agricultural products;
• KFH is not an individual entrepreneur or a legal entity, however, after registration, its head receives the status of an individual entrepreneur;
• the head of a peasant farm may be replaced in case of inability to perform his duties within 6 months or voluntary renunciation;
• the change of the chairman of the peasant farm does not mean his exit from the economy;
• members of the KFH can only be persons who are related or related;
• persons who are not related to the head of the peasant farm (no more than 5 people) can be accepted as members of a peasant farm;
• KFH members act on the basis of a signed agreement with all key issues of activity prescribed in it;
• products, income and property of the farm, by agreement, are divided into shares or belong to all members of the peasant farm;
• all transactions of the KFH are carried out by its head;
• The peasant economy is liable with all its property for its obligations;
• a member of the farm can withdraw from the peasant farm, but is obliged to bear subsidiary liability for the obligations assumed by the farm;
• upon leaving the state of the peasant farm, its former member cannot receive a land plot of an instrument of production, however, he is paid monetary compensation in proportion to his share in the common property.

Possible activities

Growing:

• Grain crops: wheat, sunflower, barley, oats, rye, millet, corn, buckwheat…
• Vegetables: cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, pumpkins, peppers, eggplants…
• : onion, dill, parsley ...
• Berries and fruits: apples, strawberries, cherries, cherries, pears, plums, prunes, watermelons, melons, apricots…
• Nuts.

Breeding:

• Pigs, rabbits, goats, horses...
• Poultry farming: broilers, turkeys, geese, ducks, pheasants, ostriches…
• : carp, trout, silver carp, sturgeon, pike, carp, catfish, …

Production of the above:

• Meat and meat products: stew, sausages, smoked meats…
• Canned vegetables and fruits.
• Juices, puree, jam, jam.
• Own .
• , cereals, cereals, bran and other products from plant crops and animals.

Taxation of peasant farms

If a person creating a peasant farm wants to significantly reduce the tax burden on his farm, then he needs to decide on the choice of a special tax regime. A decision must be made upon registration of the farm or within 30 days after its establishment. The head of the peasant farm is given the choice between:

• simplified taxation system (STS) - 15% of the difference between income and expenses, or 6% of income.
• single agricultural tax (ESKhN) - 6% of the difference between income and expenses. An important condition is the availability of income from agricultural activities of more than 70% of total amount. If by the end of the reporting period it is less than 70%, then the whole year will be recalculated according to the general regime.

It is necessary to notify the Federal Tax Service of the chosen taxation system by submitting an application for the transition. If the head of the economy does not do this, then the peasant farm is automatically appointed general system taxation (OSNO).

BASIC is tax regime with the highest tax burden. However, a five-year grace period is provided for peasant farms, during which, on the basis of Art. 217 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, personal income tax is not paid on the income received. Also, one-time assistance for home improvement, development grants and subsidies from regional budgets are not subject to taxation. This leads to the conclusion that the general taxation system turns out to be beneficial for peasant farms if the farm receives VAT exemption.

The choice of one or another taxation system must be made after consultation with a tax specialist and taking into account the profile of the activity of the organized peasant farm.

Step-by-step instructions for registering a peasant farm in the Russian Federation

For state registration of a peasant farm, you need to go through the following steps.

Choosing a department of the Federal Tax Service

This is done at the place of permanent or temporary registration.

We form a package of documents

For registration of a peasant farm, a special form of appeal is provided, in many respects similar to an application for registration of an individual entrepreneur. An application for registration of the farm is submitted in the form P21002. The requirements for completing this form are similar to the requirements for the P21001 application. In the case of a personal submission of an application by the future head of the farm, there is no need to certify the application with a notary. The form is signed in the presence of the tax inspector.

The next document for registering a KFH is a copy of the passport. To be checked by an employee of the IFTS, the applicant must have the original with him. If the head of the household submits a copy of the passport, then it is not required to be certified by a notary.

The state duty for registering a peasant farm is paid using the same details and for the same amount as for - 800 rubles. You can ask for a sample receipt to fill out at the registration authority or fill it out yourself through the FTS service.

If in the future there will be several people in the KFH, then an agreement between the members of the peasant farm must be submitted to the Federal Tax Service. The agreement should spell out the powers of the head of the peasant farm, the duties and rights of members, as well as the procedure for distributing income.

Handing over documents

This can be done in person at a branch of the Federal Tax Service, by mail (with a declared value and an inventory of the attachment) and via the Internet. In the case of submitting a package of papers by proxy or by mail, the applicant must certify a copy of the passport and form P21002 with a notary. In the case of submitting a package of documents through an authorized person, a power of attorney will be required.

Use this service to apply online.

If the submitted papers are in order, then after 5 working days the farm will be registered, which will be reported. The end of the registration procedure is the issuance of a certificate of registration of an individual entrepreneur and an EGRIP entry sheet. These documents can be obtained by mail or in person.

Business Plan Example

Here is a farming business plan template for you to fill out yourself.

After a long period of decline, farms have again become one of the most attractive types of business that, with the right approach, can bring tangible profits to their owners. That is why the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcreating a peasant farm (KFH) is increasingly visited by many entrepreneurs, who, nevertheless, do not always know where to start in order to realize their plans.

Main activities of KFH

To begin with, it is worth deciding what constitutes a peasant farm as a business: an enterprise is considered a farm enterprise if at least 70% of its total profit is received from agricultural products. At the same time, the specifics of farming can be very different, including:

• crop cultivation
• breeding livestock and birds
• additional types activities

Of course, each of these areas of farming has its own advantages and disadvantages that must be taken into account when drawing up a business plan for a future enterprise.

Growing crops

The main advantage of growing crops is the constant demand finished products: vegetables, fruits, cereals, berries - all this is in demand among consumers, regardless of the season. An important point, largely determining how successful it will be this business, is the sales plan for finished products.
If the business is planned to be built on cultivation, it is also necessary to decide which crops will be included in the farming plan:

• cereals (wheat, barley, oats, rye, millet, corn, buckwheat, sunflower)
• vegetables (cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, pumpkin, peppers, carrots, potatoes, eggplants)
• fruits and berries (strawberries, cherries, cherries, plums, prunes, watermelons, melons, pears, apples, apricots)
• greens (onion, garlic, dill, parsley)
• mushrooms

This list of possible crops for growing may vary depending on the location of the future farm: for example, in the southern regions of Russia, it can include such fruit crops like quince, apricots, peaches and so on.
The disadvantages of this area of ​​farming include such a factor as a long return: this business is not designed to make a quick profit, since it directly depends on the time it takes to grow and harvest. Among other things, when drawing up a business plan for the development of such a farm, it is also necessary to provide possible risks associated with various force majeure circumstances, such as crop failure, damage to plants by pests and various diseases. That is why, in addition to the costs of purchasing seeds and seedlings, the plan should also include the purchase of funds chemical protection plants, fertilizers, as well as spending on the study and implementation of various new technologies for growing plants and increasing their yield.

Raising livestock and poultry

Raising pets and poultry is also a tempting business for those who are planning to go into farming. Before you start your business in this direction, you should also decide on the future direction of breeding, where it is customary to distinguish between:

• poultry farming (broilers, geese, ducks, turkeys, pheasants)
• animal husbandry (pigs, cows, rabbits, sheep, goats, horses)
• beekeeping
• fish farming (carp, trout, silver carp, sturgeon, pike, carp)

In this area of ​​farming, there is also a constant demand for finished products (meat, dairy products, fish, poultry, honey), which is one of the undeniable advantages that make the started business profitable. However, the disadvantages include various diseases that can affect livestock and lead to mass deaths, and therefore it is necessary to include an item on preventive measures, including vaccinations and regular veterinary examinations of pets and poultry, in the spending plan.

Additional activities

When the direction in which it is planned to start a farming business is chosen, it is also possible to add additional activities to its long-term development plan that will accompany the main one. In particular, livestock owners can start producing various meat delicacies (for example, such as sausage, stew, and so on) or dairy products (milk, cheese, cottage cheese, sour cream). Vineyard owners are able to start producing their own wine, and it is quite possible to supplement the grain growing business with their own bakery. However, additional opportunities for the development of farming will become really available only when the main business in the chosen area begins to generate a constant stable income. However, such potential opportunities need to be included in the farm business plan at an early stage.

Selection of land

So, overall plan, according to which the business will develop, is written - now it is necessary to start acquiring a territory suitable for farming (if one is not yet available). Of course, first of all, this issue concerns a land plot, which can be both acquired in ownership and rented at first. In order for the future business to develop successfully, you should pay attention to the following nuances:

1. The best location for farming land is close to major cities, where you can subsequently sell the finished product.
2. Availability of roads and well-established transport links between the site and major cities will significantly reduce the cost of delivering products to future buyers.
3. When choosing a location, you should definitely pay attention to the state of the environment around, since the purity of nature will certainly affect the quality of products.
4. According to the experience of specialists, it is more profitable to acquire an existing farming business and, if necessary, restore or modernize it, rather than starting a business from scratch. Therefore, when choosing a land plot, it is worth taking a closer look at the land on which closed or abandoned farms are located.

Main items of expenditure

Farming is a costly business that requires a significant initial investment. Practice shows that large farms with multifaceted specialization are more resistant to changes in the market situation, as well as profitable. However, to open such a large business, you will need an equally large start-up capital. Not many start-up entrepreneurs have impressive amounts, so in this case it is much more expedient to create a small highly specialized business, which over time can be transformed into a diversified economy.
When drawing up an initial investment plan, the following items of expenditure should be considered:

• purchase or lease of land
• construction on the selected site of the necessary buildings
• purchase of equipment and machinery
• purchase of seeds, seedlings or livestock
• carrying out preventive measures (fertilization, veterinary examination, livestock vaccinations)
• farm members' salaries.

You should also include in the plan the one-time costs of registration and paperwork required to start a farming business.

Composition of KFH members

A business plan for a novice farmer must contain a list of members of the team of the future farm. In most cases, it is based on relatives (not more than three families) who signed an agreement among themselves and chose the head with a decisive vote. Citizens who are not related to the one who founded this business can also be members of the farm, but their number should not exceed five people. The children or grandchildren of the farm owner can enter the family business when they reach the age of sixteen.
A small farming business can manage with 4-5 people working in it. At the same time, a farm that is starting to work will need the services of an accountant and a veterinarian (or an agronomist), who can work on outsourcing.

Registration Plan

When the overall picture of how to open a farm becomes clear, it is also necessary to draw up a phased registration plan, which can be roughly divided into the following points:

1. Payment of state duty.
2. Notarization of the application for registration.
3. Preparation of a package of documents for the IFTS.
4. Submission of documents to the IFTS.
5. Obtaining registration documents.
6. Registration in the Funds.
7. Receiving a letter with statistics codes from Rosstat.
8. Opening a current account.

A sample of filling out all the necessary documents can be found on the websites of the listed organizations.

Additional funding

Of course, one of the key points for those who plan how to open their own farming business is the start-up capital. If personal funds are not enough for this, the entrepreneur can take advantage of government programs aimed at developing agricultural activities in Russia. The plan of these programs includes the provision of long-term loans for up to 5 years. Moreover, such loans, as a rule, have reduced interest rates, as well as preferential interest payments from the second year.
In addition to loans, start-up entrepreneurs can also take advantage of government subsidies, for which it is necessary to provide the subsidizing authorities with a business plan for the development of the farm, as well as a plan for its fixed assets. In some cases, a petition from the city governor or the head of the district may be required to obtain a positive decision.
Citizens who have not reached retirement age and those who are not working can register as unemployed, as well as apply for self-employment in the field of agriculture: in this case, the state can allocate 50-60,000 rubles to open an individual entrepreneur in the field of agriculture.

The policy of import substitution creates favorable conditions for the development of farms. In addition, there are state support programs for young farmers. To receive such assistance, it is necessary to draw up a business plan for the farm with an analysis of this project.

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Services

In order to determine the services provided, it is necessary to analyze the demand for a particular type of activity at the location of the farm. This will ensure a higher demand for manufactured goods and a lower level of competition. And also the choice depends on the amount of land that is at the disposal of the entrepreneur, and the possibility of placing buildings on the site. Large-scale projects are more profitable, but it is better to start small, gradually increasing production capacity.

The most profitable services provided by the farm:

• sale of vegetables and fruits;
• sale of crops;
• sale of meat;
• sale of milk;
• sale of eggs;
• sale of cheese.

Additional services include the sale of:

• skins;
• wool;
• down and feather;
• manure;
• young.

The following types of services can be considered:

• farm tour;
• processing of production products;
• cafe with farm products.

Relevance

The relevance of the development of agriculture in Russia is as follows:

• the demand for environmentally friendly products is constantly growing;
• governmental support;
• improvement of the legislative base;
• farming is a highly profitable business.

Activities

The farm carries out the following activities according to OKVED:

• 01.1 Cultivation of annual crops;
• 01.2 Cultivation of perennial crops;
• 01.45 Breeding of sheep and goats;
• 01.46 Breeding of pigs;
• 01.47 Breeding of poultry.

In practice, it is more efficient to form household farms in the form of a mixed subsidiary plot. Conducting a mixed economy will expand the range of end products and minimize the risks of seasonality, which will increase potential profits.

poultry farming

Poultry farming requires much less time and money than other types of livestock farm. With the implementation of this area of ​​activity, it will be possible to involve fewer workers.

Eggs and chicken are those products that are always in the refrigerator of any of our compatriots. In addition, breeding birds does not require too large areas.

Rearing birds:

• laying hens;
• broiler chickens;
• geese;
• ducks;
• quail;
• guinea fowl;
• turkeys.

To open a small poultry farm, you will need a room of about 400 square meters. m. It should have an adjacent area for walking birds (at least 200 sq. m.).

The regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture say that areas for walking should have fences (in relation to the growth and size of birds) and drains. It is recommended to walk birds of different species separately, so you will need to make additional partitions inside the pasture.

Bird house requirements:

1. It is best to make a poultry farm out of wood or brick.
2. The floor should be covered with sawdust in a thick layer.
3. The premises should be divided into sections, where, as in the pasture, there will be different kinds birds.
4. Each section of the poultry farm should have a separate feeder and drinker.
5. According to the rules on one square meter three adults or 10 chicks must live. The calculation is given for chickens. Geese need 1 square. m. for each adult, turkeys - twice as much as chickens.
6. The room should be well ventilated, but at the same time be heated to a temperature not lower than +25 degrees.

Read more about what you need to start a poultry farming business from the channel “Main farming portal FARMER. RU".

Pig breeding

Almost the most profitable idea for entrepreneurs who decide to make money on meat business, there will be a pig farm. If you have 2-5 million rubles, you can open a modern high-tech farm with a population of 100 pigs. In this case, the diet will include all necessary components. The demand for pork in our country is higher than for other types of meat due to the lower price.

For breeding pigs, you will need a warm and ventilated pigsty. For a small number of heads, you can assemble a room from improvised materials: boards, chopped wood. But do not forget that pigs are curious animals, therefore, growing up, they will dig tunnels and easily break walls. The capital pigsty is located on strip foundation from bricks or gas blocks.

During construction, the following standards are taken into account:

• the height of the walls doorways- 2-2.3 m;
• height in stalls - not less than 1.3 m;
• for one adult sow - 3-4 square meters. m;
• for a boar - 4-5 square meters. m.

Young animals can be kept together in the same paddock. Upon reaching 6 months, piglets are divided into 2-3 heads in one pen. Adult animals are seated, as they are cocky and can cripple each other. That is, for 10 adults, you need to prepare a pigsty with an area of ​​​​at least 40 square meters. m. The price of construction and wall insulation depends on the region.

The pigsty must be divided wooden partitions. The light is not made very bright, as excess lighting makes animals aggressive. window openings- no more than 13% of the total wall area. Places are equipped with drinkers and feeders. For the first time, you can make drinking bowls and feeders with your own hands. There is a separate area for walking. It is equipped with a roof and fenced with a wooden fence.

The channel “Rabbits Rule!” will tell about the organization.

Sheep breeding

Developing a business related to sheep breeding has certain advantages. They are not only a stable income, but also a constant demand for farm products. At the same time, the products are not only meat, but also wool, as well as sheep cheese.

It is also a plus that any room is suitable for keeping animals, you can build it on your own. The sheepfold needs less constant cleaning (this is the advantage of ungulates over birds or, say, rabbits). But in order for your livestock to winter well, it is important to insulate the sheepfold. It is necessary to acquire an area for walking sheep, taking into account a further increase in the number of livestock (an average of 20 sheep per hectare).

Sheepfold requirements:

1. Too soft floor leads to foot problems in animals. The optimal cover is a layer of earth + a thin crust of straw.
2. Drafts should be avoided, so there should be no gaps in the room. The air temperature in the sheepfold in winter should not be below minus 12-15 degrees.
3. It is better to avoid bumps in the path of the sheep, in order to avoid broken legs.
4. In a room where sheep are kept, drinkers should be designed for a volume of at least 10 liters per head.

The cost of one breeding sheep of the common Romanov breed starts from 5 thousand rubles. The cost of a sire ram can be twice or even three times higher. On average, one ram covers up to 40-50 sheep, but practice shows that it is better to provide two flocks of 20 sheep than one for 40.

Channel “Almasbek. Әr qazaq bai bolsyn. provides information about sheep breeding.

agricultural crops

The process of cultivating and growing grain crops is closely related to animal husbandry. After all final product This industry, along with use in the food industry, serves as food for animals and birds. Cereals are the main ingredients of any compound feed. In addition, plant products are actively used in pharmaceuticals, textile industry and perfumery.

When planning a business, first of all, it is necessary to determine the specific crop that is supposed to be grown:

• wheat;
• corn;
• oats;
• sunflower;
• buckwheat;
• barley, etc.

Depending on the selected crop, a technological process is planned, including:

• features of soil cultivation;
• methods of sowing seeds;
• terms and technology of harvesting;
• types of fertilizers used;
• ways to protect plants from harmful insects and diseases.

About how to minimize drought when growing crops, filmed by the channel "technical".

Growing vegetables and fruits

In addition to cereals and cereals, entrepreneurs may be interested in floriculture, growing vegetables and berries. These areas have great prospects, and seasonality factors can be reduced through the construction of greenhouses and greenhouses. Such a business will be especially profitable in winter, when the price of fresh vegetables increases significantly.

Horticulture and viticulture is a fairly promising and profitable business. Unlike other areas, investments in such projects pay off for a long time. A period of 3 years or more is required, depending on the variety of selected trees. However, over time, you get a stable business with little cost to maintain it. It is necessary to choose ways to protect the crop from the undesirable effects of insects and crop diseases.

It should be remembered that the automation of the growing process has a positive effect on the yield of the farm, thereby increasing the profitability of the business.

Fruits and berries for growing:

• apples;
• pears;
• strawberry;
• cherry;
• cherries;
• watermelons;
• apricots;
• plums;
• melons.

Vegetables for growing:

• cucumbers;
• tomatoes;
• potato;
• carrot;
• beet;
• pepper;
• eggplant.

Greens for growing:

• parsley;
• dill;
• garlic.

Greenhouse requirements:

• light transmission - frame elements should not be too wide;
• the soil under the greenhouse must be stable at any time of the year;
• in areas that are flooded in the spring, greenhouses are not recommended.

The linvideo zp channel will talk about growing vegetables on an industrial scale.

Description and analysis of the market

The organization of a business should begin with the evaluation of a business idea according to the following criteria:

• characterize the target audience;
• determine the competitiveness of your project;
• analyze the share and dynamics of the selected market segment.

The characteristics of farms in Russia are as follows:

1. There is an increased demand among the population for agricultural products, which currently exceeds supply.
2. Import substitution policies minimize competition from foreign suppliers.
3. The volume of farm products produced by local farms is very low.
4. Over the past ten years, Russian farms have significantly lost their positions in the market.
5. The introduction of sanctions led to the formation of unfilled niches and an increase in the spectrum of unmet needs of the population.
6. High profitability determines the attractiveness of this business for small and medium-sized entrepreneurs.
7. The main difficulty for the successful functioning of domestic farmers lies in the sale of their products to intermediaries at low prices and the lack of independent entry into the market.

The target audience

The target audience of farms is divided into two segments:

1. В2В - purchase of products by legal entities for the purpose of further processing or resale. The most active buyers are regional and federal retail chains.
2. B2C is the purchase of products directly by the consumer. These are mostly working people aged 25-45.

Competitive advantages

Main competitive advantages farming:

• flexible pricing policy;
• environmental friendliness of products;
• the quality of agricultural products;
• delivery efficiency;
• branded packaging.

Advertising campaign

1. Logo design and corporate identity from scratch.
2. Naming (name of the farm).
3. Slogan development.
4. Designation and formation of philosophy and mission.

Mini-farms are a business where the main means of informing potential customers are the recommendations of regular customers. Therefore, it is especially important to monitor the quality of products. You can place ads in shops, markets and other crowded places.

Other channels for product promotion:

• local media;
• creation of a website on the Internet;
• social network;
• distribution of booklets with products to restaurants and cafes;
• billboards, banners.

Sales channels

Possible distribution channels for products:

1. Participation in exhibitions and thematic events. Usually only interested buyers gather at such events, so a competent presentation of your goods will help you get profitable contracts with buyers.
2. Participation in state, regional and commercial tenders. A somewhat costly option. The winner of the tender is determined on a competitive basis. However, this is one of the best options for finding a reliable and profitable buyer for large volumes of goods.
3. Sale in wholesale markets. An option to arrange deliveries to supermarkets, hypermarkets, and other stores. Cooperation with them will ensure long-term, constant and profitable sales of products.
4. Registration on the electronic platform for the sale of agricultural products. For example, on the state - Rosagrotorg. rf or regional - Saratovagro.
5. Selling through online platforms is convenient, inexpensive and fast. Buyers can always find the nearest supplier.
6. Membership in a marketing agricultural consumer cooperative. A kind of association of farmers, allowing joint efforts to sell the goods produced.

Governmental support

In Russia, the “State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets for 2013–2020” is being applied.

In order to support start-up agricultural producers, the following activities are carried out:

• providing subsidies;
• distribution of grants for various purposes;
• holding competitions;
• holding consultations.

To participate in the program, you must have the status of a beginner farmer, and the farm must meet the parameters of a micro-enterprise. A novice farmer is a citizen of the Russian Federation of working age who has an agricultural education or has at least 3 years of experience in agriculture. He is the head of the KFH and a registered individual entrepreneur.

The main parameters of a beginner KFH:

• the share attributable to a legal entity that is not a subject of small and medium-sized businesses does not exceed 25 percent;
• the average number of employees - no more than 100 people for small enterprises and 15 people for micro-enterprises;
• revenue excluding taxes should not exceed the limit values ​​that are set annually.

Additional conditions for participation in the program:

• KFH registered no more than three years back;
• marketable products are sold for at least 30 thousand rubles. per year;
• the head of the KFH is a citizen of the Russian Federation living in countryside at least a year;
• KFH can participate in each of the Program events only once.

The video shows step by step how to get land for the farm. Filmed by the channel Mikhalev Sergey is a business coach.

Step-by-step instructions for opening

After defining target audience and market analysis, the following steps should be taken:

1. Compose detailed business plan farm or purchase a ready-made sample.
2. Prepare documents for opening a mini-farm.
3. To find appropriate place under the enterprise.
4. Purchase equipment and supplies.
5. Decide on the need to hire staff.
6. Buy animals, seedlings.
7. Start your own bissnes.

Documentation

Peasant farming (KFH) is a form of business ownership associated with agricultural activities. KFH can be opened by one person or a group of people connected by joint management of the economy or family ties. The number of participants is limited to five citizens.

KFH is not a legal entity, and its head is recognized as an entrepreneur in accordance with the law. To carry out this type of activity, you must be a capable adult. It does not matter the citizenship of the entrepreneur. Registration is carried out simply by contacting the tax authorities at the place of residence of the head.

To register a mini-farm with the tax service, the following documents will be required:

• application for registration of a peasant farm;
• receipt of payment of state duty;
• entrepreneur's passport (original and copy);
• a document indicating the place of residence of the entrepreneur;
• agreement on the establishment of a farm (for several persons).

The registration procedure will take no more than five working days from the date of submission of the package of documents. The registration authority will submit the following documents:

• certificate of state registration;
• a document confirming registration with the tax office;
• extract from the EGRIP.

And also an entrepreneur can receive an information letter from the State Statistics Committee.

It is recommended that when submitting documents for registration, perform the procedure for switching to the UAT taxation regime. The unified agricultural tax is calculated taking into account VAT, income tax and property tax. This is the most suitable option for the farmer, since you will have to pay no more than 6% of the profit received. Payment is made once every six months, and reporting is submitted once a year.

Equipment and inventory

The choice of equipment depends on the type of farm.

Equipment and inventory for sheep breeding (flock of 100 heads):

Bird breeding equipment:

Greenhouse equipment:

Pig breeding equipment:

Photo gallery

Brooder for chickens Heat and pregnancy detector Incubator Feather plucking machine Hoof shears Lamb castration tongs Greenhouse 200 sq. m grain crusher

Staff

Depending on the size of the farm, it may require hired workers. In addition, a farm should have a veterinarian / agronomist (this is determined by the profile of activity) and an accountant on its staff. They can be family members or visiting part-time professionals.

Financial plan

Whatever direction of home farming a businessman chooses, he will still need initial capital. can be opened with careful planning of the size of investments and forecasting of income.

Features of the financial plan:

• a pig farm opens;
• the number of goals - 200–250;
• form of ownership - KFH with ESHN (the tax is 6% on net profit).

How much does it cost to open?

Costings.

Recurring costs

Farm fixed costs.

Income

The types of activities that bring the most income on the farm.

Calendar plan

Calendar planning for the opening of a mini-farm.

Stage	1 month	2 months	3 months	4 months	5 months	6 months	7 months	8 months
Market analysis	+	+
Business plan preparation		+
Registration of a package of documents			+
Acquisition and registration of land			+
Construction of a facility for keeping animals				+
Greenhouse installation				+
Summing up communications					+
Acquisition of agricultural machinery						+
Purchasing and stocking						+
Creation of feed stocks						+
Acquisition of young stock and seedlings, seeds							+
Recruitment							+
Opening								+

Risks and payback

When choosing agriculture as the basis for doing business, it is worth considering all the risks:

1. Crop production can be interfered with by insects, natural conditions and cataclysms. Not in all cases, their consequences can be quickly eliminated without incurring a significant loss. This risk can be minimized by regularly consulting with an experienced agronomist and independently gaining knowledge on growing plants.
2. Preferring animal husbandry, it is worth considering the likelihood of diseases that can affect the entire livestock and require its complete destruction. A veterinarian will help here, who should be regularly invited for a preventive examination of the livestock.
3. Interruptions in electricity and water. The risk is quite high. To neutralize it, it is worth taking care of the availability of backup sources of electricity and water supply.
4. Poor quality seedlings, young growth. You can minimize the risk if you choose suppliers and breeders carefully.
5. Rising food prices. You can not save on the quality of animal nutrition. This risk can be mitigated by developing own production fodder base (growing crops and vegetables).
6. Difficulties with the sale of products. Distribution channels need to be set up.

Many branches of agriculture do not require significant expenses, and their payback comes in a year.

A farm is a business aimed at growing crop or livestock products and their further sale. This is a demanded type of production, attractive for its availability for private entrepreneurs.

The industry has high level competition and poses significant risks. Considering that most of the market has already been captured, first of all, it is worth taking care of the distribution channels for products. A good, but costly solution would be to open your own store for direct deliveries and sales of goods.

The development of farming as a small business is stimulated in every possible way by the state through financial support and simplification of the system for obtaining all the necessary decisions.

Drawing up a competent business plan and conscious production can make a farm profitable business for an entrepreneur who is not afraid to take risks in such an ambiguous niche.

The idea of ​​​​creating your own farm

Creating your own farm is a type of business available to everyone. Even the lack of initial capital will not become a problem: with a well-designed business plan, it is quite possible to take a loan at a favorable percentage or even find a good sponsor interested in a quality product.

Economists consider farming a profitable form of small business. But, due to the technical progress of recent decades, some of these farms have closed down, giving way to the emerging monopolists in the form of distributors of genetically modified products. The existence of a lot of competition in this industry discourages many inexperienced entrepreneurs. Despite this, a natural quality product will always find its buyer.

There are several possible sectors for the development of farming:

• Plant growing.

1. cereal crops;
2. fruits;
3. vegetables;
4. greenery.

• Livestock:

1. cattle breeding;
2. poultry farming;
3. fish farming;
4. beekeeping.

It is not necessary to choose one specific direction. Many industries coexist perfectly in the complex. Thus, livestock products can become fertilizer for plants, and plants can become feed for livestock. It all depends only on the size of the territory and the initial capital of the founder of the farm.

Business plan development

Having decided on the niche of your production, it is time to create a business plan. The planning stage is the foundation of future income: it allows you to evaluate business prospects, calculate necessary costs and payback, to prevent possible risks.

Business plan development includes:

1. A summary, which describes the very idea of ​​​​opening a farm, selects a niche and sets clear production goals.
2. Study of competitive market and demand for products.
3. Description of the production infrastructure, territory and assets.
4. Sources or availability of initial capital.
5. Summary of financial expenses.
6. Sales channels.
7. Calculation of profitability and plans for further development.
8. Risk assessment.

When it comes to risk assessment, there are many possible “force majeure” events in the farming business. These can be sudden cataclysms, epidemics, problems with weather conditions or insects. You must always be ready for unplanned expenses, keeping part of the funds received in the appropriate fund.

Some start-up entrepreneurs strive to make their business plan as optimistic as possible and evaluate possible production only in ideal utopian conditions. The content of the business plan must be reliable, and calculations can be made in two versions at once: optimistic (usual average conditions) and pessimistic (completion of possible risks and termination of financing). In today's unstable economy, it is necessary to use the most up-to-date prices.

Obtaining a territory for a farm and collecting the necessary documents

In contrast to a personal subsidiary farm, a large subsidiary farm (large subsidiary farm) has a number of privileges for the sale of products, but for this it is subject to mandatory control by the sanitary and epidemiological services.

Opening your own CPH begins with the selection of a territory for production. There are several criteria for a suitable location:

• convenient road junction;
• proximity to the place of sale (city, warehouse, etc.);
• ecological clean area.

Citizens of Russia have the right to receive a farmer's plot free of charge if they express a desire to engage in agriculture. To do this, you must submit an application to the local government.

Depending on the chosen direction, you will need additional terms: large fields in the vicinity for cattle breeding, a reservoir for waterfowl or the presence of flower stalks for bees.

To officially obtain the status of a farm with the possibility of selling products, you must go through the following steps:

1. Payment of the state duty in the governing bodies.
2. Certification of the application for registration by a notary.
3. Submission of documents to the tax authority.
4. Collection of registration documents.
5. Registration in the relevant funds.
6. Obtaining statistics codes in the state statistics service.
7. Opening a current account.

During the registration process for different stages you will need the following documents:

• passport (original document and several notarized copies);
• documents confirming registration as an individual entrepreneur or LLC (application for state registration, receipt for payment of state duty tax, etc.).
• application for state registration of a farm in accordance with form No. Р21002;
• permission from the fire, sanitary and other services, depending on the chosen niche.

Arrangement of the economy and recruitment of personnel

After long preparatory stages of planning, choosing a territory and registering a farm, it is time to proceed with the immediate arrangement of the place.

Farming includes:

1. Economic buildings;
2. Reclamation facilities;
3. Agricultural machinery and equipment;
4. Vehicles;
5. Inventory for the implementation of farming activities.

Depending on the chosen niches, different preparation will be required.

• Cattle. Raising cattle will require feeders, dispensers, manure sweepers, and breast pumps. It will be mandatory to hire a butcher and build a slaughterhouse. It is advisable to purchase specialized Vehicle to transport products.
• Beekeeping. Building required winter greenhouse for bees. Providing them with a sufficient number of hives. In the absence of flower stalks nearby - planting fields. Purchase of overalls and equipment for working with bees.

• Poultry farming. Will require the construction of a poultry house, perches, a walking area, additional heating to maintain a constant temperature and an increase in laying hens.
• Plant growing. It is necessary to purchase various vehicles and equipment for sowing, watering and harvesting. Requires a granary.

Almost any livestock farm will require the construction of warehouses equipped with a refrigeration system.

In parallel with the equipment of the territory of the farm, there should be a search, selection and hiring of personnel.

On any type of CPH you will need:

• manager;
• accountant;
• veterinarian;
• technician;
• specialized workers;
• drivers.

The number of employees depends both on the type of production and on its volume. For example, beekeeping will require almost 10 times more people to maintain the hives than to serve the same volume of chicken egg production.

The main thing for any animal husbandry will be the hiring of a competent and educated livestock specialist, under whose guidance production processes will be provided.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of a veterinarian. He not only monitors the health of animals, but also controls vaccination, maintains reports to the relevant services and is directly involved in the appearance of new animals (takes birth or participates in the purchase of new livestock).

The purchase of animals or plants, as well as the necessary feed, becomes the last stage in setting up your own farm. For these purposes, only trusted suppliers with all the necessary documents and permits are suitable.

Animal keeping and sanitary and epidemiological supervision

Good living conditions are the basis for successful business related to farming in any direction. If in the case of crop production, we are talking about the storage of the finished product for its further transportation and sale, then animal husbandry involves a more scrupulous approach to the issue of content.

First of all, their growth and, as a result, productivity (the amount of milk, meat or wool for cattle, eggs for chickens, honey for bees or fluff for rabbits) depends on the living conditions of animals. The second important factor, which is directly dependent on the conditions of detention, is the reproductive function of livestock. The better the animals feel, the healthier they are and, accordingly, the more and more often the farmer's livestock increases.

In addition, nutrition, microclimatic conditions and care have a direct impact on the well-being of each animal.

Feeding livestock should be as balanced as possible. On the this moment There are two types of feed: dry and wet. Most farms prefer the former. This is not only more profitable from a financial point of view, but also due to sanitary and hygienic standards. A herd of 300 heads will require about 35 tons of feed.

In addition to the main food, multivitamin complexes and supplements are mandatory included in the livestock diet.

Equally important is the constant access to clean drinking water. Special attention pregnant and sick individuals should receive.

In addition to feeding, some animal species require the creation of a certain microclimate. In a room specially equipped for a barn, not only comfortable temperature, but also the corresponding indicator of air humidity.

The barn must be isolated from drafts, but provide good air circulation.

We should not forget about lighting. So, for example, for high productivity of hens, a long daylight hours is needed, but too much light can become stressful for laying hens and have the opposite effect. Similarly, the presence of a lot of noise can lead to a drop in egg production.

Close sanitary and epidemiological control is carried out for farms of any direction.

• Precautionary control. It is carried out at the stage of registration of the farm. The compliance of the territory and equipment with the relevant standards is determined. The technological process, rules for personnel, future conditions for keeping animals, etc. are approved. The conclusion of preventive control will be obtaining permission.
• current control. It is carried out already in the direct production process by means of scheduled and unscheduled inspections. Finding any violations may result in administrative liability or even temporary suspension production processes and sales of products for a period until the farm corrects its mistakes.

Sales channels

The sale of finished products is the main stage of the farm, on which all profits depend. The most favorable development of the event will be the conclusion of a contract for the supply of products for a large network. Depending on the chosen niche and the form of production (IP or LLC), it is possible to use various wholesale and retail distribution channels.

The main ways to sell products can be:

• weekend fairs;
• market;
• own retail store;
• non-chain partner stores;
• resellers;
• public catering.

As additional distribution channels, it is also worth considering the participation of the farm in seasonal exhibitions, government tenders, and membership in an agricultural consumer cooperative.

In addition to standard distribution channels, do not forget about technological progress. At the moment, there are several large sites on the Internet for selling agricultural products directly to buyers. It can be both small retail orders and large wholesale orders on an ongoing basis.

Calculation of financial indicators

The financial calculation of a farm depends on many factors: the scope of industries, the size and type of production, the equipment used and the initial capital. The approximate cost of starting a project for a herd of 40 heads will be 3 million rubles, which includes:

1. Acquisition of the territory - 100,000 rubles.
2. Costs for Construction Materials- 120,000 rubles.
3. Purchase of transport and equipment - 1,000,000 rubles.
4. Purchase of young animals - 600,000 rubles.
5. Summing up communications - 100,000 rubles.
6. Purchase of feed for the first six months - 450,000 rubles.
7. Costs for wages employees for the first six months - 300,000 rubles.
8. Insurance deductions (30%) - 90,000 rubles.
9. Other expenses - 200,000 rubles.

Entrepreneurs who have connected their business with farming can expect to reduce the cost of government contributions through the transition to a single agricultural tax.

According to experienced farmers, the main cost per year is feed (up to 40%). That is, by increasing the start-up costs for the parallel development of crop production and creating your own source of feed, there is an opportunity to achieve a higher profitability of the business.

Having calculated the economic indicators of the project with the successful implementation of products, we can talk about a profitability of 35% and a payback of the project in 3 years.