Engineering - the definition of the industry, its significance. The importance of the machine-building complex in the national economy

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Introduction ................................................ ................................. page 3

Chapter I The machine-building complex is the basis of scientific and technological progress and the material and technical re-equipment of all branches of the national economy.................................................................. .......................... ñòð. 4

Chapter II Sectoral structure and features of the location of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation .............................................. ..... page 5

II a) Factors of location of mechanical engineering

II b) Features of the sectoral structure and geography of the complex

Chapter III Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in our country.................................................................. ................................................ page 15

Conclusion................................................. ...................... page 24

Bibliography................................................. ......................... page 26

INTRODUCTION

Mechanical engineering is part of the industry called "Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking". Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment, apparatus and instruments, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment. At present, the engineering industry in Russia consists of a number of independent industries, which include over 350 sub-sectors and industries.

Mechanical engineering produces means of labor - machinery and equipment, instruments and computers, transmission devices, vehicles- for all sectors of the national economy. It produces consumer goods, mainly durables (cars, televisions, watches, etc.). By the mid-80s, in the total volume of engineering products, the means of production accounted for 88.9%, consumer goods - only 11.1%, which indicated that the domestic engineering industry was not focused on the needs of the mass consumer.

The purpose of this study is to show not only the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the location factors of its industries and sub-sectors, but also to characterize the current state of the complex, prospects and options for overcoming the difficult economic situation that has developed today. In particular, the problems of investment, export-import policy, the use of scientific and technical potential, and social problems were touched upon.

Taking into account the specifics of this topic and the range of issues raised, the structure of the study makes it possible to consistently highlight theoretical issues (role and significance, location specifics, sectoral structure) of the machine-building complex in the first chapter, and the current unfavorable economic situation in the complex in the second chapter, and practical prerequisites for exiting from her.

The machine-building complex is the basis of scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy

The machine-building complex is a set of industries that produce a variety of machines. It is the leader among interbranch complexes. This is due to several reasons. Firstly, the machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, it accounts for almost 20% of manufactured products and all those working in the Russian economy. Mechanical engineering and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprises than industry as a whole (the average size of an enterprise in the industry is about 1,700 people in terms of the number of workers, compared with less than 850 in industry as a whole), greater capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of products; the constructive and technological complexity of engineering products requires a diverse and skilled workforce.

Among all industries, mechanical engineering ranks first in terms of its share in gross output (in 1990 - 30%) and industrial and production personnel, second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial and production assets, as well as in the structure of exports (eighteen%).

Secondly, mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, at home, in transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy materializes through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, the electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and the production of electronic computers. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out. Therefore, the main economic purpose of engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all branches of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

Industry structure and features of the location of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation

II a) Factors of location of mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important is the existence of a public need for products, skilled labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying structural materials and electricity.

Science-intensive It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without widespread introduction scientific developments. That is why the production of the most sophisticated modern technology (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Orientation to the scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the placement of machine-building enterprises.

Metal consumption Mechanical engineering industries engaged in the production of such products as, for example, metallurgical, energy, mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of such products usually try to be as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.

Labor intensity From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high labor qualifications. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of engineering industries gravitate towards regions of the country where the concentration of the population is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and engineering and technical personnel. The following branches of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).

As a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering, the military-strategic aspect can be taken out. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are removed from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities.

Grouping of machine-building industries by placement factors

II b) Features of the sectoral structure and geography of the complex

Over the years Soviet power in various regions of the former USSR, the largest machine-building enterprises were created, producing almost all the necessary technological equipment for all sectors of the national economy. But the domestic engineering industry is characterized by an extremely high degree of territorial concentration, moreover, mainly in the European part of the country, and an insufficient level of specialization and intersectoral cooperation. In addition, many large machine-building plants and production associations were designed and formed as universal, according to the principle of "natural economy", with a full range of procurement, auxiliary and repair industries. Therefore, in the coming years, the sectoral, territorial and technological structure of mechanical engineering should undergo drastic changes, the main directions of which should be improving product quality, deconcentration, increasing the level of specialization and cooperation in production, reducing irrational transport and other costs.

Òÿæåëîå ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå The plants of this industry are distinguished by a large consumption of metal and provide machines and equipment for enterprises of the metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining and chemical complexes. It is characterized by both enterprises producing parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) or enterprises specialized in the production of certain types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators), and universal ones, producing in serial or individual performance different types equipment (“Uralmash”, St. Petersburg Metal Plant, etc.).

The industry includes the following 10 sub-sectors: metallurgical engineering, mining, hoisting and transport engineering, diesel locomotive building and track engineering, car building, diesel engine building, boiler building, turbine building, nuclear engineering, printing engineering. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European part, the rest - in Western Siberia and Far East.

Ïðîèçâîäñòâî ìåòàëëóðãè÷åñêîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ , which ranks first in the industry in terms of product value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large steel and rolled metal production. Ural enterprises manufacture equipment for sinter plants, blast furnaces and electric melting furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding production.

Factory Profile ãîðíîãî ìàøèíîñòðîåíèÿ - machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and enrichment of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and building materials industry, transport construction. As a rule, they are located in consumption areas - in the Urals and Siberia, etc. Domestic mechanical engineering has priority in the development and wide industrial development of tunneling and shearing machines, rotary and walking excavators. These products are manufactured in Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg (Uralmash), Shakhty, Kiselevsk and Perm.

Products ïîäúåìíî-òðàíñïîðòíîãî ìàøèíîñòðîåíèÿ has a great economic importance, since about 5 million people are employed in loading and unloading operations in industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the national economy. people, and more than half - manual labor. Overhead electric cranes are produced in the Central region (Uzlovsky plant), in the Far East (Bureisk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) and in many other cities. Stationary and belt conveyors - in the Volga-Vyatka, Central, Ural regions.

Òåïëîâîçîñòðîåíèå, âàãîíîñòðîåíèå è ïóòåâîå ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå provides railway transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc. ) and in the Urals. Freight car building is concentrated in Western Siberia (Novoaltaisk), in Eastern Siberia (Abakan). Passenger cars are produced by Tver, Demikhovsky and St. Petersburg plants. Track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow removal, etc. machines are still produced in insufficient quantity and assortment, their production is concentrated in the cities of the European part of Russia - in Kaluga, Tula, Vyatka, Saratov, Engels, Armavir, Tikhoretsk.

Òóðáîñòðîåíèå , supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the power industry, is represented primarily by the production associations St. Petersburg Metal Plant, St. Petersburg Turbine Blade Plant, Ekaterinburg Turbomotor Plant, Dalenergomash (Khabarovsk). The plants of the sub-sector produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and disposal equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The main placement factors are the availability of qualified personnel and scientific and construction organizations.

Àòîìíîå ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå form the factories of the head production associations Izhorsky Zavod (St. Petersburg) and Atommash (Volgodonsk). The factories specialize in the production of pressure vessel reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants.

Ïîëèãðàôè÷åñêîå ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå has the smallest volume of marketable products in the industry. Production is concentrated exclusively in the European part of the country - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Rybinsk.

Ýëåêòðîòåõíè÷åñêàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü . The industry produces more than 100,000 products. names of products, the consumer of which is practically the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly exceeds in aggregate all sub-sectors of heavy engineering. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes.

The location of enterprises in the electrical industry is determined by various factors, where the presence of qualified personnel, specialized research organizations and large consumers play an important role. At present, the main regions of electrical engineering are the Central, North-Western and West Siberian regions. The oldest are such enterprises as the Moscow Electrozavod named after V.V. Kuibyshev, St. Petersburg "Electrosila", Yekaterinburg "Uralelektroapparat" and Novosibirsk transformer plant.

Ñòàíêîèíñòðóìåíòàëüíàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü includes the production of machine tools, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. Plants of the machine-tool industry are located in the main machine-building regions. The average size of enterprises is relatively small. The major centers of the machine-tool industry are Moscow (the plant of lathes and robotic complexes "Red Proletarian"), St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, Saratov, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Irkutsk, etc.

Ïðèáîðîñòðîåíèå. The products of this industry are characterized by low material and energy consumption, but their production requires a highly skilled workforce and research personnel. Therefore, the main part of the production potential is concentrated in large and large cities. For example, in Moscow and the Moscow Region there are dozens of research and production and production associations specializing in the production, installation and adjustment of automation equipment, software development, design and manufacture of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, and office equipment.

In the structure of mechanical engineering, the share of instrument-making products is about 12%. This science-intensive product is the main element of automation systems for the management of technological processes, as well as managerial and engineering work, information systems, etc. In instrument making, more than 80% of products are produced by large enterprises (the number of employees is from 1 to 10 thousand people). Among the largest enterprises - JSC "Second Moscow Watch Factory", Penza Watch Factory.

Ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå äëÿ ëåãêîé è ïèùåâîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè . This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitwear, clothing, footwear, leather, fur industries, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for Food Industry. The main placement factor is proximity to the consumer, so the vast majority of factories and more than 90% of the output of marketable products are located in European zone(mainly the Central, Volga-Vyatka, North-Western and Volga regions).

Àâèàöèîííàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü . In the aviation industry, enterprises of almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and working personnel, which led to the emergence and development of the aviation industry in large industrial centers. Modern passenger and cargo aircraft are produced in Moscow, Smolensk, Voronezh, Taganrog, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Omsk, Novosibirsk. Helicopters are produced in Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan and Ulan-Ude.

Ðàêåòíî-êîñìè÷åñêàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü (Moscow, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.) produces orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and habitable ships, and reusable ships of the Buran type, combining high tech with a wide intersectoral complexity of production. Russia accounts for 85% of the capacity of the rocket and space complex of the former USSR.

Àâòîìîáèëüíàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü. In terms of production volume, as well as the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most hot goods in retail. Over 80% of transported goods are accounted for by road transport.

The vast majority of production is concentrated in the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia with a high concentration of transportation and the presence of large transport hubs. The level of production concentration is high in the industry. More than 1/2 of marketable products, fixed production assets and personnel account for enterprises with more than 10 thousand employees, accounting for only 11% of total number. This group includes AMO ZIL and JSC Moskvich (Moscow), JSC GAZ (Nizhny Novgorod), JSC VAZ (Togliatti), JSC KamAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny). The main areas of placement are Central (more than 1/5 of gross output), Volga, Volga-Vyatka and Ural regions.

Ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîå è òðàêòîðíîå ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå . The main capacities of agricultural and tractor engineering are located mainly in the North Caucasian, Volga, West Siberian, Urals, Central, Central Black Earth and Volga-Vyatka regions. It corresponds to the placement and specialization Agriculture. In agricultural engineering, subject and detail specialization is carried out; significantly fewer plants are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or overhaul of equipment.

The production of grain harvesters is concentrated at the Rostselmash plant, at the Krasnoyarsk and Taganrog plants, potato harvesters - in Ryazan, flax harvesters - in Bezhetsk. different types tractors are produced in Vladimir, Lipetsk, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk, Petrozavodsk, Barnaul, Bryansk and Cheboksary.

Ñóäîñòðîèòåëüíàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü . Most of the enterprises of the industry, despite the significant amount of metal of large parameters consumed by them, which is inconvenient for transportation, are outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the existence of cooperative ties with related enterprises. Shipbuilding starts on land and ends afloat, which is why many shipyards are located at the mouths of large rivers or sheltered harbors.

largest area marine shipbuilding developed on the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories (Northern shipyard, Baltic, Admiralteisky, Kanonersky, Nevsky). There are shipbuilding and ship repair yards in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. In the Far East, ship repair centers are Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river routes: the Volga (Nizhny Novgorod), the Ob, the Yenisei. The favorable geographical position of such plants makes the construction of ships at such enterprises very effective.

If we consider the regional aspect of the location of engineering industries, then the leading position among the engineering regions not only in Russia, but also in the CIS will be occupied by the Central Economic Region. Until recently, it accounted for more than 1/2 of the production of passenger cars, a significant part of the automotive industry, 90% of the machine-building products for light industry. Almost 80% of products were exported to other regions and abroad. The development of high-tech production here is largely due to the presence of highly qualified personnel, research and design organizations. Moscow plays an important role in the structure of production. Here are the former flagships of the domestic automotive industry JSC Moskvich and AMO ZIL and a huge number of mailboxes and conversion industries created on their basis. Moscow is also home to such large machine-building giants as AO Dynamo, Zavod im. Ilyich, several ball-bearing plants. The branches of machine-building specialization of the Central Economic Region are automotive, locomotive, car building, river shipbuilding, tractor, agricultural, precision engineering.

The North-Western Economic Region is part of the Central Region of Russia. The main share of engineering products falls on St. Petersburg, where energy, radio engineering, optical and mechanical engineering, marine shipbuilding, car building, and machine tool building are concentrated. Kaliningrad is an important center of marine shipbuilding.

The second major region of concentration of machine-building industries is the Urals-Volga region. In terms of output, the region is second only to the Center. The enterprises of the Urals produce 24.6% of all machine tools, 24.4% of press-forging and 17% of mining equipment. Large centers are the cities of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Tolyatti, Naberezhnye Chelny and Nizhny Novgorod. It should also be emphasized that the most important enterprises of the defense industry are concentrated in the Volga-Vyatka economic region (Republic of Udmurtia). In particular, the Izhevsk Arms Plant is located in the capital of the republic, producing the entire range of light and medium-sized small arms. .

In the direction from west to east, there is a noticeable increase in the cost of capital construction, labor, transportation of raw materials and finished products. If we take as 100% the costs of creating machine-building production in the central region, then the costs in Siberia will increase by 7-12%, and in the Far East - by 12-15%. The corresponding increase in the cost of production will be 13-25%, depending on the specifics of production. Therefore, near sources of raw materials and energy, it is advisable to place material and energy-intensive production of energy, lifting and transport, car-building and mining equipment. Similar enterprises are concentrated in Altai, in the Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions. The presence of highly qualified personnel in Novosibirsk and Omsk made it possible to create high-tech enterprises of electrical and radio engineering engineering.

Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in our country.

In industrialized countries, where crises and declines in production are repeated periodically, changes in the current situation affect the production of the latest high-tech products the least of all, which creates certain impulses for overcoming crisis situations. The mechanical engineering industry in Russia has recently been characterized by a diametrically opposite trend - an outstripping decline in the production of the most advanced technology. As a result, it is possible to completely lose the technological potential accumulated over previous years, although not of sufficient quality, but still of fundamental importance for the further functioning of the economy.

The collapse of the unified machine-building complex of the USSR into separate republican blocks sharply exacerbated the problems of Russian machine-building, since at the same time foreign economic relations in the field of trade in machinery and equipment fell apart, which had been debugged for decades and due to which a certain balance was formed in the saturation of the sectors of the national economy of Russia modern technology.

The structure of the final products of the domestic engineering industry at the turn of the last decades was characterized by “heaviness” and a high degree of militarization. The share of military equipment remained prohibitively high, while the output of consumer goods and especially equipment for the non-manufacturing sector lagged behind sharply. In the first half of the 1980s, the growth in the production of investment engineering products completely stopped, and in the second half a decline began, which turned into a landslide in the early 1990s.

The decrease in demand in consumer industries forced the mechanical engineering industry to adapt to the conditions for using its products, increasing the output of universal equipment and introducing primitive technologies. This will lead to the cessation of the production of science-intensive products, the further curtailment of machine-building production and, ultimately, to the attenuation of the investment process and the elimination of the basic sectors of the economy (except for raw materials, which have export potential).

The sharp decline in production at the beginning of the 1990s had less effect on the production of durable goods, the share of which was above average - mainly the car industry and the production of household appliances, with the most rapid growth in prices for them and high profitability of production. Thus, the main feature of the ongoing changes was the focus on the production of relatively prestigious products, while the conditions for the production of many others worsened, which was largely due to the patronizing customs policy of the state, for example, in relation to the automotive industry. Therefore, the relative well-being of some enterprises in this industry is temporary and in the context of a constant increase in production costs and growing competition from foreign manufacturers, a recession and periodic stoppages of production are inevitable.

The state of machine building was also aggravated by the high level of concentration and the monopoly of production. Among 2/3 enterprises, each produces more than 75% of products of a certain type, that is, in fact, it is its monopoly producer.

A distinctive feature of the recession of 1991-1993 was the relative stability of the development of industries and sub-sectors that manufacture mobile equipment, while output fell in industries that produce technological equipment. The reason lies in the higher liquidity of mobile equipment in relation to equipment that requires installation, the output of which began to exceed effective demand as a result of the overaccumulation of the fleet of this equipment from the consumer. This gave rise to serious financial and production problems, which led to the shutdown of a number of major enterprises.

The main reason for this situation is a sharp drop in investment activity and a decrease in demand for machinery and equipment. The volume of capital investments in the production of equipment for construction and in agricultural engineering has especially decreased, and the demand for products of investment engineering in 1993 has decreased in comparison with 1990 by 3-4 times.

Due to the considered unfavorable factors, the share of knowledge-intensive industries decreased, while the share automotive industry stabilized. The conditions for this stabilization are the containment of tariffs for energy carriers, products of the metallurgical and chemical complexes, rail transportation, and the prolongation of protectionist customs measures. Despite all the positive aspects of this process, the automotive industry needs to be restructured, which will require mainly centralized capital investments, since decentralized funds are extremely insufficient. The structure of the release itself should also undergo changes, since it does not yet meet modern requirements. The implementation of structural target programs is associated with significant investment costs and time. But the necessity, and most importantly, the success, of a comprehensive restructuring has been proven by the experience of JSC GAZ. The timely restructuring of production with the organization of the production of cars with a carrying capacity of one and a half tons and cars with diesel engines made it possible to increase production volumes. For example, for 10 months of 1995, the growth rate was 122.4% compared to the corresponding period of the previous year.

IN machine tool industry In Russia today, production is more and more oriented towards effective demand. But on the part of the former main consumer - the state, it has sharply decreased, and economic entities do not compensate for this reduction (especially for complex science-intensive products), giving preference to cheaper and simple equipment, which entails the loss of orders, painful for the machine tool industry. The decline in the production of science-intensive types of equipment is here at a faster pace. The situation is aggravated by the outflow of highly qualified personnel, including from scientific and design and technological organizations. In fact, there was a threat of Russia losing its own machine tool industry.

The development of non-core products for the machine tool industry in order to survive has become a mass practice. So, JSC “LSPO im. Sverdlov” (St. Petersburg) engaged in machine tools for processing logs, equipment for the coal industry; in addition, it produces a large amount of furniture fittings.

Some revival of production in mechanical engineering had practically no effect on the increase in demand for technological equipment, since its fleet is currently used by less than half. Consequently, as production increases at consumer enterprises, the loading of existing equipment will initially increase, capital will accumulate, and only then the prospect of technical re-equipment, and therefore the acquisition of new equipment, may appear.

Weak private and foreign investment, inactive demand of the non-state sector for technological equipment makes it necessary to provide state support to enterprises in this industry. This is economically, and sometimes strategically, effective, especially in the case of import substitution. Thus, the funds allocated for this purpose in 1993-1995 made it possible to create production facilities for the production of linear rolling bearings under the license of the company "TNK" (Japan) at JSC "Lipetsk Machine Tool Plant". These units are the basis of Russian precision machine tool building, until now they were mainly imported from far abroad. The developed capacities for the production of synthetic diamonds at JSC "Tomal" make it possible to completely switch to the production of diamond tools based on Russian raw materials instead of its imports from Ukraine and Armenia, as well as to form an export potential in the amount of $10 million a year.

These examples show the high efficiency of state support for priority areas of development of the machine tool industry.

A certain trend towards stabilization has emerged since 1995 in electrical industry And instrumentation. In 1995, the production of electric motors was increased (by 14%), a number of cable products (power, city telephones). In order to expand sales markets and search for new consumers, electrical and instrument-making plants have begun to develop and manufacture products that are in demand, including those previously manufactured in the CIS countries (for example, explosion-proof electric motors, large electrical machines, cable products). This was also facilitated by the protectionist customs policy of the state, under which it is profitable for the consumer to purchase these products from Russian enterprises.

As part of the federal innovation program to create technical means for mandatory cash accounting, additional capacities were introduced to produce 300,000 cash registers. An increase in their output contributes to an increase in tax revenues to the Russian budget, streamlining control over money circulation in the sphere of trade.

Over the past four years, as a result of the insolvency of rural producers production of agricultural machinery dropped sharply, most factories use their production capacity by 10-15%. In the farms themselves, the fleet of agricultural machinery is noticeably reduced.

In the context of a strong contraction in demand for agricultural machinery, it is now planned to take measures to accelerate the process of adapting enterprises to the market (structural restructuring of production, expanding the market for exporting equipment, creating trading houses at enterprises, holding fairs and exhibitions). To solve the problem of non-payments, barter transactions and offsets will be carried out at the enterprises of the industry, bills and state treasury bills will be used more widely. A particularly promising form of normalization of sales is the already practiced provision of the agro-industrial complex with machine-building products on the basis of long-term lease - leasing.

In 1995, there was a tendency to stabilize production volumes for certain types of products heavy engineering , and for others - an increase in output. This applies to production equipment for ferrous metallurgy and mining industry : machines for continuous casting of blanks and sintering production (JSC Uralmash and JSC Yuzhuralmash), drilling rigs for the needs of the mining industry (JSC Buzuluk Heavy Engineering Plant). Enterprises have become more active in finding solvent customers due to competition from foreign suppliers of similar equipment.

The situation in power engineering stabilized due to some increase in the production of steam turbines, due to export deliveries of equipment, mainly to China, Iran and countries of Eastern Europe. The production of diesel engines and diesel generators has stabilized at the 1995 level. At the same time, there has been a tendency to master the production of diesel engines under licenses from foreign companies, which makes it possible for the plants of this sub-sector to enter into competition in the world market.

In the sub-sector car building production volumes are determined by the financial capabilities of the main customer - the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation. It is no secret that they are limited and do not allow a significant increase in the production of rolling stock, which is so necessary for Russian railways. As a result, the production of freight cars increased slightly.

A change in the structure of production of passenger cars is expected. Thus, Tverskoy Wagon-Zavod JSC is increasing the production of passenger compartment cars that meet modern requirements for comfort and traffic safety. This creates the possibility to stop their import from Germany. The share of compartment cars in the total output of locomotive-hauled cars increased in 1996 by 39 percent. JSC “Demikhovskiy mashzavod” organized the production of electric train cars instead of those purchased in Latvia. The production capacity of up to 500 wagons per year introduced at this enterprise makes it possible to produce fully complete trains.

In the coming years, even with investment activity, one should not expect a significant increase in demand for construction and road technique. Moreover, in the construction complex there is a fleet of construction equipment that was formed before 1995, which is now loaded by no more than half. However, the parameters for updating products have deteriorated. This phenomenon indicates that the industry is not adapting to new operating conditions due to changes in product quality. Over the past 3 years, the intensity of renewal has fallen by 40%, and the share of equipment being mastered for the first time has fallen by 2 times. The enterprises of this industry are able to replicate outdated equipment and technologies.

Summing up all of the above, it can be definitely stated that the state of development of the Russian machine-building complex is determined not just by demand, but by investment restrictions. It is they who hinder the restructuring of production, which should be based on improving the quality of products, and, consequently, increasing their competitiveness.

Finally, it is necessary to give a generalized idea of the complex socio-economic situation that has developed in industry in last years. It is due to the fact that the wave of non-payments that has been growing in the last 2 years has increased the share of unprofitable enterprises: according to the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation, their share in the industry in January 1995 amounted to. 23.5%, in March - 25.5%, in June - 30%. In mechanical engineering, in the second half of 1995, there were 81.5% of unprofitable enterprises. The number of unemployed in this complex increased to a greater extent than in industry as a whole (by 76% against 52%).

The official statistics of recent years show that hidden unemployment (employment with part-time work or a week) in industry as a whole has decreased. A survey conducted at the end of last year by the St. Petersburg center "Trud-monitoring" showed that the proportion of workers in the engineering industry employed part-time or sent on vacation at the initiative of the administration increased from 18.2% to 26%. Among those employed in machine-building enterprises, the need for secondary employment is growing. This was stated by 86.9% of the surveyed workers, and 84.6% stated that they regularly have a month or more delay in paying wages.

A particularly difficult situation has developed in the defense complex, where the number of production personnel is declining even faster than in the engineering industry as a whole. Employment fell most noticeably in the electronics industry and in the production of special communications equipment. The lag persists wages: in 1994 it was 67% of the industry average. All this causes the outflow of highly qualified specialists from research organizations and design bureaus, including abroad. A particularly difficult situation has developed in those regions where military-industrial complex enterprises play the role of city-forming enterprises (Urals, Udmurtia, some regions of the Central Economic Region).

It is extremely necessary to take measures now to correct the chosen market course. If this is not done, then in the near future pessimistic moods and social tensions will increase, which will create a threat to further building a socially oriented market economy in Russia.

CONCLUSION

The urgent needs of the national economy, caused by the need for minimal support of the technological level in the machine-building complex, determine the priorities of the structural investment policy in machine building. It is required to normalize the investment process by restoring demand for equipment and interregional cooperation ties. It is especially important to revive the demand for equipment in the basic, life-supporting sectors of the national economy. As a result, it will be possible to revive the most backward branches of engineering with an undeveloped structure of production.

In the context of a decline in production in the engineering industries, it is advisable to limit the purchases of equipment abroad, analogues of which are produced or can be produced in Russia. This will increase the utilization of production capacities and may, in connection with the supply of a number of types of components and equipment, restore broken production and cooperation ties with neighboring countries and former countries CMEA. At the same time, state support is needed for those sub-sectors of the machine-building complex (primarily defense), whose production capacities allow for the technical re-equipment of the country's production apparatus.

To implement the structural and investment policy of the country, it is necessary to concentrate significant funds on priority areas. But the volume of capital investments formed at the expense of enterprises' own funds is currently limited as a result of rising prices for investment resources and because of the catastrophic financial situation of the enterprises themselves. One of additional sources investment in domestic engineering are private investment. However, the possibility of attracting private investment is limited by the narrowness of areas for investment. According to some estimates, the investment attractiveness of engineering as a whole is low, while the rating of industries with an export-raw material orientation is at a high level. At the same time, a large-scale attraction of funds from private (domestic and foreign) investors in such sub-sectors as agricultural engineering and engineering for processing agricultural products is unlikely in the near future.

Therefore, the main burden of maintaining the viability of machine building for the basic sectors of the national economy falls on the shoulders of the state.

Bibliography:

1. “Geography of Russia; population and economy: a textbook for general education educational institutions.” V.Ya. Rom, V.P. Dronov, M. 1995.

2. "The placement of productive forces." V.V. Kistanov, N.V. Kopylov, A.T. Khrushchev, M. 1994.

3. “Economic and social geography”, reference materials. V.P. Dronov, V.P. Maksakovskiy, V.Ya. Rom, M. 1994.

4. “Economics of the engineering industry: a textbook for university students studying in the specialty “Economics and organization of the engineering industry.” M.I. Orlova, L.M. Lukashevich, ed. G.A. Krayukhina, M. 1987.

5. "Regional Economics", edited by prof. T.G. Morozova, M. 1995

6. “The situation in the machine-building complex of Russia.” “BIKI” No. 55-56, 05/16/1996, pp. 3-5.

7. “Machine-building complex: state and development options in 1996. (Review.)” Prepared based on the materials of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation. Economist No. 1, 1996, pp. 32-40.

8. “Innovation sphere: state and prospects.” Ionov M., “Economist” No. 10, 1993, pp. 37-46.

9. "Society and Economics" Basic socio-economic indicators of industry in 1995. Materials of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Nos. 1-2, 1996, pp. 233-236.

10. “Social and labor problems of the Russian economy in 1995.” E. Anonosekov. “Russian Economic Journal.” No. 10, 1995, pp. 31-40.

11. “Innovative activity in mechanical engineering.” G. Khoroshilov. The Economist, No. 7, 1995, pp. 32-40.

Numerical data taken from: M. I. Orlova, L. M. Lukashevich “Economics of the machine-building industry of the USSR. Tutorial." , M. 1987, ch. 1 pp. 13-17; V.V. Kistanov, N.V. Kopylov "Accommodation of productive forces." , M. 1994, ch. 2.5. pp. 144-145.

Machine-building complex: composition, significance and technological features. First, we will give a definition of the machine-building complex. Then we will consider the sectoral composition of this sub-sector of industry, and discuss its significance for the life of the country. We will also learn what the technological features of mechanical engineering are.

Topic:General characteristics of the Russian economy

Lesson: Machine-building complex: composition, significance and technological features

Machine building complex - This is a set of industries that is engaged in the production and repair of various machines and equipment, as well as the production of various metal products and structures.

The machine-building complex is complex in its structure. It includes more than 70 industries, which are usually combined into groups depending on the purpose of the products, similar technology and raw materials used.

Rice. 1. Composition of the machine-building complex

Mechanical engineering includes:

1. Heavy and energy (production of energy, mining and handling equipment, diesel locomotive building, car building, turbine building, nuclear and printing)

2. Machine tool industry. Manufacture of various machine tools.

3. Transport (automotive industry, shipbuilding, aviation and rocket and space industries)

4. Agricultural engineering and tractor building

5. Mechanical engineering for light and food industries

6. Precision engineering (instrument making, electronics, electrical engineering)

Mechanical engineering plays a very important role in the life of the country.

1. It provides equipment for all other complexes in the country

2. The development of all sectors of the economy depends on the level of development of mechanical engineering

3. Here, first of all, all the achievements of scientific and technological progress are introduced

4. It provides the country's defense

5. This is the largest complex in the Russian industry

6. Currently, mechanical engineering and metalworking account for:

7. 20% industrial production,

8. 1/3 employed in industry.

9. There are more than 50 thousand machine-building enterprises, which is approximately 1/3 of all industrial enterprises Russia.

The technological process in mechanical engineering includes three stages: procurement, machining, assembly.

Rice. 2. Technological process in mechanical engineering

In this case, the final product consists of a large number individual parts and components that cannot be produced within the framework of one enterprise. Therefore, in mechanical engineering are widely developed specialization and cooperation.

Specialization - production at the enterprise of any one product, individual parts and parts

Rice. 3. Types of specialization

Specialization happens:

1. subject- production of finished products, (production of cars, aircraft, computers)

2. detailed- production of separate parts and details, (production of automobile engines or metal products (hardware)

3. technological- production of semi-finished products, performance of individual operations of the technological cycle, (assembly production)

4. functional- production and provision of services (sale of cars by the manufacturer)

At large machine-building plants, specialization is observed at the level of individual workshops, even such an enterprise does not produce the entire volume of necessary components. Small enterprises are usually highly specialized and their work depends on the work of subcontractors. That is why cooperation is so important.

- this is the establishment of production links between enterprises jointly participating in the manufacture of final products.

Rice. 4. Cooperation

Cooperation happens intra-industry when enterprises of the same industry, one intersectoral complex interact.

Intersectoral when the production of different industries, different complexes interact.

Machine-building, electrical, tool, hardware plants that supply their products to a car assembly plant are engineering enterprises and cooperation with them is intra-industry nature, enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, tanneries, glass factories, textile factories- these are enterprises of other interbranch complexes. Cooperation with them is an example intersectoral cooperation.

During the 1990s, the importance of the machine-building complex in the Russian economy has decreased. A number of enterprises were closed, others reduced production.

The volumes of production of agricultural machinery, machine tools, and many types of precision engineering fell especially sharply.

The main reason for this was the low quality of manufactured products in comparison with imported ones and the break after the collapse of the USSR of production ties with enterprises of the former republics.

At present, the situation has improved somewhat thanks to investments. New factories have been built and are being built, many old enterprises have been reconstructed, new ones have been established and old production ties have been restored.

Main

Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: Grade 9 textbook for students educational institutions M. Ventana-Count. 2011.
Economic and social geography. Fromberg A.E.(2011, 416s.)
Atlas of economic geography Grade 9 from Drofa 2012
Geography. The entire course of the school curriculum in diagrams and tables. (2007, 127p.)
Geography. Student's handbook. Comp. Mayorova T.A. (1996, 576s.)
Crib on economic geography. (To schoolchildren, applicants.) (2003, 96s.)

Additional

Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook - M.: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 pp.: ill.
Rodionova I.A., Textbook on geography. Economic Geography of Russia, M., Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189p. :
Smetanin S.I., Konotopov M.V. History of ferrous metallurgy in Russia. Moscow, ed. "Paleotype" 2002
Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin.-M.: Bol. Ros. ents., 1998.- 800s.: ill., maps.
Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Stat.sb./Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002. - 690 p.
Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief Statistical Collection / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003. - 398s.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

GIA-2013. Geography: typical examination options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house " national education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and typical examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
GIA-2013 Exam in new form. Geography. Grade 9 / FIPI authors - compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova - M.: Astrel, 2012.
Excellent student of the exam. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012.

Draw a diagram of the connections of the machine-building complex with other industry complexes. Give examples of the products he supplies to them.
Name the machine-building enterprises in your region. What, in your opinion, explains the specialization of machine-building enterprises in your region?

Meaning of mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is one of the most important branches of industry, which is of great importance not only for the industry as a whole, but also for the country's economy. In addition, mechanical engineering determines the level of scientific and technological progress, as it provides equipment for all industries. Mechanical engineering also includes not only the production of machinery, equipment and household items, but also the repair and maintenance of mechanisms, metalworking.

The role of mechanical engineering for the country:

Provides equipment to all complexes of the country
The development of all sectors of the economy depends on mechanical engineering
All achievements of scientific and technological progress are being introduced
Provides the country's defense
The largest complex in the country
20% of industrial production falls on mechanical engineering
1/3 employed in industry
More than 50 thousand machine-building enterprises

If we consider in more detail, then everything that a person uses is engineering products, cutlery, clothes, shoes, all this was created thanks to the equipment and machines used in production.

Without engineering products, people cannot exist as a whole, since we use everything that is produced in factories:

Airplanes, helicopters, tanks, missiles, machine guns and other weapons
Buses, trams, metro and other transportation
Machine tools, excavators, bulldozers and other equipment
Television, communication, mobile phones
Satellites, equipment, and orbit, etc.

The role of mechanical engineering in the economy

Mechanical engineering gives a huge impetus to the development of other industrial complexes.

The dynamics of the economy directly depends on the introduction of new innovative technologies into the industry. The constant development of mechanical engineering launches the process of development of the machine tool industry, which ensures the growth of production potential in the production of competitive products.

Machine tool building is a kind of lever in the big mechanism of industry, which starts the process of economic development. Therefore, engineers and designers Special attention devote to the development of this particular industry.

Remark 1

Mechanical engineering should not only constantly develop, but also be efficient. Therefore, for the strategic development of the country's economy, the most important factor is the modernization and support of mechanical engineering.

The improvement of the machine tool industry contributes to the reduction of time and labor costs, which has a positive effect on the cost of production.

The share of mechanical engineering in GDP is 10-12%. Transport and equipment is the main product of Russian engineering. Many industries are directly dependent on imports (robot building, machine tool building), but there are also those that cover the country's needs completely (military industry, automotive industry, car building).

Most of the engineering products are supplied to the domestic market, while only 5% is exported.

In 2015, an order came into force to ban the import of mechanical engineering for state and municipal needs. Tasks with these needs will be solved by enterprises within countries.

Same way favorable condition for the development of mechanical engineering, of course, the presence on the territory of the country of the necessary natural resources. The presence of qualified personnel and the interest of the state also play an important role.

The use of machines increases the intellectual and muscular development of the population, increases labor productivity, improves quality, and also gradually replaces manual labor.

The role of mechanical engineering in the national economy

The national economy provides industry with raw materials, while in return it receives machinery, chemical equipment and consumer goods from industry. It follows from this that mechanical engineering creates the instruments of production for the national economy.

In addition, the introduction of new machines, mechanisms and equipment requires new working professions aimed at using modern technology. Which leads to the intellectual and professional development of the country.

Remark 2

At present, there is not a single branch of the national economy that does not use units produced by engineering enterprises.

Thanks to mechanical engineering, the population can save time and obtain efficient products that satisfy various needs.

Transportation of goods directly depends on the development of the transport industry, in turn, the cost of goods depends on transportation.

Also, mechanical engineering provides equipment, transport, the railway industry (cars, rails, engines, etc.), which is used to transport goods over long distances, to transport the population.

The mechanical tools used by people in social processes are the skeletal system of production. The degree of development of the applied tool measures the functioning of the productive forces of man. Not in vain new era economy is called the machine-building era.

The role of mechanical engineering in the defense of the country

Mechanical engineering is of no small importance for the country's defense system; the military-industrial complex is engaged in equipping it, which equips the country's military forces with the necessary equipment and weapons.

Military machine-building enterprises are quite large and city-forming.

The level of development of military engineering plays a decisive role in ensuring the security of the country, and determines the technical re-equipment of the main sectors of the economy. It also plays an important role in the country's foreign policy.

The share of military engineering accounts for more than a third of exports of machinery and equipment.

The main part of the country's defense is equipped with such types of engineering products as aircraft, rocket-industrial equipment.

Mechanical engineering also plays an important role in the development of the space industry, providing it, together with research centers, with the latest and advanced products.

Mechanical engineering is the largest complex industry that determines the level of scientific and technological progress in the entire national economy, since it provides all industries with machines, equipment, instruments, and the population with consumer goods. It also includes metalworking, repair of machinery and equipment. It is especially characterized by the deepening of the specialization of production and the expansion of its scale. To the listed divisions of mechanical engineering, one should add "small" metallurgy - the production of steel and rolled metal, both in foundries of machine-building enterprises, and at individual specialized enterprises for the production of castings, forgings, stampings, and welded structures for mechanical engineering. In the specified structure of the industry, the most complex is mechanical engineering, which includes such important sub-sectors as mechanical engineering for intersectoral productions(electronic and radio industry, instrument making, machine-tool and instrumental, bearing industry, etc.); production of equipment for sectors of the national economy(construction and road engineering, transport, tractor and agricultural engineering, etc.); for industries(power engineering, metallurgical, mining and mining engineering, chemical engineering, production technological equipment for the textile industry, etc.); for non-production sphere(municipal engineering, production of household appliances and machines, military equipment, etc.). In addition to industry classification, mechanical engineering can be divided into stages of the technological process for workpiece; machining and assembly. According to metal consumption, as well as labor and energy intensity, it is customary to allocate heavy, general And the average mechanical engineering. Heavy engineering is characterized by high consumption of metal, relatively low labor intensity and energy intensity. It includes the production of metal-intensive and large-sized products. General mechanical engineering is characterized by average metal and energy consumption rates and low labor intensity. Basically, this is the production of equipment for individual industries. General and secondary engineering are quite similar and do not have clearly defined patterns in geography. In mechanical engineering, there chronological classification. The newest industries that emerged in the second half of the 20th century are singled out. First of all, these are the industries of the highest floors of mechanical engineering: electronics, radio engineering, robotics, rocket and space industry, etc. New industries that arose in the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries: aircraft and motor vehicles, steam locomotive and diesel locomotive building, production equipment for numerous sectors of the national economy and industry, etc. To the old industries that arose back in the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries. includes the production of metal products for the primary sectors of the economy - agriculture and forestry, the mining industry. Great importance buy nowadays new forms of cooperation between countries. The importance of the machine-building complex can hardly be overestimated. Its most important task is to implement the achievements of scientific and technological progress, to ensure comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, to supply national economic sectors with new equipment, and to satisfy the population with modern consumer goods. 2. Raw materials of the industry Main structural material in mechanical engineering is ferrous metal and, therefore, the main raw material supplier is ferrous metallurgy. At the same time, in modern mechanical engineering, ferrous metals are increasingly being replaced by non-ferrous metals, primarily light ones (aluminum), as well as composites and plastics. However, in mechanical engineering, which is the most complex industry that determines the level of development of scientific and technical progress, everything is not as clear-cut as in other industries. Here the main role is played by labor-intensive, knowledge-intensive, non-material-intensive industries (with the exception of a number of sub-sectors of heavy engineering, the production of metal products and structures, blanks, etc.). Therefore, first of all, we should talk about the main resource - a fairly large number of highly skilled labor. Consumers are also of great importance, which are not only the population, but also other enterprises and even industries. The following problems directly relate to mechanical engineering: reducing metal consumption by improving its quality and reducing the weight of products, reducing waste and metal losses during its processing - due to the production of a larger share of rolled products. 3. Placement of the industry The location of mechanical engineering as a whole is determined by socio-economic factors and, above all, by the presence of sufficient a large number qualified labor resources, as well as consumers of finished products. A characteristic feature of mechanical engineering that affects the location is the high development specialization and cooperation. Specialization facilitates the organization of mass production, promotes more rational use equipment, increasing productivity. One of the most characteristic, in terms of the wide development of specialization and cooperation of enterprises, in mechanical engineering is the automotive industry. 5. Structure of the industry The highest floors of mechanical engineering (fine, precise, precision engineering). This group of the latest industries includes the electronic and radio industries, the production of precision machines, machine tools, instruments and tools, robotics, rocket and space technology and is distinguished by the lowest metal consumption and the highest labor and science intensity. The technological process is reduced mainly to precise machining and assembly. Automotive industry is a typical representative of medium-sized mechanical engineering, producing complex machines and equipment of medium dimensions for sectors of the national economy, specialized in stages of the technological process, with developed cooperation and orientation of the main production to areas of concentration of skilled labor resources, distinguished by a high technical culture. The automotive industry includes enterprises for the production of cars of all kinds, buses, trolleybuses, motorcycles, bicycles, as well as automobile, motorcycle, bicycle and boat engines and spare parts. heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining, mining, large power and handling equipment, heavy machine tools and forging and pressing machines, as well as other metal-intensive and large-sized products. Agricultural engineering includes enterprises for the production of agricultural machinery for the mechanization of all types of agricultural production (tillage, sowing crops, harvesting), including livestock. Tractor engineering includes enterprises for the production of tractors, tractor and combine engines, specialized enterprises for the production of aggregates, assemblies, parts and spare parts for tractors. 6. World engineering in the late 90s Mechanical engineering occupies 1st place among the world's industries, both in terms of the number of employees and the value of products. Over 90% all engineering products are produced by developed countries. There are six machine-building regions in the world: the USA, Europe, the CIS, Japan, China and the newly industrialized countries of Asia. All types of mechanical engineering are developed in the G8 countries and in China. The small countries of Western Europe specialize in precision engineering, the newly industrialized countries specialize in labor-intensive engineering industries, and in many developing countries in Africa, Southwest Asia and Central Africa, engineering is practically non-existent. 7. Automotive world 90% of all cars produced in the world are passenger cars. More than 40 million are produced annually in the world. cars. The largest manufacturers of passenger cars in the world are: 1) Japan (8.5 million units); 2) USA (6.8 million units) 3) Germany (4.4 million units) The top ten car manufacturers also include France, Spain, South Korea, Canada, Brazil, Italy and the UK. The world's largest automotive centers are Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, Yokohama (Japan), Detroit (USA), Wolfsburg, Stuggart, Munich, Cologne (Germany), Paris (France), Turin (Italy), London (Great Britain), Seoul ( South Korea), Toronto (Canada), Sao Paulo (Brazil). 8. Railway engineering of the world. Railway engineering is developed in the USA, Japan, France, Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, China and India. 9. Shipbuilding of the world The leading countries in the production of ships are: 1) Japan (40% of the world tonnage of ships) 2) South Korea (33% of the world tonnage of ships) 3) Germany Shipbuilding is also developed in Brazil, Taiwan, Denmark, Poland, China, USA, Finland, Russia and Ukraine. The largest shipbuilding centers in the world are Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagasaki, Busan, Hamburg, Gdansk, Marseille, Toulon, Genoa, Shanghai, Baltimore, New Port News, New Orleans, San Francisco, St. Petersburg, Nikolaev. 10. Aviation industry The aviation industry, focusing on the scientific base and highly qualified personnel, has been developed only in economically developed countries. The largest aircraft manufacturers are the USA (Houston, Seattle, Atlanta, New York), Russia, France (Paris and Toulouse), Germany (Stutggart and Munich), Great Britain (London) and Italy (Turin). 11. Electrical industry The electrical and electronics industry in developed countries relies on a developed scientific base, highly skilled labor resources and consumers, and in newly industrialized countries - on cheap labor resources. This industry is characterized by a diversified structure, however, among the leaders one can meet a rather limited group of countries belonging to the category of developed or newly industrialized countries, as well as China. In terms of the production of televisions (130 million units), the world leaders are: 1) China (25 million units) 2) South Korea (16 million units) 3) Japan (15 million units) 170 million pieces) are allocated: 1) China (over 50 million pieces) 2) Malaysia (more than 20 million pieces) 3) Singapore (20 million pieces) For the production of watches (about 800 million pieces). ) the leading positions are occupied by: 1) China (almost 400 million units) 2) Japan (about 300 million units) 3) Switzerland (25 million units) In terms of production washing machines stands out China, tape recorders– Japan, computers– USA and Japan, industrial robots- USA, Germany and Japan. 12. Machine tool industry of the world The world production of machine tools at the end of the 1990s amounted to more than 1.2 million pieces. Once being the world's machine tool industry, Russia has practically lost this industry. Currently, the production of machine tool products stands out: 1) Japan (200 thousand units) 2) China (150 thousand units) And then Germany, the USA, Italy, and Switzerland follow in a dense group, producing approximately 100 thousand machine tools . 13. Agricultural engineering of the world. Agricultural engineering has a consumer location factor and is therefore concentrated in the main agricultural regions of the world. Developed countries that have achieved the highest level of agricultural mechanization are reducing the production of agricultural machinery, paying attention to improving its quality and technological capabilities, and are gradually losing their leadership to developing countries in absolute terms of production. Currently, the following stand out in the production of tractors: 1) Japan (150 thousand units) 2) India (100 thousand units) 3) USA (about 100 thousand units) The leading position of Japan is explained by its specialization in the production of mini-tractors , and in the rest of the world, as a rule, they produce medium and powerful tractors. Table 7 14. Grouping of countries according to the level of development of mechanical engineering USA Brazil Mongolia Saudi Arabia Canada China Iran Libya Germany Australia Peru Madagascar Russia India Cuba Somalia France Argentina Albania Iceland Sweden Mexico Indonesia Laos Italy South Africa Algeria Botswana Japan Korea Egypt Congo United Kingdom Spain Chile Panama Switzerland Portugal Iraq Costa Rica Austria Ireland Turkey Haiti Netherlands Denmark Zaire Tunisia Belgium Norway Nigeria Sudan Poland Finland Vietnam Swaziland Romania Greece Thailand Nepal 15. Distribution of engineering products Almost ¾ of engineering products are redistributed among developed countries. This is due to the fact that developing countries cannot afford large expenditures on science. The developed capitalist and newly industrialized countries are distinguished by the scale of engineering products intended for export, and hence their increased attention to improving the quality of their products. The main cargo flows of engineering products are distributed as follows: Japan Þ USA USA Þ Western Europe The machine-building complex of Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries, China, India, Brazil works mainly for the domestic market, and this often leads to the production of low quality products.

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